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{{Expand Arabic|حزب طليعة لبنان العربي الاشتراكي|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox political party
{{Infobox political party
|name=Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party
|name=Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party
|native_name=حزب طليعة لبنان العربي الاشتراكي
|native_name=حزب طليعة لبنان العربي الاشتراكي
|logo=
|logo=
|colorcode={{party color|Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party}}
|colorcode=#000000
|leader=[[Abd al-Majid al-Rafei]]
|leader=[[Abd al-Majid al-Rafei]]
|foundation={{start date|1966}}
|foundation={{start date|1966}}
|headquarters=[[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]
|headquarters=[[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]
|ideology=[[Ba'athism#Neo-Ba'athism|Neo-Ba'athism]],<br>[[Ba'athism#Saddamism|Saddamism]]
|ideology=[[Ba'athism]]<br />[[Socialism]]<br />[[Secularism]]<br />[[Saddamism]]<br />[[Anti-Zionism]]
|position=
|position=
| blank1_title = Battles/Wars
|religion=
| blank1 = [[Lebanese Civil War]]<br />[[1978 South Lebanon conflict]]<br />[[Battle of the Hotels]]<br />[[Siege of Beirut]]
|international=[[Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)|Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party]]
|international=[[Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)|Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party]]
|colors=Black, Red, White and Green
|colors=Black, Red, White and Green
|seats1_title=[[Parliament of Lebanon]]
|seats1_title=[[Parliament of Lebanon]]
|seats1={{Composition bar|0|128|hex={{Ba'ath Party/meta/color}}}}
|seats1={{Composition bar|0|128|{{party color|Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party}}}}
|flag=[[File:Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg|150px|border|Logo of the Ba'ath Party]]
|flag=[[File:Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg|150px|border|Logo of the Ba'ath Party]]
|country=Lebanon
|country=Lebanon
|footnotes=}}
|footnotes=}}
{{Ba'athism sidebar}}
{{Ba'athism sidebar}}
The '''Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: حزب طليعة لبنان العربي الاشتراكي ''Hizb Al-Taliyeh Lubnan Al-'Arabi Al-Ishtiraki'') is a [[political party]] in [[Lebanon]]. The party was led by [[Abd al-Majid al-Rafei]]<ref>Aḥmad, Aḥmad Yūsuf. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MYptAAAAMAAJ al-Ḥarb al-isrāʼīlīya ʻalā Lubnān: at-tadāʻīyāt al-lubnānīya wa-'l-isrāʼīlīya wa-taʼtīrātuhā al-ʻarabīya wa-'l-iqlīmīya wa-'d-duwalīya ; buḥūt wa-munāqašāt an-Nadwa al-Fikrīya allatī naẓẓamahā Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥda al-ʻArabīya]''. Bairūt: Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥda al-ʻArabīya, 2006.</ref><ref name="p1">{{cite web|author=[[Staff writer]]|publisher=Lebanon Knowledge Development Gateway|trans_title=Political society as the "vanguard party, Arab Socialist Party of Lebanon|script-title=ar:جمعية سياسية باسم "حزب طليعة لبنان العربي الاشتراكي"|date=|accessdate=18 February 2012|language=Arabic|url=http://lkdg.org/ar/node/1146}}</ref> until his death in July 2017. It is the Lebanese regional branch of the [[Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)|Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party]]. The party held its second congress in October 2011. Founders of the party included Dr. Abd al-Majid al-Rafei, Jihad George Karam, Rafiq Nasib Alfaqiya, Karam Mohamed Assahli, Hani Mohamed Shoiab, Ammar Mohamed Shabli, Hassan Khalil Gharib and Asaf Habin Alharakat.<ref name="p1"/>
The '''Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: حزب طليعة لبنان العربي الاشتراكي ''Hizb Al-Taliyeh Lubnan Al-'Arabi Al-Ishtiraki'') is a [[political party]] in [[Lebanon]]. The party was led by [[Abd al-Majid al-Rafei]]<ref>Aḥmad, Aḥmad Yūsuf. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MYptAAAAMAAJ al-Ḥarb al-isrāʼīlīya ʻalā Lubnān: at-tadāʻīyāt al-lubnānīya wa-'l-isrāʼīlīya wa-taʼtīrātuhā al-ʻarabīya wa-'l-iqlīmīya wa-'d-duwalīya ; buḥūt wa-munāqašāt an-Nadwa al-Fikrīya allatī naẓẓamahā Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥda al-ʻArabīya]''. Bairūt: Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥda al-ʻArabīya, 2006.</ref><ref name="p1">{{cite web|author=Staff writer|author-link=Staff writer|publisher=Lebanon Knowledge Development Gateway|trans-title=Political society as the "vanguard party, Arab Socialist Party of Lebanon|script-title=ar:جمعية سياسية باسم "حزب طليعة لبنان العربي الاشتراكي"|access-date=18 February 2012|language=ar|url=http://lkdg.org/ar/node/1146}}</ref> until his death in July 2017. It is the Lebanese regional branch of the [[Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)|Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party]]. The party held its second congress in October 2011. Founders of the party included Dr. Abd al-Majid al-Rafe'ii, Jihad George Karam, Rafiq Naseeb al-Faqih,Rashid Abo Falah,Karam Mohamed al-Sahili, Hani Mohammad Sho'aib, Ammar Mohammad Shibli, Hassan Khalil Gharib and [[Wassef El Harakeh]].<ref name="p1"/> Although formally affiliated to the [[Ba'athist Iraq|Sunni-dominated regime]] in [[Baghdad]], the majority of the party's members were [[Lebanese Shia Muslims|Lebanese Shiites]].<ref>{{cite book|author=El-Khazen, Farid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQdheeeXQCgC|title=The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-674-08105-5}}</ref>


