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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae}}
{{for|the production company|Spartina Productions}}
{{For|the production company|Spartina Productions}}
{{italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
{{taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Spartinadensiflora.jpg
| image = Spartinadensiflora.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Spartina densiflora|S. densiflora]]''
| image_caption = ''[[Sporobolus montevidensis]]''
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| taxon = Spartina
|unranked_divisio = [[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
| authority = [[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Schreb.]]{{r|GRIN}}
|unranked_classis = [[Monocotyledon|Monocots]]
| type_species = ''[[Sporobolus cynosuroides]]''
|unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]]
| type_species_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
|ordo = [[Poales]]
| synonyms_ref=<ref name=h>{{WCSP|443748|Spartina}}</ref>
|familia = [[Poaceae]]
| synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}}
|subfamilia = [[Chloridoideae]]
* ''Chauvinia'' {{small|Steud.}}
|tribus = [[Zoysieae]]
* ''Limnetis'' {{small|Rich.}}
|genus = '''''Spartina'''''
* ''Ponceletia'' {{small|Thouars 1808 not R.Br. 1810}}
|genus_authority = [[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Schreb.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11328 |title=Genus: ''Spartina'' Schreb. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2011-02-27 |accessdate=2011-03-03}}</ref>
* ''Psammophila'' {{small|Schult.}}
|type_species_authority=([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Albrecht Wilhelm Roth|Roth.]]
* ''Solenachne'' {{small|Steud.}}
|type_species=''[[Spartina cynosuroides]]''
* ''Trachynotia'' {{small|Michx.}}
|synonyms_ref=<ref name=h>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=443748 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
{{hidden end}}
|synonyms =
}}
* ''[[Chauvinia]]'' <small>Steud.</small>
* ''[[Limnetis]]'' <small>Rich.</small>
* ''[[Ponceletia]]'' <small>Thouars 1808 not R.Br. 1810</small>
* ''[[Psammophila]]'' <small>Schult.</small>
* ''[[Solenachne]]'' <small>Steud.</small>
* ''[[Trachynotia]]'' <small>Michx.</small>
|}}


'''''Spartina''''' is a [[genus]] of plants in the [[Poaceae|grass family]], frequently found in coastal salt marshes.<ref>Schreber, Johann Christian Daniel von. 1789. Genera Plantarum Eorumque Characteres Naturales Secundum Numerum, Figuram, Situm, & Proportionem Omnium Fructificationis Partium. (Ed. 8[a<nowiki>]</nowiki>). 43</ref> Species in this genus are commonly known as '''cordgrass''' or '''cord-grass''',<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=41266 |taxon=''Spartina'' |accessdate=2011-03-03}}</ref> and are native to the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean in western and southern Europe, north-western and southern Africa, the [[Americas]] and the islands of the southern Atlantic Ocean; one or two species also occur on the western coast of North America and in [[freshwater]] habitats inland in the Americas. The highest species diversity is on the east coasts of North and South America, particularly [[Florida]]. They form large, often dense [[clonal colony|colonies]], particularly on coastal [[salt marsh]]es, and grow quickly. The species vary in size from 0.3–2 m tall. Many of the species will produce [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] if they come into contact.
'''''Spartina''''', commonly known as '''cordgrass''' or '''cord-grass''',<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=41266 |taxon=''Spartina'' |accessdate=2011-03-03}}</ref> is a genus of plants in the [[Poaceae|grass family]], frequently found in coastal salt marshes.<ref>Schreber, Johann Christian Daniel von. 1789. Genera Plantarum Eorumque Characteres Naturales Secundum Numerum, Figuram, Situm, & Proportionem Omnium Fructificationis Partium. (Ed. 8[a<nowiki>]</nowiki>). 43</ref>


