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| subdivision_name2 = [[Antártida Argentina]] |
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Antártida Argentina]] |
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| subdivision_type3 = Region |
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| subdivision_type3 = Region |
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| subdivision_name3 = [[Marguerite Bay]]<br>[[Antarctic Peninsula]]<br>[[Antarctica]] |
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| subdivision_name3 = [[Marguerite Bay]]<br />[[Antarctic Peninsula]]<br />[[Antarctica]] |
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| subdivision_type4 = Location |
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| subdivision_type4 = Location |
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| subdivision_name4 = [[Barry Island (Debenham Islands)|Barry Island]] |
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| subdivision_name4 = [[Barry Island (Debenham Islands)|Barry Island]] |
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| established_title = Established |
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| established_title = Established |
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| established_title1 = {{start date|1951|3|21}}<br> (1950–51 austral summer season) |
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| established_title1 = {{start date|1951|3|21}}<br /> (1950–51 austral summer season) |
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| established_date1 = |
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| established_date1 = |
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| established_title2 = Founded |
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| established_title2 = Founded |
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| established_date = |
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| established_date = {{start date|1951|3|21|df=y}} |
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| extinct_title = Closed |
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| extinct_title = Closed |
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| extinct_date = |
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| extinct_date = |
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| named_for = [[José de San Martín]] |
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| named_for = [[José de San Martín]] |
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| area_total_ha = 18 |
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| area_total_ha = 18 |
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| area_footnotes = |
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| area_footnotes = |
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| elevation_m = 5 |
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| elevation_m = 5 |
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| elevation_footnotes = |
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| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="comnap-catalogue"/> |
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| government_type = Directorate |
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| government_type = Directorate |
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| government_footnotes = |
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| government_footnotes = |
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| unit_pref = metric |
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| unit_pref = metric |
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| population_total = {{bulleted list |
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| population_as_of = 2017 |
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| population_footnotes = <ref name="comnap-catalogue">{{cite report |type=catalogue |url=https://www.comnap.aq/s/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf |title=Antarctic Station Catalogue |date=August 2017 |publisher=[[Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs]] |isbn=978-0-473-40409-3 |page=27 |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022102847/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61073506e9b0073c7eaaf464/t/611497cc1ece1b43f0eeca8a/1628739608968/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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| population_total = |
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|Winter: 14}} |
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| population_blank1_title = Summer |
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| population_as_of = |
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| population_blank1 = 19 |
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| population_footnotes = <ref name=dna1>{{cite web|url=http://www.dna.gov.ar/INTINFO/ARGPERES.HTM|title=Intercambio de información – Información Permanente|publisher=Dirección Nacional del Antártico|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517141559/http://www.dna.gov.ar/INTINFO/ARGPERES.HTM|archivedate=17 May 2013}}</ref> |
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| population_blank2_title = Winter |
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| population_blank2 = 21 |
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| population_note = |
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| population_note = |
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| blank2_name_sec1 = Status |
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| blank2_name_sec1 = Status |
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| blank2_info_sec1 = Operational |
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| blank2_info_sec1 = Operational |
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| blank_name_sec2 = Facilities |
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| blank_name_sec2 = Activities |
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| blank_info_sec2 = {{small|{{bulleted list|Main house |
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| blank_info_sec2 = {{Collapsible list |bullets=on |Geomagnetism |Phytoplankton biology |Geodesy |Glaciology}} |
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| blank1_name_sec2 = Facilities |
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|Airstrip |
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| blank1_info_sec2 = {{Collapsible list|bullets=on|Main house |
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|Heliport |
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|Heliport |
