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{{rough translation}}
{{Rough translation|Chinese|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix =
| honorific_prefix =
|name = Wang Wenshao
| name = Wang Wenshao
|honorific_suffix = 王文韶
| honorific_suffix = 王文韶
|image = Wang_Wenshao.jpg
| image = Wang_Wenshao.jpg
|image_upright =
| image_upright =
|alt =
| alt =
|caption =
| caption =
| monarch1 = [[Guangxu Emperor|Guangxu]]
| monarch1 = [[Guangxu Emperor|Guangxu]]
| office1 = [[Viceroy of Zhili]]
| office1 = [[Viceroy of Zhili]]
| predecessor1 = [[Li Hongzhang]]
| predecessor1 = [[Li Hongzhang]]
| successor1 = [[Ronglu]]
| successor1 = [[Ronglu]]
| term_start1 = February 13, 1895
| term_start1 = 13 February 1895
| term_end1 = June 23, 1898
| term_end1 = 23 June 1898
| office2 = [[Viceroy of Yun-Gui]]
| office2 = [[Viceroy of Yun-Gui]]
| predecessor2 = [[Tan Junpei]]
| predecessor2 = [[Tan Junpei]]
Line 20: Line 19:
| term_start2 = 1889
| term_start2 = 1889
| term_end2 = 1894
| term_end2 = 1894
|native_name =
| native_name =
|native_name_lang =
| native_name_lang =
|birth_name =
| birth_name =
|other_name =
| other_name =
|nickname = ''The Glazed Egg
| nickname = ''The Glazed Egg {{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
|birth_date = October 21, 1832
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1832|10|21}}
|birth_place = {{illm|Renhe County|zh|仁和县}}, {{illm|Hangzhou Prefecture|zh|杭州府}}, [[Zhejiang]], [[Qing Dynasty|China]]
| birth_place = {{interlanguage link|Renhe County|zh|仁和县}}, {{interlanguage link|Hangzhou Prefecture|zh|杭州府}}, [[Zhejiang]], [[Qing dynasty|China]]
| death_date = 31 December 1908 (aged 76)<ref>{{Cite book|author1=[[Zhao Erxun]]|editor=|title=《清史稿‧卷二十五‧本紀二十五‧宣統皇帝本紀》|location=[[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]|publisher=|date=|pages=|ISBN=|accessdate=|url=|language=zh|quote=庚申，致仕大學士王文韶卒，贈太保。追予故雲貴總督張亮基謚。民政部上調查戶口章程表式。}}</ref>
|death_date = 1908 (aged 76)
|death_place =
| death_place =
|allegiance = {{flag|Qing Dynasty}}
| allegiance = {{flag|Qing dynasty}}
|branch = [[Chu Army]]
| branch = [[Chu Army]]
|branch_label = Branch
| branch_label = Branch
|serviceyears = 1858 — 1907
| serviceyears = 1858 — 1907
|serviceyears_label =
| serviceyears_label =
|rank =
| rank =
|rank_label =
| rank_label =
|servicenumber =
| servicenumber =
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|commands =
| commands =
|battles = [[Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)|Miao Rebellion]]<br>[[Nian Rebellion]]<br>[[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)|First Dungan Revolt]]<br>[[Dungan revolt (1895–96)|Second Dungan Revolt]]
| battles = [[Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)|Miao Rebellion]]<br />[[Nian Rebellion]]<br />[[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)|First Dungan Revolt]]<br />[[Dungan revolt (1895–96)|Second Dungan Revolt]]
|battles_label =
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|awards =
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|alma_mater =
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|spouse = <!--{{marriage|name|start date|end date}}; add spouse if reliably sourced-->
| spouse = <!--{{marriage|name|start date|end date}}; add spouse if reliably sourced-->
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}}
}}


'''Wang Wenshao''', [[courtesy name]] '''Wenqin''' was a late Chinese statesman and military figure who was a advocate for [[Westernization]]. His official career was described as prosperous and powerful for a while, but smooth and easy to avoid.
'''Wang Wenshao''', [[courtesy name]] '''Wenqin,''' was an influential Chinese statesman and military figure during the late Qing Dynasty who advocated for [[Westernization]].


