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The time and location for when and where cattle were domesticated in Africa remains to be resolved.<ref name="Soukopova" />
The time and location for when and where cattle were domesticated in Africa remains to be resolved.<ref name="Soukopova" />


Osypińska (2021) indicates that an "archaeozoological discovery made at Affad turned out to be of great importance for the entire history of cattle on the [[Africa]]n continent. A large skull fragment and a nearly complete horn core of an [[auroch]], a wild ancestor of [[domestic cattle]], were discovered at sites dating back 50,000 years and associated with the [[Middle Stone Age|MSA]]. These are the oldest remains of the auroch in Sudan, and they also mark the southernmost range of this species in the world.<ref name="Osypiński II">{{cite book |last1=Osypińska |first1=Marta |last2=Osypiński |first2=Piotr |title=From Faras to Soba: 60 years of Sudanese–Polish cooperation in saving the heritage of Sudan |date=2021 |publisher=Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology/University of Warsaw |isbn=9788395336256 |oclc=1374884636 |pages=460 |url=https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/21580/Katalog%20wystawy%20From%20Faras%20to%20Soba%20-%20ONLINE%20o2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> Based on the [[cattle]] ([[Bos]]) remains found at [[Affad]] and Letti, Osypiński (2022) indicates that it is "justified to raise again the issue of the origin of cattle in [[Northeast Africa]]. The idea of domestic cattle in Africa coming from the Fertile Crescent exclusively is now seen as having serious shortcomings."<ref name="Osypiński">{{cite journal |last1=Osypiński |first1=Piotr |title=Unearthing a Middle Nile crossroads – exploring the prehistory of the Letti Basin (Sudan) |journal=Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean |date=December 30, 2022 |volume=31 |page=55-56 |doi=10.31338/uw.2083-537X.pam31.13 |doi-broken-date=21 September 2023 |url=https://pam-journal.pl/api/files/view/2174767.pdf |issn=1234-5415}}</ref>
Osypińska (2021) indicates that an "archaeozoological discovery made at Affad turned out to be of great importance for the entire history of cattle on the [[Africa]]n continent. A large skull fragment and a nearly complete horn core of an [[aurochs]], a wild ancestor of [[domestic cattle]], were discovered at sites dating back 50,000 years and associated with the [[Middle Stone Age|MSA]]. These are the oldest remains of the auroch in Sudan, and they also mark the southernmost range of this species in the world.<ref name="Osypiński II">{{cite book |last1=Osypińska |first1=Marta |last2=Osypiński |first2=Piotr |title=From Faras to Soba: 60 years of Sudanese–Polish cooperation in saving the heritage of Sudan |date=2021 |publisher=Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology/University of Warsaw |isbn=9788395336256 |oclc=1374884636 |pages=460 |url=https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/21580/Katalog%20wystawy%20From%20Faras%20to%20Soba%20-%20ONLINE%20o2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> Based on the [[cattle]] ([[Bos]]) remains found at [[Affad]] and Letti, Osypiński (2022) indicates that it is "justified to raise again the issue of the origin of cattle in [[Northeast Africa]]. The idea of domestic cattle in Africa coming from the Fertile Crescent exclusively is now seen as having serious shortcomings."<ref name="Osypiński">{{cite journal |last1=Osypiński |first1=Piotr |title=Unearthing a Middle Nile crossroads – exploring the prehistory of the Letti Basin (Sudan) |journal=Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean |date=December 30, 2022 |volume=31 |page=55-56 |doi=10.31338/uw.2083-537X.pam31.13 |doi-broken-date=21 September 2023 |url=https://pam-journal.pl/api/files/view/2174767.pdf |issn=1234-5415}}</ref>