The existence of the Lebanese branch of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party has much longer roots than its [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian-led counterpart]]. Following the 1966 split in the [[Ba'ath Party]] between Iraqi and Syrian-dominated factions, the pro-Iraqi party was led by Abd al-Majid Rafei.<ref>Solh, Raghid El-. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=49z7AFqIE2IC&pg=PA331 Lebanon and Arabism]''. London: I. B. Tauris in association with the Centre for Lebanese Studies, 2004. p. 331</ref><ref>Rabinovich, Itamar, and Itamar Rabinovich. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2PbLcYdLUgsC&pg=PA79 The War for Lebanon, 1970-1985]''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985. p. 79</ref>
The existence of the Lebanese branch of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party has much longer roots than its [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian-led counterpart]]. Following the 1966 split in the [[Ba'ath Party]] between Iraqi and Syrian-dominated factions, the pro-Iraqi party was led by Abd al-Majid Rafei.<ref>Solh, Raghid El-. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=49z7AFqIE2IC&pg=PA331 Lebanon and Arabism]''. London: I. B. Tauris in association with the Centre for Lebanese Studies, 2004. p. 331</ref><ref>Rabinovich, Itamar, and [[Itamar Rabinovich]]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2PbLcYdLUgsC&pg=PA79 The War for Lebanon, 1970-1985]''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985. p. 79</ref>


