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Voiceless retroflex plosive: Difference between revisions

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|braille=256
|braille=256
|braille2=2345
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|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0288.svg
|imagefile=Voiceless retroflex stop (vector).svg
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{{plosive}}
{{plosive}}
* Its [[place of articulation]] is [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]], which prototypically means it is articulated [[Subapical consonant|subapical]] (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] without being [[palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be [[apical consonant|apical]] (pointed) or {{cnspan|[[laminal consonant|laminal]] (flat)|reason=needs source showing laminal can result in a successful block of air, and easy to articulation enough to present in natural languages.|date=October 2023}}.
{{retroflex}}
{{voiceless}}
{{voiceless}}
{{oral}}
{{oral}}
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| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="mazumdar">{{Harvcoltxt|Mazumdar|2000|p=57}}</ref> || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|'''টা'''কা]]}} || {{IPA|[ʈaka]}} || '[[taka]]' || Apical postalveolar;<ref name="mazumdar"/> contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See [[Bengali phonology]]
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="mazumdar">{{Harvcoltxt|Mazumdar|2000|p=57}}</ref> || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|'''টা'''কা]]}} || {{IPA|[ʈaka]}} || '[[taka]]' || Apical postalveolar;<ref name="mazumdar"/> contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See [[Bengali phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Brahui language|Brahui]] || [[Perso-Arabic script|سىٹ]] || {{IPA|[asiʈ]}} || 'one' ||
| [[Brahui language|Brahui]] || {{lang|brh|[[Brahui language#Orthography|سىٹ]]}} || {{IPA|[asiʈ]}} || 'one' ||
|-
|-
⚫
| [[English language|English]]|| {{lang|en|[[English orthography|'''t'''ime]]}} || {{IPA|[ʈaɪm]}}|| 'time' ||Corresponds to alveolar {{IPA|/t/}} in other dialects. See [[English phonology]]
⚫
|[[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]
⚫
|ꠐꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠤ
⚫
|[ʈulli]
⚫
|'skull'
⚫
|contains tonal pronunciation. <ref>{{Citation |last=Wright |first=Tony |title=Doing language awareness |date=2002 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lllt.4.09wri |work=Language in Language Teacher Education |pages=113–130 |access-date=2023-07-11 |place=Amsterdam |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company}}</ref> To know more look for [[Sylheti phonology]]
⚫
|-
⚫
| [[English language|English]]|| {{lang|en|[[English orthography|'''t'''ime]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʈaɪm]}}|| 'time' ||Corresponds to alveolar {{IPA|/t/}} in other dialects. See [[English phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<ref name="khatiwada">{{Harvcoltxt|Khatiwada|2009|p=374}}</ref>|| {{lang|gu|[[Gujarati alphabet|બ'''ટા'''કા]]}} || {{IPA|[bəʈaːka]}} || 'potato' || Subapical;<ref name="khatiwada" /> contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See [[Gujarati phonology]]
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<ref name="khatiwada">{{Harvcoltxt|Khatiwada|2009|p=374}}</ref>|| {{lang|gu|[[Gujarati alphabet|બ'''ટા'''કા]]}} || {{IPA|[bəʈaːka]}} || 'potato' || Subapical;<ref name="khatiwada" /> contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See [[Gujarati phonology]]
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|-
|-


