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In [[Tasmania]], in a single dog attack, 58 [[little penguin]]s were killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2018/10/17/Dog-attack-kill-58-penguins-in-Tasmania/9631539800130/|title=Dog attack kills 58 penguins in Tasmania|last=Adamczyk|first=Ed|date=2018-10-17|website=UPI|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref> In [[mainland Australia]], a single fox once killed around 74 penguins over several days, eating almost nothing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-10/penguins-killed-by-fox-victoria-middle-island/8794828|title=Penguins killed in fox attack on Victoria's Middle Island|last=Peacock|first=Sue|date=2017-08-10|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> One leopard in [[Cape Province]], [[South Africa]] killed 51 sheep and lambs in a single incident.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stuart |first1=C. T. |year=1986 |title=The incidence of surplus killing by Panthera pardus and Felis caracal in Cape Province, South Africa |journal=Mammalia |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=556–558 |issn=0025-1461 | doi = 10.1515/mamm.1986.50.4.553 }}</ref> Similarly, two [[caracal]] in Cape Province killed 22 sheep in one night, eating only part of the buttock of one carcass.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Skinner |first1=J. D. |year=1979 |title=Feeding behaviour in Caracal ''Felis caracal'' |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=189 |issue=4 |pages=523–525 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03979.x }}</ref> Up to 19 spotted hyenas once killed 82 [[Thomson's gazelle]] and badly injured 27, eating just 16%.<ref name=LSM148>{{cite book|last=Mills|first=L. Scott|title=Conservation of wildlife populations: demography, genetics, and management|date=17 December 2012|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=9780470671504|pages=148|edition=2nd}}</ref>
In [[Tasmania]], in a single dog attack, 58 [[little penguin]]s were killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2018/10/17/Dog-attack-kill-58-penguins-in-Tasmania/9631539800130/|title=Dog attack kills 58 penguins in Tasmania|last=Adamczyk|first=Ed|date=2018-10-17|website=UPI|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref> In [[mainland Australia]], a single fox once killed around 74 penguins over several days, eating almost nothing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-10/penguins-killed-by-fox-victoria-middle-island/8794828|title=Penguins killed in fox attack on Victoria's Middle Island|last=Peacock|first=Sue|date=2017-08-10|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> One leopard in [[Cape Province]], [[South Africa]] killed 51 sheep and lambs in a single incident.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stuart |first1=C. T. |year=1986 |title=The incidence of surplus killing by Panthera pardus and Felis caracal in Cape Province, South Africa |journal=Mammalia |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=556–558 |issn=0025-1461 | doi = 10.1515/mamm.1986.50.4.553 }}</ref> Similarly, two [[caracal]] in Cape Province killed 22 sheep in one night, eating only part of the buttock of one carcass.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Skinner |first1=J. D. |year=1979 |title=Feeding behaviour in Caracal ''Felis caracal'' |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=189 |issue=4 |pages=523–525 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03979.x }}</ref> Up to 19 spotted hyenas once killed 82 [[Thomson's gazelle]] and badly injured 27, eating just 16%.<ref name=LSM148>{{cite book|last=Mills|first=L. Scott|title=Conservation of wildlife populations: demography, genetics, and management|date=17 December 2012|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=9780470671504|pages=148|edition=2nd}}</ref>