==Biography==
==Biography==
Wenshao was born in {{illm|Renhe County|zh|仁和县}}, {{illm|Hangzhou Prefecture|zh|杭州府}} on October 21, 1832.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwdoa.com/2013/0325/9993.html|title=An examination of the birthplace of Wang Wenshao, the important minister of the late Qing Dynasty|access-date=August 27, 2018|author=|date=|publisher=|archive-date=2018-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827110340/http://www.wwdoa.com/2013/0325/9993.html}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Wang Wenshao's Diary|last=|first=|publisher=China Bookstore|date= 2014|isbn=9787101005882|editor-last=Yuan|editor-first=Yingguang|editor2-last=Hu|editor2-first=Fengxiang|location=Beijing}}</ref> Born in poverty, Wenshao entered official career through imperial examination.<ref name=":1"/> His family moved from [[Shangyu District|Shangyu]] to Hangzhou during the era of the [[Ming Dynasty]], and his grandfather was an anonymous salt merchant.<ref>Wang Wenshao's Diary Page 257</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://hznews.hangzhou.com.cn/chengshi/content/2017-07/12/content_6600623_4.htm|title=The Supreme Command of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in Hangzhou is hidden in Xiaoying Alley, which should be protected as cultural relics|access-date=2018-08-27|author=|date=July 12, 2017|publisher=|archive-date=August 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075351/http://hznews.hangzhou.com.cn/chengshi/content/2017-07/12/content_6600623_4.htm}}</ref>
Wenshao was born in {{interlanguage link|Renhe County|zh|仁和县}}, {{interlanguage link|Hangzhou Prefecture|zh|杭州府}} on 21 October 1832.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwdoa.com/2013/0325/9993.html|title=An examination of the birthplace of Wang Wenshao, the important minister of the late Qing Dynasty|access-date=August 27, 2018|author=|date=|publisher=|archive-date=2018-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827110340/http://www.wwdoa.com/2013/0325/9993.html}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Wang Wenshao's Diary|last=|first=|publisher=China Bookstore|date= 2014|isbn=9787101005882|editor-last=Yuan|editor-first=Yingguang|editor2-last=Hu|editor2-first=Fengxiang|location=Beijing}}</ref> His family had moved from [[Shangyu District|Shangyu]], Zhejiang to Hangzhou during the [[Ming dynasty]], and his grandfather was a salt merchant.<ref>Wang Wenshao's Diary Page 257</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://hznews.hangzhou.com.cn/chengshi/content/2017-07/12/content_6600623_4.htm|title=The Supreme Command of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in Hangzhou is hidden in Xiaoying Alley, which should be protected as cultural relics|access-date=2018-08-27|author=|date=July 12, 2017|publisher=|archive-date=August 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075351/http://hznews.hangzhou.com.cn/chengshi/content/2017-07/12/content_6600623_4.htm}}</ref>


In 1851, he worked on the Xinhai Enke lifts and in 1852, in The McNair Scholarship. For his service, he was granted to service within the [[Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)|Ministry of Revenue]]. He was too tired to move after the doctor out to Hubei Ann Xiang Yun Jing Road Road staff. His service was described as excellent and was appreciated by figures like [[Zuo Zongtang]] and [[Li Hongzhang]], and recommended each other. During the [[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan Revolt]] and the [[Nian Rebellion]] he served as the assistant to Zuo Zongtang, Liangtai on the road of Shaanxi-Gansu.<ref name=":0"/> Wenshao was then sent to [[Hubei Province]] as an envoy and moved to [[Hunan]] as a chief envoy . In 1871, he acted as governor of Hunan and took office in November of the lunar calendar and served for 6 years in office. During this period, there have been many military suppressions of the people, including {{illm|Zhang Xiumei|zh|张秀眉}}'s [[Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)|Miao Rebellion]]. In May 1872, the Miao Rebellion was mostly put down, and the rest were also wiped out in June.<ref name=":3">Wang Wenshao’s Diary, Pages 315-320</ref><ref name=":0" /> After that, he served as the Minister of War and served as a military planner. He also served as the minister of rites, and the prime minister's office. In 1889 he took office as [[Viceroy of Yun-Gui]] which would prove to be effective in suppressing the [[Dungan revolt (1895–96)|Second Dungan Revolt]].
Born in poverty, Wenshao entered a career as an official through imperial examination in 1851.<ref name=":1" /> In 1852, he went through imperial examination again and was promoted to service within the [[Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)|Ministry of Revenue]]. He was rapidly promoted to a Standard class, Rank 5 official, and oversaw An Xiang Yun Jing [[Circuit (administrative division)]] in [[Hubei Province]]. His service was described as excellent and was praised by other officials such as [[Zuo Zongtang]] and [[Li Hongzhang]]. During the [[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan Revolt]] and the [[Nian Rebellion]], he aided Zuo Zongtang by overseeing the supply lines in the provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu.<ref name=":0"/> Wenshao was then sent to Hubei as a Standard class, Rank 3 envoy and to [[Hunan]] as a chief envoy. In 1871, he took office as governor of Hunan in November of the lunar calendar and served for six years in office. During this period, there were many military suppressions of the people, including {{interlanguage link|Zhang Xiumei|zh|张秀眉}}'s [[Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)|Miao Rebellion]], which was put down in June 1872.<ref name=":3">Wang Wenshao’s Diary, Pages 315-320</ref><ref name=":0" /> After that, he served as the Deputy Minister of War and served as a military planner. He also served as the Deputy Minister of Rites and simultaneously in the [[Zongli Yamen|Prime Minister's Office]]. In 1889 he took office as [[Viceroy of Yun-Gui]], suppressing the [[Dungan revolt (1895–96)|Second Dungan Revolt]] during his time in office.


