Voiceless retroflex plosive: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʈ⟩ in IPA}} |
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{{refimprove|date=January 2018}} |
{{refimprove|date=January 2018}} |
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{{Infobox IPA |
{{Infobox IPA |
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==Transcription== |
==Transcription== |
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The symbol that represents this sound in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] is {{angbr IPA|ʈ}}. Like all the [[retroflex consonant]]s, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of |
The symbol that represents this sound in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] is {{angbr IPA|ʈ }}. Like all the [[retroflex consonant]]s, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of "t" (the letter used for the equivalent [[alveolar consonant]]). In many fonts lowercase "t" already has a rightward-pointing hook, but {{angbr IPA|ʈ}} is distinguished from {{angbr IPA|t}} by extending the hook below the [[Baseline (typography)|baseline]]. |
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==Features== |
==Features== |
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[[File:Voiceless retroflex plosive.svg|150px]] |
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Features of the voiceless retroflex stop: |
Features of the voiceless retroflex stop: |
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{{plosive}} |
{{plosive}} |
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* Its [[place of articulation]] is [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]], which prototypically means it is articulated [[Subapical consonant|subapical]] (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] without being [[palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be [[apical consonant|apical]] (pointed) or {{cnspan|[[laminal consonant|laminal]] (flat)|reason=needs source showing laminal can result in a successful block of air, and easy to articulation enough to present in natural languages.|date=October 2023}}. |
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{{retroflex}} |
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{{voiceless}} |
{{voiceless}} |
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{{oral}} |
{{oral}} |
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==Occurrence== |
==Occurrence== |
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{| class=wikitable |
{| class=wikitable |
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! Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Translation !!Notes |
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| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="mazumdar">{{Harvcoltxt|Mazumdar|2000|p=57}}</ref> || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|'''টা'''কা]]}} || {{IPA|[ʈaka]}} || '[[taka]]' || Apical postalveolar;<ref name="mazumdar"/> contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See [[Bengali phonology]] |
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| [[Brahui language|Brahui]] || {{lang|brh|[[Brahui language#Orthography|سىٹ]]}} || {{IPA|[asiʈ]}} || 'one' || |
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| [[English language|English]] |
| [[English language|English]]|| {{lang|en|[[English orthography|'''t'''ime]]}} || {{IPA|[ʈaɪm]}}|| 'time' ||Corresponds to alveolar {{IPA|/t/}} in other dialects. See [[English phonology]] |
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| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<ref name="khatiwada">{{Harvcoltxt|Khatiwada|2009|p=374}}</ref>|| {{lang|gu|[[Gujarati alphabet|બ'''ટા'''કા]]}} || {{IPA|[bəʈaːka]}} || 'potato' || Subapical;<ref name="khatiwada" /> contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See [[Gujarati phonology]] |
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| rowspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=141}}</ref><ref name="tiwari">{{Harvcoltxt|Tiwari|2004|p=?}}</ref> |
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=141}}</ref><ref name="tiwari">{{Harvcoltxt|Tiwari|2004|p=?}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
| [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] |
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| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʈoːpiː]}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʈoːpiː]}} |
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| rowspan="2" |'hat' |
| rowspan="2" |'hat' |
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| rowspan="2" | Apical postalveolar |
| rowspan="2" | Apical postalveolar |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Urdu alphabet| |
| {{lang|ur|[[Urdu alphabet|{{nq|ٹوپی}}]]|rtl=yes}} |
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| {{lang|ur|[[Urdu alphabet|ٹوپی]]|rtl=yes}} |
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| [[Hmong language|Hmong]]|| {{lang|hmn-Latn|[[Romanized Popular Alphabet|'''r'''aus]]}}|| {{IPA|[ʈàu]}}|| 'immerse in liquid' || Contrasts with aspirated form (written {{angbr|rh}}). |
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| [[Iwaidja language|Iwaidja]]|| {{lang|ibd|yirrwa'''rt'''ba'''rt'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jiɺwɑʈbɑʈ]}}|| '[[coastal taipan|taipan]]' || |
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| [[Javanese language|Javanese]]|| {{lang|jv-Latn|ba'''th'''ang}} || {{IPA|[baʈaŋ]}}|| 'cadaver'|| |
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| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]|| {{lang|kn|[[Kannada script|ತಟ್ಟು]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪ʌʈːu]}}|| 'to tap' ||Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms |
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⚫ | |||
