Portico: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Type of porch}} |
{{Short description|Type of porch}} |
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{{distinguish|Porticus}} |
{{distinguish|Porticus|Portego}} |
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{{other uses}} |
{{other uses}} |
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{{more citations needed|article|date=December 2007}} |
{{more citations needed|article|date=December 2007}} |
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[[File:Peripteros-Plan-Pronaos-bjs.png|225px|thumb|Temple diagram with location of the pronaos highlighted]] |
[[File:Peripteros-Plan-Pronaos-bjs.png|225px|thumb|Temple diagram with location of the pronaos highlighted]] |
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A '''portico''' is a [[porch]] leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a [[colonnade]], with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by [[column]]s or enclosed by walls. This idea was widely used in [[ancient Greece]] and has influenced many cultures, including most Western cultures. |
A '''portico''' is a [[porch]] leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a [[colonnade]], with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by [[column]]s or enclosed by walls. This idea was widely used in [[ancient Greece]] and has influenced many cultures, including most [[Western world|Western cultures]]. |
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Porticos are sometimes topped with [[pediments]]. <!-- [[Bologna]], [[Italy]], is famous for its porticos. In total, there are over {{convert|45|km|0|abbr=on}} of [[Arcade (architecture)|arcades]], some 38 in the city center. The longest portico in the world, about {{convert|3.5|km|0|abbr=on}}, extends from the edge of the city to [[Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca, Bologna|Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca]]. In [[Bologna]], [[Italy]], porticos stretch for {{convert|18|km|0|abbr=on}}. [There appears to be some confusion here, perhaps with ''arcade''.] --> |
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[[Palladio]] was a pioneer of using temple-fronts for secular buildings. In the [[UK]], the temple-front applied to [[The Vyne]], Hampshire, was the first portico applied to an [[English country house]]. |
[[Palladio]] was a pioneer of using temple-fronts for secular buildings. In the [[UK]], the temple-front applied to [[The Vyne]], Hampshire, was the first portico applied to an [[English country house]]. |
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A '''pronaos''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|p|r|oʊ|ˈ|n|eɪ|.|ɒ|s}} or {{IPAc-en|US|p|r|oʊ|ˈ|n|eɪ|.|ə|s}}) is the inner area of the portico of a [[Greek temple|Greek]] or [[Roman temple]], situated between the portico's colonnade or walls and the entrance to the ''[[cella]]'', or shrine. Roman temples commonly had an open pronaos, usually with only columns and no walls, and the pronaos could be as long as the ''cella''. The word ''pronaos'' ({{lang|grc|{{Script|Grek|πρόναος}}}}) is [[Greek language|Greek]] for "before a temple". In [[Latin]], a pronaos is also referred to as an ''anticum'' or ''prodomus''. |
A '''pronaos''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|p|r|oʊ|ˈ|n|eɪ|.|ɒ|s}} or {{IPAc-en|US|p|r|oʊ|ˈ|n|eɪ|.|ə|s}}) is the inner area of the portico of a [[Greek temple|Greek]] or [[Roman temple]], situated between the portico's colonnade or walls and the entrance to the ''[[cella]]'', or shrine. Roman temples commonly had an open pronaos, usually with only columns and no walls, and the pronaos could be as long as the ''cella''. The word ''pronaos'' ({{lang|grc|{{Script|Grek|πρόναος}}}}) is [[Greek language|Greek]] for "before a temple". In [[Latin]], a pronaos is also referred to as an ''anticum'' or ''prodomus''. The pronaos of a Greek and Roman temple is typically topped with a pediment. |
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==Types== |
== Types == |
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The different variants of porticos are named by the number of columns they have. The "style" suffix comes from the Greek {{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|στῦλος}}}}, "column".<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Decastyle |volume=7 |page=910}}</ref> |
The different variants of porticos are named by the number of columns they have. The "style" suffix comes from the Greek {{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|στῦλος}}}}, "column".<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Decastyle |volume=7 |page=910}}</ref> In Greek and Roman architecture, the pronaos of a temple is typically topped with a [[pediment]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gates |first=Charles |title=Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome |date=2013 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=9781134676620 |location=New York |pages=209}}</ref> |