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|Infirmary |
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|Infirmary |
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|Laboratory |
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|Laboratory |
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|Workshop (mechanical, carpentry) |
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|Workshop (mechanical, carpentry) |
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|Deposits}}}} |
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|Deposits}} |
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| timezone1 = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] |
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| timezone1 = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] |
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| code1_name = [[UN/LOCODE]] |
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| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> |
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'''San Martín Base''' ({{lang-es|Base San Martín}}) is a permanent, all year-round [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] base and scientific [[research station]] named after General [[José de San Martín]], the [[Libertadores|Libertador]] of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Perú]]. It is located on [[Barry Island (Debenham Islands)|Barry Island]], [[Marguerite Bay]], [[Antarctic Peninsula]]. |
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'''San Martín Base''' ({{lang-es|Base San Martín}}) is a permanent, all year-round [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] base and scientific [[research station]] named after General [[José de San Martín]], the [[Libertadores|Libertador]] of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Perú]]. It is located on [[Barry Island (Debenham Islands)|Barry Island]], [[Marguerite Bay]], [[Antarctic Peninsula]]. |
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At the time of its foundation in 1951, it was the first human settlement south of the [[Antarctic Circle]].<ref name=fundmar1>{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/sanmartin.html|title=Base San Martín|publisher=Fundaciòn Marambio|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228034753/http://www.marambio.aq/sanmartin.html|archivedate=28 December 2013}}</ref>{{efn-ua|The Antarctic Circle is the parallel of [[latitude]] that runs {{Circle of latitude|Polar|Convert}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neoprogrammics.com/obliquity_of_the_ecliptic/|title=Obliquity of the Ecliptic and Nutation in Obliquity|publisher=NeoProgrammics – PHP Science Labs|year=2012}}</ref> south of the [[Equator]]}} {{As of|2014}} it is Argentina's westernmost permanent base.<ref name=fundmar1/> |
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At the time of its foundation in 1951, it was the first human settlement south of the [[Antarctic Circle]].<ref name=fundmar1>{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/sanmartin.html|title=Base San Martín|publisher=Fundaciòn Marambio|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228034753/http://www.marambio.aq/sanmartin.html|archive-date=28 December 2013}}</ref>{{efn-ua|The Antarctic Circle is the parallel of [[latitude]] that runs {{Circle of latitude|Polar|Convert}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neoprogrammics.com/obliquity_of_the_ecliptic/|title=Obliquity of the Ecliptic and Nutation in Obliquity|publisher=NeoProgrammics – PHP Science Labs|year=2012}}</ref> south of the [[Equator]]}} {{As of|2014}} it is Argentina's westernmost permanent base.<ref name=fundmar1/> |
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{{As of|2014}} San Martín is one of 13 research bases in Antarctica operated by Argentina.<ref name=dna2>{{cite web|url=http://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/DIVULGAC/BASES.HTM|title=Argentine Antarctic Stations|publisher=Dirección Nacional del Antártico|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620202830/http://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/DIVULGAC/BASES.HTM|archivedate=20 June 2013}}</ref> |
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{{As of|2014}} San Martín is one of 13 research bases in Antarctica operated by Argentina.<ref name=dna2>{{cite web|url=http://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/DIVULGAC/BASES.HTM|title=Argentine Antarctic Stations|publisher=Dirección Nacional del Antártico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620202830/http://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/DIVULGAC/BASES.HTM|archive-date=20 June 2013}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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==History== |
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The increased Antarctic activity that Argentina developed since 1940, along with the longstanding national interest to exercise effective sovereignty over one of the most remote areas of Antarctica created the need for a scientific station located south of the Antarctic Circle.<ref name=fundmar1/> |
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The increased Antarctic activity that Argentina developed since 1940, along with the longstanding national interest to exercise effective sovereignty over one of the most remote areas of Antarctica created the need for a scientific station located south of the Antarctic Circle.<ref name=fundmar1/> |
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In order to transport the personnel and materials to Marguerite Bay, where the new settlement was to be built, the [[Argentine Navy]] hired the ''Santa Micaela''. Commanded by [[Sea Captain|Overseas Captain]] Santiago Farrell, it was a cargo ship belonging to the Argentine shipping company [[Pérez Companc S. A.]].<ref name=fundmar1/> |
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In order to transport the personnel and materials to Marguerite Bay, where the new settlement was to be built, the [[Argentine Navy]] hired the ''Santa Micaela''. Commanded by [[Sea Captain|Overseas Captain]] Santiago Farrell, it was a cargo ship belonging to the Argentine shipping company [[Pérez Companc S. A.]]<ref name=fundmar1/> |
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The ''Santa Micaela'' left the port of [[Buenos Aires]] on 12 February 1951, and on 8 March it anchored at Marguerite Bay. The last part of the trip it was escorted by the Argentine Navy [[tug]] [[ARA Sanavirón|ARA ''Sanavirón'']].<ref name=fundmar1/> |
