Prime Minister of Tonga: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Head of government of the Kingdom of Tonga}} |
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{{EngvarB|date=October 2023}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}} |
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{{Infobox Political post |
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{{Infobox official post |
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| post = Prime Minister |
| post = Prime Minister |
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| body = the<br />Kingdom of Tonga |
| body = the<br />Kingdom of Tonga |
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| native_name = |
| native_name = {{nativename|to|Palemia ʻo Tonga}} |
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| insignia = Coat of arms of Tonga.svg |
| insignia = Coat of arms of Tonga.svg |
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| insigniasize = 120px |
| insigniasize = 120px |
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| appointer = [[List of monarchs of Tonga|King of Tonga]] |
| appointer = [[List of monarchs of Tonga|King of Tonga]] |
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| seat = [[Nuku’alofa]] |
| seat = [[Nuku’alofa]] |
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| deputy = {{nowrap|Deputy Prime Minister of Tonga}} |
| deputy = {{nowrap|[[Deputy Prime Minister of Tonga]]}} |
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| salary = [[Tongan paʻanga|T$]] 94,500 annually<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6155-new-public-service-remuneration-structure-approved-by-the-government-of-tonga|title=New Public Service Remuneration Structure Approved by the Government of Tonga|website=www.mic.gov.to}}</ref> |
| salary = [[Tongan paʻanga|T$]] 94,500/US$ 40,212 annually<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6155-new-public-service-remuneration-structure-approved-by-the-government-of-tonga|title=New Public Service Remuneration Structure Approved by the Government of Tonga|website=www.mic.gov.to}}</ref> |
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| formation = 1876 {{small|(Premier)}}<br/>1970 {{small|(Prime Minister)}} |
| formation = 1876 {{small|(Premier)}}<br/>1970 {{small|(Prime Minister)}} |
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| inaugural = [[Tēvita ʻUnga]] {{small|(Premier)}}<br/>[[Fatafehi Tuʻipelehake]] {{small|(Prime Minister)}} |
| inaugural = [[Tēvita ʻUnga]] {{small|(Premier)}}<br/>[[Fatafehi Tuʻipelehake]] {{small|(Prime Minister)}} |
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[[File:Parliament Nuku'alofa.jpg|thumb|right|Prime Minister’s Office in Nuku’alofa]] |
[[File:Parliament Nuku'alofa.jpg|thumb|right|Prime Minister’s Office in Nuku’alofa]] |
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The '''prime minister of Tonga''' (historically referred to as the '''premier''') is the country's [[head of government]]. Tonga is a monarchy with the [[List of monarchs of Tonga|king]], currently [[Tupou VI]], former prime minister, as [[head of state]].<ref>[http://www.parliament.gov.to/about-parliament/parliamentary-system/167-the-executive-government.html "The Executive government "], Tonga government</ref> The current prime minister is [[Siaosi Sovaleni]], who was elected on 15 December 2021 and appointed on 27 December 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://matangitonga.to/2021/12/28/king-appoints-newpm |title=King Tupou VI appoints new Prime Minister |publisher=Matangi Tonga |date=28 December 2021 |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228025031/https://matangitonga.to/2021/12/28/king-appoints-newpm |archive-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> Sovaleni was elected with 16 votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://matangitonga.to/2021/12/15/-siaosi-sovaleni-elected-pm-designate |title=Emotional, Siaosi Sovaleni elected PM Designate |publisher=Matangi Tonga |date=15 December 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kanivatonga.nz/2021/12/mps-choose-siaosi-sovaleni-as-new-prime-minister/ |title=MPs choose Siaosi Sovaleni as new prime minister |publisher=Kaniva Tonga |date=15 December 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://matangitonga.to/2021/12/15/two-nominees-pm-designate |title=Two nominees for PM Designate revealed, meeting underway |publisher=Matangi Tonga |date=15 December 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> |
