Kuva-yi Seyyare: Difference between revisions
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| dates = 1919-1921 |
| dates = 1919-1921 |
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| country = [[Ottoman Empire]] |
| country = [[Ottoman Empire]] |
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| allegiance = {{ |
| allegiance = {{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire}} [[Turkish National Movement]] (1919-1920)<br> {{flagdeco|Circassia}} Independent (1920-1921) |
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| branch = |
| branch = |
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| type = [[Field Army]] |
| type = [[Field Army]] |
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{{Circassians}}{{Socialism sidebar}} |
{{Circassians}}{{Socialism sidebar}} |
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'''Kuvâ-yi Seyyâre''' ({{Lang-ota|قواى سياره|lit=The Traveling Forces}}), also known as the '''Green Army Society''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: Yeşil Ordu Cemiyeti) or the '''People's Branch''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Halk Zümresi'') was a force of [[Circassians|Circassian]] and [[Abkhazians|Abkhazian]] volunteers led by [[Çerkes Ethem]] against the |
'''Kuvâ-yi Seyyâre''' ({{Lang-ota|قواى سياره|lit=The Traveling Forces}}), also known as the '''Green Army Society''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: Yeşil Ordu Cemiyeti) or the '''People's Branch''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Halk Zümresi'') was a force of [[Circassians|Circassian]] and [[Abkhazians|Abkhazian]] volunteers led by [[Çerkes Ethem]] against the [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] invasion forces during the [[Turkish War of Independence]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuvâ-yı Seyyare - Atatürk Ansiklopedisi|url=https://ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr/bilgi/Kuv%C3%A2-y%C4%B1_Seyyare|access-date=2021-07-15|website=ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr}}</ref> The group saw themselves as a force to fight against "those who caused disturbance to the greater good of [[Anatolia]]".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Uğurlu|first=Nurer|title=Çerkez Ethem Kuvvetleri Kuvayı Seyyare|year=2007|publisher=Örgün Yayınları|isbn=9789757651574}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Şener|first=Cemal|title=Çerkes Ethem Olayı|publisher=Altın Kitaplar|year=2007|isbn=9789752108356}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ethem|first=Dipşov|title=Nutuk'a cevaplar|year=2015}}</ref> The forces put down several rebellions and played a big role in significantly slowing down the Greek army during the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)]]. In time, as Ethem's [[Islamic socialism|Islamic Socialist]] views clashed with the Turkism-nationalism of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]]'s [[Turkish National Movement|Turkish National movement]], he eventually cut ties with them, and was declared a traitor due to clashes with [[İsmet İnönü]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kurşun|first=Zekeriya|title=Çerkez Ethem|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cerkez-ethem|access-date=2021-07-15|website=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Uğurlu|first=Nurer|title=Kuvayı Seyyare|publisher=Örgün Yayınevi|year=2007|isbn=9789757651574|pages=357}}</ref> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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Kuvâ-yi Seyyâre, founded by [[Ethem Dipsheu]], was the only semi-organized military force in Anatolia during 1919–1920 period between the [[Armistice of Mudros]] and the [[Treaty of Sèvres]]. |
Kuvâ-yi Seyyâre, founded by [[Ethem Dipsheu]], was the only semi-organized military force in Anatolia during 1919–1920 period between the [[Armistice of Mudros]] and the [[Treaty of Sèvres]]. |
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After the [[Greek landing at Smyrna |
After the [[Greek landing at Smyrna]], Ethem made the following declaration, effectively starting his resistance:<ref>''Redd-i İlhak Kronolojisi'', Yeşilordu</ref> |
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{{Blockquote|text=Send a telegram immediately. Let the resistance to the occupation awaken in the mountains. Let the resistance uphold the flag, the rifle, and the Qur'an until the apocalypse. As Circassians, we fought in the name of |
{{Blockquote|text=Send a telegram immediately. Let the resistance to the occupation awaken in the mountains. Let the resistance uphold the flag, the rifle, and the Qur'an until the apocalypse. As Circassians, we fought in the name of God bravely against the Russians,<ref group="Note">Here, Ethem is referencing the [[Russo-Circassian War]]</ref> and in the service of the Caliph we fought in the Balkans.<ref group="Note">A reference to the [[Balkan Wars]] and the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]]</ref> Now the lands of Islam depends on us once again.|author=Çerkes Ethem|source=}} |
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He then declared a holy war against oppression, and invited all [[Circassians]] to fight for his cause. After that, he coordinated his military operations with [[Ali Fuat Cebesoy|Ali Fuat Pasha]] in [[Ankara]] and fought against the invading Greek armies with his cavalry. He was instrumental in putting down various rebellions against the authority of the [[TBMM|Grand National Assembly of Turkey]]. |
He then declared a [[jihad|holy war]] against oppression, and invited all [[Circassians]] to fight for his cause. After that, he coordinated his military operations with [[Ali Fuat Cebesoy|Ali Fuat Pasha]] in [[Ankara]] and fought against the invading Greek armies with his cavalry. He was instrumental in putting down various rebellions against the authority of the [[TBMM|Grand National Assembly of Turkey]]. |
