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{{Short description|Personal pronouns in Portuguese}}

{{for|other types of Portuguese pronouns|Portuguese grammar}} {{more citations needed|date=March 2018}}

The '''Portuguese personal pronouns and possessives''' display a higher degree of [[inflection]] than other parts of speech. Personal pronouns have distinct forms according to whether they stand for a subject ([[Nominative case|nominative]]), a direct object ([[Accusative case|accusative]]), an indirect object ([[Dative case|dative]]), or a [[Reflexive pronoun|reflexive]] object. Several pronouns further have special forms used after [[Preposition|prepositions]].

The [[Possessive pronoun|possessive pronouns]] are the same as the [[Possessive adjective|possessive adjectives]], but each is inflected to express the [[grammatical person]] of the possessor and the [[grammatical gender]] of the possessed.

Pronoun use displays considerable variation with [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] and [[dialect]], with particularly pronounced differences between the most colloquial varieties of European Portuguese and [[Brazilian Portuguese]].

== Subject, object, and complement ==

=== Basic forms ===

The personal pronouns of Portuguese have three basic forms: [[Subject pronoun|subject]], [[Object pronoun|object]] (object of a verb), and [[Prepositional pronoun|prepositional]] (object of a preposition).

{| class="wikitable"

!number

!person

!subject

!object of verb

!object of preposition

|-

| rowspan="3" valign="top" |singular

|1st

|eu

|me

|mim

|-

|2nd

|tu

|te

|ti

|-

|3rd

|ele, ela, você

|o, a¹; lhe²; se³

|ele, ela; si³

|-

| rowspan="3" valign="top" |plural

|1st

|nós

|nos

|nós

|-

|2nd

|vós

|vos

|vós

|-

|3rd

|eles, elas, vocês

|os, as¹; lhes²; se³

|eles, elas; si³

|}

: ¹ [[direct object]] (masculine and feminine)

: ² [[indirect object]]

: ³ [[Reflexive pronoun|reflexive]] or [[Reciprocal pronoun|reciprocal]], direct or indirect object

=== Subject pronouns ===

==== Forms of address ====

Like most European languages, Portuguese has different words for "you", according to the degree of formality that the speaker wishes to show towards the addressee ([[T-V distinction]]). In very broad terms, ''tu'', ''você'' (both meaning singular "you") and ''vocês'' (plural "you") are used in informal situations, while in formal contexts ''o [[senhor]]'', ''a senhora'', ''os senhores'' and ''as senhoras'' (masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine plural, and feminine plural "you", respectively) are preferred. However, there is considerable regional variation in the use of these terms, and more specific [[Form of address|forms of address]] are sometimes employed.

Generally speaking, ''tu'' is the familiar form of address used with family, friends, and minors. ''Você'' indicates distance without deference, and tends to be used between people who are, roughly, social equals. ''O senhor'' / ''a senhora'' (literally "the sir / the madam") are the most ceremonious forms of address. English speakers may find the latter construction akin to the parliamentary convention of referring to fellow legislators in the third person (as "my colleague", "the gentleman", "the member", etc.), although the level of formality conveyed by ''o senhor'' is not as great. In fact, variants of ''o senhor'' and ''a senhora'' with more nuanced meanings such as titles as ''o professor'' ("the professor"), ''o doutor'' ("the doctor"), ''o colega'' ("the colleague") and ''o pai'' ("the father") are also employed as personal pronouns. In the plural, there are two main levels of politeness, the informal ''vocês'' or ''vós'' and the formal ''os senhores'' / ''as senhoras''.

This threefold scheme is, however, complicated by regional and social variation. For example, in many communities of Brazilian Portuguese speakers, the traditional ''tu''/''você'' distinction has been lost, and the previously formal ''você'' tends to replace the familiar ''tu'' in most cases (the distinction remains, however, in most parts of the country). On the other hand, in [[Portugal]] it is common to use a person's own name as a pronoun more or less equivalent to ''você'', e.g., ''o José'', ''o senhor Silva'', which is rare in [[Brazil]] (though it is found in parts of the Northeast region, for example). The explicit use of "você" may be discouraged in Portugal because it may sound too informal for many situations.

When addressing older people or hierarchical superiors, modern BP speakers often replace ''você''/''tu'' and ''vocês'' with the expressions ''o(s) senhor(es)'' and ''a(s) senhora(s)'', which also require third-person verb forms and third-person reflexive/possessive pronouns (or, for the possessive, the expressions ''de vocês'', ''do senhor'', etc.). The expressions ''o(s) senhor(es)'' and ''a(s) senhora(s)'' are also used in formal contexts in modern EP, in addition to a large number of similar pronominalized nouns that vary according to the person who is being addressed, e.g. ''a menina'', ''o pai'', ''a mãe'', ''o engenheiro'', ''o doutor'', etc.