The '''prime minister of Tonga''' (historically referred to as the '''premier''') is the country's [[head of government]]. [[Tonga]] is a monarchy with the [[List of monarchs of Tonga|king]], currently [[Tupou VI]], former prime minister, as [[head of state]].<ref>[http://www.parliament.gov.to/about-parliament/parliamentary-system/167-the-executive-government.html "The Executive government "], Tonga government</ref> The current prime minister is [[Siaosi Sovaleni]], who was elected on 15 December 2021 and appointed on 27 December 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://matangitonga.to/2021/12/28/king-appoints-newpm |title=King Tupou VI appoints new Prime Minister |publisher=Matangi Tonga |date=28 December 2021 |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228025031/https://matangitonga.to/2021/12/28/king-appoints-newpm |archive-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> Sovaleni was elected with 16 votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://matangitonga.to/2021/12/15/-siaosi-sovaleni-elected-pm-designate |title=Emotional, Siaosi Sovaleni elected PM Designate |publisher=Matangi Tonga |date=15 December 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kanivatonga.nz/2021/12/mps-choose-siaosi-sovaleni-as-new-prime-minister/ |title=MPs choose Siaosi Sovaleni as new prime minister |publisher=Kaniva Tonga |date=15 December 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://matangitonga.to/2021/12/15/two-nominees-pm-designate |title=Two nominees for PM Designate revealed, meeting underway |publisher=Matangi Tonga |date=15 December 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> |
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The office of prime minister was established by the [[Constitution of Tonga|Constitution]] of 1875, whose article 51 stipulates that the prime minister and other ministers are appointed and dismissed by the king.<ref>[http://legislation.to/Tonga/DATA/PRIN/1988-002/ActofConstitutionofTonga.pdf Constitution of Tonga] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119162624/http://legislation.to/Tonga/DATA/PRIN/1988-002/ActofConstitutionofTonga.pdf |date=19 January 2012 }}</ref> |
The office of prime minister was established by the [[Constitution of Tonga|Constitution]] of 1875, whose article 51 stipulates that the prime minister and other ministers are appointed and dismissed by the king.<ref>[http://legislation.to/Tonga/DATA/PRIN/1988-002/ActofConstitutionofTonga.pdf Constitution of Tonga] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119162624/http://legislation.to/Tonga/DATA/PRIN/1988-002/ActofConstitutionofTonga.pdf |date=19 January 2012 }}</ref> |
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The prime minister is assisted by the [[Deputy Prime Minister of Tonga]] |
The prime minister is assisted by the [[Deputy Prime Minister of Tonga|deputy prime minister]]. |
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==2000s democratization== |
==2000s democratization== |
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In July 2008, King [[George Tupou V]] announced more substantial democratic reforms. He would abandon the essential part of his executive powers, and would henceforth follow the custom of monarchies such as the [[United Kingdom]], exercising his prerogatives only with the prime minister's advice. In addition, he would no longer appoint the prime minister anyone he wished, but would appoint a member of the Legislative Assembly to be elected by the [[Legislative Assembly of Tonga|Legislative Assembly]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7530209.stm "Tonga's king to cede key powers"], BBC, 29 July 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jul/29/1 "Tongan king promises 'more democracy' for Pacific island"], ''The Guardian'', 29 July 2008</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/tongafrenchpolynesia/7884094/King-of-Tonga-prepares-to-give-up-power.html "King of Tonga prepares to give up power"], ''The Telegraph'', 11 July 2010</ref> |
In July 2008, King [[George Tupou V]] announced more substantial democratic reforms. He would abandon the essential part of his executive powers, and would henceforth follow the custom of monarchies such as the [[United Kingdom]], exercising his prerogatives only with the prime minister's advice. In addition, he would no longer appoint the prime minister anyone he wished, but would appoint a member of the Legislative Assembly to be elected by the [[Legislative Assembly of Tonga|Legislative Assembly]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7530209.stm "Tonga's king to cede key powers"], BBC, 29 July 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jul/29/1 "Tongan king promises 'more democracy' for Pacific island"], ''The Guardian'', 29 July 2008</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/tongafrenchpolynesia/7884094/King-of-Tonga-prepares-to-give-up-power.html "King of Tonga prepares to give up power"], ''The Telegraph'', 11 July 2010</ref> |
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==List of premiers/prime ministers of Tonga ( |
==List of premiers/prime ministers of Tonga (1876–1879)== |
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{{Officeholder table start |
{{Officeholder table start |