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The ''Santa Micaela'' left the port of [[Buenos Aires]] on 12 February 1951, and on 8 March it anchored at Marguerite Bay. The last part of the trip it was escorted by the Argentine Navy [[tug]] [[ARA Sanavirón|ARA ''Sanavirón'']].<ref name=fundmar1/> |
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Since then, the meteorological station within the base provides detailed weather records and develops forecasts indispensable for the navigation of the sea waters adjacent to the Antarctic Peninsula.<ref name=fundmar1/> |
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Since then, the meteorological station within the base provides detailed weather records and develops forecasts indispensable for the navigation of the sea waters adjacent to the Antarctic Peninsula.<ref name=fundmar1/> |
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On March 1952 the [[ARA Bahía Aguirre|ARA ''Bahía Aguirre'']] anchored at Marguerite Bay bringing a relief crew through a [[Sikorsky S-51]] helicopter transfer, the first of its kind performed by the [[Argentine Armed Forces]] in Antarctica.<ref name=fundmar1/>
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In March 1952 the [[ARA Bahía Aguirre|ARA ''Bahía Aguirre'']] anchored at Marguerite Bay bringing a relief crew through a [[Sikorsky S-51]] helicopter transfer, the first of its kind performed by the [[Argentine Armed Forces]] in Antarctica.<ref name=fundmar1/> |
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On 30 June 1952 a fire, exacerbated by the ongoing [[blizzard]], devoured the main house and two food stores, the power plant and the radio station. With rationed food and fuel, activities continued normally, carrying on with the explorations schedule as originally planned.<ref name=fundmar1/> |
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On 30 June 1952 a fire, exacerbated by the ongoing [[blizzard]], devoured the main house and two food stores, the power plant and the radio station. With rationed food and fuel, activities continued normally, carrying on with the explorations schedule as originally planned.<ref name=fundmar1/> |
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===Historic site=== |
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===Historic site=== |
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Some unused installations of the base, a cross, a flagpole and a monolith erected in 1951, have been designated as [[Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica|Historic Site or Monument]], following a proposal by Argentina to the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting]].<ref name=atcm>{{cite web|url=http://www.ats.aq/documents/ATCM35/WW/atcm35_ww003_e.pdf|format=[[PDF]]|title=List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)|publisher=Antarctic Treaty Secretariat|year=2012|accessdate=28 October 2013}}</ref> |
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Some unused installations of the base, a cross, a flagpole and a monolith erected in 1951, have been designated as [[Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica|Historic Site or Monument]], following a proposal by Argentina to the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting]].<ref name=atcm>{{cite web|url=http://www.ats.aq/documents/ATCM35/WW/atcm35_ww003_e.pdf|title=List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)|publisher=Antarctic Treaty Secretariat|year=2012|access-date=28 October 2013}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
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==Description== |
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In this zone, rarely visited because of the difficulties and hazards for navigation, there are several groups of islands, islets, rocks and reefs that draw a network of channels and [[fjord]]s, usually frozen. Some of the most important islands are the [[Pourquoi Pas Island|Pourquoi Pas]], [[Herradura Island|Herradura]], [[Caballete Island|Caballete]] and [[Millerand Island|Millerand]], all of them next to the [[Debenham Islands|Debenham archipelago]], where San Martín was built.<ref name=fundmar1/> |
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In this zone, rarely visited because of the difficulties and hazards for navigation, there are several groups of islands, islets, rocks and reefs that draw a network of channels and [[fjord]]s, usually frozen. Some of the most important islands are the [[Pourquoi Pas Island|Pourquoi Pas]], [[Herradura Island|Herradura]], [[Caballete Island|Caballete]] and [[Millerand Island|Millerand]], all of them next to the [[Debenham Islands|Debenham archipelago]], where San Martín was built.<ref name=fundmar1/> |
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{{As of|2014}} San Martín is composed of 14 buildings spanning a total area of {{convert|18|ha|m2 sqft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=dna1/> |
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{{As of|2014}} San Martín is composed of 14 buildings spanning a total area of {{convert|18|ha|m2 sqft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=dna1>{{cite web|url=http://www.dna.gov.ar/INTINFO/ARGPERES.HTM|title=Intercambio de información – Información Permanente|publisher=Dirección Nacional del Antártico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517141559/http://www.dna.gov.ar/INTINFO/ARGPERES.HTM|archive-date=17 May 2013}}</ref> |
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The base has several dependencies and facilities, namely: main house; airstrip; heliport; infirmary; chapel; main and auxiliary power plants; vehicle fleet (a number of [[ski-doo]]s, and a few [[tracked vehicle|snow tracks]] and [[All-terrain vehicle|ATVs]]) and park, laboratory, mechanical and carpentry workshops, and several deposits.<ref name=dna1/><ref name=fundmar1/> |
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The base has several dependencies and facilities, namely: main house; airstrip; heliport; infirmary; chapel; main and auxiliary power plants; vehicle fleet (a number of [[ski-doo]]s, and a few [[tracked vehicle|snow tracks]] and [[All-terrain vehicle|ATVs]]) and park, laboratory, mechanical and carpentry workshops, and several deposits.<ref name=dna1/><ref name=fundmar1/> |
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The all-year capable airstrip is located on nearby [[Uspallata Glacier]];<ref name=dna1/> during winter the deeply frozen sea is also used to land light aircraft.<ref name=dna1/> |
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The all-year capable airstrip is located on nearby [[Uspallata Glacier]];<ref name=dna1/> during winter the deeply frozen sea is also used to land light aircraft.<ref name=dna1/> |
