Karay-a language: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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| name = Karay-a |
| name = Karay-a |
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| altname = Harayan<ref name=reid2017>{{cite web|date=2017|url=https://www2.hawaii.edu/~reid/Combined%20Files/A94.%202017.%20Revisiting%20the%20Position%20of%20Philippine%20Languages%20in%20the%20Austronesian%20Family.pdf|title=Revisiting the Position of Philippine Languages in the Austronesian Family|last=Reid|first=Lawrence A.|website=[[De La Salle University|De La Salle University, Manila]]}}</ref> |
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| altname = Kinaray-a |
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| nativename = '' |
| nativename = ''Kinaray-a'', ''Hiniraya'', ''Binisaya nga Karay-a'' |
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| states = [[Philippines]] |
| states = [[Philippines]] |
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| region = [[Antique (province)|Antique]], southern-inland [[Iloilo]], southern part of [[Guimaras]], southern [[Aklan]], [[Occidental Mindoro]] particularly in [[Ilin Island]], western [[Capiz]], and a few parts of [[Soccsksargen]] |
| region = [[Antique (province)|Antique]], southern-inland [[Iloilo]], southern part of [[Guimaras]], southern [[Aklan]], [[Occidental Mindoro]] particularly in [[Ilin Island]], western [[Capiz]], and a few parts of [[Soccsksargen]] |
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The '''Karay-a language''', |
The '''Karay-a language''' ({{lang-krj|label=none|Kinaray-a}}, {{lang-krj|label=none|Binisayâ nga Kinaray-a}} or {{lang-krj|label=none|Hinaraya}}; {{lang-en|Harayan}})<ref name=reid2017/><!--Kinaray-a is the official name of the language locally and as it is recognized in Ethnologue and ISO 639:3-2007 which is also featured in ISO 639:k page here in Wikipedia. Moreso, Karay-a generally refers to the speakers of the Kinaray-a Language.--> is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] [[regional language]] spoken by the [[Karay-a people]], mainly in [[Antique (province)|Antique]] in the [[Philippines]], [[Iloilo]] and other provinces on the island of [[Panay]], as well as portions of the [[Soccsksargen]] region in Mindanao. |
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It is one of the [[Bisayan languages]], mainly along with [[Aklanon language|Aklanon/Malaynon]], [[Capiznon language|Capiznon]] and [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]]. |
It is one of the [[Bisayan languages]], mainly along with [[Aklanon language|Aklanon/Malaynon]], [[Capiznon language|Capiznon]] and [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]]. |
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==Geographical distribution== |
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==Location== |
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Kinaray-a is spoken mainly in [[Antique (province)|Antique]]. It <!--Kinaray-a is the official name of the language locally and as it is recognized in Ethnologue and ISO 639:3-2007 which is also featured in ISO 639:k page here in Wikipedia. Moreso, Karay-a generally refers to the speakers of the Kinaray-a Language.--> is also spoken in [[Iloilo]] province mainly in the city of [[Passi City|Passi]], in the municipalities of [[Alimodian]], [[San Joaquin, Iloilo|San Joaquin]], [[Lambunao]], [[Calinog, Iloilo|Calinog]], [[Leon, Iloilo|Leon]], [[Miag-ao]], [[Pavia, Iloilo|Pavia]], [[Badiangan]], [[San Miguel, Iloilo|San Miguel]], [[Guimbal, Iloilo|Guimbal]], [[San Enrique, Iloilo|San Enrique]], [[Tigbauan]], [[Igbaras]], [[Leganes, Iloilo|Leganes]], [[Pototan]], [[Bingawan]], [[San Rafael, Iloilo|San Rafael]], [[Mina, Iloilo|Mina]], [[Zarraga]], [[Oton]], [[Santa Barbara, Iloilo|Santa Barbara]], [[Cabatuan, Iloilo|Cabatuan]], [[Janiuay]], [[Maasin]], [[New Lucena]], [[Dueñas, Iloilo|Dueñas]], [[Dingle, Iloilo|Dingle]], and [[Tubungan]], and certain villages in [[Mindanao]] – especially in the [[Soccsksargen]] region by citizens who trace their roots to [[Antique (province)|Antique]] or to Karay-a-speaking areas of Panay island (particularly the province of [[Sultan Kudarat]]). Inhabitants of most towns across the latter areas speak Kinaray-a while [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] is predominant around coastal areas particularly in Iloilo. It is also spoken in [[Iloilo City]] by a minority and parts of [[Capiz]] and [[Aklan]] province, as well as [[Guimaras]]. |
Kinaray-a is spoken mainly in [[Antique (province)|Antique]]. It <!--Kinaray-a is the official name of the language locally and as it is recognized in Ethnologue and ISO 639:3-2007 which is also featured in ISO 639:k page here in Wikipedia. Moreso, Karay-a generally refers to the speakers of the Kinaray-a Language.--> is also spoken in [[Iloilo]] province mainly in the city of [[Passi City|Passi]], in the municipalities of [[Alimodian]], [[San Joaquin, Iloilo|San Joaquin]], [[Lambunao]], [[Calinog, Iloilo|Calinog]], [[Leon, Iloilo|Leon]], [[Miag-ao]], [[Pavia, Iloilo|Pavia]], [[Badiangan]], [[San Miguel, Iloilo|San Miguel]], [[Guimbal, Iloilo|Guimbal]], [[San Enrique, Iloilo|San Enrique]], [[Tigbauan]], [[Igbaras]], [[Leganes, Iloilo|Leganes]], [[Pototan]], [[Bingawan]], [[San Rafael, Iloilo|San Rafael]], [[Mina, Iloilo|Mina]], [[Zarraga]], [[Oton]], [[Santa Barbara, Iloilo|Santa Barbara]], [[Cabatuan, Iloilo|Cabatuan]], [[Janiuay]], [[Maasin]], [[New Lucena]], [[Dueñas, Iloilo|Dueñas]], [[Dingle, Iloilo|Dingle]], and [[Tubungan]], and certain villages in [[Mindanao]] – especially in the [[Soccsksargen]] region by citizens who trace their roots to [[Antique (province)|Antique]] or to Karay-a-speaking areas of Panay island (particularly the province of [[Sultan Kudarat]]). Inhabitants of most towns across the latter areas speak Kinaray-a while [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] is predominant around coastal areas particularly in Iloilo. It is also spoken in [[Iloilo City]] by a minority and parts of [[Capiz]] and [[Aklan]] province, as well as [[Guimaras]]. |