Indian humped cattle (''Bos indicus'') and North African/Middle Eastern taurine cattle (''Bos taurus'') are commonly assumed to have admixed with one another, resulting in Sanga cattle as their offspring.<ref name="Grigson">{{cite journal |last1=Grigson |first1=Caroline |title=An African origin for African cattle? — some archaeological evidence |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01117218 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |date=December 1991 |volume=9 |pages=119, 139 |doi=10.1007/BF01117218 |s2cid=162307756 |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=5547025047}}</ref> Rather than accept the common assumption, admixture with taurine and humped cattle is viewed as having likely occurred within the last few hundred years, and Sanga cattle are viewed as having originated from among African cattle within Africa.<ref name="Grigson" /> Regarding possible origin scenarios for Sub-Saharan African Sanga cattle, domesticated taurine cattle were introduced into North Africa, admixed with undomesticated African cattle (Bos primigenius opisthonomous), resulting in offspring (the oldest being the Egyptian/Sudanese longhorn, some to all of which are viewed as Sanga cattle), or more likely, domesticated African cattle originated in Africa (including Egyptian longhorn), and became regionally diversified (e.g., taurine cattle in North Africa, zebu cattle in East Africa).<ref name="Grigson" />
Indian humped cattle (''Bos indicus'') and North African/Middle Eastern taurine cattle (''Bos taurus'') are commonly assumed to have admixed with one another, resulting in Sanga cattle as their offspring.<ref name="Grigson">{{cite journal |last1=Grigson |first1=Caroline |title=An African origin for African cattle? — some archaeological evidence |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01117218 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |date=December 1991 |volume=9 |pages=119, 139 |doi=10.1007/BF01117218 |s2cid=162307756 |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=5547025047}}</ref> Rather than accept the common assumption, admixture with taurine and humped cattle is viewed as having likely occurred within the last few hundred years, and Sanga cattle are viewed as having originated from among African cattle within Africa.<ref name="Grigson" /> Regarding possible origin scenarios for Sub-Saharan African Sanga cattle, domesticated taurine cattle were introduced into North Africa, admixed with undomesticated African cattle (Bos primigenius opisthonomous), resulting in offspring (the oldest being the Egyptian/Sudanese longhorn, some to all of which are viewed as Sanga cattle), or more likely, domesticated African cattle originated in Africa (including Egyptian longhorn), and became regionally diversified (e.g., taurine cattle in North Africa, zebu cattle in East Africa).<ref name="Grigson" />

Revision as of 11:47, 26 November 2023

Sanga cattle
Domesticated
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Bovinae
Genus: Bos
Species:
B. taurus
Subspecies:
B. t. africanus
Trinomial name
Bos taurus africanus
Watusi cattle

Sanga cattle is the collective name for indigenous cattle of sub-Saharan Africa. They are sometimes identified as a subspecies with the scientific name Bos taurus africanus.[1] Their history of domestication and their origins in relation to taurine cattle, zebu cattle, and native African varieties of the ancestral aurochs are a matter of debate.

Origins and classification

Near Eastern Introduction of Domesticated Cattle Into Africa

The timeline for their history is the subject of extensive debate. A combination of genetic studies with archaeological research, including cultural history, has clarified the question of the complex origin of African cattle in recent years. Thus African cattle descend firstly from an aurochs domesticated in the Near East. After their introduction to Egypt, about eight thousand years ago, they spread all over the Sahara which was then still green, up to West Africa. The north African pastoralists interbred their domestic cattle with wild African Aurochs of various regional races, both in the paternal and maternal lines over a long time, which is reflected in the genetic distinctness of African cattle from both European / near Eastern and from Indian Zebu cattle.[2] Hereby special adaptations to the African climate and conditions were introduced, that characterise African cattle - both those deriving solely from Aurochs and the Sanga cattle with their Zebu admixture. Morphological features of early African cattle, such as lyre-shaped horns, are depicted on murals of Ancient Egypt. Some authors date the first Sanga cattle, which originated through by crossing in of Zebu bulls in northeast and east Africa, from 1600 BCE onward.[1] They are distinguished by having small cervicothoracic humps, that are typical for (wild) Aurochs,[3][4] instead of the high thoracic humps which characterize the Zebu.

Rather than the domesticating of cattle happening in the region of the Tadrart Acacus, it is considered more likely that domesticated cattle were introduced to the region.[5] Cattle are thought to not have entered Africa independently, but rather, are thought to have been brought into Africa by cattle pastoralists.[6] By the end of the 8th millennium BP, domesticated cattle are thought to have been brought into the Central Sahara.[7] The Central Sahara (e.g., Tin Hanakaten, Tin Torha, Uan Muhuggiag, Uan Tabu) was a major intermediary area for the distribution of domesticated animals from the Eastern Sahara to the Western Sahara.[8]

Based on cattle remains near the Nile dated to 9000 BP and cattle remains near Nabta Playa and Bir Kiseiba reliably dated to 7750 BP, domesticated cattle may have appeared earlier, near the Nile, and then expanded to the western region of the Sahara.[9] Though undomesticated aurochs are shown, via archaeological evidence and rock art, to have dwelled in Northeast Africa, aurochs are thought to have been independently domesticated in India and the Near East.[10] After aurochs were domesticated in the Near East, cattle pastoralists may have migrated, along with domesticated aurochs, through the Nile Valley and, by 8000 BP, through Wadi Howar, into the Central Sahara.[10]