In late autumn, [[least weasel]]s often surplus-kill [[vole]] and then dig them up and eat them on winter days when it is too cold to hunt.<ref name=LSM148/> Surplus killing by wolves has mainly been observed when snow is unusually deep in late winter or early spring,<ref>[[Henryk Okarma]], Sven Herzog: Handbuch Wolf. Kosmos-Verlag, Stuttgart 2019, page 148</ref> and the wolves have frequently cached their prey for eating days or weeks later. On February 7, 1991, in [[Denali National Park]], six wolves killed at least 17 caribou and left many untouched. By February 13, 30–95% of each carcass had been eaten or cached, and by April 16, several had been dug up and fed upon again.<ref>{{cite book|last=Moskowitz|first=David|title=Wolves in the Land of Salmon.|date=4 February 2013|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=978-1604692273|pages=145}}</ref> In March 2016, a Wyoming wolf pack of 9 wolves were found to have slaughtered 19 elk. John Lund, of the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, claimed to have never documented surplus killings to that extreme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgarysun.com/2016/03/25/wyoming-wolf-pack-kills-19-elk-in-rare-surplus-killing|title=Wyoming wolf pack kills 19 elk in rare 'surplus killing'|access-date=2016-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404194628/http://www.calgarysun.com/2016/03/25/wyoming-wolf-pack-kills-19-elk-in-rare-surplus-killing|archive-date=2016-04-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Florida, laboratory experiments documented cases of surplus killing in larvae of the predatory midge ''[[Corethrella]] appendiculata'' against specific larval stages of different species of mosquitoes of the genus ''[[Toxorhynchites]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=L.P. Lounibos, S. Mahkni, B.W.Alto, B. Kesavaraju|title=Surplus Killing by Predatory Larvae of ''Corethrella appendiculata'': Prepupal Timing and Site-Specific Attack on Mosquito Prey | journal=Journal of Insects Behaviour|volume=21 |number=2 |pages=47–54|date=Mar 2008 |doi= 10.1007/s10905-007-9103-2 |pmid=19081802 |pmc=2600435 }}</ref>
In late autumn, [[least weasel]]s often surplus-kill [[vole]] and then dig them up and eat them on winter days when it is too cold to hunt.<ref name=LSM148 In March 2016, a Wyoming wolf pack of 9 wolves were found to have slaughtered 19 elk. John Lund, of the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, said that he had never documented surplus killings to that extreme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgarysun.com/2016/03/25/wyoming-wolf-pack-kills-19-elk-in-rare-surplus-killing|title=Wyoming wolf pack kills 19 elk in rare 'surplus killing'|access-date=2016-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404194628/http://www.calgarysun.com/2016/03/25/wyoming-wolf-pack-kills-19-elk-in-rare-surplus-killing|archive-date=2016-04-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Florida, laboratory experiments documented cases of surplus killing in larvae of the predatory midge ''[[Corethrella]] appendiculata'' against specific larval stages of different species of mosquitoes of the genus ''[[Toxorhynchites]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=L.P. Lounibos, S. Mahkni, B.W.Alto, B. Kesavaraju|title=Surplus Killing by Predatory Larvae of ''Corethrella appendiculata'': Prepupal Timing and Site-Specific Attack on Mosquito Prey | journal=Journal of Insects Behaviour|volume=21 |number=2 |pages=47–54|date=Mar 2008 |doi= 10.1007/s10905-007-9103-2 |pmid=19081802 |pmc=2600435 }}</ref>


In surplus killing, predators eat only the most-preferred animals and animal parts. Bears engaging in surplus killing of [[salmon]] are more likely to eat unspawned fish because of higher muscle quality, and high-energy parts such as brains and eggs.<ref name=LSM148/> Surplus killing can deplete the overall [[food supply]], waste predator energy and risk them being injured. Nonetheless, researchers say animals surplus-kill whenever they can, in order to procure food for offspring and others, to gain valuable killing experience, and to create the opportunity to eat the carcass later when they are hungry again.<ref name=LSM148/><ref>{{cite book|last=Hansen|first=Kevin|title=Bobcat: master of survival|url=https://archive.org/details/bobcatmastersurv00hans|url-access=limited|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0195183037|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bobcatmastersurv00hans/page/n130 114]|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}</ref>
In surplus killing, predators eat only the most-preferred animals and animal parts. Bears engaging in surplus killing of [[salmon]] are more likely to eat unspawned fish because of higher muscle quality, and high-energy parts such as brains and eggs.<ref name=LSM148/> Surplus killing can deplete the overall [[food supply]], waste predator energy and risk them being injured. Nonetheless, researchers say animals surplus-kill whenever they can, in order to procure food for offspring and others, to gain valuable killing experience, and to create the opportunity to eat the carcass later when they are hungry again.<ref name=LSM148/><ref>{{cite book|last=Hansen|first=Kevin|title=Bobcat: master of survival|url=https://archive.org/details/bobcatmastersurv00hans|url-access=limited|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0195183037|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bobcatmastersurv00hans/page/n130 114]|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}</ref>

Revision as of 14:39, 6 August 2021

A stoat surplus killing chipmunks (Ernest Thompson Seton, 1909)
Multiple sheep killed by a cougar