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===Tetrastyle=== |
=== Tetrastyle === |
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[[File: |
[[File:Temple of Portunus.jpg|thumb|[[Temple of Portunus]] in Rome, with its tetrastyle portico of four [[Ionic order|Ionic]] [[columns]]]] |
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The |
The tetrastyle has four columns; it was commonly employed by the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]] for small structures such as public buildings and [[amphiprostyle]]s. |
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The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] favoured the four columned portico for their [[pseudoperipteral]] temples like the [[Temple of Portunus]], and for amphiprostyle temples such as the [[Temple of Venus and Roma]], and for the [[prostyle]] entrance porticos of large public buildings like the [[Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine]]. Roman provincial capitals also manifested tetrastyle construction, such as the [[Capitoline Temple]] in [[Volubilis]]. |
The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] favoured the four columned portico for their [[pseudoperipteral]] temples like the [[Temple of Portunus]], and for amphiprostyle temples such as the [[Temple of Venus and Roma]], and for the [[prostyle]] entrance porticos of large public buildings like the [[Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine]]. Roman provincial capitals also manifested tetrastyle construction, such as the [[Capitoline Temple]] in [[Volubilis]]. |
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The North Portico of the [[White House]] is perhaps the most notable four-columned portico in the United States. |
The North Portico of the [[White House]] is perhaps the most notable four-columned portico in the United States. |
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===Hexastyle=== |
=== Hexastyle === |
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Hexastyle buildings had six columns and were the standard [[façade]] in canonical Greek [[Doric order|Doric]] architecture between the archaic period 600–550 BCE up to the [[Age of Pericles]] 450–430 BCE. |
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Some well-known examples of classical Doric hexastyle [[Greek temple]]s: |
Some well-known examples of classical Doric hexastyle [[Greek temple]]s: |
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* [[Paestum|The group at Paestum]] comprising the Temple of [[Hera]] (''c.'' 550 BCE), the Temple of [[Apollo]] (''c.'' 450 BCE), the first Temple of [[Athena]] ("Basilica") (''c.'' 500 BCE) and the second Temple of Hera ( |
* [[Paestum|The group at Paestum]] comprising the Temple of [[Hera]] (''c.'' 550 BCE), the Temple of [[Apollo]] (''c.'' 450 BCE), the first Temple of [[Athena]] ("Basilica") (''c.'' 500 BCE) and the second Temple of Hera (460–440 BCE) |
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* The [[Temple of Aphaea]] at [[Aegina]] ''c.'' 495 BCE |
* The [[Temple of Aphaea]] at [[Aegina]] ''c.'' 495 BCE |
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* Temple E at [[Selinus]] ( |
* Temple E at [[Selinus]] (465–450 BCE) dedicated to Hera |
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* The [[Temple of Zeus, Olympia|Temple of Zeus at Olympia]], now a ruin |
* The [[Temple of Zeus, Olympia|Temple of Zeus at Olympia]], now a ruin |
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* Temple F or the so-called "[[Temple of |
* Temple F or the so-called "[[Temple of Concordia]]" at [[Agrigentum]] (''c.'' 430 BCE), one of the best-preserved classical Greek temples, retaining almost all of its [[peristyle]] and [[entablature]] |
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* The "unfinished temple" at [[Segesta]] (''c.'' 430 BCE) |
* The "unfinished temple" at [[Segesta]] (''c.'' 430 BCE) |
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* The [[Temple of Hephaestus]] below the [[Acropolis]] at Athens, long known as the "Theseum" ( |
* The [[Temple of Hephaestus]] below the [[Acropolis]] at Athens, long known as the "Theseum" (449–444 BCE), also one of the most intact Greek temples surviving from antiquity |
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* The Temple of [[Poseidon]] on Cape [[Sunium]] (''c.'' 449 BCE)<ref>W. Burkert, ''Greek Religion'' (1987)</ref> |
* The Temple of [[Poseidon]] on Cape [[Sunium]] (''c.'' 449 BCE)<ref>W. Burkert, ''Greek Religion'' (1987)</ref> |
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Hexastyle was also applied to [[Ionic order|Ionic]] temples, such as the prostyle porch of the sanctuary of Athena on the [[Erechtheum]], at the [[Acropolis of Athens]]. |
Hexastyle was also applied to [[Ionic order|Ionic]] temples, such as the prostyle porch of the sanctuary of Athena on the [[Erechtheum]], at the [[Acropolis of Athens]]. |