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{{Officeholder table |
{{Officeholder table |
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| order2 = 9 |
| order2 = 9 |
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| image = |
| image = |
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| officeholder = [[Solomone Ula Ata]] {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|OBE}} |
| officeholder = [[Solomone Ula Ata]] {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|OBE}} |
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| officeholder_sort = Ata, Solomone Ula |
| officeholder_sort = Ata, Solomone Ula |
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| image = Tupoutoʻa Tungī.jpg |
| image = Tupoutoʻa Tungī.jpg |
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| military_rank = Crown Prince |
| military_rank = Crown Prince |
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| officeholder = [[Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV| |
| officeholder = [[Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV|Tupoutoʻa Tungī]] {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|KBE}} |
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| officeholder_sort = Tungi, |
| officeholder_sort = Tungi, Tupouto'a |
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| officeholder_note = {{efn|Later King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV.}} |
| officeholder_note = {{efn|Later King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV.}} |
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| born_year = 1918 |
| born_year = 1918 |
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| order2 = 12 |
| order2 = 12 |
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| image = STʻ Vaea.jpg |
| image = STʻ Vaea.jpg |
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| |
| officeholder = [[Baron Vaea]] |
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| officeholder = [[Baron Vaea|Siaosi Tuʻihala ʻAlipate Vaea Tupou]] |
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| officeholder_sort = Tupou, Siaosi |
| officeholder_sort = Tupou, Siaosi |
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| born_year = 1921 |
| born_year = 1921 |
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| officeholder_sort = Tuionetoa, Pohiva |
| officeholder_sort = Tuionetoa, Pohiva |
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| born_year = 1951 |
| born_year = 1951 |
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| died_year = |
| died_year = 2023 |
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| term_start = 8 October 2019 |
| term_start = 8 October 2019 |
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| term_end = 27 December 2021 |
| term_end = 27 December 2021 |
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{{Officeholder table end}} |
{{Officeholder table end}} |
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==Timeline== |
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==Living former prime ministers== |
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{{#tag:timeline| |
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As of {{Monthyear}}, there are four living former Tongan prime ministers, including King Tupou VI, as seen below. This listing excludes former acting prime ministers. |
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ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:21 |
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<gallery class="center" caption="Living former prime ministers of Tonga"> |
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PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:150 left:20 |
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File:Ulukalala Lavaka Ata.jpg|[[Tupou VI]]<br>Served 2000–2006<br>Born 1959 (age {{age|1959|7|12}}) |
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AlignBars = late |
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File: Feleti.jpg|[[Feleti Sevele|Dr. Feleti Sevele]]<br>Served 2006–2010<br>Born 1944 (Age {{age|1944|7|7}}) |
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File: Sialeʻataongo Tuʻivakanō 2014.jpg|[[Sialeʻataongo Tuʻivakanō|Lord Tuʻivakanō]]<br>Served 2010–2014<br>Born 1952 (age {{age|1952|1|15}}) |
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Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}} |
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File: Pohiva Tuʻiʻonetoa (cropped).jpg|[[Pohiva Tuʻiʻonetoa|Pōhiva Tuʻiʻonetoa]]<br>Served 2019–2021<br>Born 1951 (age {{age|1951|1|30}}) |
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</gallery> |
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Colors = |
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id:independent value:rgb(0.87,0.87,0.87) legend:None_(Independent) |
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id:hrdm value:rgb(1,0,0) legend:Human_Rights_and_Democracy_Movement |