Historically, ''você'' derives from ''vossa mercê'' ("your mercy" or "your grace") via the intermediate forms ''vossemecê'' and ''vosmecê''

==== ''Nós'' vs. ''a gente'' ====

A common colloquial alternative to the first-person-plural pronoun ''nós'' "we" is the noun phrase ''a gente'' (literally meaning "the people"), which formally takes verbs and possessives of the third person singular (or the expression "da gente"). Although avoided in the most formal [[Register (sociolinguistics)|registers]], it is not considered incorrect, unless it is accompanied by verbs conjugated in the first person plural, as in ''"*A gente moramos na cidade"'', instead of the [[Standard language|normative]] ''"A gente mora na cidade"'' "We live in the city".<ref>{{citation |last=Lopes |first=Célia Regina dos Santos |title=''Nós'' e ''a gente'' no português falado culto do Brasil |journal=D.E.L.T.A. (Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada) |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=405–422 |year=1998}}</ref>

==== ''Vós'' ====

In nearly all Portuguese dialects and registers, the second-person plural subject pronoun ''vós'' is usually replaced by ''vocês'' and in many cases it is no longer in use, as is the case with its corresponding verb forms. Currently, ''vós'' (and its verb forms) is only frequently employed:

* In some dialects of northern Portugal (i.e., in the colloquial spoken language).

* In some forms of address (e.g. Vossa Senhoria, Vossa Santidade...)

* In religious texts and services.

* In old texts.

* In formal registers being used as a singular second-person pronoun, for [[archaism]].

* In [[historical fiction]].

For this reason, many associate the pronoun with solemnity or formality, not knowing that ''vós'' is used for plural in the same context as ''tu'' is used for singular.

Instead, the word ''vocês'' is used, or equivalent forms of address which take verbs and possessives of the third-person plural. In European Portuguese, however, object ''vos'' as well as ''convosco'' (but ''not'' prepositional ''vós'') and ''vosso'' have survived, even in formal situations; see the "Forms of address" section, above, and also the notes on colloquial usage, at the bottom of the page.

=== Object pronouns ===

==== Proclisis, enclisis, and mesoclisis ====

As in other Romance languages, object pronouns are [[Clitic|clitics]], which must come next to a verb, and are pronounced together with it as a unit. They may appear before the verb (proclisis, ''lhe dizer''), after the verb, linked to it with a hyphen (enclisis, ''dizer-lhe''), or, more rarely, within the verb, between its [[Word stem|stem]] and its [[desinence]] (mesoclisis, ''dir-lhe-ei'').

Enclisis and mesoclisis may entail some [[History of the Portuguese language#Historical sound changes|historically]] motivated changes of verb endings and/or pronouns, e.g. ''cantar'' + ''o'' (originally ''*lo'', from Latin ''illum'') = ''cantá-lo'' "to sing it". The direct and indirect object pronouns can be contracted, as in ''dar'' + ''lhe'' + ''os'' = ''dar-lhos'' "to give them to him"; cf. Spanish ''dar'' + ''le'' + ''los'' = ''dárselos''.

: ''comprá-lo-ei'' = ''comprarei'' (Late Latin ''comparāre habeō'', two words) + ''o'' "I will buy it".

: ''dar-to-ia'' = ''daria'' (''dare habēbam'') + ''te'' + ''o'' "I would give it to you".

: ''dar-lho-ia'' = ''daria'' + ''lhe'' + ''o'' "I would give it to him".

When a verb conjugated in the 1st person plural, ending in ''-s'', is followed by the enclitic pronoun ''nos'' or ''vos'', the ''s'' is dropped: ''Vamo-nos'' [''vamos'' + ''nos''] ''embora amanhã'' ("We are leaving tomorrow"), ''Respeitemo-nos'' [''respeitemos'' + ''nos''] ''mutuamente'' ("Let's respect each other"), ''Vemo-vos'' [''vemos'' + ''vos''] ("We see you"), etc.

==== Allomorphs ====

Third person direct object clitic pronouns have several forms, depending on their position with relation to the verb and on the verb's ending. If the pronoun is enclitic and the verb ends with a consonant, or if the pronoun is mesoclitic and the root of the verb ends with a consonant, then that consonant is [[Elision|elided]], and an ''l'' is added to the beginning of the pronoun. If the pronoun is enclitic and the verb ends with a nasal diphthong (spelled ''-ão'', ''-am'', ''-em'', ''-ém'', ''-êm'', ''-õe'', or ''-õem''), an ''n'' is added to the beginning of the pronoun. The same happens after other clitic pronouns, and after the adverbial particle ''eis''.

{| class="wikitable"

!default

!after a consonant (-r, -s, -z)

!after a nasal diphthong (-m)

|-

|o

|lo

|no

|-

|a

|la

|na

|-

|os

|los

|nos

|-

|as

|las

|nas

|}

The third person forms ''o'', ''a'', ''os'', and ''as'' may present the variants ''lo'', ''la'', ''los'', ''las'', ''no'', ''na'', ''nos'', and ''nas'':

* The variants ''lo'', ''la'', ''los'', and ''las'' are used after verbal forms ending with a consonant, which is elided. Examples: ''seduz'' + ''a'' = ''sedu-la'', ''faz'' + ''o'' = ''fá-lo'', ''diz'' + ''o'' = ''di-lo'', ''destróis'' + ''os'' = ''destrói-los'' (different from ''destrói-os'', in which the verb is conjugated in the imperative mood), ''comes'' + ''a'' = ''come-la'' (different from ''come-a'' = ''come'' + ''a''), ''apanha-las'' (''apanhas'' + ''as''), ''amá-lo'' (''amar'' +''o''), ''fazê-lo'' (''fazer'' + ''o''), ''partire-lo'' (''partires'' +''o''), ''tem-la'' (''tens'' + ''a''—the ''n'' changes to ''m''). Exceptionally, ''quer'' + ''o'' gives ''quere-o'', rather than *''qué-lo'' (''qué-lo'' is still permitted, but uncommon).