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====Roman hexastyle==== |
==== Roman hexastyle ==== |
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With the colonization by the Greeks of [[Southern Italy]], hexastyle was adopted by the [[Etruscan civilization| |
With the colonization by the Greeks of [[Southern Italy]], hexastyle was adopted by the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]] and subsequently acquired by the [[Ancient Rome|ancient Romans]]. Roman taste favoured narrow [[pseudoperipteral]] and [[amphiprostyle]] buildings with tall columns, raised on [[podium]]s for the added pomp and grandeur conferred by considerable height. The [[Maison Carrée]] at [[Nîmes]], [[France]], is the best-preserved Roman hexastyle temple surviving from [[Classical antiquity|antiquity]]. |
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===Octastyle=== |
=== Octastyle === |
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[[File:The Parthenon (3472367103).jpg|thumb |
[[File:The Parthenon (3472367103).jpg|thumb|The western side of the octastyle [[Parthenon]] in Athens]] |
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⚫ | Octastyle buildings had eight columns; they were considerably rarer than the hexastyle ones in the classical Greek architectural [[Canon (basic principle)|canon]]. The best-known octastyle buildings surviving from antiquity are the [[Parthenon]] in [[Athens]], built during the Age of Pericles (450–430 BCE), and the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] in [[Rome]] (125 CE). The destroyed [[Temple of Divus Augustus]] in Rome, the centre of the [[Augustus|Augustan]] cult, is shown on Roman coins of the 2nd century CE as having been built in octastyle. |
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The only known Roman decastyle portico is on the [[Temple of Venus and Roma]], built by Hadrian in about 130 CE.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sturgis, Russell |year=1901 |chapter=Decastyle |title=A Dictionary of Architecture and Building: Biographical, Historical and Descriptive |publisher=Macmillan |volume=1 |page=755 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdkjAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA755 }}</ref> |
The only known Roman decastyle portico is on the [[Temple of Venus and Roma]], built by Hadrian in about 130 CE.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sturgis, Russell |year=1901 |chapter=Decastyle |title=A Dictionary of Architecture and Building: Biographical, Historical and Descriptive |publisher=Macmillan |volume=1 |page=755 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdkjAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA755 }}</ref> |
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==Gallery== |
== Gallery == |
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<center> |
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<gallery widths="170"> |
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Κνωσός 0624.jpg|[[Minoan civilization#Architecture|Minoan]] portico of the [[Knossos]] Palace ([[Crete]], Greece) |
Κνωσός 0624.jpg|[[Minoan civilization#Architecture|Minoan]] portico of the [[Knossos]] Palace ([[Crete]], Greece) |
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Athens Acropolis Temple of Athena 02.jpg|[[Ancient Greek architecture|Ancient Greek]] portico with [[Ionic order|Ionic]] columns of the [[Temple of Athena Nike]] ([[Athens]], Greece) |
Athens Acropolis Temple of Athena 02.jpg|[[Ancient Greek architecture|Ancient Greek]] portico with [[Ionic order|Ionic]] columns of the [[Temple of Athena Nike]] ([[Athens]], Greece) |
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⚫ | File:Model of an Etruscan temple, it was constructed between 1889 and 1890 on the basis of the ruins found in Alatri, National Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia, Rome (32614445355).jpg|[[Etruscan architecture|Etruscan]] portico of a temple model (now in [[National Etruscan Museum]] of [[Villa Giulia]], Rome) |
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⚫ | File:Model of an Etruscan temple, it was constructed between 1889 and 1890 on the basis of the ruins found in Alatri, National Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia, Rome (32614445355).jpg|[[Etruscan architecture|Etruscan]] portico of a temple model |
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Maison Carree in Nimes (11).jpg|[[Ancient Roman architecture|Ancient Roman]] portico of the [[Maison Carrée]] ([[Nîmes]], France) |
Maison Carree in Nimes (11).jpg|[[Ancient Roman architecture|Ancient Roman]] portico of the [[Maison Carrée]] ([[Nîmes]], France) |
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La Grande Mosquée de Kairouan 05.JPG|[[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] portico of the [[Great Mosque of Kairouan]] ([[Kairouan]], [[Tunisia]]) |
