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User:Mr. Ibrahem/Viral hepatitis

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Viral hepatitis
Micrograph showing ground glass hepatocytes, which are seen in chronic hepatitis B infections (a type of viral hepatitis), and represent accumulations of viral antigen in the endoplasmic reticulum. H&E stain.
SpecialtyGastroenterology
SymptomsNone, fever, tiredness, abdominal pain, vomiting, dark urine, yellowish skin[1]
ComplicationsCirrhosis, liver failure, liver cancer[2]
DurationShort or long-term[2]
CausesHepatitis A, B, C, D, E, X[2]
Diagnostic methodBlood tests[3]
PreventionVaccination, sanitation[1][4]
TreatmentSupportive, medications, liver transplant[1]
FrequencyShort-term: >10 million[5][6]
Long-term: 325 million[7]

Viral hepatitis is liver inflammation (hepatitis) due to a viral infection.[2] It may present as a short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) infection.[2][1] Symptoms may vary from none, to fever, tiredness, abdominal pain, vomiting, dark urine, and yellowish skin.[1] The long-term form can result in cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer.[2]

Most commonly it occurs due to five unrelated viruses hepatitis A, B, C, D, or E.[2] Hepatitis A and E typically spread through food and water that have been contaminated with stool.[2] Hepatitis B, C, and D are typically spread through contact with infected blood.[2] Cases were the cause is not clear may be called non-A–E hepatitis or hepatitis X.[2] A number of other viruses, such as herpes simplex, have been implicated.[8] Diagnosis is by blood tests.[3]

Hepatitis A and B can be prevented by vaccination, while hepatitis A and E can be prevented by improvements in sanitation.[1][4] Hepatitis A and E will often resolve on their own.[2][1] Effective treatments for long-term hepatitis C are available but costly.[9][10] Medications may also be used for long-term hepatitis B.[11] Liver transplant may be required to address complications.[1]

Long-term viral hepatitis affects about 325 million people globally (257 million with hepatitis B and 71 million with hepatitis C).[7][4] Outbreaks of hepatitis A and E occur worldwide, affecting at least 10 million people a year, mostly in developing countries.[4][5][6] It is the most common cause of liver inflammation.[1] In 2013, about 1.5 million people died from viral hepatitis, most commonly due to hepatitis B and C.[12] East Asia and South Asia are the most commonly affected regions.[12] Infectious hepatitis was first determined in the 1940s.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Hepatitis". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "What Is Viral Hepatitis?". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. NIDDK. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Hepatitis Testing". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d "Global Viral Hepatitis: Millions of People are Affected | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 10 February 2021. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  5. ^ a b c Viral hepatitis : acute hepatitis. Cham, Switzerland. 2019. ISBN 978-3-030-03534-1. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ a b "WHO-recommended surveillance standard of acute viral hepatitis". WHO. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  7. ^ a b "Hepatitis". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  8. ^ Kaufman, B; Gandhi, SA; Louie, E; Rizzi, R; Illei, P (March 1997). "Herpes simplex virus hepatitis: case report and review". Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 24 (3): 334–8. doi:10.1093/clinids/24.3.334. PMID 9114181.
  9. ^ "Hepatitis C". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. NIDDK. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  10. ^ "What is Viral Hepatitis?". www.cdc.gov. CDC. 17 February 2021. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  11. ^ "Hepatitis B | NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  12. ^ a b Stanaway, Jeffrey D; Flaxman, Abraham D; Naghavi, Mohsen; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Vos, Theo; Abubakar, Ibrahim; Abu-Raddad, Laith J; Assadi, Reza; Bhala, Neeraj; Cowie, Benjamin; Forouzanfour, Mohammad H; Groeger, Justina; Hanafiah, Khayriyyah Mohd; Jacobsen, Kathryn H; James, Spencer L; MacLachlan, Jennifer; Malekzadeh, Reza; Martin, Natasha K; Mokdad, Ali A; Mokdad, Ali H; Murray, Christopher J L; Plass, Dietrich; Rana, Saleem; Rein, David B; Richardus, Jan Hendrik; Sanabria, Juan; Saylan, Mete; Shahraz, Saeid; So, Samuel; Vlassov, Vasiliy V; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Wiersma, Steven T; Younis, Mustafa; Yu, Chuanhua; El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa; Cooke, Graham S (July 2016). "The global burden of viral hepatitis from 1990 to 2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". The Lancet. 388 (10049): 1081–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30579-7. PMC 5100695. PMID 27394647.
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