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| subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|Argentina}} |
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| subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|Argentina}} |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Antarctic Peninsula|Location in Antarctic Peninsula]] |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Antarctic Peninsula|Location in Antarctic Peninsula]] |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Barry Island]]<br>[[Antarctic Peninsula]]<br>[[Antarctica]] |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Barry Island]]<br />[[Antarctic Peninsula]]<br />[[Antarctica]] |
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| subdivision_type2 = |
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| extinct_title = |
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| extinct_title = |
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| extinct_date = |
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| extinct_date = |
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| named_for = |
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| blank_name_sec1 = Type |
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| blank_name_sec1 = Type |
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}} |
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}} |
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'''Refuge Ona''' ({{coord|68.1005|S|67.024972|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}) is an Argentine Antarctic refuge installed and operated by the government of the [[Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego Province]]. The refuge was opened in 1995 and it is located {{convert|4.5|km}} from the [[San Martín Base]] on the glaciers of the [[Fallières Coast]]. |
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'''Refuge Ona''' ({{coord|68.1005|S|67.024972|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}) is an Argentine Antarctic refuge installed and operated by the government of the [[Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego Province]]. The refuge was opened in 1995 and it is located {{convert|4.5|km}} from the San Martín Base on the glaciers of the [[Fallières Coast]]. |
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The construction of the refuge was part of the scientific project, called Perito Moreno, carried out under an agreement signed between the [[Instituto Antártico Argentino]] and the [[University of Freiburg]] in Germany. The researchers carry out studies on the displacement of glaciers and the dynamics of the snow layers. The shelter has a capacity for four people, food for 15 days, fuel, gas and first aid kit. <ref>{{cite web | url = https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugio_Ona | title = Refugio Ona | website = Wikipedia Espanol | publisher = Wikimedia Foundation Inc. |accessdate = September 30, 2018}}</ref> |
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The construction of the refuge was part of the scientific project, called Perito Moreno, carried out under an agreement signed between the [[Instituto Antártico Argentino]] and the [[University of Freiburg]] in Germany. The researchers carry out studies on the displacement of glaciers and the dynamics of the snow layers. The shelter has a capacity for four people, food for 30 days, fuel, gas and first aid kit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eies.ats.aq/Ats.IE/ieGenRpt.aspx?idParty=1&period=2&idYear=2016#519bd760-0552-4ee5-bb60-ac7a754a0288|title=Argentina - 2016/2017 Annual Information|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115020640/https://eies.ats.aq/Ats.IE/ieGenRpt.aspx?idParty=1&period=2&idYear=2016#519bd760-0552-4ee5-bb60-ac7a754a0288|archive-date=January 15, 2021|publisher=[[Antarctic Treaty System]]|access-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref> |
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== Climate == |
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== Climate == |
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{{Weather box |
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{{Weather box |
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|location = San Martín (1981–2010, extremes 1976–present) |
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|location = San Martín (1991–2020, extremes 1976–present) |
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|single line = Yes |
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|single line = Yes |
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|metric first = Yes |
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|metric first = Yes |
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|year record high C = 14.3 |
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|year record high C = 14.3 |
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|Jan high C = 4.5 |
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|Jan high C = 4.5 |
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|Feb high C = 3.3 |
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|Feb high C = 3.5 |
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|Mar high C = 1.3 |
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|Mar high C = 1.7 |
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|Apr high C = -0.9 |
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|Apr high C = -0.5 |
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|May high C = -2.3 |
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|May high C = -2.0 |
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|Jun high C = -5.8 |
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|Jun high C = -5.5 |
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|Jul high C = -7.3 |
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|Jul high C = -7.3 |
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|Aug high C = -6.9 |
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|Aug high C = -6.7 |
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|Sep high C = -4.6 |
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|Sep high C = -4.8 |
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|Oct high C = -2.1 |
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|Oct high C = -1.6 |
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|Nov high C = 1.2 |
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|Nov high C = 1.5 |
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|Dec high C = 3.4 |
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|Dec high C = 3.5 |