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Eventually, Çerkes Ethem had disagreements with [[İsmet İnönü]], refusing to join his forces with the regular army established under his command, as he would be a regular soldier as well. Ethem claimed that his soldiers were made up of Circassians and mountain clans, so they would never obey anyone other than him, and he would have to be given the rank of commander in the army. Although Mustafa Kemal had a positive view of Ethem, İsmet Pasha disliked him, and so the newly reconstituted Turkish Army had to put down Ethem's forces whilst also fighting the Greeks at [[First Battle of İnönü]]. While Ethem's forces were clashing with Greeks, the Turkish army arrived, and Ethem, stuck between two hostile armies, made a non-aggression pact with the Greeks and fled Anatolia. İsmet İnönü later claimed that Ethem subsequently cooperated with the Greek |
Eventually, Çerkes Ethem had disagreements with [[İsmet İnönü]], refusing to join his forces with the regular army established under his command, as he would be a regular soldier as well. Ethem claimed that his soldiers were made up of Circassians and mountain clans, so they would never obey anyone other than him, and he would have to be given the rank of commander in the army. Although Mustafa Kemal had a positive view of Ethem, İsmet Pasha disliked him, and so the newly reconstituted Turkish Army had to put down Ethem's forces whilst also fighting the Greeks at [[First Battle of İnönü]]. While Ethem's forces were clashing with Greeks, the Turkish army arrived, and Ethem, stuck between two hostile armies, made a non-aggression pact with the Greeks and fled [[Anatolia]]. İsmet İnönü later claimed that Ethem subsequently cooperated with the [[Greek Army]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Macfie|first=A.L.|title=Atatürk|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1-138-83-647-1|pages=108|author-link=A. L. Macfie}}</ref> which has been disputed and rejected by most historians. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Şener|first=Cemal|title=Çerkes Ethem Olayı|isbn=9789752108356}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dünyaca ünlü profesör son notayı koydu! Çerkes Ethem hain miydi? {{!}} STAR|url=https://www.star.com.tr/guncel/dunyaca-unlu-profesor-son-notayi-koydu-cerkes-ethem-hain-miydi-haber-964153/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Star.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ünal|first=Muhittin|title=Kurtuluş Savaşında Çerkeslerin Rolü|isbn=9789754065824}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-24|title=Çerkes Ethem vatan haini miydi?|url=https://www.indyturk.com/node/320981/k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr/%C3%A7erkes-ethem-vatan-haini-miydi|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Independent Türkçe|language=tr}}</ref> This resulted in Ethem's citizenship getting revoked on the grounds of treason and his being declared ''[[persona non grata]]'' by the [[TBMM]], amongst [[150 personae non gratae of Turkey|many others]]. From Greece, he went to [[Jordan]] and settled there. Ethem was later personally forgiven by Atatürk, but he rejected to return and died in [[Amman]], [[Jordan]].<ref name=":1" /> |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
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[[Category:Turkish War of Independence]] |
[[Category:Turkish War of Independence]] |
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[[Category:Circassians]] |
[[Category:Circassians]] |
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[[Category:Socialism in the Ottoman Empire]] |
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[[Category:Socialism in Turkey]] |
[[Category:Socialism in Turkey]] |
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[[Category:Anti-imperialism in Asia]] |
[[Category:Anti-imperialism in Asia]] |
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Latest revision as of 07:26, 17 April 2024
| Kuvâ-yi Seyyâre | |
|---|---|
 Ethem the Circassian and Mustafa Kemal Pasha meet in Yozgat, they are posing with the Kuva-yi Seyyare. 1920. | |
| Active | 1919-1921 |
| Country | Ottoman Empire |
| Allegiance |  Turkish National Movement (1919-1920) Independent (1920-1921) |
| Type | Field Army |
| Nickname(s) | Green Army Anatolian Army |
| Engagements | Turkish War of Independence
Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Çerkes Ethem |
| Part of a series on the |
| Circassians Адыгэхэр |
|---|
 List of notable Circassians Circassian genocide |
| Circassian diaspora |
| Circassian tribes |
|
Surviving Destroyed or barely existing |
| Religion |
|
Religion in Circassia |
| Languages and dialects |
|
| History |
|
Show |
| Culture |
| Part of a series on |
| Socialism |
|---|
 |
Kuvâ-yi Seyyâre (Ottoman Turkish: قواى سياره, lit. 'The Traveling Forces'), also known as the Green Army Society (Turkish: Yeşil Ordu Cemiyeti) or the People's Branch (Turkish: Halk Zümresi) was a force of Circassian and Abkhazian volunteers led by Çerkes Ethem against the Allied invasion forces during the Turkish War of Independence.[1] The group saw themselves as a force to fight against "those who caused disturbance to the greater good of Anatolia".[2][3][4] The forces put down several rebellions and played a big role in significantly slowing down the Greek army during the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922). In time, as Ethem's Islamic Socialist views clashed with the Turkism-nationalism of Mustafa Kemal's Turkish National movement, he eventually cut ties with them, and was declared a traitor due to clashes with İsmet İnönü.[3][5][6]
History[edit]
Kuvâ-yi Seyyâre, founded by Ethem Dipsheu, was the only semi-organized military force in Anatolia during 1919–1920 period between the Armistice of Mudros and the Treaty of Sèvres.