** This also occurs when the pronoun is in mesoclitic position: ''matá-lo-ás'' (''matarás'' + ''o''), ''fá-lo-ias'' (''farias'' + ''o''), ''feri-lo-ias'' (''feririas'' + ''o''), ''comê-lo-ias'' (''comerias'' + ''o'').

* The variants ''no'', ''na'', ''nos'' and ''nas'' are used after a verbal form ending with a nasal diphthong. Examples: ''põe-no'' (''põe'' + ''o''), ''tem-na'' (''tem'' + ''a''), ''comeram-nos'' (ambiguous, can mean ''comeram'' + ''os'' "they ate them", or ''comeram'' + ''nos'' "they ate us").

* The pronouns ''o'', etc. present the same forms as above when they follow other clitic pronouns, such as ''nos'' and ''vos'', or the adverbial particle ''eis''. Examples: ''ei-lo aqui'' (''eis'' + ''o''), ''deram-no-lo'' (''deram'' + ''nos'' + ''o''), "''Não vo-lo'' [''vos + o''] ''quero dar a entender''."

==== Contractions between clitic pronouns ====

{| class="wikitable"

! rowspan="2" |indirect object

! colspan="4" |direct object

|-

|o

|a

|os

|as

|-

|me

|mo

|ma

|mos

|mas

|-

|te

|to

|ta

|tos

|tas

|-

|lhe, lhes

|lho

|lha

|lhos

|lhas

|-

|nos

|no-lo

|no-la

|no-los

|no-las

|-

|vos

|vo-lo

|vo-la

|vo-los

|vo-las

|-

|}

The contraction for ''lhes'' + ''o'' is ''lho'', not *''lhe-lo'' or *''lhos''. This occurs because ''lhe'' used to be employed indistinctly for the singular and the plural and, while the agglutinated form suffered no alteration, ''lhe'' evolved into ''lhes'' for the plural number.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}<!--It doesn't need to mean anything, but Latin had both ''illi'' and ''illis'', nicely evolvable into both ''lhe'' and ''lhes'' respectively, and replacing a plural form with the corresponding singular one by analogy is unusual for a Romance language (except for French).-->These contracted forms are rarely encountered in modern Brazilian usage.

==== Syntax ====

Apart from the pronouns that act as subjects of a sentence, and from the stressed object pronouns which are employed after prepositions, Portuguese has several [[clitic]] object pronouns used with nonprepositional verbs, or as indirect objects. These can appear before the verb as separate words, as in ''ela me ama'' ("she loves me"), or appended to the verb after the tense/person inflection, as in ''ele amou-a'' ("he loved her") or ''ele deu-lhe o livro'' ("he gave her/him the book"). Note that Portuguese spelling rules (like those of French) require a hyphen between the verb and the enclitic pronoun.

In [[West Iberian languages|West Iberian-Romance]], the position of [[clitic]] object pronouns with respect to the verbs which govern them was flexible, but all Romance languages have since adopted a more strict [[syntax]]. The usual pattern is for clitics to precede the verb; e.g. Sp. ''Yo te amo'', Fr. ''Je t'aime'' "I love you"; Fr. ''Tu m'avais dit'' "You had told me" (proclisis). The opposite order occurs only with the imperative: Sp. ''Dime'', Fr. ''Dis-moi'' "Tell me" (enclisis). Spoken [[Brazilian Portuguese]] has taken more or less the same route, except that clitics usually appear between the auxiliary verb and the main verb in compound tenses, and proclisis is even more generalized: ''Eu te amo'' "I love you", but ''Me diz'' "Tell me", and ''Você tinha me dito'' "You had told me".

In European Portuguese, by contrast, enclisis is the default position for clitic pronouns in simple affirmative clauses: ''Eu amo-te'' "I love you", ''Diz-me'' "Tell me". In compound tenses, the clitic normally follows the auxiliary verb, ''Você tinha-me dito'' "You had told me" (like in Brazilian Portuguese, but conventionally spelled with a hyphen), though other positions are sometimes possible: ''Você vai dizer-me'' "You are going to tell me" (Spanish allows this syntax as well, for example ''Vas a decirme''), ''Você não me vai dizer'' "You are not going to tell me". Still, in formal Portuguese the clitic pronouns always follow the verb in the infinitive. The Brazilian proclisis is usually ''correct'' in European Portuguese (often found in medieval literature), though nowadays uncommon and emphatic. Only sentences that begin with a clitic pronoun, such as ''Te amo'' or ''Me diz'', are considered unacceptable in European Portuguese.