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id:dpfi value:rgb(0.81,0.06,0.12) legend:Democratic_Party_of_the_Friendly_Islands |
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id:tppi value:rgb(0.82,0.20,0.22) legend:Tonga_People's_Party |
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id:gray1 value:gray(0.85) |
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id:gray2 value:gray(0.95) |
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DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy |
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Period = from:01/01/1876 till:$today |
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TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal |
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ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:10 start:1880 |
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ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1876 |
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Legend = columns:1 left:150 top:35 columnwidth:170 |
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TextData = |
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pos:(20,38) textcolor:black fontsize:M |
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text:"Political affiliation:" |
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BarData = |
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bar:'Unga |
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bar:Baker |
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bar:Tuku'aho |
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bar:Veikune |
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bar:Tu'i_Pelehake |
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bar:Mateialona |
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bar:Tu'ivakano |
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bar:Tungi |
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bar:Ata |
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bar:Tupouto'a_Tungi |
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bar:Fatafehi |
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bar:Vaea |
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bar:'Aho'eitu |
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bar:Sevele |
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bar:Lord_Tu'ivakano |
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bar:Pohiva |
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bar:Sika |
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bar:Tu'i'onetoa |
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bar:Sovaleni |
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PlotData = |
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width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till |
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bar:'Unga |
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from: 01/01/1876 till: 18/12/1879 color:independent text:"[[Tēvita ʻUnga]]" |
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bar:Baker |
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from: 01/04/1881 till: 01/07/1890 color:independent text:"[[Shirley Waldemar Baker]]" |
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bar:Tuku'aho |
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from: 01/07/1890 till: 01/01/1893 color:independent text:"[[Siaosi Tukuʻaho]]" |
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bar:Veikune |
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from: 01/01/1893 till: 01/01/1905 color:independent text:"[[Siosateki Veikune]]" |
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bar:Tu'i_Pelehake |
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from: 01/01/1905 till: 01/01/1905 color:independent text:"[[Siaosi Tuʻi Pelehake]]" |
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bar:Mateialona |
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from: 01/01/1905 till: 30/09/1912 color:independent text:"[[Sione Tupou Mateialona]]" |
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bar:Tu'ivakano |
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from: 30/09/1912 till: 30/06/1923 color:independent text:"[[Tevita Tuʻivakano]]" |
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bar:Tungi |
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from: 30/06/1923 till: 20/07/1941 color:independent text:"[[Viliami Tungī Mailefihi]]" |
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bar:Ata |
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from: 20/07/1941 till: 12/12/1949 color:independent text:"[[Solomone Ula Ata]]" |
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bar:Tupouto'a_Tungi |
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from: 12/12/1949 till: 16/12/1965 color:independent text:"[[Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV|Tupoutoʻa Tungī]]" |