==Taxonomy==
The genus name is derived from <big>σπαρτίνη</big> (''spartiné''), the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] word for a cord made from Spanish broom (''[[Spartium junceum]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://herbarium.usu.edu/treatments/Spartina.htm |first=Mary E. |last=Barkworth |title=17.45 SPARTINA Schreb.
In 2014, the taxon ''Spartina'' was subsumed into the genus ''[[Sporobolus]]'' and reassigned to the taxonomic status of [[section (botany)|section]],<ref name="Peterson2014">Peterson, PM, et al (2014) A molecular phylogeny and new subgeneric classification of ''Sporobolus'' (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Sporobolinae), Taxon 63: 1212-1243.</ref> but it is may still be possible to see ''Spartina'' referred to as an accepted genus. In 2019, an interdisciplinary team of experts from all continents (except for Antarctica) coauthored a report published in the journal ''Ecology'' supporting ''Spartina'' as a genus.<ref name="Bortolus2019">Bortolus, A, P Adam, JB Adams, ML Ainouche, D Ayres, MD Bertness, TJ Bouma, JF Bruno, I Caçador, JT Carlton, JM Castillo, CSB Costa, AJ Davy, L Deegan, B Duarte, E Figueroa, J Gerwein, AJ Gray, ED Grosholz, SD Hacker, AR Hughes, E Mateos-Naranjo, IA Mendelssohn, JT Morris, AF Muñoz-Rodríguez, FJJ Nieva, LA Levin, B Li, W Liu, SC Pennings, A Pickart, S Redondo-Gómez, DM Richardson, A Salmon, E Schwindt, BR Silliman, EE Sotka, C Stace, M Sytsma, S Temmerman, RE Turner, I Valiela, MP Weinstein, and JS Weis. (2019) Supporting ''Spartina'': Interdisciplinary perspective shows ''Spartina'' as a distinct solid genus. ''Ecology'', 100(11), 2019, e02863. {{doi|10.1002/ecy.2863}}.</ref>
|work=Intermountain Herbarium |publisher=Utah State University |accessdate=2013-11-30}}</ref> They are native to the coasts of the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in western and southern [[Europe]], northwest and southern [[Africa]], the [[Americas]] and the southern [[Atlantic Ocean]] islands; one or two species also occur on the [[North America]]n [[Pacific Ocean]] coast and in [[freshwater]] habitats inland in the Americas. The highest species diversity is on the east coasts of [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], particularly [[Florida]].


The section name ''Spartina'' is derived from {{lang|grc|σπαρτίνη}} ({{grc-tr|σπαρτίνη}}), the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] word for a cord made from Spanish broom (''[[Spartium junceum]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://herbarium.usu.edu/treatments/Spartina.htm |first=Mary E. |last=Barkworth |title=17.45 SPARTINA Schreb.
They form large, often dense [[clonal colony|colonies]], particularly on [[coast]]al [[salt marsh]]es, and grow quickly. The species vary in size from 0.3–2 m tall. Many of the species will produce [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] if they come into contact.
|work=Intermountain Herbarium |publisher=Utah State University |access-date=2013-11-30}}</ref>