The mitochondrial divergence of undomesticated Indian cattle, European cattle, and African cattle (Bos primigenius) from one another in 25,000 BP is viewed as evidence supporting the conclusion that cattle may have been domesticated in Northeast Africa,[11] particularly, the eastern region of the Sahara,[11][12] between 10,000 BP and 8000 BP.[13] Cattle (Bos) remains may date as early as 9000 BP in Bir Kiseiba and Nabta Playa.[13] While the mitochondrial divergence between Eurasian and African cattle in 25,000 BP can be viewed as supportive evidence for cattle being independently domesticated in Africa, introgression from undomesticated African cattle in Eurasian cattle may provide an alternative interpretation of this evidence.[8]

Independent Domestication of African Cattle In Africa

These cattle originated in East Africa, probably the western shores of Lake Victoria, and have spread down the river Nile (i.e. northwards), with depictions on Ancient Egyptian murals. Sanga are an intermediate type, probably formed by hybridizing the indigenous humpless cattle with Zebu cattle.[14] However, archaeological evidence indicates this cattle type was domesticated independently in Africa, and bloodlines of taurine and zebu cattle were introduced only within the last few hundred years.[15]

The time and location for when and where cattle were domesticated in Africa remains to be resolved.[9]

Osypińska (2021) indicates that an "archaeozoological discovery made at Affad turned out to be of great importance for the entire history of cattle on the African continent. A large skull fragment and a nearly complete horn core of an aurochs, a wild ancestor of domestic cattle, were discovered at sites dating back 50,000 years and associated with the MSA. These are the oldest remains of the auroch in Sudan, and they also mark the southernmost range of this species in the world.[16] Based on the cattle (Bos) remains found at Affad and Letti, Osypiński (2022) indicates that it is "justified to raise again the issue of the origin of cattle in Northeast Africa. The idea of domestic cattle in Africa coming from the Fertile Crescent exclusively is now seen as having serious shortcomings."[17]

Indian humped cattle (Bos indicus) and North African/Middle Eastern taurine cattle (Bos taurus) are commonly assumed to have admixed with one another, resulting in Sanga cattle as their offspring.[18] Rather than accept the common assumption, admixture with taurine and humped cattle is viewed as having likely occurred within the last few hundred years, and Sanga cattle are viewed as having originated from among African cattle within Africa.[18] Regarding possible origin scenarios for Sub-Saharan African Sanga cattle, domesticated taurine cattle were introduced into North Africa, admixed with undomesticated African cattle (Bos primigenius opisthonomous), resulting in offspring (the oldest being the Egyptian/Sudanese longhorn, some to all of which are viewed as Sanga cattle), or more likely, domesticated African cattle originated in Africa (including Egyptian longhorn), and became regionally diversified (e.g., taurine cattle in North Africa, zebu cattle in East Africa).[18]

The managing of Barbary sheep may be viewed as parallel evidence for the domestication of amid the early period of the Holocene.[19] Near Nabta Playa, in the Western Desert, between 11th millennium cal BP and 10th millennium cal BP, semi-sedentary African hunter-gatherers may have independently domesticated African cattle as a form of reliable food source and as a short-term adaptation to the dry period of the Green Sahara, which resulted in a limited availability of edible flora.[19] African Bos primigenius fossils, which have been dated between 11th millennium cal BP and 10th millennium cal BP, have been found at Bir Kiseiba and Nabta Playa.[19]

In the Western Desert, at the E-75-6 archaeological site, amid 10th millennium cal BP and 9th millennium cal BP, African pastoralists may have managed North African cattle (Bos primigenius) and continually used the watering basin and well and as water source.[19] In the northern region of Sudan, at El Barga, cattle fossils found in a human burial serve as supportive evidence for cattle being in the area.[19]

While this does not negate that it is possible for cattle from the Near East to have migrated into Africa, a greater number of African cattle in the same area share the T1 mitochondrial haplogroup and atypical haplotypes than in other areas, which provides support for Africans independently domesticating African cattle.[19] Based on a small sample size (SNPs from sequences of whole genomes), African cattle split early from European cattle (Taurine).[19] African cattle, bearing the Y2 haplogroup, form a sub-group within the overall group of taurine cattle.[19] As a Near Eastern origin of African cattle requires a conceptual bottleneck to sustain the view, the diverseness of the Y2 haplogroup and T1 haplogroup do not support the view of a bottleneck having occurred, and thus, does not support a Near Eastern origin for African cattle.[19] Altogether, these forms of genetic evidence provide the strongest support for Africans independently domesticating African cattle.[19]

Breeds of Sanga cattle

Pure Sanga cattle

Sanga cattle (Bos taurus africanus x Bos indicus)[20]

Zenga cattle

Zenga = (Zebu x Sanga)[23]