| [[Hmong language|Hmong]]|| [[Romanized Popular Alphabet|'''''r'''aus'']]|| {{IPA|[ʈàu]}}|| 'immerse in liquid' || Contrasts with aspirated form (written {{angbr|rh}}).
| [[Hmong language|Hmong]]|| {{lang|hmn-Latn|[[Romanized Popular Alphabet|'''r'''aus]]}}|| {{IPA|[ʈàu]}}|| 'immerse in liquid' || Contrasts with aspirated form (written {{angbr|rh}}).
|-
|-
| [[Iwaidja language|Iwaidja]]|| {{lang|ibd|yirrwa'''rt'''ba'''rt'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jiɺwɑʈbɑʈ]}}|| '[[coastal taipan|taipan]]' ||
| [[Iwaidja language|Iwaidja]]|| {{lang|ibd|yirrwa'''rt'''ba'''rt'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jiɺwɑʈbɑʈ]}}|| '[[coastal taipan|taipan]]' ||
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| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]|| {{lang|kn|[[Kannada script|ತಟ್ಟು]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪ʌʈːu]}}|| 'to tap' ||Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]|| {{lang|kn|[[Kannada script|ತಟ್ಟು]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪ʌʈːu]}}|| 'to tap' ||Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms
|-
|-
| [[Lo-Toga language|Lo-Toga]]||{{lang|lht|'''d'''ege|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʈəɣə]}}|| 'we ([[Clusivity|incl.]])' ||Laminal retroflex.
| [[Lo-Toga language|Lo-Toga]]<ref>[[#aorist|François (2009:]]189); [[#pronouns|François (2016:]]35).</ref>||{{lang|lht|'''d'''ege}} || {{IPA|[ʈəɣə]}}|| 'we ([[Clusivity|incl.]])' ||Laminal retroflex.
|-
|-
| [[Malayalam]]|| {{lang|ml|[[Malayalam script|കാ'''ട്ട്''']]}} || {{IPA|[kaːʈːɨ̆]}}|| 'wild' || Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/.
| [[Malayalam]]|| {{lang|ml|[[Malayalam script|കാ'''ട്ട്''']]}} || {{IPA|[kaːʈːɨ̆]}}|| 'wild' || Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/.
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|Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See [[Nepali phonology]]
|Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See [[Nepali phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]|| {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|ko'''rt''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[kɔʈː]}}|| 'card' ||See [[Norwegian phonology]]
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]|| {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|ko'''rt''']]}} || {{IPA|[kɔʈː]}}|| 'card' ||See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Nunggubuyu language|Nunggubuyu]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=158}}</ref>|| '''''rd'''agowa''|| {{IPA|[ʈakowa]}}|| 'prawn' ||
| [[Nunggubuyu language|Nunggubuyu]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=158}}</ref>|| {{lang|nuy|'''rd'''agowa}} || {{IPA|[ʈakowa]}}|| 'prawn' ||
|-
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]|| {{lang|or|[[Odia script|'''ଟ'''ଗର]]}}/ṭagara || {{IPA|[ʈɔgɔrɔ]}}|| 'crepe jasmine' ||Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.
| [[Odia language|Odia]]|| {{lang|or|[[Odia script|'''ଟ'''ଗର]]}}/{{transl|or|ṭagara}} || {{IPA|[ʈɔgɔrɔ]}}|| 'crepe jasmine' ||Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.
|-
|-
| [[Pashto language|Pashto]]|| {{lang|ps|[[Pashto alphabet|ټول]]}} || {{IPA|[ʈol]}} || 'all' ||
| [[Pashto language|Pashto]]|| {{lang|ps|[[Pashto alphabet|'''ټـ'''ول]]}} || {{IPA|[ʈol]}} || 'all' ||
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| [[Gurmukhi|ਟੋਪੀ]]
| {{lang|pa|[[Gurmukhi|'''ਟੋ'''ਪੀ]]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʈoːpi]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʈoːpi]}}
| rowspan="2" | 'hat'
| rowspan="2" | 'hat'
| rowspan="2" & |
| rowspan="2" & |
|-
|-
| {{lang|pa|[[Shahmukhi alphabet|ٹوپی]]|rtl=yes}}
| {{lang|pa-Arab|[[Shahmukhi alphabet|'''ٹـ'''وپی]]|rtl=yes}}
|-
|-
|[[Sicilian language|Sicilian]]|| {{lang|sv|la'''t'''ru|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈlaʈɽu]}}|| 'thief' ||
|[[Sicilian language|Sicilian]]|| {{lang|scn|la'''t'''ru}} || {{IPA|[ˈlaʈɽu]}}|| 'thief' ||
|-
|-
| [[Scottish Gaelic]]|| {{lang|gd|á'''rd'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[aːʈ]}}|| 'high' || Corresponds to the sequence {{IPA|/rˠt/}} in other dialects. See [[Scottish Gaelic phonology]]
| [[Scottish Gaelic]]|| {{lang|gd|á'''rd'''}} || {{IPA|[aːʈ]}}|| 'high' || Corresponds to the sequence {{IPA|/rˠt/}} in other dialects. See [[Scottish Gaelic phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Eliasson|1986|pp=278–279}}</ref>|| {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|ka'''rt'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkʰɑːʈa]}}|| 'map' ||See [[Swedish phonology]]