===Species===
;Species<ref name=h/><ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Spartina The Plant List search for Spartina]</ref><ref name="ITIS"/><ref name="GRINSpecies">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?11328 |title=GRIN Species Records of ''Spartina'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2011-02-25}}</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Spartina Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps]</ref>
The following species are recognised in the section ''Spartina'':<ref name="Peterson2014" />
# ''[[Spartina alterniflora]]'' <small>[[Jean Louis August Loiseleur-Deslongchamps|Loisel.]]</small> &ndash; Smooth Cordgrass - Atlantic coasts of North + South America, West Indies
;Subsection ''Alterniflori'' <small>P.M.Peterson & Saarela</small>
# ''[[Spartina anglica]]'' <small>[[Charles Edward Hubbard|C.E.Hubb.]]</small> &ndash; Common Cordgrass - Great Britain; introduced scattered other places
* ''[[Sporobolus alterniflorus]]'' {{small|([[Jean Louis August Loiseleur-Deslongchamps|Loisel.]]) P.M.Peterson & Saarela}} &ndash; smooth cordgrass – Atlantic coasts of North and South America, West Indies
# ''[[Spartina arundinacea]]'' (Thouars) Carmich - Tristan da Cunha, Amsterdam Island in Indian Ocean
* ''[[Sporobolus anglicus]]'' <small>(C.E.Hubb.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela</small> - Great Britain, introduced to Europe, China, Australia, New Zealand, and North America
# ''[[Spartina bakeri]]'' <small>Merr.</small> &ndash; Sand Cordgrass - southeastern USA
# ''[[Spartina × caespitosa]]'' <small>A.A.Eaton</small> &ndash; Short Cordgrass - eastern USA + Canada (PEI to VA)
* ''[[Sporobolus foliosus]]'' {{small|(Trin.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela}} &ndash; California cordgrass – California, Baja California, Baja California Sur
# ''[[Spartina ciliata]]'' <small>Brongn.</small> - Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay
* ''[[Sporobolus longispicus]]'' {{small|(Hauman & Parodi ex St.-Yves) P.M.Peterson & Saarela}} – Argentina, Uruguay
# ''[[Spartina cynosuroides]]'' <small>(L.) Roth</small> &ndash; Big Cordgrass - eastern USA (TX to MA); Tamaulipas, Chihuahua, Bahamas
* ''[[Sporobolus maritimus]]'' <small>(Curtis) P.M.Peterson & Saarela</small> - Europe, Africa
* ''[[Sporobolus × townsendii]]'' {{small|(H.Groves & J.Groves) P.M.Peterson & Saarela}} &ndash; Townsend's cordgrass – western Europe
# ''[[Spartina densiflora]]'' <small>Brongn.</small> &ndash; Denseflower Cordgrass - Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile
;Subsection ''Ponceletia'' <small>(Thouars) P.M.Peterson & Saarela</small>
# ''[[Spartina foliosa]]'' <small>Trin.</small> &ndash; California Cordgrass - California, Baja California, Baja California Sur
# ''[[Spartina gracilis]]'' <small>Trin.</small> &ndash; Alkali Cordgrass - western Canada, western + central USA, Chihuahua, Jalisco, Michoacán
* ''[[Sporobolus arundinacea]]'' <small>(Thouars) Carmich</small> – Tristan da Cunha, Amsterdam Island in Indian Ocean
* ''[[Sporobolus mobberleyanus]]'' P.M.Peterson & Saarela – Tristan da Cunha, Amsterdam Island in Indian Ocean
# ''[[Spartina longispica]]'' <small>Hauman & Parodi ex St.-Yves</small> - Argentina, Uruguay
* ''[[Sporobolus spartinae]]'' {{small|(Trin.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela}} &ndash; Gulf cordgrass – Atlantic coast of North America from Florida to Argentina, incl the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico
# ''[[Spartina maritima]]'' <small>(Curtis) Fernald</small> &ndash; Small Cordgrass - Great Britain, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Croatia, Morocco, Mauritania, Namibia, South Africa
;Subsection ''Spartina'' <small>(Schreb) P.M.Peterson & Saarela</small>
# ''[[Spartina patens]]'' <small>(Aiton) Muhl</small> &ndash; Saltmeadow Cordgrass - east coast of North America from Labrador to Tamaulipas; West Indies
* ''[[Sporobolus bakeri]]'' {{small|(Merr.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela}} &ndash; sand cordgrass – south-eastern US
# ''[[Spartina pectinata]]'' <small>Bosc ex Link</small> &ndash; Prairie Cordgrass from Northwest Territories to Texas + Newfoundland
# ''[[Spartina spartinae]]'' <small>(Trin.) Merr. ex Hitchc.</small> &ndash; Gulf Cordgrass - Atlantic coast of North America from Florida to Argentina, incl Caribbean + Gulf of Mexico
* ''[[Sporobolus coarctatus]]'' {{small|(Trin.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela}} – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay
* ''[[Sporobolus cynosuroides]]'' {{small|(L.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela}} &ndash; big cordgrass – eastern US (TX to MA); Bahamas
# ''[[Spartina × townsendii]]'' <small>H.Groves & J.Groves</small> (''S. alterniflora'' × ''S. maritima'') &ndash; Townsend's Cordgrass - western Europe
* ''[[Sporobolus × eatonianus]]'' {{small|P.M.Peterson & Saarela}} &ndash; eastern North America
# ''[[Spartina versicolor]]'' <small>Fabre</small> - Mediterranean, Azores
* ''[[Sporobolus hookerianus]]'' {{small|P.M.Peterson & Saarela}} &ndash; alkali cordgrass – western Canada, western + central US, Chihuahua, Jalisco, Michoacán
* ''[[Sporobolus michauxianus]]'' {{small|(Hitchc.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela}} &ndash; prairie cordgrass – from Northwest Territories to Texas and Newfoundland
* ''[[Sporobolus montevidensis]]'' {{small|(Arechav.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela}} &ndash; denseflower cordgrass – Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile
* ''[[Sporobolus pumilus]]'' {{small|(Roth) P.M.Peterson & Saarela}} &ndash; saltmeadow cordgrass – east coast of North America from Labrador to Tamaulipas; West Indies
* ''[[Sporobolus versicolor]]'' {{small|(E.Fabre) P.M.Peterson & Saarela}} – Mediterranean, Azores