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⚫ | Due to geographic proximity and mass media Kinaray-a-speakers can understand [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] (also known as Ilonggo) speakers. However, only Hiligaynon speakers who reside in Kinaray-a-speaking areas can understand the language. Those who come from other areas, like [[Negros Island Region|Negros islanders]], have difficulty in understanding the language, only if they can at all. |
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There has not been much linguistic study on the dialects of Kinaray-a. Speakers both of Kinaray-a and Hiligaynon would however admit to hearing the differences in the ways by which Kinaray-a speakers from different towns speak.<ref name=peña2019>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336319347_Aspect_in_Pototan_Kinaray-a|last=Sosa Peña|first=Andrew Rey|date=2019|doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.91520|title=Aspect in Pototan Kinaray-a}}</ref> Differences in vocabulary can also observed between and among the dialects. |
There has not been much linguistic study on the dialects of Kinaray-a. Speakers both of Kinaray-a and Hiligaynon would however admit to hearing the differences in the ways by which Kinaray-a speakers from different towns speak.<ref name=peña2019>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336319347_Aspect_in_Pototan_Kinaray-a|last=Sosa Peña|first=Andrew Rey|date=2019|doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.91520|title=Aspect in Pototan Kinaray-a}}</ref> Differences in vocabulary can also observed between and among the dialects. |
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The differences and the degrees by which the dialects differ from each other depend largely on the area's proximity to another different language-speaking area. Thus, in Antique, there are, on the northern parts, varieties that are similar to [[Aklanon language|Aklanon]], the language of Aklan, its neighbor on the north. On the south, in Iloilo towns on the other hand, the dialects closely resemble that of the standard Kinaray-a spoken in [[San Jose de Buenavista]], lowland [[Sibalom]] and [[Hamtic]]. A distinct dialect of Karay-a is spoken in central Iloilo where a lot of Hiligaynon loanwords are used and some Kinaray-a words are pronounced harder as in "rigya" or "ja" (here) of southern Iloilo and San José de Buenavista area as compared to "giya" of Janiuay, Santa Barbara, and nearby towns. Two highly accented dialects of Kinaray-a can be heard in Anini-y and Dao in Antique and San Joaquin, Leon, and Tubungan in Iloilo. |
The differences and the degrees by which the dialects differ from each other depend largely on the area's proximity to another different language-speaking area. Thus, in Antique, there are, on the northern parts, varieties that are similar to [[Aklanon language|Aklanon]], the language of Aklan, its neighbor on the north. On the south, in Iloilo towns on the other hand, the dialects closely resemble that of the standard Kinaray-a spoken in [[San Jose de Buenavista]], lowland [[Sibalom]] and [[Hamtic]]. A distinct dialect of Karay-a is spoken in central Iloilo where a lot of Hiligaynon loanwords are used and some Kinaray-a words are pronounced harder as in "rigya" or "ja" (here) of southern Iloilo and San José de Buenavista area as compared to "giya" of Janiuay, Santa Barbara, and nearby towns. Two highly accented dialects of Kinaray-a can be heard in Anini-y and Dao in Antique and San Joaquin, Leon, and Tubungan in Iloilo. |
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Some dialects differ only on consonant preference like y vs h. e.g. bayi/bahi (girl) or l vs r e.g. wala/wara. Some have distinct differences like sayëd/kadë (ugly) and rangga/gëba (defective). |
Some dialects differ only on consonant preference like y vs h. e.g. bayi/bahi (girl) or l vs r e.g. wala/wara. Some have distinct differences like sayëd/kadë (ugly) and rangga/gëba (defective). |
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⚫ | Due to geographic proximity and mass media Kinaray-a-speakers can understand [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] (also known as Ilonggo) speakers. However, only Hiligaynon speakers who reside in Kinaray-a-speaking areas can understand the language. Those who come from other areas, like [[Negros Island Region|Negros islanders]], have difficulty in understanding the language, only if they can at all. |