With verbs in the future indicative tense or the conditional tense, enclitic pronouns are not placed after the verb, but rather incorporated into it: ''eu canto-te uma balada'' "I sing you a ballad" becomes ''eu cantar-te-ei uma balada'' "I will sing you a ballad" in the future, and ''eu cantar-te-ia uma balada'' "I would sing you a ballad" in the conditional (mesoclisis).

This is because these verb forms were originally compounds of the infinitive and ''haver'': ''cantarei'' = ''cantar hei'', ''cantarás'' = ''cantar hás''. In spoken Brazilian Portuguese, where proclisis is nearly universal, mesoclisis never occurs. Although the mesoclisis is often cited as a distinctive feature of Portuguese, it is becoming rare in spoken European Portuguese, since there is a growing tendency to replace the future indicative and the conditional with other tenses.

Although enclisis (or mesoclisis) is the default position for clitic pronouns in European Portuguese, there are several instances in which proclisis will be used due to certain elements or words that "attract" the pronoun to appear before, rather than after, the verb. For example, a simple affirmative sentence or command will be enclitic (mesoclitic in the future or conditional). However, the following elements attract the pronoun and cause proclisis even in European Portuguese: (1) negative words, (2) interrogative words, (3) conjunctions/dependent clauses, (4) certain common adverbs such as ''ainda'', ''já'', ''sempre'', etc., and (5) indefinite pronouns such as ''todos''. Since proclisis is already the normal default position for clitic pronouns in [[Brazilian Portuguese]], this marking between enclisis and proclisis does not exist.

{| class="wikitable"

|+Clitic placement in Portuguese

|

!European Portuguese

!Formal Brazilian Portuguese

!Colloquial Brazilian Portuguese

!Nonstandard Brazilian Portuguese

!English

|-

!Simple affirmative sentence

| colspan="2" |''Ele viu-'''nos''' hoje.''

|''Ele viu '''a gente''' hoje.''/''Ele '''nos''' viu hoje.''

|''Ele viu '''nós''' hoje.''/''Ele hoje viu '''nós'''.''

|He saw '''us''' today.

|-

!Affirmative future tense

|''Ele aprendê-'''lo'''-á na escola.''

|''Ele irá aprendê-'''lo''' na escola.''

|''Ele '''o''' aprenderá na escola.''

|'''''Isso aí''' ele vai aprender na escola.''/''Ele vai aprender '''isso aí''' na escola.''

|He will learn '''it''' in school.

|-

!Affirmative conditional tense

| colspan="2" |''Ele dar-'''me'''-ia o livro.''

|''Ele '''me''' daria o livro.''/''Ele iria '''me''' dar o livro.''

|''Ele iria dar o livro pra '''mim'''/'''eu'''.''

|He would give '''me''' the book.

|-

!Affirmative imperative

| colspan="2" |''Diga-'''me''' o que aconteceu.''

|'''''Me''' fala/fale/diz/diga o que aconteceu.''

|''Fala/diz pra '''mim''' o que aconteceu.''

|Tell '''me''' what happened.

|-

!(1) Negative sentences

| colspan="3" |''Não '''a''' vi hoje.''

|''Não vi '''ela''' hoje.''

|I did not see '''her''' today.

|-

!(2) Interrogative sentences

| colspan="3" |''Onde é que ele '''os''' comprou? (ex. os sapatos)''

|''Onde é que ele comprou '''eles'''? (ex. os sapatos)''

|Where did he buy '''them''' (ex. ''those shoes'')?

|-

!(3) Conjunctions/dependent clauses

| colspan="2" |''Quero que '''me''' digas a verdade.''

|''Quero que tu/você '''me''' digas/diga a verdade.''

|''Quero que tu fale/diga a verdade p'ra '''mim'''/'''eu'''.''

|I want you to tell '''me''' the truth.

|-

!(4) Adverbs

| colspan="2" |''Ele sempre '''nos''' vê na igreja.''

|''Ele sempre vê '''a gente''' na igreja.''/''Ele sempre '''nos''' vê na igreja.''

|''Ele vê '''nós''' na igreja sempre.''/''Ele sempre vê '''nós''' na igreja.''

|He always sees '''us''' at church.

|-

!(5) Indefinite pronouns

| colspan="2" |''Todos '''me''' dizem a verdade.''

|''Todo mundo '''me''' fala/diz a verdade.''

|''Todo mundo fala/diz a verdade p'ra '''mim'''/'''eu'''.''

|Everyone tells '''me''' the truth.

|}

=== Prepositional pronouns ===

==== Governance ====

The personal pronouns labelled "object of preposition" above are always employed after a [[preposition]], and most prepositions [[Government (linguistics)|govern]] those pronouns, but a few of them require subject pronouns. For example, prepositions denoting exception, such as ''afora'', ''fora'', ''excepto'', ''menos'', ''salvo'', and ''tirante''. In those cases, the subject pronouns ''eu'', ''tu'', ''ele'', ''ela'', ''eles'' and ''elas'' are used. Examples: ''Todos foram ao cinema excepto eu'', ''Ele referiu toda a gente excepto ele mesmo'' (not *''Ele referiu toda a gente excepto si''), but ''Ele referiu-se a toda a gente excepto a si'', ''Falaste a todos menos a mim'', ''Falaste com todos menos comigo'' (not *''com eu'').