During the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], he served as [[Viceroy of Zhili]], and continued to promote Hongzhang's [[Self-Strengthening Movement]], either within the bulk removal of redundant soldiers, set up a naval and military academy, leather water transport long-standing abuse and construct more mines. Wenshao also supported the construction of the [[Beijing–Hankou railway]], together with the [[Peiyang University]] Main Hall, Railway Academy, Yucai Hall, and Russian Hall.
During the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], he served as [[Viceroy of Zhili]], and continued to promote Hongzhang's [[Self-Strengthening Movement]]. Policies he supported included the bulk removal of redundant soldiers, setting up a naval and military academy, addressing deep-rooted issues in the canals, and constructing mines. Wenshao also supported the construction of the [[Beijing–Hankou railway]], together with the [[Peiyang University]] Main Hall, Railway Academy, Yucai Hall, and Russian Hall.


In 1898, he was assigned to military service, and was co-organized by the Department of Household Affairs as a bachelor. In 1900, the [[Boxer Rebellion]] was ongoing, and Wenshao opposed provoking foreign nations. The [[Siege of the International Legations]] was deemed the only way to protect the royal family with the Xi'an chancellor but Wenshao did not participate in the rebellion due to the agreement of the [[Mutual Defense Pact of the Southeastern Provinces]]. Later, he successively served as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Plenipotentiary Affairs, Minister of Government Affairs, Minister of Supervision of Roads and Mines, and conferred a Fellow of Wenyuange University and a Bachelor of Wuyingdian University. In 1907, he returned to Hangzhou for retirement. Live in Qingyin Lane Mansion.<ref name=":2" />
In 1898, he was assigned to military affairs as the Minister of Revenue. In 1900, during the [[Boxer Rebellion]], Wenshao opposed provoking foreign nations. During the [[Siege of the International Legations]], he was the only high-ranking military official to escort the imperial family to Xi'an. Wenshao did not participate in the rebellion due to the agreement of the [[Mutual Defense Pact of the Southeastern Provinces]]. He advocated compromise with foreign nations, and was promoted to [[Grand Secretariat]] of the [[Belvedere of Embodying Benevolence|Tiren Library]]. Later, he successively served as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Plenipotentiary Affairs, Minister of Government Affairs, Minister of Supervision of Roads and Mines, and was conferred a Fellow of Wenyuange University and a Bachelor of Wuyingdian University. In 1907, he returned to Hangzhou for retirement, living in Qingyin Lane Mansion.<ref name=":2" />