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⚫ | There are two official orthographic conventions currently in use: a four-vowel-grapheme system released by the {{ill|Komisyon sa Polong Kinaray·a|ceb}} in 2016 in coordination with the [[Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]] (KWF),<ref name=pefianco&al2016>{{cite book|url=https://www.dungugkinaray-a.com/libro/ortograpiya-kinaray-a|title=Ortograpiya Kinaray-a|isbn=978-1540619891|last=R. Pefianco|first=Anna Cecilia|publisher=Innobril|location=[[New York City|New York]]|first2=Danny|last2=S. Tabuyan|first3=Felicia|last3=M. Flores|first4=Cornelio|last4=V. Ysúlat|first5=Ritchie|last5=D. Pagunsan|year=2016}}</ref> and a six-vowel-grapheme system recommended by the KWF in 2018.<ref name= |
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⚫ | {{quote|[[Spelling reform|Harmonization]] is not compulsory for older users of the language or individual organizations; it is specifically aimed at helping the [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education]] and teachers to teach any of the [[List of regional languages of the Philippines|native languages]]. Other organizations are free to adopt their own stylebook in their own publications.}} |
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The following are the Kinaray-a vowels: Aa, Ee, Əə (Ëë in the national orthography), Ii, Oo, and Uu. As a rule, there are as many syllables as there are vowels. Except for the vowel Əə/Ëë, all other vowels are pronounced like any Filipino vowel letters are pronounced. |
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Vowel letters when combined do not create a [[Diphthong|different vowel sound]]. Each vowel indicates a separate syllable. There are as many vowels as there are syllables. |
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It is a common error to equate the vowel "i" with the consonant "y" and vice versa. For example, the word "balunggay" is spelled by some as "balunggai" or "kambyo" as "kambio". Also an error is equating "o" with "w" especially if it comes after letter "a". "lanaw" becomes ''lanao'' or ''tuáw'' become ''tuao''. On the other hand, letter "w" is equated with letter "u" as in rweda written as rueda or pwede written as puede. They are erroneous since they violate the basic rule that Kinaray-a vowels do not combine with another vowel to form a new sound. |
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The vowels "e" and "u" introduced by the Spaniards are interchangeable with the vowels "i" and "o", respectively. The Karay-as call the vowel "ə/ë" as ''maləm-ə/malëm-ëk nga I'' (soft "i"). The vowel "e" is also used mostly on appropriated foreign words written in Kinaray-a with Kinaray-a affixes. The vowel "u" is called matig-a nga "o" (the hard "o"). Hence, when a syllable with a vowel is pronounced lightly, the vowel "i" is substituted with the vowel "e". The opposite rule applies to the vowel "u". |
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The practice however, is not the norm. What is more controlling for using either the vowels "i" and "o" or the introduced vowels "e" and "u" is what appears to the Karay-as pleasing to their eyes and ears. When in doubt on what vowel to use, it is always safe to use the indigenous vowels. The introduced "ë" vowel has no substitute. It will always be used since many Kinaray-a words have a schwa vowel sound. |
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=== Consonants === |
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There are 15 consonants in the Kinaray-a language. They are b, k, d, g, h, l, m, n, ŋ, p, s, t, w, r and y. They are pronounced the same way as in English but a little bit lighter than their English equivalents. An exception is the letter "ɾ" which is prevalent in Kinaray-a. It is sounded by flicking the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper front teeth and rolled a bit. Likewise the letters g, w, and y are also pronounced a bit harder as a terminal letter of a word with a grave accent mark. Except for foreign [[loanword]]s, the consonants c, f, j, q, x, and z don’t appear in Kinaray-a words. If foreign words do not have Kinaray-a equivalent, they are either written as is, or written as pronounced using the Kinaray-a alphabet. |
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A Kinaray-a consonant does not transform itself into a vowel. It is not right to substitute letters "e" or "i", for the consonant "j" nor to substitute the letters "o" or "u" for the consonant "w". Transforming the consonants "w" and "j" into a vowel creates an additional syllable. |
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==== The consonant ''ng'' ==== |
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The consonant "ŋ" is a single letter in Karay-a and in all other indigenous Philippine languages. In the old Romanized Karay-a cursive, a line is placed above both letters of "ng" with one long wavy stroke ("n͠g") to denote that it is a single letter, distinct from "n"+"g". Older speakers today still use the long tilde but the younger generation don't bother with it. Besides, for those unfamiliar with the language, they mistake it for the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] "[[ñ]]". The "ŋ" sound is familiar to the English speaker. It can be found in words such as: clang, bring, throng, rung, and singer, etc. As a letter in Karay-a, it is pronounced "ŋa", with the same "ŋ" sound that the English word "singer" has. |
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== Phonology == |