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bar:Fatafehi |
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from: 16/12/1965 till: 22/08/1991 color:independent text:"[[Fatafehi Tuʻipelehake]]" |
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bar:Vaea |
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from: 22/08/1991 till: 03/01/2000 color:independent text:"[[Baron Vaea]]" |
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bar:'Aho'eitu |
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from: 03/01/2000 till: 11/02/2006 color:independent text:"[[Tupou VI|ʻAhoʻeitu]]" |
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bar:Sevele |
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from: 30/03/2006 till: 22/12/2010 color:hrdm text:"[[Feleti Sevele|Lord Sevele of Vailahi]]" |
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bar:Lord_Tu'ivakano |
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from: 22/12/2010 till: 30/12/2014 color:independent text:"[[Sialeʻataongo Tuʻivakanō|Lord Tuʻivakanō]]" |
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bar:Pohiva |
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from: 30/12/2014 till: 12/09/2019 color:dpfi text:"[[ʻAkilisi Pōhiva]]" |
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bar:Sika |
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from: 12/09/2019 till: 08/10/2019 color:dpfi text:"[[Semisi Sika]] (acting)" |
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bar:Tu'i'onetoa |
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from: 08/10/2019 till: 27/12/2021 color:tppi text:"[[Pōhiva Tuʻiʻonetoa]]" |
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bar:Sovaleni |
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from: 27/12/2021 till: $today color:independent text:"[[Siaosi Sovaleni]]" |
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}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Tonga]] |
* [[Politics of Tonga]] |
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* |
* [[List of monarchs of Tonga]] |
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**[[List of monarchs of Tonga]] |
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*[[Lists of office-holders]] |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Tonga.html |
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Tonga.html Prime Minister of Tonga] at [[World Statesman (Encyclopedia)|World Statesman Encyclopedia]] |
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{{Prime |
{{Prime ministers of Tonga}} |
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{{Tonga topics}} |
{{Tonga topics}} |
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{{Heads of state and government of Oceania}} |
{{Heads of state and government of Oceania}} |
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[[Category:Government of Tonga]] |
[[Category:Government of Tonga]] |
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[[Category:Lists of prime ministers by country|Tonga, Prime Minister of]] |
[[Category:Lists of prime ministers by country|Tonga, Prime Minister of]] |
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[[Category:Prime |
[[Category:Prime ministers of Tonga| ]] |
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[[Category:Tonga-related lists|Prime Minister]] |
[[Category:Tonga politics-related lists|Prime Minister]] |
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[[Category:1876 establishments in Tonga]] |
[[Category:1876 establishments in Tonga]] |
Latest revision as of 01:00, 1 June 2024
Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Tonga | |
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Palemia ʻo Tonga (Tongan) | |
Style | The Honourable |
Status | Head of government |
Abbreviation | PM |
Member of | |
Seat | Nuku’alofa |
Appointer | King of Tonga |
Constituting instrument | Constitution of Tonga |
Inaugural holder | Tēvita ʻUnga (Premier) Fatafehi Tuʻipelehake (Prime Minister) |
Formation | 1876 (Premier) 1970 (Prime Minister) |
Deputy | Deputy Prime Minister of Tonga |
Salary | T$ 94,500/US$ 40,212 annually[1] |
Website | https://pmo.gov.to/ |
Constitution |
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Administrative divisions |
The prime minister of Tonga (historically referred to as the premier) is the country's head of government. Tonga is a monarchy with the king, currently Tupou VI, former prime minister, as head of state.[2] The current prime minister is Siaosi Sovaleni, who was elected on 15 December 2021 and appointed on 27 December 2021.[3] Sovaleni was elected with 16 votes.[4][5][6]
The office of prime minister was established by the Constitution of 1875, whose article 51 stipulates that the prime minister and other ministers are appointed and dismissed by the king.[7]
The prime minister is assisted by the deputy prime minister.