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|year high C = -1.4 |
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|year high C = -1.1 |
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|Jan mean C = 2.0 |
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|Jan mean C = 1.9 |
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|Feb mean C = 0.9 |
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|Feb mean C = 1.0 |
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|Mar mean C = -1.2 |
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|Mar mean C = -0.8 |
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|Apr mean C = -3.3 |
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|Apr mean C = -2.9 |
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|May mean C = -5.3 |
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|May mean C = -4.8 |
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|Jun mean C = -9.3 |
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|Jun mean C = -8.9 |
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|Jul mean C = -11.6 |
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|Jul mean C = -11.5 |
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|Aug mean C = -11.5 |
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|Aug mean C = -11.2 |
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|Sep mean C = -8.9 |
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|Sep mean C = -9.0 |
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|Oct mean C = -5.9 |
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|Oct mean C = -5.3 |
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|Nov mean C = -2.0 |
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|Nov mean C = -1.8 |
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|Dec mean C = 0.8 |
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|Dec mean C = 0.8 |
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|year mean C = -4.6 |
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|year mean C = -4.4 |
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|Jan low C = -0.3 |
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|Jan low C = -0.5 |
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|Feb low C = -1.3 |
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|Feb low C = -1.3 |
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|Mar low C = -3.6 |
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|Mar low C = -3.5 |
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|Apr low C = -5.8 |
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|Apr low C = -5.5 |
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|May low C = -8.4 |
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|May low C = -7.8 |
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|Jun low C = -13.5 |
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|Jun low C = -13.0 |
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|Jul low C = -16.3 |
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|Jul low C = -16.1 |
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|Aug low C = -16.8 |
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|Aug low C = -16.3 |
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|Sep low C = -13.9 |
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|Sep low C = -14.1 |
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|Oct low C = -10.2 |
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|Oct low C = -9.6 |
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|Nov low C = -5.5 |
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|Nov low C = -5.4 |
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|Dec low C = -1.8 |
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|Dec low C = -2.0 |
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|year low C = -8.1 |
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|year low C = -7.9 |
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|Jan record low C = -10.7 |
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|Jan record low C = -10.7 |
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|Feb record low C = -12.0 |
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|Feb record low C = -12.0 |
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|Dec precipitation mm = 27.0 |
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|Dec precipitation mm = 27.0 |
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|year precipitation mm = 410.4 |
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|year precipitation mm = 410.4 |
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|Jan snow days = 6 |
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|Jan snow days = 9.4 |
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|Feb snow days = 9 |
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|Feb snow days = 10.7 |
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|Mar snow days = 12 |
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|Mar snow days = 13.7 |
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|Apr snow days = 14 |
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|Apr snow days = 13.1 |
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|May snow days = 15 |
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|May snow days = 14.6 |
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|Jun snow days = 14 |
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|Jun snow days = 12.3 |
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|Jul snow days = 18 |
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|Jul snow days = 13.9 |
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|Aug snow days = 17 |
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|Aug snow days = 13.8 |
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|Sep snow days = 17 |
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|Sep snow days = 15.5 |
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|Oct snow days = 17 |
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|Oct snow days = 15.1 |
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|Nov snow days = 15 |
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|Nov snow days = 12.2 |
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|Dec snow days = 10 |
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|Dec snow days = 9.9 |
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|year snow days = 164 |
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|year snow days = 154.1 |
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|Jan sun = 158.1 |