At first the pro-Iraqi party and the pro-Syrian party worked side-by-side in the National Front, but with tension increasing between them, the two parties were on a war footing.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rabinovich, Itamar|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2PbLcYdLUgsC&pg=PA79 79]|title=The war for Lebanon, 1970–1985|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|year=1985|isbn=978-0-8014-9313-3}}</ref> The party was active in 1960s demonstrations,<ref>{{cite book|author=El-Khazen, Farid|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TQdheeeXQCgC&pg=PA143 143]|title=The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-674-08105-5}}</ref> and al-Rafei was detained by Lebanese authorities for his political activities.<ref>{{cite book|author=El-Khazen, Farid|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TQdheeeXQCgC&pg=PA144 144]|title=The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-674-08105-5}}</ref> However, he was a candidate from [[Lebanese general election, 1968 in Tripoli City|Tripoli in the 1968 general election]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Zumiyya, Jamal|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NZo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA106 106]|title=The parliamentary election of Lebanon 1968|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL Archive]]|year=1972|volume=2|isbn=}}</ref> The party expanded during the first half of the 1970s,<ref>{{cite book|author=El-Khazen, Farid|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TQdheeeXQCgC&pg=PA74 74]|title=The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-674-08105-5}}</ref> and in the [[Lebanese general election, 1972|1972 general election]] al-Rafi was elected to parliament from [[Tripoli District|Tripoli]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Political parties of the Middle East and North Africa|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|author=Tachau, Frank|year=1994|isbn=978-0-313-26649-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?ei=sARAT–r_DKbd4QSkyKioCA&hl=no&id=OEOLAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Abdel+Majib+al–Rafi%22&q=%22al–Rafi%22#search_anchor 307]}}</ref> Ali al-Khalil, a former member, was elected from [[Tyre District|Tyre]]. The party was active in [[southern Lebanon]], and was built with generous aid from Iraq.<ref>{{cite book|author=El-Khazen, Farid|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TQdheeeXQCgC&pg=PA198 198]|title=The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-674-08105-5}}</ref>
At first, the pro-Iraqi party and the pro-Syrian party worked side-by-side in the [[Lebanese National Movement]] (also known as the National Front), but with tension increasing between them, the two parties were on a war footing.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rabinovich, Itamar|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2PbLcYdLUgsC&pg=PA79 79]|title=The war for Lebanon, 1970–1985|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|year=1985|isbn=978-0-8014-9313-3}}</ref> The party was active in 1960s demonstrations,<ref>{{cite book|author=El-Khazen, Farid|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TQdheeeXQCgC&pg=PA143 143]|title=The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-674-08105-5}}</ref> and al-Rafei was detained by Lebanese authorities for his political activities.<ref>{{cite book|author=El-Khazen, Farid|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TQdheeeXQCgC&pg=PA144 144]|title=The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-674-08105-5}}</ref> However, he was a candidate from [[Lebanese general election, 1968 in Tripoli City|Tripoli in the 1968 general election]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Zumiyya, Jamal|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NZo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA106 106]|title=The parliamentary election of Lebanon 1968|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL Archive]]|year=1972|volume=2}}</ref> The party expanded during the first half of the 1970s,<ref>{{cite book|author=El-Khazen, Farid|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TQdheeeXQCgC&pg=PA74 74]|title=The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-674-08105-5}}</ref> and in the [[1972 Lebanese general election|1972 general election]] al-Rafi was elected to parliament from [[Tripoli District, Lebanon|Tripoli]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Political parties of the Middle East and North Africa|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|author=Tachau, Frank|year=1994|isbn=978-0-313-26649-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OEOLAAAAMAAJ&q=%22al-Rafi%22 307]}}</ref> Ali al-Khalil, a former member, was elected from [[Tyre District|Tyre]]. The party was active in [[southern Lebanon]].In nabatieh it was headed by hani mohammad Shoaib.The party was built with generous aid from Iraq.<ref>{{cite book|author=El-Khazen, Farid|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TQdheeeXQCgC&pg=PA198 198]|title=The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-674-08105-5}}</ref>


==Syrias Intervention in Lebanon==
⚫
During the [[Lebanese Civil War]], the Lebanese parliament formed the National Dialogue Committee in 1975. [[Assem Qanso]] of the pro-Syrian party became a member, but no figures from the pro-Iraqi Ba'ath Party were given a seat on the committee.<ref>{{cite book|author=El-Khazen, Farid|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TQdheeeXQCgC&pg=PA316 316]|title=The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-674-08105-5}}</ref> Tahsein al-Atrash, leader of the Ba'ath branch at the time, was shot dead in November 1981.<ref>{{cite book|author=O'Ballance, Edgar|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iZhJgTkW058C&pg=PA111 111]|title=Civil war in Lebanon, 1975–92|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21593-4}}</ref> The party was a member of the [[Lebanese National Movement]], a political organisation led by [[Walid Jumblatt]] of the [[Progressive Socialist Party]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Cassese, Antonio|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0jNCMwZN2c4C&pg=PA205 205]|title=The Current Legal Regulation of the Use of Force|publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]]|year=1986|isbn=978-90-247-3247-0}}</ref> Throughout its existence, it has controlled the Palestinian [[Arab Liberation Front]].<ref>{{cite book|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RMANAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA58 58]|title=Guerrillas for Palestine|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=1976|isbn=}}</ref>

== Lebanese Civil War ==
⚫
During the [[Lebanese Civil War]], the Lebanese parliament formed the National Dialogue Committee in 1975. [[Assem Qanso]] of the pro-Syrian party became a member, but no figures from the pro-Iraqi Ba'ath Party were given a seat on the committee.<ref>{{cite book|author=El-Khazen, Farid|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TQdheeeXQCgC&pg=PA316 316]|title=The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-674-08105-5}}</ref> The party was a member of the [[Lebanese National Movement]], a political alliance led by [[Kamal Jumblatt]] of the [[Progressive Socialist Party]], and had an organized a militia of around 2000 armed men that received its funding and weapons by Iraq.<ref>{{cite book|author=El-Khazen, Farid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQdheeeXQCgC|title=The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-674-08105-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Cassese, Antonio|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0jNCMwZN2c4C&pg=PA205 205]|title=The Current Legal Regulation of the Use of Force|publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]]|year=1986|isbn=978-90-247-3247-0}}</ref>

The party was a big critic of both Syria and Israels invasions of Lebanon. The party supported the Lebanese arab identity and wanted an arab state. It was a main factor in the battle of the hotels and Israels invasions of Lebanon 1978 and 1982.