[[File:王文韶.jpg|thumb|right|Renzi Enke Jinshi and Wang Wenshao in 1852]]
[[File:王文韶.jpg|thumb|Wang Wenshao]]
Wang Wenshao admired [[Zuo Zongtang]] very much and called him a "great man", but he had a slight disagreement with [[Lin Zexu]], thinking that his style of acting was too tough, which was a drag on the overall situation.<ref>Wang Wenshao's Diary Pages 1-4</ref> Wang Wenshao had contacts with Western diplomats in the early days of his career. He was open to Western culture and was willing to listen to the opinions of Western diplomats. During a visit to a U.S. warship, he once lamented that
Wang Wenshao deeply admired [[Zuo Zongtang]], but he thought [[Lin Zexu]]'s style of acting was too stubborn and ignored the bigger picture.<ref>Wang Wenshao's Diary Pages 1-4</ref> Wang Wenshao had corresponded with Western diplomats in his early career. He was open to Western culture and was willing to listen to the opinions of Western diplomats. During a tour of a U.S. warship, he once lamented that
{{Blockquote
{{Blockquote
|text= The military system is so serious and the armament is so magnificent, and it is true that it is impossible to compete with it.<ref>Wang Wenshao's Diary Page 8</ref>
|text= The military system is so serious and the armament is so magnificent, and it is true that it is impossible to compete with it.<ref>Wang Wenshao's Diary Page 8</ref>
}}
}}
On the issue of the civil commotions in the late Qing Dynasty, Wang Wenshao did not fully agree with the Qing court and sympathized with [[Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)|the uprisings in Miaojiang]], but he still performed his assigned duties with all his strength.<ref name=":3"/>
Regarding the civil unrest of the late Qing dynasty, Wang Wenshao did not fully agree with the Qing court and sympathized with [[Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)|the uprisings in Miaojiang]], but he still performed his assigned duties.<ref name=":3"/>


Wenshao's Scholar's Mansion, is now the third batch of municipal cultural relics protection units in [[Hangzhou]] and is occupied by the [[Xiling Seal Art Society]] and folk houses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.artron.net/20180814/n1017425.html|title=From August 18th to 19th, Xiling Yinshe Auctions Hangzhou All Categories Open Collection|access-date=August 27, 2018|date=August 14, 2018|archive-date=August 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075350/https://news.artron.net/20180814/n1017425.html}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
Wenshao's Scholar's Mansion is now the third batch of municipal cultural relics protection units in [[Hangzhou]], and is occupied by the [[Xiling Seal Art Society]] and folk houses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.artron.net/20180814/n1017425.html|title=From August 18th to 19th, Xiling Yinshe Auctions Hangzhou All Categories Open Collection|access-date=August 27, 2018|date=August 14, 2018|archive-date=August 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075350/https://news.artron.net/20180814/n1017425.html}}</ref><ref name=":2" />


==References==
==References==
Line 80: Line 79:
===Bibliography===
===Bibliography===
*[http://archive.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/ttscgi/ttsquery?0:0:mctauac:NO%3DNO340 Wang Wenshao], Institute of History and Language, Academia Sinica
*[http://archive.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/ttscgi/ttsquery?0:0:mctauac:NO%3DNO340 Wang Wenshao], Institute of History and Language, Academia Sinica
*''Biographies of Qing History'', Volume 64, Pages 6-16
*''Biographies of Qing History'', Volume 64, Pages 6–16
*''[[Draft History of Qing]]''
*''[[Draft History of Qing]]''

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Wang, Wenshao}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wang, Wenshao}}
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[[Category:Qing dynasty generals]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty generals]]
[[Category:Generals from Zhejiang]]
[[Category:Generals from Zhejiang]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty politicians from Zhejiang]]

Latest revision as of 10:03, 14 March 2024

Wang Wenshao
王文韶
Viceroy of Zhili
In office
13 February 1895 – 23 June 1898
MonarchGuangxu
Preceded byLi Hongzhang
Succeeded byRonglu
Viceroy of Yun-Gui
In office
1889–1894
Preceded byTan Junpei
Succeeded bySongfan
Personal details
Born(1832-10-21)21 October 1832
Renhe County [zh], Hangzhou Prefecture [zh], Zhejiang, China
Died31 December 1908 (aged 76)[1]
NicknameThe Glazed Egg [citation needed]
Military service
Allegiance Qing dynasty
BranchChu Army
Years of service1858 — 1907
Battles/warsMiao Rebellion
Nian Rebellion
First Dungan Revolt
Second Dungan Revolt

Wang Wenshao, courtesy name Wenqin, was an influential Chinese statesman and military figure during the late Qing Dynasty who advocated for Westernization.