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Eliasson|1986|pp=278–279}}</ref>|| {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|ka'''rt'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkʰɑːʈa]}}|| 'map' ||See [[Swedish phonology]]
⚫
|-
⚫
|[[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]
⚫
|{{lang|syl|ꠐꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠤ}}
⚫
|[ʈulli]
⚫
|'skull'
⚫
|contains tonal pronunciation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Tony |chapter=Doing language awareness |date=2002 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lllt.4.09wri |title=Language in Language Teacher Education |series=Language Learning & Language Teaching |volume=4 |pages=113–130 |access-date=2023-07-11 |place=Amsterdam |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|doi=10.1075/lllt.4.09wri |isbn=978-90-272-1697-7 }}</ref> See [[Sylheti phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="khatiwada" /><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Keane|2004|p=111}}</ref>||{{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|எட்டு]]}} ||{{IPA|[eʈːɯ]}}||'eight' ||Subapical.<ref name="khatiwada" /> See [[Tamil phonology]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="khatiwada" /><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Keane|2004|p=111}}</ref>||{{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|எட்டு]]}} ||{{IPA|[eʈːɯ]}}||'eight' ||Subapical.<ref name="khatiwada" /> See [[Tamil phonology]]
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| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|కొ'''ట్టు''']]}} || {{IPA|[koʈːu]}}|| 'to hit or beat' ||Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|కొ'''ట్టు''']]}} || {{IPA|[koʈːu]}}|| 'to hit or beat' ||Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms
|-
|-
| [[Torwali language|Torwali]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lunsford|2001|pp=11–16}}</ref><ref name="otd">{{cite web|title=ٹیگیل|website=Online Torwali Dictionary|publisher=Center for Language Engineering|url=http://202.142.159.36:8081/otd/WordDetail.aspx?wdid=5146}}</ref>|| [[Arabic alphabet|ٹیگیل]]|| {{IPA|[ʈiɡel]}}|| 'words' ||Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
| [[Torwali language|Torwali]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lunsford|2001|pp=11–16}}</ref><ref name="otd">{{cite web|title=ٹیگیل|website=Online Torwali Dictionary|publisher=Center for Language Engineering|url=http://202.142.159.36:8081/otd/WordDetail.aspx?wdid=5146 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328054901/http://202.142.159.36:8081/otd/WordDetail.aspx?wdid=5146 |archive-date=2024-03-28}}</ref>|| {{lang|trw|[[Arabic alphabet|'''ٹـ'''ىىےل]]}} || {{IPA|[ʈiɡel]}}|| 'words' ||Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
|-
|-
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]|| {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|bạn '''tr'''ả]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɓa˧˨ʔɳˀ ʈa˧˩˧]}}|| 'you pay' ||May be somewhat [[affricate consonant|affricated]]. See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]|| {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|bạn '''tr'''ả]]}} || {{IPA|[ɓa˧˨ʔɳˀ ʈa˧˩˧]}}|| 'you pay' ||May be somewhat [[affricate consonant|affricated]]. See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
|-
|-
| [[Welayta language|Welayta]] || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[ʈaza]}} || 'dew' ||
| [[Welayta language|Welayta]] || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[ʈaza]}} || 'dew' ||
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|doi-access=free
|doi-access=free
}}
}}
*{{Citation
| last = François
| first = Alexandre
| author-link =
| contribution = Verbal aspect and personal pronouns: The history of aorist markers in north Vanuatu
| editor1-last = Pawley
| editor1-first = Andrew
| editor2-last = Adelaar
| editor2-first = Alexander
| title = Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: A festschrift for Bob Blust
| contribution-url= http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2009_Aorist-pronouns_Festschrift-Blust.pdf
| volume = 601
| pages = 179–195
| publisher = Pacific Linguistics
| place = Canberra
| year = 2009
| series =
| ref = aorist
}}
*{{citation
*{{citation
|last=François
|last=François
Line 156: Line 175:
| place = Bern
| place = Bern
| series = Faits de Langues
| series = Faits de Langues
| contribution-url= http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2016_History-personal-pronouns_north-Vanuatu_published.pdf
| contribution-url= https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2016_History-personal-pronouns_north-Vanuatu_published.pdf
| ref=pronouns
| ref=pronouns
}}.
}}.