| colspan="2" | [[Kannada language|Kannada]] || {{lang|kn|[[Kannada script|ತಟ್ಟು]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪ʌʈːu]}} || 'to tap' || Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms |
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| [[Malayalam]]|| {{lang|ml|[[Malayalam script|കാ'''ട്ട്''']]}} || {{IPA|[kaːʈːɨ̆]}}|| 'wild' || Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/. |
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⚫ | | [[Lo-Toga language|Lo-Toga]] |
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| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="khatiwada" />|| {{lang|mr|[[Devanāgarī|बटाटा]]}} || {{IPA|[bəʈaːʈaː]}}|| 'potato' || Subapical;<ref name="khatiwada" /> contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See [[Marathi phonology]] |
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| [[Mutsun language|Mutsun]]|| {{lang|css|TiTkuSte|italic=yes}}||{{IPA|[ʈiʈkuʃtɛ]}} || 'torn'|| |
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|[[Nepali language|Nepali]] |
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| {{Lang|Ne|[[Devanāgarī|'''टो'''ली]]}} |
| {{Lang|Ne|[[Devanāgarī|'''टो'''ली]]}} |
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| {{IPA|[ʈoli]}} |
| {{IPA|[ʈoli]}} |
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|Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See [[Nepali phonology]] |
|Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See [[Nepali phonology]] |
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| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]|| {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|ko'''rt''']]}} || {{IPA|[kɔʈː]}}|| 'card' ||See [[Norwegian phonology]] |
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| [[Nunggubuyu language|Nunggubuyu]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=158}}</ref>|| {{lang|nuy|'''rd'''agowa}} || {{IPA|[ʈakowa]}}|| 'prawn' || |
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| [[Odia language|Odia]]|| {{lang|or|[[Odia script|'''ଟ'''ଗର]]}}/{{transl|or|ṭagara}} || {{IPA|[ʈɔgɔrɔ]}}|| 'crepe jasmine' ||Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. |
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| [[Pashto language|Pashto]]|| {{lang|ps|[[Pashto alphabet|'''ټـ'''ول]]}} || {{IPA|[ʈol]}} || 'all' || |
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| rowspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |
| rowspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |
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| [[Gurmukhi]] |
| {{lang|pa|[[Gurmukhi|'''ਟੋ'''ਪੀ]]}} |
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| [[Gurmukhi|ਟੋਪੀ]] |
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| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʈoːpi]}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʈoːpi]}} |
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| rowspan="2" | 'hat' |
| rowspan="2" | 'hat' |
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| rowspan="2" | |
| rowspan="2" & | |
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|- |
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| [[Shahmukhi alphabet| |
| {{lang|pa-Arab|[[Shahmukhi alphabet|'''ٹـ'''وپی]]|rtl=yes}} |
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| {{lang|pa|[[Shahmukhi alphabet|ٹوپی]]|rtl=yes}} |
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|[[Sicilian language|Sicilian]]|| {{lang|scn|la'''t'''ru}} || {{IPA|[ˈlaʈɽu]}}|| 'thief' || |
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| [[Scottish Gaelic]] |
| [[Scottish Gaelic]]|| {{lang|gd|á'''rd'''}} || {{IPA|[aːʈ]}}|| 'high' || Corresponds to the sequence {{IPA|/rˠt/}} in other dialects. See [[Scottish Gaelic phonology]] |
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| [[Swedish language|Swedish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Eliasson|1986|pp=278–279}}</ref>|| {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|ka'''rt'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkʰɑːʈa]}}|| 'map' ||See [[Swedish phonology]] |
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|[[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] |
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|{{lang|syl|ꠐꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠤ}} |
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|[ʈulli] |
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|'skull' |
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|contains tonal pronunciation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Tony |chapter=Doing language awareness |date=2002 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lllt.4.09wri |title=Language in Language Teacher Education |series=Language Learning & Language Teaching |volume=4 |pages=113–130 |access-date=2023-07-11 |place=Amsterdam |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|doi=10.1075/lllt.4.09wri |isbn=978-90-272-1697-7 }}</ref> See [[Sylheti phonology]] |
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| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="khatiwada" /><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Keane|2004|p=111}}</ref>||{{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|எட்டு]]}} ||{{IPA|[eʈːɯ]}}||'eight' ||Subapical.<ref name="khatiwada" /> See [[Tamil phonology]] |
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| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|కొ'''ట్టు''']]}} || {{IPA|[koʈːu]}}|| 'to hit or beat' ||Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms |
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| [[Torwali language|Torwali]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lunsford|2001|pp=11–16}}</ref><ref name="otd">{{cite web|title=ٹیگیل|website=Online Torwali Dictionary|publisher=Center for Language Engineering|url=http://202.142.159.36:8081/otd/WordDetail.aspx?wdid=5146 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328054901/http://202.142.159.36:8081/otd/WordDetail.aspx?wdid=5146 |archive-date=2024-03-28}}</ref>|| {{lang|trw|[[Arabic alphabet|'''ٹـ'''ىىےل]]}} || {{IPA|[ʈiɡel]}}|| 'words' ||Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. |