== Phonology == |
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The |
The phonemes {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} are used mostly in non-Kinaray·a words and were even formerly [[allophonic]] with {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}, respectively. The phonemes {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} may also be pronounced as {{IPA|[ɪ]}} and {{IPA|[ʊ]}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Limpiada|first=Aimee|title=The Phonology of Kinaray-a as Spoken in Antique|publisher=Philippine Normal University|year=2015}}</ref> Among some speakers, {{IPA|/u/}} may be pronounced as {{IPA|[ə]}}, such as when {{lang-krj|label=none|subâ}} is uttered as {{IPA|[səˈbaʔ]}} instead of as {{IPA|/suˈbaʔ/}}. |
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=== Consonants === |
=== Consonants === |
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⚫ | There are two official orthographic conventions currently in use: a four-vowel-grapheme system released by the {{ill|Komisyon sa Polong Kinaray·a|ceb}} in 2016 in coordination with the [[Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]] (KWF),<ref name=pefianco&al2016>{{cite book|url=https://www.dungugkinaray-a.com/libro/ortograpiya-kinaray-a|title=Ortograpiya Kinaray-a|isbn=978-1540619891|last=R. Pefianco|first=Anna Cecilia|publisher=Innobril|location=[[New York City|New York]]|first2=Danny|last2=S. Tabuyan|first3=Felicia|last3=M. Flores|first4=Cornelio|last4=V. Ysúlat|first5=Ritchie|last5=D. Pagunsan|year=2016}}</ref> and a six-vowel-grapheme system recommended by the KWF in 2018.<ref name=paa2018>{{cite news|last=Paa|first=Saúl|title=Filipino Language Commission Clarifies Harmonization of Orthographies|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1052580|website=[[Philippine News Agency]]}}</ref> The latter builds on [[Brigadier General]] {{ill|Vicente Pangantihon|es}}’s introduction of a separate letter {{grapheme|ə}} for {{IPA|/ɨ/}} through the publication of ''Karay-a Rice Tradition Revisited'',<ref name=rendón2012>{{cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/region/2012/08/14/838141/retired-army-general-authors-kinaray-dictionary|title=Retired Army General Authors Kinaray·a Dictionary|newspaper=[[Philippine Star]]|last=P. Rendón|first=Jennifer|date=2012-08-14}}</ref> but using {{grapheme|ë}} in {{grapheme|ə}}’s place. Karay·a writings predating Pangantihon’s innovation had not graphemically distinguished between {{IPA|/ɨ/}} and {{IPA|/u~o/}}.<ref name=pangantihon2011>{{cite book|title=Kinaray·a–English Dictionary|last=Caláwag Pangantihon|first=Vicente|date=2011}}</ref> In 2018, the KWF elaborated,<ref name=paa2018/> |
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⚫ | {{quote|[[Spelling reform|Harmonization]] is not compulsory for older users of the language or individual organizations; it is specifically aimed at helping the [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education]] and teachers to teach any of the [[List of regional languages of the Philippines|native languages]]. Other organizations are free to adopt their own stylebook in their own publications.}} |
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The 2018 Pangantihon–KWF orthography provides for six vowel letters: {{grapheme|a}}, {{grapheme|e}}, {{grapheme|ë}} (previously {{grapheme|ə}}), {{grapheme|i}}, {{grapheme|o}} and {{grapheme|u}}.{{efn|The vowel "u" is called matig-a nga "o" (the hard "o"). Hence, when a syllable with a vowel is pronounced lightly, the vowel "i" is substituted with the vowel "e". The opposite rule applies to the vowel "u". The practice however, is not the norm. What is more controlling for using either the vowels "i" and "o" or the introduced vowels "e" and "u" is what appears to the Karay-as pleasing to their eyes and ears. When in doubt on what vowel to use, it is always safe to use the indigenous vowels. The introduced "ë" vowel has no substitute. It will always be used since many Kinaray-a words have a schwa vowel sound.}} They do not form diphthongs with each other and always indicate a separate syllable: there are as many vowels as there are syllables. Informal writing, however, contravenes this orthographic rule such as, for example, when words such as {{lang-krj|label=none|balunggay}}, {{lang-krj|label=none|kambiyo}}, {{lang-krj|label=none|lanaw}}, {{lang-krj|label=none|puwede}}, {{lang-krj|label=none|ruweda}} and {{lang-krj|label=none|tuáw}} are written as *''balunggai'', *''kambio'', *''lanao'', *''puede'', *''rueda'' and *''tuao''. |
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{{grapheme|Ë}}, referred to as ''malëm·ëk nga {{grapheme|i}}'' and which Pangantihon had originally written as {{grapheme|ə}}, represents {{IPA|ɨ}}, a phoneme that occurs natively in Karay·a and in some other [[languages in the Philippines|languages spoken in the Philippines]] such as [[Ivadoy language|Ivadoy]], [[Maranao language|Maranao]] and [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]. {{grapheme|Ë}} is also used for integrated words of relatively recent foreign origin. |
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Separate glyphs for {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} were introduced with the arrival of the [[Crown of Castile|Castilians]]; namely {{grapheme|e}} and {{grapheme|u}}. |