  • Afar cattle
  • Arado (of Ethiopia)
  • Fogera (of Ethiopia)
  • Horro (of Ethiopia)
  • Jiddu (southern Somalia)
  • Alur, also called Nioka (Nyoka) or

Blukwa cattle (Democratic Republic of Congo);

  • Nganda (Uganda)
  • Sukuma (Tanzania)
  • Tete (Mozambique)

Composite cattle breeds

(Bos taurus africanus x Bos indicus X Bos taurus europaeus)[23]

  • Ankole-Watusi (Modern American breed) developed by crossing in of European cattle.
  • Bonsmara (A breed developed in the 1940s in South Africa by using five-eighths Afrikaner or 62,5% African Bos Taurus)
  • Rana and Renitelo of Madagascar
  • Mpwapwa of Tanzania

Pure African taurus cattle

(Bos taurus taurus × Bos primigenius africanus)[24]

Trypanotolerance in Sanga cattle

Trypanosomiasis poses a considerable constraint on livestock agricultural development in Tsetse fly infested areas of sub Saharan Africa, especially in west and central Africa. International research conducted by ILRI in Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kenya has shown that the N'Dama is the most resistant breed.[25][26] In Nigeria, research has shown that N'Dama is up to 2-3x (or 25%) more resistant than Nguni cattle.[citation needed] And F1 N'Dama x Nguni 16.5% better than pure Nguni.[27] While in Kenya research conducted by KALRO has shown a similarity with crossbreeding N'Dama x Boran cattle.[28][29][30]