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|source 1 = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional ( precipitation 2001–2010, snow days 1981–1990)<ref name = SMNclimatenormals>{{cite web |
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|Feb sun = 79.1 |
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| url = https://ssl.smn.gob.ar/dpd/observaciones/ estadisticas. txt |
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|Mar sun = 58.9 |
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| title = Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período 1981- 2010 |
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|Apr sun = 36.0 |
|
|
|May sun = 3.1 |
|
|
|Jun sun = 0.0 |
|
|
|Jul sun = 0.0 |
|
|
|Aug sun = 18.6 |
|
|
|Sep sun = 51.0 |
|
|
|Oct sun = 74.4 |
|
|
|Nov sun = 126.0 |
|
|
|Dec sun = 179.8 |
|
|
|year sun = 785.0 |
|
|
|Jand sun = 5.1 |
|
|
|Febd sun = 2.8 |
|
|
|Mard sun = 1.9 |
|
|
|Aprd sun = 1.2 |
|
|
|Mayd sun = 0.1 |
|
|
|Jund sun = 0.0 |
|
|
|Juld sun = 0.0 |
|
|
|Augd sun = 0.6 |
|
|
|Sepd sun = 1.7 |
|
|
|Octd sun = 2.4 |
|
|
|Novd sun = 4.2 |
|
|
|Decd sun = 5.8 |
|
|
|yeard sun = 2.1 |
|
⚫ |
|source 1 = [[Servicio Meteorológico Nacional ( Argentina)|Servicio Meteorológico Nacional]] (precipitation 2001–2010)<ref name = SMNclimatenormals>{{cite web |
|
⚫ |
| url = https://ssl.smn.gob.ar/dpd/observaciones/ estadisticas_normales_9120. zip |
|
⚫ |
| title = Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período 1991- 2020 |
|
| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |
|
| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |
|
| language = Spanish |
|
| language = es |
|
| accessdate = January 18, 2018}}</ref><ref name = SMN>{{cite web |
|
| access-date = 16 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=SMNestadisticas>{{cite web |
|
|
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230708235600/http://repositorio.smn.gob.ar/bitstream/handle/20.500.12160/2506/estad%C3%ADsticas_climatol%C3%B3gicas_normales_1991-2020.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y |
|
|
| archive-date = 8 July 2023 |
|
|
| url = http://repositorio.smn.gob.ar/handle/20.500.12160/2506 |
|
|
| title = Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales – período 1991–2020 |
|
|
| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |
|
|
| language = es |
|
|
| access-date = 8 July 2023 |
|
|
| year = 2023}}</ref><ref name = SMN>{{cite web |
|
| url = http://www3.smn.gob.ar/serviciosclimaticos/?mod=turismo&id=7&provincia=Ant%E1rtida&ciudad=B.%20San%20Mart%EDn |
|
| url = http://www3.smn.gob.ar/serviciosclimaticos/?mod=turismo&id=7&provincia=Ant%E1rtida&ciudad=B.%20San%20Mart%EDn |
|
| language = Spanish |
|
| language = es |
|
| title = Servicios Climáticos – Información de Turismo – B. San Martín – Datos estadísticos (período 1981–1990) |
|
| title = Servicios Climáticos – Información de Turismo – B. San Martín – Datos estadísticos (período 1981–1990) |
|
| publisher = National Meteorological Service of Argentina |
|
| publisher = National Meteorological Service of Argentina |
|
| accessdate = 4 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=SMN2> |
|
| access-date = 4 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=SMN2> |
|
{{cite web |
|
{{cite web |
|
|url = https://www2.smn.gob.ar/caracterizaci%C3%B3n-estad%C3%ADsticas-de-largo-plazo |
|
|url = https://www2.smn.gob.ar/caracterizaci%C3%B3n-estad%C3%ADsticas-de-largo-plazo |
Line 359: |
Line 398: |
|
|work = Caracterización: Estadísticas de largo plazo |
|
|work = Caracterización: Estadísticas de largo plazo |
|
|publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |
|
|publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |
|
|language = Spanish |
|
|language = es |
|
|accessdate = 4 November 2017 |
|
|access-date = 4 November 2017 |
|
|deadurl = yes |
|
|url-status = dead |
|
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170904022616/https://www2.smn.gob.ar/caracterizaci%C3%B3n-estad%C3%ADsticas-de-largo-plazo |
|
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170904022616/https://www2.smn.gob.ar/caracterizaci%C3%B3n-estad%C3%ADsticas-de-largo-plazo |
|
|archivedate = 4 September 2017 |
|
|archive-date = 4 September 2017 |
|
|df = |
|
|
}}</ref> |
|
}}</ref> |
|
|source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat> |
|
|source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat> |
Line 371: |
Line 409: |
|
| title = Station Base San Martin |
|
| title = Station Base San Martin |
|
| publisher = Meteo Climat |
|
| publisher = Meteo Climat |
|
|language = French |
|
|language = fr |
|
| accessdate = 11 June 2016}}</ref> |
|
| access-date = 11 June 2016}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
|date=August 2010 |
|
|date=August 2010 |
Line 380: |
Line 418: |
|
* [[Argentine Antarctica]] |
|
* [[Argentine Antarctica]] |
|
* [[Research stations in Antarctica#List of research stations|List of Antarctic research stations]] |
|
* [[Research stations in Antarctica#List of research stations|List of Antarctic research stations]] |
|
* [[Antarctic field camps| List of Antarctic field camps]] |
|
* [[Antarctic field camps|List of Antarctic field camps]] |
|
|
* [[Crime in Antarctica]] |
|
|
|
|
|
==References== |
|
==References== |
Line 391: |
Line 430: |
|
==External links== |
|
==External links== |
|
{{Commons category|San Martín Station|San Martín Base}} |
|
{{Commons category|San Martín Station|San Martín Base}} |
|
* [http://www.marambio.aq/sanmartin.html Fundaciòn Marambio – Base San Martín] {{es icon}} |
|
* [http://www.marambio.aq/sanmartin.html Fundaciòn Marambio – Base San Martín] {{in lang|es}} |
|
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110303004340/http://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/INDEX.HTM Dirección Nacional del Antártico] {{es icon}} |
|
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110303004340/http://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/INDEX.HTM Dirección Nacional del Antártico] {{in lang|es}} |
|
|
*{{official|https://cancilleria.gob.ar/es/iniciativas/dna/antartida-argentina/bases/san-martin}} |
|
|
|
|
|
{{portalbar|Earth sciences|Antarctica|Argentina}} |
|
{{Portal bar|Earth sciences|Geography|Argentina}} |
|
{{ArgentineAntarctica}} |
|
{{ArgentineAntarctica}} |
|
{{Antarctic research stations}} |
|
{{Antarctic research stations}} |
Antarctic base
San Martín Base (Spanish: Base San Martín) is a permanent, all year-round Argentine Antarctic base and scientific research station named after General José de San Martín, the Libertador of Argentina, Chile and Perú. It is located on Barry Island, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula.