==== Contractions with the prepositions ''de'' and ''em'' ====

The following 3rd person pronouns contract with the prepositions ''de'' "of/from" and ''em'' "in/on/at".

{| class="wikitable"

!pronoun

!contracted with ''de''

!contracted with ''em''

|-

|ele

|dele

|nele

|-

|ela

|dela

|nela

|-

|eles

|deles

|neles

|-

|elas

|delas

|nelas

|}

==== Contractions with the preposition ''com'' ====

The following prepositional pronouns contract with the preposition ''com'' "with" (circumstantial complement).

{| class="wikitable"

!pronoun

!contracted form

|-

|mim

|comigo

|-

|ti

|contigo

|-

|si

|consigo

|-

|nós

|co(n)nosco

|-

|vós

|convosco

|-

|si

|consigo

|}

The form ''connosco'' is used in European Portuguese, while ''conosco'' is used in Brazilian Portuguese.

These contractions are derived from the [[Latin language|Latin]] practice of suffixing the preposition ''cum'' "with" to the end of the [[ablative]] form of personal pronouns, as in ''mecum'' or ''tecum''. In [[Vulgar Latin]], enclitic ''cum'' (later shifted to ''-go'') became fossilized and was reanalysed as part of the pronoun itself. Then, a second ''cum'' began to be used before those words, and finally ''cum mecum'', ''cum tecum'', etc. contracted, producing ''comigo'', ''contigo'', and so on.

=== Reflexive pronouns ===

Reflexive pronouns are used when one wants to express the action is exercised upon the same person that exercises it or refers to such person. Examples:

* EP: ''Eu vi-'''me''' ao espelho.'' BP: ''Eu '''me''' vi no espelho.''

* ''Não '''te''' levas muito a sério.''

* EP: ''De repente, vimo-nos perdidos na floresta.'' BP: ''De repente, nos vimos perdidos na floresta.''

In the third person, the reflexive pronoun has a form of its own, ''se'', or ''si'' if preceded by a preposition. Examples:

* EP: ''Hoje ele levantou-'''se''' cedo.'' BP: ''Hoje ele '''se''' levantou cedo.''

* EP: ''Eles lavam-'''se''' sempre muito bem.'' BP: ''Eles '''se''' lavam sempre muito bem.''

* ''O gato sabe cuidar bem de '''si'''.''

* ''Os ladrões levaram '''consigo''' tudo o que puderam.'' (see above for compounds with ''com'')

The reflexive pronoun forms, when used in the plural (''me'' and ''te'' are therefore excluded), may indicate reciprocity. In those cases, they do not have reflexive character – for instance, ''as pessoas cumprimentaram-se'' does not mean that each person complimented him-/herself, rather they complimented each other. In some situations, this may create ambiguity; therefore, if one means "they love each other", one might want to say ''eles amam-se '''mutuamente''''' or ''eles amam-se '''um ao outro''''' (although ''eles amam-se'' will probably be interpreted this way anyhow); if one means "each one of them loves him-/herself", one should say ''eles amam-se a si '''mesmos''''' ou ''eles amam-se a si '''próprios'''''.

Sometimes, especially in the spoken Portuguese, ''ele mesmo'', ''ela mesma'', ''com ele mesmo'', ''com eles mesmos'', etc. may be used instead of ''si'' and ''consigo''. Example: "Eles têm de ter confiança '''neles''' ''[''em ''+'' eles'']'' '''mesmos'''" or ''Eles têm de ter confiança em si (mesmos)''.

== Possessive pronouns and adjectives ==

The forms of the possessives depends on the [[Grammatical gender|gender]] and [[Grammatical number|number]] of the possessed object or being.

{| class="wikitable"

! rowspan="2" |possessor

! colspan="4" |possessum

|-

!masc. sing.

!fem. sing.

!masc. plur.

!fem. plur.

|-

|eu

|meu

|minha

|meus

|minhas

|-

|tu

|teu

|tua

|teus

|tuas

|-

|ele, ela, você

|seu

|sua

|seus

|suas

|-

|nós

|nosso

|nossa

|nossos

|nossas

|-

|vós

|vosso

|vossa

|vossos

|vossas

|-

|eles, elas, vocês

|seu

|sua

|seus

|suas

|}

The [[Possessive pronoun|possessive pronouns]] are identical to [[Possessive adjective|possessive adjectives]], except that they must be preceded by the [[definite article]] (''o meu'', ''a minha'', ''os meus'', ''as minhas'', etc.) For the possessive adjectives, the article is optional, and its use varies with dialect and degree of formality.