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In line with the KWF's 2018 recommendation,<ref name=pefianco&al2016/> the alphabet has 23 consonant letters: {{grapheme|b}}, {{grapheme|c}}, {{grapheme|d}}, {{grapheme|f}}, {{grapheme|g}}, {{grapheme|h}}, {{grapheme|j}}, {{grapheme|k}}, {{grapheme|l}}, {{grapheme|m}}, {{grapheme|n}}, {{grapheme|ñ}}, {{grapheme|ng}}, {{grapheme|p}}, {{grapheme|q}}, {{grapheme|r}}, {{grapheme|s}}, {{grapheme|t}}, {{grapheme|v}}, {{grapheme|w}}, {{grapheme|x}}, {{grapheme|y}} and {{grapheme|z}}. Of the above, {{grapheme|c}}, {{grapheme|ñ}}, {{grapheme|q}} and {{grapheme|x}} are used only in names and unintegrated loan words.<ref name=pefianco&al2016/> |
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The digraph {{grapheme|ng}} constitutes a single letter and represents the phoneme {{IPA|/ŋ/}}. In the old orthography, which followed the [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Castilian]] norms set forth by the [[Real Academia Española]], this phoneme was represented by {{grapheme|n͠g}}, the tilde stretching over both letters in order to distinguish it from {{grapheme|ng}} and {{grapheme|ñ}}, which represented the Castilian {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}} and {{IPA|ɲ}}, respectively. |
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In contrast to {{grapheme|ng}}, the digraph {{grapheme|ts}}, which represents {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}, is not counted as a distinct letter. |
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==Grammar== |
==Grammar== |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Language shift]] |
*[[Language shift]] |
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*[[Languages of the Philippines]] |
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*[[Filipino language|Filipino]] |
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*[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] |
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*[[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] |
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*[[Chabacano]] |
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*[[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]] |
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*[[Bikol language|Bikol]] |
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*[[Ilokano language|Ilokano]] |
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*[[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] |
*[[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] |
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*[[Language revitalization]] |
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*[[Waray language|Waray-Waray]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{notes}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Incubator|code= krj}} |
{{Incubator|code= krj}} |
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{{Wikivoyage|Kinaray-a phrasebook|Kinaray-a|a phrasebook}} |
{{Wikivoyage|Kinaray-a phrasebook|Kinaray-a|a phrasebook}} |
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*[https://angbalaysugidanun.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/taramdan-sa-lantipulong-kinaray-a.pdf Taramdan sa |
*[https://angbalaysugidanun.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/taramdan-sa-lantipulong-kinaray-a.pdf Taramdan sa Lantipulong Kinaray·a], guide to grammar (Antiqueño dialect) |
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*[https://marayum.ph/dictionary/kinaray-a-english/ Marayum Dictionary] |
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*[http://www.bansa.org/?q=dictionaries/cmd&dict_lang=Kinaraya Bansa.org Kinaray-a Dictionary] |
*[http://www.bansa.org/?q=dictionaries/cmd&dict_lang=Kinaraya Bansa.org Kinaray-a Dictionary] |
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*[https://www.dungugkinaray-a.com/libro/ortograpiya-kinaray-a Ortograpiya Kinaray·a], 2016 orthographic guidelines |
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{{Visayan languages}} |
{{Visayan languages}} |
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[[Category:Languages of Capiz]] |
[[Category:Languages of Capiz]] |
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[[Category:Languages of Guimaras]] |
[[Category:Languages of Guimaras]] |
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[[Category:Languages of Negros Occidental]] |
Revision as of 10:16, 7 April 2022
Karay-a | |
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Harayan[1] | |
Kinaray-a, Hiniraya, Binisaya nga Karay-a | |
Native to | Philippines |
Region | Antique, southern-inland Iloilo, southern part of Guimaras, southern Aklan, Occidental Mindoro particularly in Ilin Island, western Capiz, and a few parts of Soccsksargen |
Ethnicity | Karay-a |
Native speakers | 433,000 (2005)[2] |
Austronesian
| |
Latin | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Regional language in the Philippines |
Regulated by | Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | krj |
Glottolog | kina1250 |
Area where Karay-a is spoken |
The Karay-a language (Kinaray-a, Binisayâ nga Kinaray-a or Hinaraya; English: Harayan)[1] is an Austronesian regional language spoken by the Karay-a people, mainly in Antique in the Philippines, Iloilo and other provinces on the island of Panay, as well as portions of the Soccsksargen region in Mindanao.