At the time of its foundation in 1951, it was the first human settlement south of the Antarctic Circle.[2][A] As of 2014[update] it is Argentina's westernmost permanent base.[2]
As of 2014[update] San Martín is one of 13 research bases in Antarctica operated by Argentina.[4]
The increased Antarctic activity that Argentina developed since 1940, along with the longstanding national interest to exercise effective sovereignty over one of the most remote areas of Antarctica created the need for a scientific station located south of the Antarctic Circle.[2]
In order to transport the personnel and materials to Marguerite Bay, where the new settlement was to be built, the Argentine Navy hired the Santa Micaela. Commanded by Overseas Captain Santiago Farrell, it was a cargo ship belonging to the Argentine shipping company Pérez Companc S. A.[2]
The Santa Micaela left the port of Buenos Aires on 12 February 1951, and on 8 March it anchored at Marguerite Bay. The last part of the trip it was escorted by the Argentine Navy tug ARA Sanavirón.[2]
Over twelve working days the crew built the two-story main house with double wooden walls, a main deposit, an emergency house, five metal warehouses for supplies, housing for the dog packs, a power generator and the four towers for the 25 metres (82 feet) high rhombic antenna.[2]
San Martín was inaugurated on 21 March 1951, in the presence of the Santa Micaela and ARA Sanavirón crews and the base personnel led by then Colonel Hernán Pujato.[2]
Since then, the meteorological station within the base provides detailed weather records and develops forecasts indispensable for the navigation of the sea waters adjacent to the Antarctic Peninsula.[2]
In March 1952 the ARA Bahía Aguirre anchored at Marguerite Bay bringing a relief crew through a Sikorsky S-51 helicopter transfer, the first of its kind performed by the Argentine Armed Forces in Antarctica.[2]
On 30 June 1952 a fire, exacerbated by the ongoing blizzard, devoured the main house and two food stores, the power plant and the radio station. With rationed food and fuel, activities continued normally, carrying on with the explorations schedule as originally planned.[2]
During the 1952–53 season, thick ice blocked the way of relief ships, which aggravated the situation for the twenty base inhabitants. On 26 March 1953 the Argentine Air Force Avro Lincoln nicknamed Cruz del Sur airdropped food and other priceless items.[2]
Personnel at San Martín Base conducted several exploration expeditions to the northern and southern boundaries of the bay. They also crossed the Antarctic Peninsula mountain range, reaching the Mobiloil Inlet on the Weddell Sea.[2]
In 1960 the base was closed; it was reactivated as permanent on 21 March 1976.[2]
On 14 June 1962 an expedition led by then First Lieutenant Gustavo Adolfo Giró Tapper left Esperanza looking for a passage that would link the village with San Martín. Using snowcats and sleigh dogs they explored Duse Bay, Prince Gustav Channel, Cape Longing, Foca Nunataks, Ameghino Peninsula, Jason Island, Cape Robinson and Carreta Bay, where they had to leave the snow cats and continue with sleds to cross the cordillera.[2] After reaching San Martín, they traveled back to Esperanza, where they arrived on 25 August. During the trip the party overcame numerous obstacles and withstood temperatures below −43 °C (−45 °F) and katabatic winds of 220 km/h (140 mph).[2] This feat is considered even now as the most important ever made in the area.[2]
Some unused installations of the base, a cross, a flagpole and a monolith erected in 1951, have been designated as Historic Site or Monument, following a proposal by Argentina to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.[5]
Marguerite Bay opens on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Wide and deep, the bay is closed between Belgrano and Alexander I islands, and the Fallieres Coast, making its access very difficult for most of the year due to the thick ice-covered waters.[2]
In this zone, rarely visited because of the difficulties and hazards for navigation, there are several groups of islands, islets, rocks and reefs that draw a network of channels and fjords, usually frozen. Some of the most important islands are the Pourquoi Pas, Herradura, Caballete and Millerand, all of them next to the Debenham archipelago, where San Martín was built.[2]
As of 2014[update] San Martín is composed of 14 buildings spanning a total area of 18 ha (180,000 m2; 1,900,000 sq ft).[6]
The base has several dependencies and facilities, namely: main house; airstrip; heliport; infirmary; chapel; main and auxiliary power plants; vehicle fleet (a number of ski-doos, and a few snow tracks and ATVs) and park, laboratory, mechanical and carpentry workshops, and several deposits.[6][2]
The all-year capable airstrip is located on nearby Uspallata Glacier;[6] during winter the deeply frozen sea is also used to land light aircraft.[6]
The 20 m2 (220 sq ft) infirmary and basic operating suite is attended by a doctor and a nurse; it has one bed, x-ray and odontological facilities.[6]
San Martín is responsible for the maintenance of several Argentine-built refuges in the area: 17 de Agosto, El Plumerillo, Paso de los Andes, Chacabuco, Yapeyú, Maipo and Nogal de Saldán.[2]
- San Martín Base in March 2011
-
-
-
-
Scientific activities
[edit]
The LASAN laboratory (LAboratorio SAN Martín), managed by the Argentine Antarctic Institute, carries out active scientific research in the areas of geomagnetism, riometry, meteorology, ionospheric surveying through high altitude weather balloons, phytoplankton biology, satellite geodesy, glaciology, etc.[2]
An ongoing bilateral agreement between Argentina and Germany has prompted cooperation on glacier movement observations.[2]
Refuge
Refuge Ona (68°06′02″S 67°01′30″W / 68.1005°S 67.024972°W / -68.1005; -67.024972) is an Argentine Antarctic refuge installed and operated by the government of the Tierra del Fuego Province. The refuge was opened in 1995 and it is located 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) from the San Martín Base on the glaciers of the Fallières Coast.