=== Clearing ambiguity in the 3rd person ===

Due to the use of ''seu(s)'', ''sua(s)'' as 2nd-person possessive pronouns, ''dele(s)'' and ''dela(s)'' are normally used as 3rd-person possessive markers in lieu of ''seu(s)''/''sua(s)'' to eliminate ambiguity, e.g. ''Onde está o seu carro'' ("Where is your car?") vs. ''Onde está o carro dele?'' ("Where is his car?"). ''Seu''/''Sua'' used as 3rd-person possessive pronouns are still frequent, especially when referring to the subject of the clause or when the gender is unknown and ambiguity can be solved in context, e.g. ''O Candidato Geraldo Alckmin apresentou ontem a sua proposta para aumentar a geração de empregos no Brasil'' ("The candidate Geraldo Alckmin presented yesterday his proposal to increase job creation in Brazil").

== Colloquial usage ==

=== In European Portuguese ===

In European Portuguese, ''si'' and ''consigo'' can also be used to refer to the person to whom the message is directed in the formal treatment by ''o senhor'', etc. or in the treatment by ''você''. They are employed in the same circumstances ''ti'' and ''contigo'' would be used in the treatment by ''tu''. Actually, in those circumstances ''você'' and ''com você'' is uncommonly used and considered incorrect.

Examples:

* ''Se você não se importar, eu vou '''consigo'''.'' "I'll go '''with you''', if you don't mind." (''Se você não se importar, eu vou '''com você''''' would sound strange in some regions and is generally considered a wrong construction.)

* ''Quando estava a passar pela Praça do Chile, lembrei-me de '''si'''''. "When I was going through the Praça do Chile (the Chile park), it reminded me of '''you'''."

Thus, in modern '''colloquial European Portuguese''', the classical paradigm above is modified to (differences emphasized):

{| class="wikitable"

!Subject

!Register

!Object of verb

!Object of preposition

!Reflexive

!Possessive

|-

! rowspan="2" |você

''"you",''

''sing.''

!classical

| rowspan="2" |o, a; lhe, você

|você,

com você

| rowspan="4" |se, si,

consigo

| rowspan="2" |seu, sua,

seus, suas;

de você

|-

!colloquial

|''si'',

''consigo''

|-

! rowspan="2" |vocês

''"you",''

''plur.''

!classical

|os, as; lhes; vocês

|vocês,

com vocês

|seu, sua,

seus, suas;

de vocês

|-

!colloquial

|''vos''

|vocês,

''convosco''

|''vosso'', ''vossa'',

''vossos'', ''vossas''

|}

''Se'', ''si'', and ''consigo'' are used in standard written BP exclusively as reflexive pronouns, e.g. ''Os manifestantes trouxeram consigo paus e pedras para se defenderem da violência policial'' ("Protesters brought (wood) sticks and stones with them to protect themselves against police brutality"), or ''Os políticos discutiam entre si o que fazer diante da decisão do Supremo Tribunal'' ("Politicians discussed among themselves what to do in face of the Supreme Court decision"). In colloquial language, those reflexive forms may be replaced however by subject pronouns (e.g. ''Discutam entre vocês em que data preferem fazer o exame'' vs standard ''Discutam entre si em que data preferem fazer o exame'', Eng. "Discuss among yourselves when you prefer to take the exam"). Note also that in both standard and colloquial BP, it is considered ''wrong'' to use ''se'', ''si'', ''consigo'' in non-reflexive contexts. Therefore, unlike in modern colloquial EP, ''para si'' for example cannot ordinarily replace ''para você'', nor can ''consigo'' ordinarily replace ''com você''.

=== In Brazilian Portuguese ===

{{See also|Brazilian Portuguese}}

For '''modern Brazilian Portuguese''', one could propose the following chart (departures from the norm are in italics):

{| class="wikitable"

!Subject

!Register

!Object

!Possessive

!Verb

|-

! rowspan="2" |tu

''"you",''

''sing. fam.''

!classical

|te, ti, contigo

|teu, tua, teus, tuas

|és (2nd pers. sing.)

|-

!colloquial

|te, ti, ''tu'', contigo;

''você, você'' (after a verb), ''com você''

|teu, tua, teus, tuas;

''seu, sua, seus, suas''<ref>{{cite web |title=VAMOS RIR? on Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/VamosRirPage/photos/a.2124934164484282/2218129721831392/?type=3&theater |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/2124925017818530/2218129721831392 |archive-date=2022-04-30 |website=[[Facebook]]}}{{cbignore}}{{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>

| rowspan="5" |''é'' (3rd pers. sing.)

|-

! rowspan="2" |você

''"you",''

''sing.''

!classical

|o, a; lhe;

você, com você;

si, consigo

|seu, sua, seus, suas;

de você

|-

!colloquial

|''você'' (after a verb);

você, com você;

si, consigo;

''te, ti, tu, contigo''

|seu, sua, seus, suas;

de você;

''teu'', ''tua'', ''teus'', ''tuas''

|-

! rowspan="2" |ele, ela

''"he", "she"''

!classical

|o, a; lhe;

si, consigo

| rowspan="2" |seu, sua, seus, suas;

dele, dela

|-

!colloquial

|''ele'', ''ela'' (after a verb);

si, consigo

|-

! rowspan="2" |nós

''"we", "us"''

!classical

|nos; conosco

|nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas

|somos (1st pers. plur.)

|-

! rowspan="2" |colloquial

|nos; conosco;

''a gente'' (after a verb), ''com a gente, con nós''

|nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas;

''da gente''

|somos (1st pers. plur.), ''é'' (3rd pers.<ref>Strongly associated as a ''favelado'' (low-income classes) accent. Highly proscribed: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_vVuveziIQ&feature=share, https://me.me/i/noise-pobre-pocotobr-maise-cadanchurrasco-bom-que-nois-faz-curtem-884852</ref>

|-

!a gente

''"we", "us"''

|a gente (after a verb), ''nos'';

com a gente, ''conosco'', ''com nós''

|da gente,

''nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas''

|é, (3rd pers. sing.)