==Ecology==
;formerly included<ref name=h/>
Species of the section ''Spartina'' are used as food plants by the [[caterpillar|larvae]] of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including the [[Aaron's skipper]], which feeds exclusively on [[Sporobolus alterniflorus|smooth cordgrass]], and the [[Engrailed (moth)|engrailed]] moth.
see ''[[Bouteloua]] [[Crypsis]] [[Dactylis]] [[Digitaria]]''
{{columns-list|2|
* ''Spartina geniculata - [[Dactylis geniculata]]''
* ''Spartina glabriuscula - [[Digitaria radicosa]]''
* ''Spartina humilis - [[Bouteloua chondrosioides]]''
* ''Spartina phleoides - [[Crypsis schoenoides]]''
* ''Spartina pubera - [[Digitaria ciliaris]]''
* ''Spartina schoenoides - [[Crypsis schoenoides]]'' }}


Some species of the section ''Spartina'' are considered as ecosystem engineers that can strongly influence the physical and biological environment.<ref name="Li2009">Li, B. et al (2009) ''Spartina alterniflora'' invasions in the Yangtze River estuary, China: An overview of current status and ecosystem effects, Ecol. Eng. 35: 511-520.</ref><ref name="Balke2012">Balke, T. et al (2012) Conditional outcome of ecosystem engineering: A case study on tussocks of the salt marsh pioneer ''Spartina anglica'', Geomorphology 153-154: 232-238.</ref> This is particularly important in areas where invasive ''Spartina'' species significantly alter their new environment, with impacts to native plants and animals.<ref name="StrongAyres2013">Strong, D.R., & Ayres, D.R. (2013) Ecological and Evolutionary Misadventures of ''Spartina'', Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 44:389-410.</ref>
==Cultivation==
''Spartina'' has been planted by humans to reclaim [[estuary|estuarine]] areas for stripping, to supply [[fodder]] for [[livestock]], and to prevent [[erosion]]. Various members of the genus (especially ''[[Spartina alterniflora]]'' and its derivatives, ''[[Spartina anglica]]'' and ''[[Spartina × townsendii]]'') have spread outside of their native boundaries and become [[invasive species|invasive]].


===As an invasive species===
[[Spartina cynosuroides|Big Cordgrass]] (''S. cynosuroides'') is used in the construction of bull's eye targets for sports archery. A properly constructed ''Spartina'' target can stop an arrow safely without damage to the arrowhead as it lodges in the target.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XNwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA126&dq=true#v=onepage&q=true&f=true |title=Bull's-eye Builder |magazine=Popular Mechanics |date=June 1952 |pages=126–127}}</ref>
Three of the ''Spartina'' species have become [[Invasive species|invasive plants]] in some countries. In [[British Columbia]], ''Sporobolus anglica'', also known as English cordgrass, is an aggressive, aquatic alien that invades mud flats, salt marshes and beaches, out-competing native plants, spreading quickly over mud flats and leaving large ''Spartina'' meadows.<ref>[http://alienspecies.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/eng/species/spartina ''Spartina'', Aliens Among Us.]</ref> It is also invasive in China and California.<ref name=StrongAyres2013/>