Following the execution of [[Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]] by Saddam Hussein in April 1980, the party came into conflict with [[Amal Movement]], which culminated in tit-for-tat assassinations and clashes in Shia majority suburbs of [[Dahieh]] until late 1981.<ref name="arashr">{{cite book |last1=Reisinezhad |first1=Arash |title=The Shah of Iran, the Iraqi Kurds, and the Lebanese Shia |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-89947-3 |isbn=9783319899473 |s2cid=187523435 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-89947-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaery-Eisenlohr |first1=Roschanack |title=Shi'ite Lebanon: Transnational Religion and the Making of National Identities |date=2011 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231144278 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vrpRagljvA4C}}</ref> In November 1981, Tahsein al-Atrash, leader of the Ba'ath branch at the time, was shot dead.<ref>{{cite book|author=O'Ballance, Edgar|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iZhJgTkW058C&pg=PA111 111]|title=Civil war in Lebanon, 1975–92|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=1998|isbn=978-0-312-21593-4}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region]]
*[[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region]]
*[[Lebanese Civil War]]
*[[Lebanese National Movement]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}
{{Lebanese political parties}}
{{Lebanese political parties}}


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[[Category:Factions in the Lebanese Civil War]]
[[Category:Factions in the Lebanese Civil War]]
[[Category:Lebanese National Movement]]
[[Category:Lebanese National Movement]]
[[Category:Nationalist parties in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1966]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1966]]
[[Category:Socialist parties in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Socialist parties in Lebanon]]

Latest revision as of 11:41, 24 May 2024

Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party
حزب طليعة لبنان العربي الاشتراكي
LeaderAbd al-Majid al-Rafei
Founded1966 (1966)
HeadquartersBeirut, Lebanon
IdeologyBa'athism
Socialism
Secularism
Saddamism
Anti-Zionism
International affiliationIraqi-led Ba'ath Party
ColorsBlack, Red, White and Green
Battles/WarsLebanese Civil War
1978 South Lebanon conflict
Battle of the Hotels
Siege of Beirut
Parliament of Lebanon
0 / 128
Party flag
Logo of the Ba'ath Party
Part of a series on
Ba'athism
Flag of the Ba'ath Party
Organisations
Arab Ba'ath1940–1947
Arab Ba'ath Movement1940–1947
Ba'ath Party1947–1966
Baath Party (pro-Iraqi)1968–2003
Baath Party (pro-Syrian)1966–present
People
Literature
History
Regional organisations
Algeria
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Mauritania
Palestine
Sudan
Syria
Tunisia
Yemen
Splinter groups
Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party1960–1962/63
Socialist Lebanon1965–1970
Arab Revolutionary Workers Party1966–present
Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party1970–present
Sudanese Ba'ath Party2002–present
Related topics

The Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party (Arabic: حزب طليعة لبنان العربي الاشتراكي Hizb Al-Taliyeh Lubnan Al-'Arabi Al-Ishtiraki) is a political party in Lebanon. The party was led by Abd al-Majid al-Rafei[1][2] until his death in July 2017. It is the Lebanese regional branch of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party. The party held its second congress in October 2011. Founders of the party included Dr. Abd al-Majid al-Rafe'ii, Jihad George Karam, Rafiq Naseeb al-Faqih,Rashid Abo Falah,Karam Mohamed al-Sahili, Hani Mohammad Sho'aib, Ammar Mohammad Shibli, Hassan Khalil Gharib and Wassef El Harakeh.[2] Although formally affiliated to the Sunni-dominated regime in Baghdad, the majority of the party's members were Lebanese Shiites.[3]

The existence of the Lebanese branch of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party has much longer roots than its Syrian-led counterpart. Following the 1966 split in the Ba'ath Party between Iraqi and Syrian-dominated factions, the pro-Iraqi party was led by Abd al-Majid Rafei.[4][5]