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| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] |
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]|| {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|bạn '''tr'''ả]]}} || {{IPA|[ɓa˧˨ʔɳˀ ʈa˧˩˧]}}|| 'you pay' ||May be somewhat [[affricate consonant|affricated]]. See [[Vietnamese phonology]] |
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| [[Welayta language|Welayta]] || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[ʈaza]}} || 'dew' || |
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|doi-access=free |
|doi-access=free |
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}} |
}} |
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*{{Citation |
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| last = François |
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| first = Alexandre |
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| author-link = |
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| contribution = Verbal aspect and personal pronouns: The history of aorist markers in north Vanuatu |
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| editor1-last = Pawley |
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| editor1-first = Andrew |
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| editor2-last = Adelaar |
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| editor2-first = Alexander |
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| title = Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: A festschrift for Bob Blust |
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| contribution-url= http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2009_Aorist-pronouns_Festschrift-Blust.pdf |
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| volume = 601 |
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| pages = 179–195 |
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| publisher = Pacific Linguistics |
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| place = Canberra |
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| year = 2009 |
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| series = |
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| ref = aorist |
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}} |
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*{{citation |
*{{citation |
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|last=François |
|last=François |
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| place = Bern |
| place = Bern |
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| series = Faits de Langues |
| series = Faits de Langues |
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| contribution-url= |
| contribution-url= https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2016_History-personal-pronouns_north-Vanuatu_published.pdf |
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| ref=pronouns |
| ref=pronouns |
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}}. |
}}. |
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|last=Ladefoged |
|last=Ladefoged |
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|first=Peter |
|first=Peter |
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| |
|author-link=Peter Ladefoged |
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|year=2005 |
|year=2005 |
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|title=Vowels and Consonants |
|title=Vowels and Consonants |
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|first=Wayne A. |
|first=Wayne A. |
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|title=An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan |
|title=An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan |
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|journal=M.A. |
|journal=M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington |
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|year=2001 |
|year=2001 |
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|url=http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf |
|url=http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf |
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[[Category:Retroflex consonants]] |
[[Category:Retroflex consonants]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Voiceless stops]] |
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[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]] |
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]] |
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[[Category:Voiceless oral consonants]] |
[[Category:Voiceless oral consonants]] |
Latest revision as of 14:35, 18 April 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2018) |
Voiceless retroflex plosive | |||
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ʈ | |||
IPA Number | 105 | ||
Audio sample | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ʈ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+0288 | ||
X-SAMPA | t` | ||
Braille | |||
|
The voiceless retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. This consonant is found as a phoneme mostly (though not exclusively) in two areas: South Asia and Australia.
Transcription[edit]
The symbol that represents this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ʈ ⟩. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of "t" (the letter used for the equivalent alveolar consonant). In many fonts lowercase "t" already has a rightward-pointing hook, but ⟨ʈ⟩ is distinguished from ⟨t⟩ by extending the hook below the baseline.
Features[edit]
Features of the voiceless retroflex stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat)[citation needed].