''Sporobolus montevidensis'' and ''Sporobolus pumilus'' have become invasive on the Iberian Peninsula and the west coast of the United States<ref name=StrongAyres2013/><ref name="SanLeon1999">D. G. SanLeón, J. Izco & J. M. Sánchez (1999). Joseph Caffrey; Philip R. F. Barrett; Maria Teresa Ferreira; Ilidio S. Moreira; Kevin J. Murphy; Philip Max Wade, eds. "Biology, Ecology and Management of Aquatic Plants". Hydrobiologia. ''Developments in Hydrobiology'', Vol. 147. 415: 213–222. doi:10.1023/A:1003835201167. {{ISBN|978-90-481-5404-3}}.</ref><ref name="ODA">Oregon Department of Agriculture, Noxious Weeds https://www.oregon.gov/oda/programs/weeds/pages/aboutweeds.aspx</ref>
==Ecology==
''Spartina'' species are used as food plants by the [[Caterpillar|larvae]] of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Aaron's Skipper]] (which feeds exclusively on [[Spartina alterniflora|Smooth Cordgrass]]) and [[Engrailed (moth)|Engrailed]].


''Sporobolus alterniflorus'' and its hybrids with other ''Spartina'' species are invasive in numerous locations around the globe, including China, California, England, France, and Spain.<ref name=StrongAyres2013/><ref name="Ainouche2009">Ainouche, M.L., et al (2009) Hybridization, polyploidy and invasion: lessons from ''Spartina'' (Poaceae), ''Biol. Invasions'' 11: 1159-1173.</ref>
==As an invasive species==

Three of the ''Spartina'' species have become [[Invasive species|invasive plants]] in some countries. In [[British Columbia]], [[Spartina anglica]], also known as English Cordgrass, is an aggressive, aquatic alien that invades mud flats, salt marshes and beaches, out-competing native plants, spreading quickly over mud flats and leaving large ''Spartina'' meadows.<ref>[http://alienspecies.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/eng/species/spartina Spartina, Aliens Among Us.]</ref>
==Cultivation==
Species of the section ''Spartina'' have been planted to reclaim [[estuary|estuarine]] areas for [[agriculture|farming]], to supply [[fodder]] for [[livestock]], and to prevent [[erosion]]. Various members of the genus (especially ''Sporobolus alterniflorus'' and its derivatives, ''Sporobolus anglicus'' and ''Sporobolus × townsendii'') have spread outside of their native boundaries and become [[invasive species|invasive]].


Big cordgrass (''S. cynosuroides'') is used in the construction of bull's eye targets for sports archery. A properly constructed target can stop an arrow safely without damage to the arrowhead as it lodges in the target.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNwDAAAAMBAJ&q=true&pg=PA126 |title=Bull's-eye Builder |magazine=Popular Mechanics |date=June 1952 |pages=126–127|publisher=Hearst Magazines }}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Sand Bay]] - an area in the UK where ''Spartina'' grass planted to support a river bank has spread.
* [[Invasive grasses of North America]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11328 |title=Genus: ''Spartina'' Schreb. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2011-02-27 |access-date=2011-03-03}}</ref>
}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q159038}}
==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Authority control}}
{{wikispecies}}
*[http://www.jncc.gov.uk/page-1680 ''Spartina anglica'': species derivation and problems]
*[http://www.spartina.org/maps_findings.htm San Francisco Estuary Invasive Spartina Project: Maps and Findings]
*[http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/sparti.html Spartina information from the University of Florida]
*[http://www.willapabay.org/~coastal/nospartina/ Invasive Spartina in Willapa Bay]
*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SPART USDA: Spartina]


[[Category:Spartina| ]]
[[Category:Spartina| ]]
[[Category:Halophytes]]
[[Category:Halophytes]]
[[Category:Poaceae genera]]
[[Category:Grasses of Africa]]
[[Category:Grasses of Europe]]
[[Category:Grasses of North America]]
[[Category:Grasses of South America]]

Latest revision as of 21:53, 16 February 2024

For the production company, see Spartina Productions.

Spartina
Sporobolus montevidensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Sporobolus
Section: Spartina
Schreb.[1]
Type species
Sporobolus cynosuroides
(L.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
Synonyms[2]
List
  • Chauvinia Steud.
  • Limnetis Rich.
  • Ponceletia Thouars 1808 not R.Br. 1810
  • Psammophila Schult.
  • Solenachne Steud.
  • Trachynotia Michx.