La Grande Mosquée de Kairouan 05.JPG|[[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] portico of the [[Great Mosque of Kairouan]] ([[Kairouan]], [[Tunisia]]) |
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1Temple 17 - Buddhist Monument - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4493-2.jpg|[[Indian architecture|Indian]] portico of the Sanchi Temple 17 ([[Sanchi]], India) |
1Temple 17 - Buddhist Monument - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4493-2.jpg|[[Indian architecture|Indian]] portico of the Sanchi Temple 17 ([[Sanchi]], India) |
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Forbiddencityviewpic13.jpg|[[Chinese architecture|Chinese]] portico of the [[Forbidden City]] ([[Beijing]], China) |
Forbiddencityviewpic13.jpg|[[Chinese architecture|Chinese]] portico of the [[Forbidden City]] ([[Beijing]], China) |
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Chartres Cathedral North Porch NW 2007 08 31.jpg|[[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] portico of the [[Chartres Cathedral]] ([[Chartres]], France) |
Chartres Cathedral North Porch NW 2007 08 31.jpg|[[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] portico of the [[Chartres Cathedral]] ([[Chartres]], France) |
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4, Strada Stavropoleos, Bucharest (Romania) 1.jpg|[[Brâncovenesc style|Brâncovenesc]] portico of the [[Stavropoleos Monastery|Stavropoleos Church]] ([[Bucharest]], [[Romania]]) |
4, Strada Stavropoleos, Bucharest (Romania) 1.jpg|[[Brâncovenesc style|Brâncovenesc]] portico of the [[Stavropoleos Monastery|Stavropoleos Church]] ([[Bucharest]], [[Romania]]) |
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07-Villa-Rotonda-Palladio.jpg|[[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] portico of the [[Villa Capra "La Rotonda"]] ([[Vicenza]], [[Veneto]], Italy) |
07-Villa-Rotonda-Palladio.jpg|[[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] portico of the [[Villa Capra "La Rotonda"]] ([[Vicenza]], [[Veneto]], Italy) |
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P1040021 Paris Ier Palais du Louvre façade orientale rwk.JPG|[[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] porticos of the [[Louvre Colonnade]] (Paris) |
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Paris Val-de-Grâce Kirche Fassade 15.jpg|[[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] portico of the [[Val-de-Grâce (church)|Church of the Val-de-Grâce]] (Paris) |
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File:Petit Trianon, théâtre de la Reine, entrée.jpg|[[Louis XVI style|Louis XVI]] portico of the Théâtre de la reine, part of the [[Petit Trianon]] (France) |
File:Petit Trianon, théâtre de la Reine, entrée.jpg|[[Louis XVI style|Louis XVI]] portico of the Théâtre de la reine, part of the [[Petit Trianon]] (France) |
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55, Strada Romulus, Bucharest (Romania) 2.jpg|19th century [[Eclecticism in architecture|Eclectic]] Classicist portico of house no. 55 on Strada Romulus (Bucharest) |
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29, Strada Matei Basarab, Bucharest (Romania).jpg|[[Romanian Revival architecture|Romanian Revival]] portico of the Ștefan Lilovici House (Bucharest) |
29, Strada Matei Basarab, Bucharest (Romania).jpg|[[Romanian Revival architecture|Romanian Revival]] portico of the Ștefan Lilovici House (Bucharest) |
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File:Bologna san luca-5.jpg|The Portico of San Luca in [[Bologna]], [[Italy]], which is possibly the world's longest.<ref>{{cite news|last=Caird|first=Joe|title=Bologna city guide: top five sights|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/citybreaks/4223609/Bologna-city-guide-top-five-sights.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/citybreaks/4223609/Bologna-city-guide-top-five-sights.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=1 June 2013|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=16 January 2009}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==See also== |
== See also == |
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{{div col}} |
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* |
* {{Annotated link |Classical architecture}} |
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*[[Gate house]] |
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* {{Annotated link |Cloister}} |
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*[[Gate tower]] |
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* {{Annotated link |Gatehouse}} |
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* {{Annotated link |Gate tower}} |
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*[[Hypostyle]] |
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* {{Annotated link |Hypostyle}} |
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*[[Loggia]] |
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* {{Annotated link |Loggia}} |