At first, the pro-Iraqi party and the pro-Syrian party worked side-by-side in the Lebanese National Movement (also known as the National Front), but with tension increasing between them, the two parties were on a war footing.[6] The party was active in 1960s demonstrations,[7] and al-Rafei was detained by Lebanese authorities for his political activities.[8] However, he was a candidate from Tripoli in the 1968 general election.[9] The party expanded during the first half of the 1970s,[10] and in the 1972 general election al-Rafi was elected to parliament from Tripoli.[11] Ali al-Khalil, a former member, was elected from Tyre. The party was active in southern Lebanon.In nabatieh it was headed by hani mohammad Shoaib.The party was built with generous aid from Iraq.[12]

Syrias Intervention in Lebanon[edit]

Lebanese Civil War[edit]

During the Lebanese Civil War, the Lebanese parliament formed the National Dialogue Committee in 1975. Assem Qanso of the pro-Syrian party became a member, but no figures from the pro-Iraqi Ba'ath Party were given a seat on the committee.[13] The party was a member of the Lebanese National Movement, a political alliance led by Kamal Jumblatt of the Progressive Socialist Party, and had an organized a militia of around 2000 armed men that received its funding and weapons by Iraq.[14][15]

The party was a big critic of both Syria and Israels invasions of Lebanon. The party supported the Lebanese arab identity and wanted an arab state. It was a main factor in the battle of the hotels and Israels invasions of Lebanon 1978 and 1982.

Following the execution of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr by Saddam Hussein in April 1980, the party came into conflict with Amal Movement, which culminated in tit-for-tat assassinations and clashes in Shia majority suburbs of Dahieh until late 1981.[16][17] In November 1981, Tahsein al-Atrash, leader of the Ba'ath branch at the time, was shot dead.[18]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Aḥmad, Aḥmad Yūsuf. al-Ḥarb al-isrāʼīlīya ʻalā Lubnān: at-tadāʻīyāt al-lubnānīya wa-'l-isrāʼīlīya wa-taʼtīrātuhā al-ʻarabīya wa-'l-iqlīmīya wa-'d-duwalīya ; buḥūt wa-munāqašāt an-Nadwa al-Fikrīya allatī naẓẓamahā Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥda al-ʻArabīya. Bairūt: Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥda al-ʻArabīya, 2006.
  2. ^ a b Staff writer. جمعية سياسية باسم "حزب طليعة لبنان العربي الاشتراكي" [Political society as the "vanguard party, Arab Socialist Party of Lebanon] (in Arabic). Lebanon Knowledge Development Gateway. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  3. ^ El-Khazen, Farid (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-08105-5.
  4. ^ Solh, Raghid El-. Lebanon and Arabism. London: I. B. Tauris in association with the Centre for Lebanese Studies, 2004. p. 331
  5. ^ Rabinovich, Itamar, and Itamar Rabinovich. The War for Lebanon, 1970-1985. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985. p. 79
  6. ^ Rabinovich, Itamar (1985). The war for Lebanon, 1970–1985. Cornell University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-8014-9313-3.
  7. ^ El-Khazen, Farid (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. Harvard University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-674-08105-5.
  8. ^ El-Khazen, Farid (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. Harvard University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-674-08105-5.
  9. ^ Zumiyya, Jamal (1972). The parliamentary election of Lebanon 1968. Vol. 2. BRILL Archive. p. 106.
  10. ^ El-Khazen, Farid (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. Harvard University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-674-08105-5.
  11. ^ Tachau, Frank (1994). Political parties of the Middle East and North Africa. Greenwood Press. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-313-26649-2.
  12. ^ El-Khazen, Farid (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. Harvard University Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-674-08105-5.
  13. ^ El-Khazen, Farid (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. Harvard University Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-674-08105-5.
  14. ^ El-Khazen, Farid (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-08105-5.
  15. ^ Cassese, Antonio (1986). The Current Legal Regulation of the Use of Force. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 205. ISBN 978-90-247-3247-0.
  16. ^ Reisinezhad, Arash (2018). The Shah of Iran, the Iraqi Kurds, and the Lebanese Shia. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89947-3. ISBN 9783319899473. S2CID 187523435.
  17. ^ Shaery-Eisenlohr, Roschanack (2011). Shi'ite Lebanon: Transnational Religion and the Making of National Identities. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231144278.
  18. ^ O'Ballance, Edgar (1998). Civil war in Lebanon, 1975–92. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-312-21593-4.
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