It is one of the Bisayan languages, mainly along with Aklanon/Malaynon, Capiznon and Hiligaynon.
Geographical distribution
Kinaray-a is spoken mainly in Antique. It is also spoken in Iloilo province mainly in the city of Passi, in the municipalities of Alimodian, San Joaquin, Lambunao, Calinog, Leon, Miag-ao, Pavia, Badiangan, San Miguel, Guimbal, San Enrique, Tigbauan, Igbaras, Leganes, Pototan, Bingawan, San Rafael, Mina, Zarraga, Oton, Santa Barbara, Cabatuan, Janiuay, Maasin, New Lucena, Dueñas, Dingle, and Tubungan, and certain villages in Mindanao – especially in the Soccsksargen region by citizens who trace their roots to Antique or to Karay-a-speaking areas of Panay island (particularly the province of Sultan Kudarat). Inhabitants of most towns across the latter areas speak Kinaray-a while Hiligaynon is predominant around coastal areas particularly in Iloilo. It is also spoken in Iloilo City by a minority and parts of Capiz and Aklan province, as well as Guimaras.
Dialects
There has not been much linguistic study on the dialects of Kinaray-a. Speakers both of Kinaray-a and Hiligaynon would however admit to hearing the differences in the ways by which Kinaray-a speakers from different towns speak.[3] Differences in vocabulary can also observed between and among the dialects.
The differences and the degrees by which the dialects differ from each other depend largely on the area's proximity to another different language-speaking area. Thus, in Antique, there are, on the northern parts, varieties that are similar to Aklanon, the language of Aklan, its neighbor on the north. On the south, in Iloilo towns on the other hand, the dialects closely resemble that of the standard Kinaray-a spoken in San Jose de Buenavista, lowland Sibalom and Hamtic. A distinct dialect of Karay-a is spoken in central Iloilo where a lot of Hiligaynon loanwords are used and some Kinaray-a words are pronounced harder as in "rigya" or "ja" (here) of southern Iloilo and San José de Buenavista area as compared to "giya" of Janiuay, Santa Barbara, and nearby towns. Two highly accented dialects of Kinaray-a can be heard in Anini-y and Dao in Antique and San Joaquin, Leon, and Tubungan in Iloilo.
Some dialects differ only on consonant preference like y vs h. e.g. bayi/bahi (girl) or l vs r e.g. wala/wara. Some have distinct differences like sayëd/kadë (ugly) and rangga/gëba (defective).
Intelligibility with Hiligaynon
Due to geographic proximity and mass media Kinaray-a-speakers can understand Hiligaynon (also known as Ilonggo) speakers. However, only Hiligaynon speakers who reside in Kinaray-a-speaking areas can understand the language. Those who come from other areas, like Negros islanders, have difficulty in understanding the language, only if they can at all.
It is a misconception among some Hiligaynon speakers that Kinaray-a is a dialect of Hiligaynon; the reality is that the two belong to two different, but related, branches of the Bisayan languages.
However, some Karay-a also know Hiligaynon as their second language. To some extent, there is an intermediate dialect of Hiligaynon and Kinaray-a being spoken in Mindanao, mainly in Sultan Kudarat province.
Phonology
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ə~ɨ | u |
Mid | e~ɛ | o | |
Open | a |
The phonemes /e/ and /o/ are used mostly in non-Kinaray·a words and were even formerly allophonic with /i/ and /u/, respectively. The phonemes /i/ and /u/ may also be pronounced as [ɪ] and [ʊ].[4] Among some speakers, /u/ may be pronounced as [ə], such as when subâ is uttered as [səˈbaʔ] instead of as /suˈbaʔ/.