After the Greek landing at Smyrna, Ethem made the following declaration, effectively starting his resistance:[7]
Send a telegram immediately. Let the resistance to the occupation awaken in the mountains. Let the resistance uphold the flag, the rifle, and the Qur'an until the apocalypse. As Circassians, we fought in the name of God bravely against the Russians,[Note 1] and in the service of the Caliph we fought in the Balkans.[Note 2] Now the lands of Islam depends on us once again.
— Çerkes Ethem
He then declared a holy war against oppression, and invited all Circassians to fight for his cause. After that, he coordinated his military operations with Ali Fuat Pasha in Ankara and fought against the invading Greek armies with his cavalry. He was instrumental in putting down various rebellions against the authority of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.
Eventually, Çerkes Ethem had disagreements with İsmet İnönü, refusing to join his forces with the regular army established under his command, as he would be a regular soldier as well. Ethem claimed that his soldiers were made up of Circassians and mountain clans, so they would never obey anyone other than him, and he would have to be given the rank of commander in the army. Although Mustafa Kemal had a positive view of Ethem, İsmet Pasha disliked him, and so the newly reconstituted Turkish Army had to put down Ethem's forces whilst also fighting the Greeks at First Battle of İnönü. While Ethem's forces were clashing with Greeks, the Turkish army arrived, and Ethem, stuck between two hostile armies, made a non-aggression pact with the Greeks and fled Anatolia. İsmet İnönü later claimed that Ethem subsequently cooperated with the Greek Army,[8] which has been disputed and rejected by most historians. [9][10][11][12] This resulted in Ethem's citizenship getting revoked on the grounds of treason and his being declared persona non grata by the TBMM, amongst many others. From Greece, he went to Jordan and settled there. Ethem was later personally forgiven by Atatürk, but he rejected to return and died in Amman, Jordan.[9]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Here, Ethem is referencing the Russo-Circassian War
- ^ A reference to the Balkan Wars and the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
References[edit]
- ^ "Kuvâ-yı Seyyare - Atatürk Ansiklopedisi". ataturkansiklopedisi.gov.tr. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
- ^ Uğurlu, Nurer (2007). Çerkez Ethem Kuvvetleri Kuvayı Seyyare. Örgün Yayınları. ISBN 9789757651574.
- ^ a b Şener, Cemal (2007). Çerkes Ethem Olayı. Altın Kitaplar. ISBN 9789752108356.
- ^ Ethem, Dipşov (2015). Nutuk'a cevaplar.
- ^ Kurşun, Zekeriya. "Çerkez Ethem". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-07-15.
- ^ Uğurlu, Nurer (2007). Kuvayı Seyyare. Örgün Yayınevi. p. 357. ISBN 9789757651574.
- ^ Redd-i İlhak Kronolojisi, Yeşilordu
- ^ Macfie, A.L. (2014). Atatürk. Routledge. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-138-83-647-1.
- ^ a b Şener, Cemal. Çerkes Ethem Olayı. ISBN 9789752108356.
- ^ "Dünyaca ünlü profesör son notayı koydu! Çerkes Ethem hain miydi? | STAR". Star.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
- ^ Ünal, Muhittin. Kurtuluş Savaşında Çerkeslerin Rolü. ISBN 9789754065824.
- ^ "Çerkes Ethem vatan haini miydi?". Independent Türkçe (in Turkish). 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