2000s democratization[edit]
During the 2000s, the country experienced an increase in democratization. In March 2006, King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV appointed Feleti Sevele, a moderate member of the Human Rights and Democracy Movement, as prime minister. Sevele was the first commoner to hold this post since Shirley Waldemar Baker in 1881. All the prime ministers since Baker had been members of the nobility, or even the royal family.[8]
In July 2008, King George Tupou V announced more substantial democratic reforms. He would abandon the essential part of his executive powers, and would henceforth follow the custom of monarchies such as the United Kingdom, exercising his prerogatives only with the prime minister's advice. In addition, he would no longer appoint the prime minister anyone he wished, but would appoint a member of the Legislative Assembly to be elected by the Legislative Assembly.[9][10][11]
List of premiers/prime ministers of Tonga (1876–1879)[edit]
No. | Portrait | Name | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Party | Monarch |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tēvita ʻUnga (c. 1824–1879) | Crown Prince1 January 1876 | 18 December 1879 † | 3 years, 351 days | Independent | George Tupou I | |
Vacant (18 December 1879 – April 1881) | |||||||
2 | Shirley Waldemar Baker (1836–1903) | Rev.April 1881 | July 1890 | 9 years, 3 months | Independent | George Tupou I | |
3 | Siaosi Tukuʻaho (1854–1897) | July 1890 | 1893 | 2–3 years | Independent | George Tupou I | |
4 | Siosateki Veikune (1853–1913) | 1893 | January 1905 | 11–12 years | Independent | George Tupou II | |
5 | Siaosi Tuʻi Pelehake (1842–1912) | January 1905 | January 1905 | 0 months | Independent | George Tupou II | |
6 | Sione Tupou Mateialona (1852–1925) | January 1905 | 30 September 1912 | 7 years, 7 months | Independent | George Tupou II | |
7 | Tevita Tuʻivakano (1869–1923) | 30 September 1912 | 30 June 1923 | 10 years, 304 days | Independent | George Tupou II Sālote Tupou III | |
8 | Viliami Tungī Mailefihi CBE (1887–1941) | Prince30 June 1923 | 20 July 1941 | 18 years, 20 days | Independent | Sālote Tupou III | |
9 | Solomone Ula Ata OBE (1883–1950) | 20 July 1941 | 12 December 1949 | 8 years, 145 days | Independent | Sālote Tupou III | |
10 | Tupoutoʻa Tungī KBE (1918–2006) [a] | Crown Prince12 December 1949 | 16 December 1965 | 16 years, 4 days | Independent | Sālote Tupou III | |
11 | Fatafehi Tuʻipelehake CBE (1922–1999) | Prince16 December 1965 | 22 August 1991 | 25 years, 249 days | Independent | Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV | |
12 | Baron Vaea (1921–2009) | 22 August 1991 | 3 January 2000 | 8 years, 134 days | Independent | Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV | |
13 | ʻAhoʻeitu ʻUnuakiʻotonga Tukuʻaho (born 1959) [b] | Prince3 January 2000 | 11 February 2006 | 6 years, 39 days | Independent | Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV | |
14 | Lord Sevele of Vailahi (born 1944) | 30 March 2006 | 22 December 2010 | 4 years, 314 days | HRDM | Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV George Tupou V | |
15 | Lord Tuʻivakanō (born 1952) | 22 December 2010 | 30 December 2014 | 4 years, 8 days | Independent | George Tupou V Tupou VI | |
16 | ʻAkilisi Pōhiva (1941–2019) | 30 December 2014 | 12 September 2019 † | 4 years, 256 days | DPFI | Tupou VI | |
— | Semisi Sika (born 1968) Acting | 12 September 2019 | 8 October 2019 | 26 days | DPFI | Tupou VI | |
17 | Pōhiva Tuʻiʻonetoa (1951–2023) | 8 October 2019 | 27 December 2021 | 2 years, 80 days | TPPI | Tupou VI | |
18 | Siaosi Sovaleni (born 1970) | 27 December 2021 | Incumbent | 2 years, 184 days | Independent | Tupou VI |
Timeline[edit]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "New Public Service Remuneration Structure Approved by the Government of Tonga". www.mic.gov.to.
- ^ "The Executive government ", Tonga government
- ^ "King Tupou VI appoints new Prime Minister". Matangi Tonga. 28 December 2021. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
- ^ "Emotional, Siaosi Sovaleni elected PM Designate". Matangi Tonga. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
- ^ "MPs choose Siaosi Sovaleni as new prime minister". Kaniva Tonga. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
- ^ "Two nominees for PM Designate revealed, meeting underway". Matangi Tonga. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
- ^ Constitution of Tonga Archived 19 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Tonga gets first elected leader", BBC, 13 February 2006
- ^ "Tonga's king to cede key powers", BBC, 29 July 2008
- ^ "Tongan king promises 'more democracy' for Pacific island", The Guardian, 29 July 2008
- ^ "King of Tonga prepares to give up power", The Telegraph, 11 July 2010