Latest revision as of 14:35, 18 April 2024

Voiceless retroflex plosive
ʈ
IPA Number105
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)&#648;
Unicode (hex)U+0288
X-SAMPAt`
Braille⠲ (braille pattern dots-256)⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345)

The voiceless retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. This consonant is found as a phoneme mostly (though not exclusively) in two areas: South Asia and Australia.

Transcription[edit]

The symbol that represents this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ʈ ⟩. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of "t" (the letter used for the equivalent alveolar consonant). In many fonts lowercase "t" already has a rightward-pointing hook, but ⟨ʈ⟩ is distinguished from ⟨t⟩ by extending the hook below the baseline.

Features[edit]

Features of the voiceless retroflex stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
  • Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat)[citation needed].
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence[edit]

Language Word IPA Translation Notes
Bengali[1] টাকা [ʈaka] 'taka' Apical postalveolar;[1] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Brahui سىٹ [asiʈ] 'one'
English time [ʈaɪm] 'time' Corresponds to alveolar /t/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Gujarati[2] બટાકા [bəʈaːka] 'potato' Subapical;[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Gujarati phonology
Hindustani[3][4] टोपी [ʈoːpiː] 'hat' Apical postalveolar
ٹوپی
Hmong raus [ʈàu] 'immerse in liquid' Contrasts with aspirated form (written ⟨rh⟩).
Iwaidja yirrwartbart [jiɺwɑʈbɑʈ] 'taipan'
Javanese bathang [baʈaŋ] 'cadaver'
Kannada ತಟ್ಟು [t̪ʌʈːu] 'to tap' Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms
Lo-Toga[5] dege [ʈəɣə] 'we (incl.)' Laminal retroflex.
Malayalam കാട്ട് [kaːʈːɨ̆] 'wild' Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/.
Marathi[2] बटाटा [bəʈaːʈaː] 'potato' Subapical;[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
Mutsun TiTkuSte [ʈiʈkuʃtɛ] 'torn'
Nepali टोली [ʈoli] 'team' Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Nepali phonology
Norwegian kort [kɔʈː] 'card' See Norwegian phonology
Nunggubuyu[6] rdagowa [ʈakowa] 'prawn'
Odia ଟଗର/ṭagara [ʈɔgɔrɔ] 'crepe jasmine' Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.
Pashto ټـول [ʈol] 'all'
Punjabi ਟੋਪੀ [ʈoːpi] 'hat'
ٹـوپی
Sicilian latru [ˈlaʈɽu] 'thief'
Scottish Gaelic árd [aːʈ] 'high' Corresponds to the sequence /rˠt/ in other dialects. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Swedish[7] karta [ˈkʰɑːʈa] 'map' See Swedish phonology
Sylheti ꠐꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠤ [ʈulli] 'skull' contains tonal pronunciation.[8] See Sylheti phonology
Tamil[2][9] எட்டு [eʈːɯ] 'eight' Subapical.[2] See Tamil phonology
Telugu కొట్టు [koʈːu] 'to hit or beat' Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms
Torwali[10][11] ٹـىىےل [ʈiɡel] 'words' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Vietnamese bạn trả [ɓa˧˨ʔɳˀ ʈa˧˩˧] 'you pay' May be somewhat affricated. See Vietnamese phonology
Welayta [ʈaza] 'dew'

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b Mazumdar (2000:57)
  2. ^ a b c d e f Khatiwada (2009:374)
  3. ^ Ladefoged (2005:141)
  4. ^ Tiwari (2004:?)
  5. ^ François (2009:189); François (2016:35).
  6. ^ Ladefoged (2005:158)
  7. ^ Eliasson (1986:278–279)
  8. ^ Wright, Tony (2002). "Doing language awareness". Language in Language Teacher Education. Language Learning & Language Teaching. Vol. 4. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 113–130. doi:10.1075/lllt.4.09wri. ISBN 978-90-272-1697-7. Retrieved 2023-07-11.
  9. ^ Keane (2004:111)
  10. ^ Lunsford (2001:11–16)
  11. ^ "ٹیگیل". Online Torwali Dictionary. Center for Language Engineering. Archived from the original on 2024-03-28.

References[edit]

External links[edit]

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