Spartina is a genus of plants in the grass family, frequently found in coastal salt marshes.[3] Species in this genus are commonly known as cordgrass or cord-grass,[4] and are native to the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean in western and southern Europe, north-western and southern Africa, the Americas and the islands of the southern Atlantic Ocean; one or two species also occur on the western coast of North America and in freshwater habitats inland in the Americas. The highest species diversity is on the east coasts of North and South America, particularly Florida. They form large, often dense colonies, particularly on coastal salt marshes, and grow quickly. The species vary in size from 0.3–2 m tall. Many of the species will produce hybrids if they come into contact.

Taxonomy[edit]

In 2014, the taxon Spartina was subsumed into the genus Sporobolus and reassigned to the taxonomic status of section,[5] but it is may still be possible to see Spartina referred to as an accepted genus. In 2019, an interdisciplinary team of experts from all continents (except for Antarctica) coauthored a report published in the journal Ecology supporting Spartina as a genus.[6]

The section name Spartina is derived from σπαρτίνη (spartínē), the Greek word for a cord made from Spanish broom (Spartium junceum).[7]

Species[edit]

The following species are recognised in the section Spartina:[5]

Subsection Alterniflori P.M.Peterson & Saarela
  • Sporobolus alterniflorus (Loisel.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela – smooth cordgrass – Atlantic coasts of North and South America, West Indies
  • Sporobolus anglicus (C.E.Hubb.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela - Great Britain, introduced to Europe, China, Australia, New Zealand, and North America
  • Sporobolus foliosus (Trin.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela – California cordgrass – California, Baja California, Baja California Sur
  • Sporobolus longispicus (Hauman & Parodi ex St.-Yves) P.M.Peterson & Saarela – Argentina, Uruguay
  • Sporobolus maritimus (Curtis) P.M.Peterson & Saarela - Europe, Africa
  • Sporobolus × townsendii (H.Groves & J.Groves) P.M.Peterson & Saarela – Townsend's cordgrass – western Europe
Subsection Ponceletia (Thouars) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
  • Sporobolus arundinacea (Thouars) Carmich – Tristan da Cunha, Amsterdam Island in Indian Ocean
  • Sporobolus mobberleyanus P.M.Peterson & Saarela – Tristan da Cunha, Amsterdam Island in Indian Ocean
  • Sporobolus spartinae (Trin.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela – Gulf cordgrass – Atlantic coast of North America from Florida to Argentina, incl the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico
Subsection Spartina (Schreb) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
  • Sporobolus bakeri (Merr.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela – sand cordgrass – south-eastern US
  • Sporobolus coarctatus (Trin.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay
  • Sporobolus cynosuroides (L.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela – big cordgrass – eastern US (TX to MA); Bahamas
  • Sporobolus × eatonianus P.M.Peterson & Saarela – eastern North America
  • Sporobolus hookerianus P.M.Peterson & Saarela – alkali cordgrass – western Canada, western + central US, Chihuahua, Jalisco, Michoacán
  • Sporobolus michauxianus (Hitchc.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela – prairie cordgrass – from Northwest Territories to Texas and Newfoundland
  • Sporobolus montevidensis (Arechav.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela – denseflower cordgrass – Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile
  • Sporobolus pumilus (Roth) P.M.Peterson & Saarela – saltmeadow cordgrass – east coast of North America from Labrador to Tamaulipas; West Indies
  • Sporobolus versicolor (E.Fabre) P.M.Peterson & Saarela – Mediterranean, Azores

Ecology[edit]

Species of the section Spartina are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Aaron's skipper, which feeds exclusively on smooth cordgrass, and the engrailed moth.