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*[[Stoa]] |
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* |
* {{Annotated link |Porte-cochère}} |
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* {{Annotated link |Stoa}} |
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* {{Annotated link |Veranda}} |
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{{div col end}} |
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== |
== Citations == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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== General and cited references == |
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==References== |
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* {{cite encyclopedia |article=Greek architecture |title=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |year=1968 }} |
* {{cite encyclopedia |article=Greek architecture |title=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |year=1968 }} |
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* {{cite book |author=Stierlin, Henri |title=Greece: From Mycenae to the Parthenon |publisher=[[Taschen]] |year=2004 |editor=Angelika Taschen |editor-link=Angelika Taschen |place=Cologne |isbn=3-8228-1225-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/greecefrommycena0000stie }} |
* {{cite book |author=Stierlin, Henri |title=Greece: From Mycenae to the Parthenon |publisher=[[Taschen]] |year=2004 |editor=Angelika Taschen |editor-link=Angelika Taschen |place=Cologne |isbn=3-8228-1225-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/greecefrommycena0000stie }} |
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* {{cite book |author=Stierlin, Henri |title=The Roman Empire: From the Etruscans to the Decline of the Roman Empire |publisher=[[Taschen]] |year=2002 |editor=Silvia Kinkle |place=Cologne|isbn=3-8228-1778-3 }} |
* {{cite book |author=Stierlin, Henri |title=The Roman Empire: From the Etruscans to the Decline of the Roman Empire |publisher=[[Taschen]] |year=2002 |editor=Silvia Kinkle |place=Cologne|isbn=3-8228-1778-3 }} |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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{{Wiktionary|portico}} |
{{Wiktionary|portico}} |
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{{Room}} |
{{Room}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Ancient Roman architectural elements]] |
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[[Category:Architectural elements]] |
[[Category:Architectural elements]] |
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[[Category:Columns and entablature]] |
[[Category:Columns and entablature]] |
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[[Category:Porticos| ]] |
Latest revision as of 23:18, 27 May 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2007) |
A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. This idea was widely used in ancient Greece and has influenced many cultures, including most Western cultures.
Porticos are sometimes topped with pediments. Palladio was a pioneer of using temple-fronts for secular buildings. In the UK, the temple-front applied to The Vyne, Hampshire, was the first portico applied to an English country house.
A pronaos (UK: /proʊˈneɪ.ɒs/ or US: /proʊˈneɪ.əs/) is the inner area of the portico of a Greek or Roman temple, situated between the portico's colonnade or walls and the entrance to the cella, or shrine. Roman temples commonly had an open pronaos, usually with only columns and no walls, and the pronaos could be as long as the cella. The word pronaos (πρόναος) is Greek for "before a temple". In Latin, a pronaos is also referred to as an anticum or prodomus. The pronaos of a Greek and Roman temple is typically topped with a pediment.
Types
[edit]The different variants of porticos are named by the number of columns they have. The "style" suffix comes from the Greek στῦλος, "column".[1] In Greek and Roman architecture, the pronaos of a temple is typically topped with a pediment.[2]
Tetrastyle
[edit]The tetrastyle has four columns; it was commonly employed by the Greeks and the Etruscans for small structures such as public buildings and amphiprostyles.
The Romans favoured the four columned portico for their pseudoperipteral temples like the Temple of Portunus, and for amphiprostyle temples such as the Temple of Venus and Roma, and for the prostyle entrance porticos of large public buildings like the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine. Roman provincial capitals also manifested tetrastyle construction, such as the Capitoline Temple in Volubilis.
The North Portico of the White House is perhaps the most notable four-columned portico in the United States.
Hexastyle
[edit]Hexastyle buildings had six columns and were the standard façade in canonical Greek Doric architecture between the archaic period 600–550 BCE up to the Age of Pericles 450–430 BCE.