The construction of the refuge was part of the scientific project, called Perito Moreno, carried out under an agreement signed between the Instituto Antártico Argentino and the University of Freiburg in Germany. The researchers carry out studies on the displacement of glaciers and the dynamics of the snow layers. The shelter has a capacity for four people, food for 30 days, fuel, gas and first aid kit.[7]
The San Martín base has a polar climate that is moderated by its coastline position, hence having a 1.6 °C (34.9 °F) mean for the mildest month. The most significant feature in the area's climate is the violent wind, with speeds well in excess of 200 km/h (120 mph), which significantly increases the chill factor; such strong winds often blow for five or six days in a row, making it impossible to stay outdoors and turning any simple external work into a very dangerous task.[2]
The temperature is variable: on average it reaches −37 °C (−35 °F) in winter and 8 °C (46 °F) in summer. The sea freezes between the months of June to November, its average thickness being about 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in). The average annual snowfall is 500 mm (20 in); some rains have been recorded in recent years.[2]
Climate data for San Martín (1991–2020, extremes 1976–present)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
13.7 (56.7)
|
14.3 (57.7)
|
12.5 (54.5)
|
9.8 (49.6)
|
9.8 (49.6)
|
7.9 (46.2)
|
9.7 (49.5)
|
14.0 (57.2)
|
8.0 (46.4)
|
9.4 (48.9)
|
11.1 (52.0)
|
11.5 (52.7)
|
14.3 (57.7)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
4.5 (40.1)
|
3.5 (38.3)
|
1.7 (35.1)
|
−0.5 (31.1)
|
−2.0 (28.4)
|
−5.5 (22.1)
|
−7.3 (18.9)
|
−6.7 (19.9)
|
−4.8 (23.4)
|
−1.6 (29.1)
|
1.5 (34.7)
|
3.5 (38.3)
|
−1.1 (30.0)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
1.9 (35.4)
|
1.0 (33.8)
|
−0.8 (30.6)
|
−2.9 (26.8)
|
−4.8 (23.4)
|
−8.9 (16.0)
|
−11.5 (11.3)
|
−11.2 (11.8)
|
−9.0 (15.8)
|
−5.3 (22.5)
|
−1.8 (28.8)
|
0.8 (33.4)
|
−4.4 (24.1)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
−0.5 (31.1)
|
−1.3 (29.7)
|
−3.5 (25.7)
|
−5.5 (22.1)
|
−7.8 (18.0)
|
−13.0 (8.6)
|
−16.1 (3.0)
|
−16.3 (2.7)
|
−14.1 (6.6)
|
−9.6 (14.7)
|
−5.4 (22.3)
|
−2.0 (28.4)
|
−7.9 (17.8)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
−10.7 (12.7)
|
−12.0 (10.4)
|
−21.0 (−5.8)
|
−24.0 (−11.2)
|
−31.0 (−23.8)
|
−37.5 (−35.5)
|
−42.0 (−43.6)
|
−47.0 (−52.6)
|
−41.0 (−41.8)
|
−35.4 (−31.7)
|
−23.6 (−10.5)
|
−15.0 (5.0)
|
−47.0 (−52.6)
|
Average precipitation mm (inches)
|
13.8 (0.54)
|
46.5 (1.83)
|
48.3 (1.90)
|
33.1 (1.30)
|
34.4 (1.35)
|
28.0 (1.10)
|
39.4 (1.55)
|
36.4 (1.43)
|
40.9 (1.61)
|
32.2 (1.27)
|
30.4 (1.20)
|
27.0 (1.06)
|
410.4 (16.16)
|
Average snowy days
|
9.4
|
10.7
|
13.7
|
13.1
|
14.6
|
12.3
|
13.9
|
13.8
|
15.5
|
15.1
|
12.2
|
9.9
|
154.1
|
Mean monthly sunshine hours
|
158.1
|
79.1
|
58.9
|
36.0
|
3.1
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
18.6
|
51.0
|
74.4
|
126.0
|
179.8
|
785.0
|
Mean daily sunshine hours
|
5.1
|
2.8
|
1.9
|
1.2
|
0.1
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.6
|
1.7
|
2.4
|
4.2
|
5.8
|
2.1
|
Source 1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (precipitation 2001–2010)[8][9][10][11]
|
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[12]
|
- Notes
- ^ The Antarctic Circle is the parallel of latitude that runs 66°33′50.0″ (or 66.5639°)[3] south of the Equator
- Citations
|
---|
|
Summer |
---|
- Argentina
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Chile
- China
- Czech Republic
- Ecuador
- Finland
- Germany
- Italy
- New Zealand
- Norway
- Pakistan
- Peru
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- Spain
- Sweden
- Turkey
- United Kingdom
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- Uruguay
|
|
Closed |
---|
- Argentina
- Australia
- Belgium
- Chile
- France
- Germany
- India
- Italy
- Japan
- New Zealand
- Norway
- Poland
- South Africa
- Soviet Union
- United Kingdom
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- Other
- Joint Stations
|
|