Some species of the section Spartina are considered as ecosystem engineers that can strongly influence the physical and biological environment.[8][9] This is particularly important in areas where invasive Spartina species significantly alter their new environment, with impacts to native plants and animals.[10]

As an invasive species[edit]

Three of the Spartina species have become invasive plants in some countries. In British Columbia, Sporobolus anglica, also known as English cordgrass, is an aggressive, aquatic alien that invades mud flats, salt marshes and beaches, out-competing native plants, spreading quickly over mud flats and leaving large Spartina meadows.[11] It is also invasive in China and California.[10]

Sporobolus montevidensis and Sporobolus pumilus have become invasive on the Iberian Peninsula and the west coast of the United States[10][12][13]

Sporobolus alterniflorus and its hybrids with other Spartina species are invasive in numerous locations around the globe, including China, California, England, France, and Spain.[10][14]

Cultivation[edit]

Species of the section Spartina have been planted to reclaim estuarine areas for farming, to supply fodder for livestock, and to prevent erosion. Various members of the genus (especially Sporobolus alterniflorus and its derivatives, Sporobolus anglicus and Sporobolus × townsendii) have spread outside of their native boundaries and become invasive.

Big cordgrass (S. cynosuroides) is used in the construction of bull's eye targets for sports archery. A properly constructed target can stop an arrow safely without damage to the arrowhead as it lodges in the target.[15]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Genus: Spartina Schreb". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2011-02-27. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
  2. ^ "Spartina". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  3. ^ Schreber, Johann Christian Daniel von. 1789. Genera Plantarum Eorumque Characteres Naturales Secundum Numerum, Figuram, Situm, & Proportionem Omnium Fructificationis Partium. (Ed. 8[a]). 43
  4. ^ "Spartina". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
  5. ^ a b Peterson, PM, et al (2014) A molecular phylogeny and new subgeneric classification of Sporobolus (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Sporobolinae), Taxon 63: 1212-1243.
  6. ^ Bortolus, A, P Adam, JB Adams, ML Ainouche, D Ayres, MD Bertness, TJ Bouma, JF Bruno, I Caçador, JT Carlton, JM Castillo, CSB Costa, AJ Davy, L Deegan, B Duarte, E Figueroa, J Gerwein, AJ Gray, ED Grosholz, SD Hacker, AR Hughes, E Mateos-Naranjo, IA Mendelssohn, JT Morris, AF Muñoz-Rodríguez, FJJ Nieva, LA Levin, B Li, W Liu, SC Pennings, A Pickart, S Redondo-Gómez, DM Richardson, A Salmon, E Schwindt, BR Silliman, EE Sotka, C Stace, M Sytsma, S Temmerman, RE Turner, I Valiela, MP Weinstein, and JS Weis. (2019) Supporting Spartina: Interdisciplinary perspective shows Spartina as a distinct solid genus. Ecology, 100(11), 2019, e02863. doi:10.1002/ecy.2863.
  7. ^ Barkworth, Mary E. "17.45 SPARTINA Schreb". Intermountain Herbarium. Utah State University. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
  8. ^ Li, B. et al (2009) Spartina alterniflora invasions in the Yangtze River estuary, China: An overview of current status and ecosystem effects, Ecol. Eng. 35: 511-520.
  9. ^ Balke, T. et al (2012) Conditional outcome of ecosystem engineering: A case study on tussocks of the salt marsh pioneer Spartina anglica, Geomorphology 153-154: 232-238.
  10. ^ a b c d Strong, D.R., & Ayres, D.R. (2013) Ecological and Evolutionary Misadventures of Spartina, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 44:389-410.
  11. ^ Spartina, Aliens Among Us.
  12. ^ D. G. SanLeón, J. Izco & J. M. Sánchez (1999). Joseph Caffrey; Philip R. F. Barrett; Maria Teresa Ferreira; Ilidio S. Moreira; Kevin J. Murphy; Philip Max Wade, eds. "Biology, Ecology and Management of Aquatic Plants". Hydrobiologia. Developments in Hydrobiology, Vol. 147. 415: 213–222. doi:10.1023/A:1003835201167. ISBN 978-90-481-5404-3.
  13. ^ Oregon Department of Agriculture, Noxious Weeds https://www.oregon.gov/oda/programs/weeds/pages/aboutweeds.aspx
  14. ^ Ainouche, M.L., et al (2009) Hybridization, polyploidy and invasion: lessons from Spartina (Poaceae), Biol. Invasions 11: 1159-1173.
  15. ^ "Bull's-eye Builder". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. June 1952. pp. 126–127.
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