Surplus killing, also known as excessive killing, henhouse syndrome,[1][2] or overkill,[3] is a common behavior exhibited by predators, in which they kill more prey than they can immediately eat and then they either cache or abandon the remainder. The term was invented by Dutch biologist Hans Kruuk after studying spotted hyenas in Africa[4] and red foxes in England.[5][6] Some of the other animals which have been observed engaging in surplus killing include orcas, zooplankton, humans, damselfly naiads, predaceous mites, martens, weasels, honey badgers, jaguar, leopards, lions, spiders, brown bears,[7] american black bears, polar bears, coyotes, lynxes, minks, raccoons and dogs.[citation needed]

In Tasmania, in a single dog attack, 58 little penguins were killed.[8] In mainland Australia, a single fox once killed around 74 penguins over several days, eating almost nothing.[9] One leopard in Cape Province, South Africa killed 51 sheep and lambs in a single incident.[10] Similarly, two caracal in Cape Province killed 22 sheep in one night, eating only part of the buttock of one carcass.[11] Up to 19 spotted hyenas once killed 82 Thomson's gazelle and badly injured 27, eating just 16%.[1]

In late autumn, least weasels often surplus-kill vole and then dig them up and eat them on winter days when it is too cold to hunt.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). In Florida, laboratory experiments documented cases of surplus killing in larvae of the predatory midge Corethrella appendiculata against specific larval stages of different species of mosquitoes of the genus Toxorhynchites.[12]

In surplus killing, predators eat only the most-preferred animals and animal parts. Bears engaging in surplus killing of salmon are more likely to eat unspawned fish because of higher muscle quality, and high-energy parts such as brains and eggs.[1] Surplus killing can deplete the overall food supply, waste predator energy and risk them being injured. Nonetheless, researchers say animals surplus-kill whenever they can, in order to procure food for offspring and others, to gain valuable killing experience, and to create the opportunity to eat the carcass later when they are hungry again.[1][13]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Mills, L. Scott (17 December 2012). Conservation of wildlife populations: demography, genetics, and management (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 148. ISBN 9780470671504.
  2. ^ Moskowitz, David (4 February 2013). Wolves in the Land of Salmon. Timber Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-1604692273.
  3. ^ Mysterud, Ivar (1980). "Bear Management and Sheep Husbandry in Norway, with a Discussion of Predatory Behavior Significant for Evaluation of Livestock Losses". Bears: Their Biology and Management. 4: 233–241. doi:10.2307/3872873. ISSN 1936-0614. JSTOR 3872873.
  4. ^ Kruuk, Hans (1972). The Spotted Hyena: A study of predation and social behaviour. p. 335. ISBN 0-563-20844-9.
  5. ^ Macdonald, David (1987). Running with the Fox. p. 224. ISBN 0-04-440199-X.
  6. ^ Kruuk, Hans (2009). "Surplus killing by carnivores". Journal of Zoology. 166 (2): 233–244. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1972.tb04087.x.
  7. ^ "Far North Grizzlies Develop Taste for Muskoxen, Alaska Science Forum". June 21, 2011. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011.
  8. ^ Adamczyk, Ed (2018-10-17). "Dog attack kills 58 penguins in Tasmania". UPI. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
  9. ^ Peacock, Sue (2017-08-10). "Penguins killed in fox attack on Victoria's Middle Island". ABC News. Retrieved 2019-09-26.
  10. ^ Stuart, C. T. (1986). "The incidence of surplus killing by Panthera pardus and Felis caracal in Cape Province, South Africa". Mammalia. 50 (4): 556–558. doi:10.1515/mamm.1986.50.4.553. ISSN 0025-1461.
  11. ^ Skinner, J. D. (1979). "Feeding behaviour in Caracal Felis caracal". Journal of Zoology. 189 (4): 523–525. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03979.x.
  12. ^ L.P. Lounibos, S. Mahkni, B.W.Alto, B. Kesavaraju (Mar 2008). "Surplus Killing by Predatory Larvae of Corethrella appendiculata: Prepupal Timing and Site-Specific Attack on Mosquito Prey". Journal of Insects Behaviour. 21 (2): 47–54. doi:10.1007/s10905-007-9103-2. PMC 2600435. PMID 19081802.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Hansen, Kevin (2006). Bobcat: master of survival ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 114. ISBN 0195183037.

Bibliography

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