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||
Stop | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | ʔ | |||
Fricative | s | h | ||||||||
Approximant | l | j | w | |||||||
Flap | ɾ |
For example:
English | Karay-a | Hiligaynon | Tagalog |
mine | akən | akon | akin |
dark | madələm | madulom | madilim |
food | pagkaən | pagkaon | pagkain |
head | ulu | ulu | ulo |
ball | bula | bula | bola |
animal | sapat, hayəp | sapat | hayop |
plant | tanəm | tanom | pananim, halaman |
six | anəm | anom | anim |
Orthography
There are two official orthographic conventions currently in use: a four-vowel-grapheme system released by the Komisyon sa Polong Kinaray·a in 2016 in coordination with the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF),[5] and a six-vowel-grapheme system recommended by the KWF in 2018.[6] The latter builds on Brigadier General Vicente Pangantihon ’s introduction of a separate letter ⟨ə⟩ for /ɨ/ through the publication of Karay-a Rice Tradition Revisited,[7] but using ⟨ë⟩ in ⟨ə⟩’s place. Karay·a writings predating Pangantihon’s innovation had not graphemically distinguished between /ɨ/ and /u~o/.[8] In 2018, the KWF elaborated,[6]
Harmonization is not compulsory for older users of the language or individual organizations; it is specifically aimed at helping the Department of Education and teachers to teach any of the native languages. Other organizations are free to adopt their own stylebook in their own publications.
Vowels
The 2018 Pangantihon–KWF orthography provides for six vowel letters: ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨ë⟩ (previously ⟨ə⟩), ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩ and ⟨u⟩.[a] They do not form diphthongs with each other and always indicate a separate syllable: there are as many vowels as there are syllables. Informal writing, however, contravenes this orthographic rule such as, for example, when words such as balunggay, kambiyo, lanaw, puwede, ruweda and tuáw are written as *balunggai, *kambio, *lanao, *puede, *rueda and *tuao.
⟨Ë⟩, referred to as malëm·ëk nga ⟨i⟩ and which Pangantihon had originally written as ⟨ə⟩, represents ɨ, a phoneme that occurs natively in Karay·a and in some other languages spoken in the Philippines such as Ivadoy, Maranao and Pangasinan. ⟨Ë⟩ is also used for integrated words of relatively recent foreign origin.
Separate glyphs for /e/ and /u/ were introduced with the arrival of the Castilians; namely ⟨e⟩ and ⟨u⟩.
Consonants
In line with the KWF's 2018 recommendation,[5] the alphabet has 23 consonant letters: ⟨b⟩, ⟨c⟩, ⟨d⟩, ⟨f⟩, ⟨g⟩, ⟨h⟩, ⟨j⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨ñ⟩, ⟨ng⟩, ⟨p⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, ⟨v⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨x⟩, ⟨y⟩ and ⟨z⟩. Of the above, ⟨c⟩, ⟨ñ⟩, ⟨q⟩ and ⟨x⟩ are used only in names and unintegrated loan words.[5]
The digraph ⟨ng⟩ constitutes a single letter and represents the phoneme /ŋ/. In the old orthography, which followed the Castilian norms set forth by the Real Academia Española, this phoneme was represented by ⟨n͠g⟩, the tilde stretching over both letters in order to distinguish it from ⟨ng⟩ and ⟨ñ⟩, which represented the Castilian /ŋɡ/ and ɲ, respectively.
In contrast to ⟨ng⟩, the digraph ⟨ts⟩, which represents /t͡ʃ/, is not counted as a distinct letter.
Grammar
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2018) |
Nouns
Karay-a | English meaning | Malay | English meaning | Tagalog | English meaning |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ayam | dog | ayam / anjing | chicken / dog | manok / aso | chicken / dog |
bayi, bahi | female, woman | wanita / bayi | female, woman / baby | babae | female, woman |
bosong | abdomen | pusar / pusat | navel / central | puson / pusod | stomach / navel, core |
kutî | cat | kucing | cat | kuting | kitten |
damog | fodder | umpan / (pa)dang | fodder / pasture | kumpay / damo | fodder / pasture, grass |
yawâ | demon | setan / awa | demon / accusation | demonyo / awa | demon / pity |
makəl / uhong | mushroom | jamur | mushroom | kabuti | mushroom |
kahig | foot | kaki | foot | paa | to scrape (ground) |
Pronouns
Absolutive₁ (emphatic) |
Absolutive₂ (non-emphatic) |
Ergative₁ (postposed) |
Ergative₂ (preposed) |
Oblique | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ako | takən | nakən, ko | akən | kanakən |
2nd person singular | ikaw, kaw | timo | nimo, mo | imo | kanimo |
3rd person singular | - | tana | nana, na | ana | kanana, kana |
1st person plural inclusive | kita | tatən | natən, ta | atən | kanatən |
1st person plural exclusive | kami | tamən | namən | amən | kanamən |
2nd person plural | kamo | tinyo | ninyo, nyo | inyo | kaninyo |
3rd person plural | sanda | tanda | nanda | anda | kananda |
Numbers
Number | Kinaray-a | Malay | Tagalog |
---|---|---|---|
1 | isara/sara | satu | isa |
2 | darwa | dua | dalawa |
3 | tatlo | tiga | tatlo |
4 | apat | empat | apat |
5 | lima | lima | lima |
6 | anəm | enam | anim |
7 | pito | tujuh | pito |
8 | walo | lapan | walo |
9 | siyam | sembilan | siyam |
10 | pulû | (se)puluh | sampu |
11 | napulû kag sara/ unsi (from Spanish) | (se)belas | labing-isa / onse (from Spanish) |
50 | kalim-an/singkwenta (from Spanish) | lima puluh | limampu /singkwenta (from Spanish) |
100 | sangkagatos/sanggatos | se ratus | isang daan |
1,000 | sangkalibo/sanglibo | se ribu | isang libo |
100,000 | sangka gatos ka libo | se ratus ribu | isang daang libo |
500,000 | lima ka gatos ka libo | lima ratus ribu | lima daang libo |
1,000,000 | sangka milyon | satu juta | isang milyon |
Common expressions
Saying "Diin kaw maagto?" (Literally, Where are you going?) is common way to greet people. You don't need to answer the question directly. The usual answer is an action like "Maninda." (Literally, To buy something on the market.) instead of "Sa tinda." (Literally, To the market.)