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
Language | Word | IPA | Translation | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bengali[1] | টাকা | [ʈaka] | 'taka' | Apical postalveolar;[1] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Bengali phonology |
Brahui | سىٹ | [asiʈ] | 'one' | |
English | time | [ʈaɪm] | 'time' | Corresponds to alveolar /t/ in other dialects. See English phonology |
Gujarati[2] | બટાકા | [bəʈaːka] | 'potato' | Subapical;[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Gujarati phonology |
Hindustani[3][4] | टोपी | [ʈoːpiː] | 'hat' | Apical postalveolar |
ٹوپی | ||||
Hmong | raus | [ʈàu] | 'immerse in liquid' | Contrasts with aspirated form (written ⟨rh⟩). |
Iwaidja | yirrwartbart | [jiɺwɑʈbɑʈ] | 'taipan' | |
Javanese | bathang | [baʈaŋ] | 'cadaver' | |
Kannada | ತಟ್ಟು | [t̪ʌʈːu] | 'to tap' | Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms |
Lo-Toga[5] | dege | [ʈəɣə] | 'we (incl.)' | Laminal retroflex. |
Malayalam | കാട്ട് | [kaːʈːɨ̆] | 'wild' | Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/. |
Marathi[2] | बटाटा | [bəʈaːʈaː] | 'potato' | Subapical;[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Marathi phonology |
Mutsun | TiTkuSte | [ʈiʈkuʃtɛ] | 'torn' | |
Nepali | टोली | [ʈoli] | 'team' | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Nepali phonology |
Norwegian | kort | [kɔʈː] | 'card' | See Norwegian phonology |
Nunggubuyu[6] | rdagowa | [ʈakowa] | 'prawn' | |
Odia | ଟଗର/ṭagara | [ʈɔgɔrɔ] | 'crepe jasmine' | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. |
Pashto | ټـول | [ʈol] | 'all' | |
Punjabi | ਟੋਪੀ | [ʈoːpi] | 'hat' | |
ٹـوپی | ||||
Sicilian | latru | [ˈlaʈɽu] | 'thief' | |
Scottish Gaelic | árd | [aːʈ] | 'high' | Corresponds to the sequence /rˠt/ in other dialects. See Scottish Gaelic phonology |
Swedish[7] | karta | [ˈkʰɑːʈa] | 'map' | See Swedish phonology |
Sylheti | ꠐꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠤ | [ʈulli] | 'skull' | contains tonal pronunciation.[8] See Sylheti phonology |
Tamil[2][9] | எட்டு | [eʈːɯ] | 'eight' | Subapical.[2] See Tamil phonology |
Telugu | కొట్టు | [koʈːu] | 'to hit or beat' | Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms |
Torwali[10][11] | ٹـىىےل | [ʈiɡel] | 'words' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. |
Vietnamese | bạn trả | [ɓa˧˨ʔɳˀ ʈa˧˩˧] | 'you pay' | May be somewhat affricated. See Vietnamese phonology |
Welayta | [ʈaza] | 'dew' |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b Mazumdar (2000:57)
- ^ a b c d e f Khatiwada (2009:374)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:141)
- ^ Tiwari (2004:?)
- ^ François (2009:189); François (2016:35).
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:158)
- ^ Eliasson (1986:278–279)
- ^ Wright, Tony (2002). "Doing language awareness". Language in Language Teacher Education. Language Learning & Language Teaching. Vol. 4. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 113–130. doi:10.1075/lllt.4.09wri. ISBN 978-90-272-1697-7. Retrieved 2023-07-11.
- ^ Keane (2004:111)
- ^ Lunsford (2001:11–16)
- ^ "ٹیگیل". Online Torwali Dictionary. Center for Language Engineering. Archived from the original on 2024-03-28.
References[edit]
- Eliasson, Stig (1986), "Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian", in Anderson, Henning (ed.), Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe, Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 271–300
- Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
- François, Alexandre (2009), "Verbal aspect and personal pronouns: The history of aorist markers in north Vanuatu" (PDF), in Pawley, Andrew; Adelaar, Alexander (eds.), Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: A festschrift for Bob Blust, vol. 601, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 179–195
- François, Alexandre (2016), "The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu" (PDF), in Pozdniakov, Konstantin (ed.), Comparatisme et reconstruction : tendances actuelles, Faits de Langues, vol. 47, Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 25–60.
- Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 337–380, doi:10.1017/s0025100309990181
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan" (PDF), M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
- Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920], The history of the Bengali language, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 8120614526
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966], Hindī Bhāshā, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal, ISBN 81-225-0017-X