''somos'' (1st pers. plur.)

|-

! rowspan="2" |vocês

''"you",''

''plur.''

!classical

|os, as; lhes, vocês;

si, consigo

| rowspan="2" |seu, sua, seus, suas;

de vocês

| rowspan="4" |são (3rd pers. plur.)

|-

!colloquial

|vocês (after a verb);

si, consigo

|-

! rowspan="2" |eles, elas

''"they",''

''masc. and fem.''

!classical

|os, as; lhes;

si, consigo

| rowspan="2" |seu, sua, seus, suas;

deles, delas

|-

!colloquial

|''eles'', ''elas'' (after a verb);

si, consigo

|}

==== ''Tu'' vs. ''você'' ====

Although the 3rd person pronoun ''você'' tended to replace the classical 2nd-person pronoun ''tu'' in several Brazilian dialects and, especially, in the media communication, the use of ''tu'' is still frequent in several Brazilian Portuguese dialects. Most of the dialects that retain ''tu'' also use accordingly ''te'' (accusative pronoun), ''ti'' (dative postprepositional pronoun), ''contigo'', and the possessive ''teu, tua, teus, and tuas''. The use of ''tu'' is dominant in the South ([[Rio Grande do Sul]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] and parts of [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]]) and Northeast (with the exception of most of [[Bahia]] and some other areas, mostly in the coast), and it is also very frequent in the Northern region and [[Rio de Janeiro]].

However, even in some of the regions where ''você'' is the prevailing pronoun, the object pronoun ''te'' and ''ti'' and the possessive pronoun ''teu''/''tua'' are quite common, although not in most of [[State of São Paulo|São Paulo]], Brazil's most populous state. In fact, in the [[city of São Paulo]] the pronoun ''tu'' is almost nonexistent.

That distinction, object and possessive pronouns pattern likewise, is still maintained in the South and in the area around the city of Santos (in [[São Paulo|State of São Paulo]]) and in the Northeast. In Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, for instance, ''você'' is rarely used in spoken language—in most occasions, ''o senhor''/''a senhora'' is employed whenever ''tu'' may sound too informal.

In most of the Northeast, ''você'' is frequently used only in semi-formal and formal conversations, mostly with people whom one does not know well or when a more polite or serious style is required. As for [[Rio de Janeiro]] and the North of Brazil, both ''tu'' and ''você'' (and associated object and possessive pronouns) are used with no clear distinction in their use.

However, when one talks to older people or people of higher status (a boss, for example), most Brazilians prefer to use ''o senhor'' and ''a senhora''.

In standard Portuguese (both in Brazil and in Portugal), ''você'' and ''vocês'' are always accompanied by 3rd-person verb forms (e.g. ''você é'', ''vocês são''), whereas ''tu'' requires 2nd-person verb forms (e.g. ''tu és''). However, in ''tuteante'' BP dialects like [[gaúcho]], ''tu'' is almost always accompanied by 3rd-person verb forms, e.g. ''tu é'', ''tu bebeu'' vs. standard ''tu és'', ''tu bebeste''. That particular usage is considered ungrammatical by most Brazilian speakers whose dialects do not include ''tu'' (e.g. ''paulistanos'').

The ''você'' (subj.) / ''te'' (obj.) combination, e.g. ''Você sabe que eu te amo'', is a well-known peculiarity of modern General Brazilian Portuguese and is similar in nature to the ''vocês'' (subj.) / ''vos'' (obj.) / ''vosso'' (poss.) combination found in modern colloquial [[European Portuguese]]. Both combinations would be condemned, though, by prescriptive school grammars based on the classical language.

When Brazilians use ''tu'', it is mostly accompanied by the 3rd-person verb conjugation: ''Tu vai ao banco?'' — "Will you go to the bank?" (''Tu vai'' is wrong according to the standard grammar, yet is still used by many Brazilians). The pronoun ''tu'' accompanied by the second-person verb can still be found in [[Maranhão]], [[Piauí]], [[Pernambuco]] (mostly in more formal speech) and [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], for instance, and in a few cities in [[Rio Grande do Sul]] near the border with [[Uruguay]], with a slightly different pronunciation in some conjugations (''tu vieste'' — "you came" — is pronounced as if it were ''tu viesse''), which also is present in Santa Catarina and Pernambuco (especially in [[Recife]], where it is by far the predominant way to pronounce the past tense particle ''-ste'').