Biography[edit]

Wenshao was born in Renhe County [zh], Hangzhou Prefecture [zh] on 21 October 1832.[2][3] His family had moved from Shangyu, Zhejiang to Hangzhou during the Ming dynasty, and his grandfather was a salt merchant.[4][5]

Born in poverty, Wenshao entered a career as an official through imperial examination in 1851.[2] In 1852, he went through imperial examination again and was promoted to service within the Ministry of Revenue. He was rapidly promoted to a Standard class, Rank 5 official, and oversaw An Xiang Yun Jing Circuit (administrative division) in Hubei Province. His service was described as excellent and was praised by other officials such as Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang. During the Dungan Revolt and the Nian Rebellion, he aided Zuo Zongtang by overseeing the supply lines in the provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu.[3] Wenshao was then sent to Hubei as a Standard class, Rank 3 envoy and to Hunan as a chief envoy. In 1871, he took office as governor of Hunan in November of the lunar calendar and served for six years in office. During this period, there were many military suppressions of the people, including Zhang Xiumei [zh]'s Miao Rebellion, which was put down in June 1872.[6][3] After that, he served as the Deputy Minister of War and served as a military planner. He also served as the Deputy Minister of Rites and simultaneously in the Prime Minister's Office. In 1889 he took office as Viceroy of Yun-Gui, suppressing the Second Dungan Revolt during his time in office.

During the First Sino-Japanese War, he served as Viceroy of Zhili, and continued to promote Hongzhang's Self-Strengthening Movement. Policies he supported included the bulk removal of redundant soldiers, setting up a naval and military academy, addressing deep-rooted issues in the canals, and constructing mines. Wenshao also supported the construction of the Beijing–Hankou railway, together with the Peiyang University Main Hall, Railway Academy, Yucai Hall, and Russian Hall.

In 1898, he was assigned to military affairs as the Minister of Revenue. In 1900, during the Boxer Rebellion, Wenshao opposed provoking foreign nations. During the Siege of the International Legations, he was the only high-ranking military official to escort the imperial family to Xi'an. Wenshao did not participate in the rebellion due to the agreement of the Mutual Defense Pact of the Southeastern Provinces. He advocated compromise with foreign nations, and was promoted to Grand Secretariat of the Tiren Library. Later, he successively served as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Plenipotentiary Affairs, Minister of Government Affairs, Minister of Supervision of Roads and Mines, and was conferred a Fellow of Wenyuange University and a Bachelor of Wuyingdian University. In 1907, he returned to Hangzhou for retirement, living in Qingyin Lane Mansion.[5]

Wang Wenshao

Wang Wenshao deeply admired Zuo Zongtang, but he thought Lin Zexu's style of acting was too stubborn and ignored the bigger picture.[7] Wang Wenshao had corresponded with Western diplomats in his early career. He was open to Western culture and was willing to listen to the opinions of Western diplomats. During a tour of a U.S. warship, he once lamented that

The military system is so serious and the armament is so magnificent, and it is true that it is impossible to compete with it.[8]

Regarding the civil unrest of the late Qing dynasty, Wang Wenshao did not fully agree with the Qing court and sympathized with the uprisings in Miaojiang, but he still performed his assigned duties.[6]

Wenshao's Scholar's Mansion is now the third batch of municipal cultural relics protection units in Hangzhou, and is occupied by the Xiling Seal Art Society and folk houses.[9][5]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Zhao Erxun. 《清史稿‧卷二十五‧本紀二十五‧宣統皇帝本紀》 (in Chinese). Republic of China. 庚申，致仕大學士王文韶卒，贈太保。追予故雲貴總督張亮基謚。民政部上調查戶口章程表式。{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  2. ^ a b "An examination of the birthplace of Wang Wenshao, the important minister of the late Qing Dynasty". Archived from the original on 2018-08-27. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c Yuan, Yingguang; Hu, Fengxiang, eds. (2014). Wang Wenshao's Diary. Beijing: China Bookstore. ISBN 9787101005882.
  4. ^ Wang Wenshao's Diary Page 257
  5. ^ a b c "The Supreme Command of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in Hangzhou is hidden in Xiaoying Alley, which should be protected as cultural relics". July 12, 2017. Archived from the original on August 27, 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
  6. ^ a b Wang Wenshao’s Diary, Pages 315-320
  7. ^ Wang Wenshao's Diary Pages 1-4
  8. ^ Wang Wenshao's Diary Page 8
  9. ^ "From August 18th to 19th, Xiling Yinshe Auctions Hangzhou All Categories Open Collection". August 14, 2018. Archived from the original on August 27, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2018.

Bibliography[edit]

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