Greek hexastyle
[edit]Some well-known examples of classical Doric hexastyle Greek temples:
- The group at Paestum comprising the Temple of Hera (c. 550 BCE), the Temple of Apollo (c. 450 BCE), the first Temple of Athena ("Basilica") (c. 500 BCE) and the second Temple of Hera (460–440 BCE)
- The Temple of Aphaea at Aegina c. 495 BCE
- Temple E at Selinus (465–450 BCE) dedicated to Hera
- The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, now a ruin
- Temple F or the so-called "Temple of Concordia" at Agrigentum (c. 430 BCE), one of the best-preserved classical Greek temples, retaining almost all of its peristyle and entablature
- The "unfinished temple" at Segesta (c. 430 BCE)
- The Temple of Hephaestus below the Acropolis at Athens, long known as the "Theseum" (449–444 BCE), also one of the most intact Greek temples surviving from antiquity
- The Temple of Poseidon on Cape Sunium (c. 449 BCE)[3]
Hexastyle was also applied to Ionic temples, such as the prostyle porch of the sanctuary of Athena on the Erechtheum, at the Acropolis of Athens.
Roman hexastyle
[edit]With the colonization by the Greeks of Southern Italy, hexastyle was adopted by the Etruscans and subsequently acquired by the ancient Romans. Roman taste favoured narrow pseudoperipteral and amphiprostyle buildings with tall columns, raised on podiums for the added pomp and grandeur conferred by considerable height. The Maison Carrée at Nîmes, France, is the best-preserved Roman hexastyle temple surviving from antiquity.
Octastyle
[edit]Octastyle buildings had eight columns; they were considerably rarer than the hexastyle ones in the classical Greek architectural canon. The best-known octastyle buildings surviving from antiquity are the Parthenon in Athens, built during the Age of Pericles (450–430 BCE), and the Pantheon in Rome (125 CE). The destroyed Temple of Divus Augustus in Rome, the centre of the Augustan cult, is shown on Roman coins of the 2nd century CE as having been built in octastyle.
Decastyle
[edit]The decastyle has ten columns; as in the temple of Apollo Didymaeus at Miletus, and the portico of University College London.[1]
The only known Roman decastyle portico is on the Temple of Venus and Roma, built by Hadrian in about 130 CE.[4]
Gallery
[edit]-
Baroque porticos of the Louvre Colonnade (Paris)
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Louis XVI portico of the Théâtre de la reine, part of the Petit Trianon (France)
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Neoclassical portico of the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur (Paris)
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Romanian Revival portico of the Ștefan Lilovici House (Bucharest)
See also
[edit]- Classical architecture – Architectural style, inspired by classical Greco-Roman architectural principles
- Cloister – Open space surrounded by covered walks or open galleries
- Gatehouse – Entry control building
- Gate tower – Fortified tower at a major gateway
- Hypostyle – Hall with a roof supported by columns
- Loggia – Covered exterior gallery, one side open
- Outline of classical architecture – Architectural style, inspired by classical Greco-Roman architectural principles
- Portal (architecture) – Access opening in a wall of a structure
- Porte-cochère – Roofed shelter outside a doorway
- Stoa – Covered walkway in ancient Greece
- Veranda – Roofed, open-air hallway or porch
Citations
[edit]- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 910.
- ^ Gates, Charles (2013). Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. New York: Taylor and Francis. p. 209. ISBN 9781134676620.
- ^ W. Burkert, Greek Religion (1987)
- ^ Sturgis, Russell (1901). "Decastyle". A Dictionary of Architecture and Building: Biographical, Historical and Descriptive. Vol. 1. Macmillan. p. 755.
- ^ Caird, Joe (16 January 2009). "Bologna city guide: top five sights". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
General and cited references
[edit]- "Greek architecture". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1968.
- Stierlin, Henri (2004). Angelika Taschen (ed.). Greece: From Mycenae to the Parthenon. Cologne: Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-1225-0.
- Stierlin, Henri (2002). Silvia Kinkle (ed.). The Roman Empire: From the Etruscans to the Decline of the Roman Empire. Cologne: Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-1778-3.