===== 2nd person singular conjugation in Brazilian Portuguese =====

The table for 2nd person singular conjugation in Brazilian Portuguese is presented below:<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Loregian |first=Loremi |title=Concordância verbal com o pronome tu na fala do sul do Brasil |date=1996 |degree=Master's |publisher=Federal University of Santa Catarina |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30390059.pdf |language=Portuguese |trans-title=Verbal agreement with the pronoun tu in the speech of southern Brazil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Maia |first=Viviane dos Santos |title="Tu vai para onde? ... Você vai para onde?": manifestações da segunda pessoa na fala carioca |date=2012 |degree=Master's |publisher=Federal University of Rio de Janeiro |url=https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/389530/mod_resource/content/1/Tu%20no%20Rio%20de%20Janeiro.pdf |language=Portuguese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Dias |first=Edilene Patrícia |title=O uso do tu no português brasiliense falado |date=2007 |degree=Master's |publisher=University of Brasília |language=Portuguese |trans-title=The use of tu in spoken Brasilian Portuguese |hdl=10482/3255 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

!

!você

<small>(standard)</small>

!você

<small>(colloquial)</small>

!tu

<small>(standard)</small>

!tu

<small>(colloquial)</small>

!tu

<small>(Sulista colloquial)</small>

|-

|'''Presentindicative'''

| colspan="2" |fala

|falas

| colspan="2" |fala

|-

|'''Pastindicative'''

| colspan="2" |falou

|falaste

|falou

|falaste,

falasse,

falou

|-

|'''Imperfectsubjunctive'''

| colspan="2" |falasse

|falasses

| colspan="2" |falasse

|-

|'''Imperativepositive'''

|fale

|fala,

fale

|fala

| colspan="2" |fala,

fale

|-

|'''Imperativenegative'''

|não fale

|não fale,

não fala

|não fales

| colspan="2" |não fale,

não fala

|-

|'''Reflexive'''

| colspan="2" |se parece

|te pareces

| colspan="2" |se parece,

te parece

|}

==== ''O(s)'' and ''a(s)'' ====

In Brazil, the weak clitic pronouns ''-o(s)'' and ''-a(s)'' are used ''almost exclusively'' in writing or in formal speech (e.g. TV newscasts). In colloquial speech, ''ele(s)'' and ''ela(s)'' replace the clitics as direct objects (e.g. ''Vi eles na praia ontem'' versus ''Vi-os na praia ontem''; in English, "I saw them on the beach yesterday"). The standard written variants ''-lo(s)'' and ''-la(s)'' (used after an infinitive ending in ''r'') are more frequent though in the speech of polite speakers, but seem to be losing ground as well. Note, however, that ''ele(s)'' or ''ela(s)'' are '''never''' used as direct objects in formal writing, such as newspaper articles, academic papers, or legal documents. The use of ''-lo'', ''-la'', etc. replacing "você" as direct object is restricted mostly to the written language (in particular, movie subtitles) although it occurs frequently in a few fixed expressions like ''Prazer em conhecê-lo'' ("Pleased to meet you") or ''Posso ajudá-lo?'' ("May I help you?").

==== ''Lhe(s)'' ====

The use of ''lhe'' and ''lhes'' as indirect object forms of ''você'' and ''vocês'' ("[to] you", plural and singular) is currently rare in General BP, where ''lhe'' is often replaced as noted above by ''te'' or, alternatively, by ''para você''. On the other hand, ''lheísmo'', i.e. the use of ''lhe'' not only as an indirect object (e.g. ''Eu lhe dou meu endereço'', "I will give you my address"), but also as a ''direct object'' (e.g. ''Eu lhe vi na praia ontem'', Eng. "I saw you at the beach yesterday") is frequent in Northeastern Brazilian dialects, especially in [[Bahia]].

In standard written BP, it is common to use ''lhe(s)'' as indirect object forms of ''ele(s)/ela(s)'' ("[to] him / her / it / them"), e.g. ''O presidente pediu que lhe dessem notícias da crise na Bolívia''. In the colloquial language, 'lhe' in that context is frequently replaced by ''para ele'', etc., although educated speakers might use ''lhe'' in speech as well.

==== Replacement of object pronouns with subject pronouns ====

In nonstandard BP, especially in regional dialects like [[caipira]], object pronouns may be avoided altogether, even in the first person. For example: ''Ele levou nós no baile'' (standard BP ''Ele nos levou ao baile'') or ''Ela viu eu na escola'' (standard BP ''Ela me viu na escola''). These examples, although common in rural areas and in working-class speech, would sound ungrammatical to most urban middle-class BP speakers in formal situations.

== See also ==

* [[Portuguese verb conjugation]]

* [[Portuguese language]]

* [[Portuguese grammar]]

* [[Brazilian Portuguese]]

* [[Gender neutrality in Portuguese]]

== References ==

<references group="" responsive="1"></references>

* [http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Portuguese/Grammar/Portuguese-Pronouns.html Portuguese pronouns at Orbis Latinus]

* [http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Portuguese/Grammar/Portuguese-Determiners.html#Possessive_Adjectives Portuguese adjectives at Orbis Latinus]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061016063728/http://accurapid.com/journal/13port.htm "What is the word for 'you' in Portuguese?", by Danilo Nogueira]

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061219130416/http://www.sonia-portuguese.com/text/pronouns.htm Portuguese pronouns]