- Are you eating well? - Mayad man pangaën mo?
- Good. - Mayad.
- How are you feeling? - Musta bay pamatyagan mo? or: Ano bay pamatyag mo? (What do you feel?)
- I don't know. - Wara takën kamaan./ Waay takën kamaan (Or simply: Maan a./ Ambay a./ Ilam a. - informal, usually an annoyed expression)
- Let's go! - Panaw/Halin ta rën!/Dali rën! (usually for hurrying up companions)
- Come together. - Iririmaw kita./ imaw kita./ Iribhanay kita./ Iririmaw tatən
- Why? - Manhaw/Wanhaw? (or: Andët haw/aw?)/ Insa haw?/ Insaw?(informal)
- I love you. - Ginagugma ta (i)kaw./ palangga ta (i)kaw.
- My love/sweetheart. - Palangga ko.
- What is your name? - Ano ngaran mo?
- Good morning! - Mayad nga aga!
- Good afternoon! - Mayad nga hapon!
- Good evening! - Mayad nga gabiʔi!
- That one. - Amo kara. (Or simply: Ra/Ra ay.)(or: Amo ran)/ Amo ka di-a.
- How much? - Tag pira?
- Yes. - hə-əd.(Ho-ud)/ (h)ə-əd
- No. - Bukut./Bëkët.(Bëkën)/Indi
- Because. - Bangëd.
- Because of you. - Bangëd kanimo or Tëngëd kanimo.
- About you. - Nahanungëd kanimo or Parti kanimo.
- You know. - Man-an mo. (or: Man-an mo man.)
- Hurry! - Dasiga! (lit. Fast!) or Dali-a! (lit. Hurry!)
- Again. - Liwan/Liwat/Riwan/Liwan. (or: Uman (Again) / Umana (Command to repeat).)
- Do you speak English? - Kamaan kaw maghambal kang Inglis? or Kama-an kaw mag-Inglis?
- It is fun to live. - Sadya mabuhi/Sadya ang mabuhi.
- Happy - Sadya
- Thank you - Salamat
See also
Notes
- ^ The vowel "u" is called matig-a nga "o" (the hard "o"). Hence, when a syllable with a vowel is pronounced lightly, the vowel "i" is substituted with the vowel "e". The opposite rule applies to the vowel "u". The practice however, is not the norm. What is more controlling for using either the vowels "i" and "o" or the introduced vowels "e" and "u" is what appears to the Karay-as pleasing to their eyes and ears. When in doubt on what vowel to use, it is always safe to use the indigenous vowels. The introduced "ë" vowel has no substitute. It will always be used since many Kinaray-a words have a schwa vowel sound.
References
- ^ a b Reid, Lawrence A. (2017). "Revisiting the Position of Philippine Languages in the Austronesian Family" (PDF). De La Salle University, Manila.
- ^ Karay-a at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018)
- ^ Sosa Peña, Andrew Rey (2019). "Aspect in Pototan Kinaray-a". doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.31348.91520.
- ^ Limpiada, Aimee (2015). The Phonology of Kinaray-a as Spoken in Antique. Philippine Normal University.
- ^ a b c R. Pefianco, Anna Cecilia; S. Tabuyan, Danny; M. Flores, Felicia; V. Ysúlat, Cornelio; D. Pagunsan, Ritchie (2016). Ortograpiya Kinaray-a. New York: Innobril. ISBN 978-1540619891.
- ^ a b Paa, Saúl. "Filipino Language Commission Clarifies Harmonization of Orthographies". Philippine News Agency.
- ^ P. Rendón, Jennifer (2012-08-14). "Retired Army General Authors Kinaray·a Dictionary". Philippine Star.
- ^ Caláwag Pangantihon, Vicente (2011). Kinaray·a–English Dictionary.
External links
- Taramdan sa Lantipulong Kinaray·a, guide to grammar (Antiqueño dialect)
- Marayum Dictionary
- Bansa.org Kinaray-a Dictionary