References

  1. ^ a b Strydom, P.E.; Naude, R.T.; Smith, M.F.; Kotze, A.; Scholtz, M.M.; Van Wyk, J.B. (1 March 2001). "Relationships between production and product traits in subpopulations of Bonsmara and Nguni cattle". South African Journal of Animal Science. 31 (3): 181–194. doi:10.4314/sajas.v31i3.3801.
  2. ^ Pitt, Daniel; Sevane, Natalia; Nicolazzi, Ezequiel L.; MacHugh, David E.; Park, Stephen D. E.; Colli, Licia; Martinez, Rodrigo; Bruford, Michael W.; Orozco‐terWengel, Pablo (January 2019). "Domestication of cattle: Two or three events?". Evolutionary Applications. 12 (1): 123–136. doi:10.1111/eva.12674. PMC 6304694. PMID 30622640.
  3. ^ Foidl, Daniel, "Aurochs cow colour schemes",in: The Breeding-back Blog, (22 March 2020). http://breedingback.blogspot.com/
  4. ^ cf. Foidl, Daniel [illustration of Auerochs] in: Garrick, Dorian J. and Anatoly Ruvinsky (eds.), The Genetics of Cattle, (2nd ed.), Boston, 2015: CAB Int., p. 624
  5. ^ Garcea, Elena A.A. (July 2019). "Cultural adaptations at Uan Tabu from the Upper Pleistocene to the Late Holocene". Uan Tabu in the Settlement History of the Libyan Sahara. All’Insegna del Giglio. p. 232-235. ISBN 9788878141841. OCLC 48360794. S2CID 133766878.
  6. ^ Hanott, Olivier (December 2019). "Why cattle matter: An enduring and essential bond" (PDF). The story of cattle in Africa: Why diversity matters. African Union InterAfrican Bureau for Animal Resources. pp. 6, 8. S2CID 226832881.
  7. ^ Di Lernia, Savino (2012). "Thoughts on the rock art of the Tadrart Acacus Mts., SW Libya" (PDF). Adoranten: 34–35. S2CID 211732682.
  8. ^ a b Barich, Barbara (December 2018). "The Sahara". The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Figurines. Oxford University Press. pp. 108–110. ISBN 9780199675616. OCLC 944462988.
  9. ^ a b Soukopova, Jitka (2020). "Prehistoric Colonization of the Central Sahara: Hunters versus Herders and the Evidence from the Rock Art". Expression: 58–60, 62, 66. ISSN 2499-1341.
  10. ^ a b Priehodová, Edita; et al. (November 2020). "Sahelian pastoralism from the perspective of variants associated with lactase persistence" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 173 (3): 423–424, 436. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24116. ISSN 0002-9483. OCLC 8674413468. PMID 32812238. S2CID 221179656.
  11. ^ a b Holl, A. (1998). "The Dawn of African Pastoralisms: An Introductory Note". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 17 (2): 81–83. doi:10.1006/jaar.1998.0318. ISSN 0278-4165. OCLC 361174899. S2CID 144518526.
  12. ^ Hanotte, Olivier (2002). "African pastoralism: genetic imprints of origins and migrations". Science. 296 (5566): 338–339. Bibcode:2002Sci...296..336H. doi:10.1126/science.1069878. ISSN 0036-8075. OCLC 5553773601. PMID 11951043. S2CID 30291909.
  13. ^ a b MacHugh, David (1996). "Mitochondrial diversity and the origins of African and European cattle". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (10): 5135. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.5131B. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.10.5131. ISSN 0027-8424. OCLC 117495312. PMC 39419. PMID 8643540. S2CID 7094393.
  14. ^ Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. (1989). "A review of reproductive performance of female Bos Indicus (Zebu) cattle". International Livestock Research Institute. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
  15. ^ Grigson, Caroline (1991). "An African origin for African cattle? — some archaeological evidence". The African Archaeological Review. 9 (1): 119–144. doi:10.1007/BF01117218. S2CID 162307756.
  16. ^ Osypińska, Marta; Osypiński, Piotr (2021). From Faras to Soba: 60 years of Sudanese–Polish cooperation in saving the heritage of Sudan (PDF). Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology/University of Warsaw. p. 460. ISBN 9788395336256. OCLC 1374884636.
  17. ^ Osypiński, Piotr (30 December 2022). "Unearthing a Middle Nile crossroads – exploring the prehistory of the Letti Basin (Sudan)" (PDF). Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. 31: 55-56. doi:10.31338/uw.2083-537X.pam31.13 (inactive 21 September 2023). ISSN 1234-5415.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2023 (link)
  18. ^ a b c Grigson, Caroline (December 1991). "An African origin for African cattle? — some archaeological evidence". The African Archaeological Review. 9: 119, 139. doi:10.1007/BF01117218. ISSN 0263-0338. OCLC 5547025047. S2CID 162307756.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Marshall, Fiona; Weissbrod, Lior (October 2011). "Domestication Processes and Morphological Change Through the Lens of the Donkey and African Pastoralism". Current Anthropology. 52 (S4). The University of Chicago Press Journals: S397–S413. doi:10.1086/658389. S2CID 85956858.
  20. ^ Kim, Kwondo; Kwon, Taehyung; Dessie, Tadelle; Yoo, DongAhn; Mwai, Okeyo Ally; Jang, Jisung; Sung, Samsun; Lee, SaetByeol; Salim, Bashir; Jung, Jaehoon; Jeong, Heesu; Tarekegn, Getinet Mekuriaw; Tijjani, Abdulfatai; Lim, Dajeong; Cho, Seoae; Oh, Sung Jong; Lee, Hak-Kyo; Kim, Jaemin; Jeong, Choongwon; Kemp, Stephen; Hanotte, Olivier; Kim, Heebal (October 2020). "The mosaic genome of indigenous African cattle as a unique genetic resource for African pastoralism". Nature Genetics. 52 (10): 1099–1110. doi:10.1038/s41588-020-0694-2. PMID 32989325. S2CID 222172046.
  21. ^ a b "Humpless Shorthorns - Breeds | DAGRIS".
  22. ^ a b "Genetic characterization and West African cattle".
  23. ^ a b Rege, J. E. O. (April 1999). "The state of African cattle genetic resources I. Classification framework and identification of threatened and extinct breeds" (PDF). Animal Genetic Resources. 25: 1–25. doi:10.1017/S1014233900003448.
  24. ^ Rege, J. E. O. (1999). "The state of African cattle genetic resources I. Classification framework and identification of threatened and extinct breeds". Animal Genetic Resources/Resources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales. 25: 1–25. doi:10.1017/S1014233900003448. ISSN 2076-4022.
  25. ^ "Trypanotolerant livestock in the context of trypanosomiasis intervention strategies".
  26. ^ "Animal genetic resources characterization and conservation research i…". 9 January 2012.
  27. ^ "500 - Internal server error". Archived from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  28. ^ "(image) from Development of Demand-driven Sustainable Cattle Breeding Schemes as a Strategy for Improving Livelihoods of Resource-poor Farmers in Eastern Africa". June 2004 – via ResearchGate.
  29. ^ Orenge, C. O.; Munga, L.; Kimwele, C. N.; Kemp, S.; Korol, A.; Gibson, J. P.; Hanotte, O.; Soller, M. (2012). "Trypanotolerance in N'Dama x Boran crosses under natural trypanosome challenge: Effect of test-year environment, gender, and breed composition". BMC Genetics. 13: 87. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-13-87. PMC 3519672. PMID 23075408.
  30. ^ "Population parameters for traits defining trypanotolerance in an F2 cross of N'Dama and Boran cattle". 16 November 2020.
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