Jambi Malay: Difference between revisions
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== Dialects == |
== Dialects == |
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There are eight different dialects of Jambi Malay, including the [[East Tanjung Jabung Regency|East Tanjung Jabung]] dialect, [[Jambi (city)|Jambi City]] dialect, [[Muaro Jambi Regency|Muaro Jambi]] dialect, [[Batanghari Regency|Batanghari]] dialect, [[Tebo Regency|Tebo]] dialect, [[Bungo Regency|Bungo]] dialect, [[Sarolangun Regency|Sarolangun]] dialect, and [[Merangin Regency|Merangin]] dialect.<ref name=":1" /> The Jambi City dialect is regarded as the [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige]] dialect of Jambi Malay due to its historical role as the court language of ancient Malay kingdoms and sultanates based in Jambi City.{{sfn|Husin et. al.|1985|p=11}} |
There are eight different dialects of Jambi Malay, including the [[East Tanjung Jabung Regency|East Tanjung Jabung]] dialect, [[Jambi (city)|Jambi City]] dialect, [[Muaro Jambi Regency|Muaro Jambi]] dialect, [[Batanghari Regency|Batanghari]] dialect, [[Tebo Regency|Tebo]] dialect, [[Bungo Regency|Bungo]] dialect, [[Sarolangun Regency|Sarolangun]] dialect, and [[Merangin Regency|Merangin]] dialect.<ref name=":1" /> The Jambi City dialect is regarded as the [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige]] dialect of Jambi Malay due to its historical role as the court language of ancient Malay kingdoms and sultanates based in Jambi City.{{sfn|Husin et. al.|1985|p=11}} Interestingly, Jambi City itself has two urban areas separated by the [[Batang Hari River]], where each area has its own sub-distincts dialect: Jambi Kota dialect and Jambi Kota Seberang dialect.<ref name=":2">{{cite thesis |title=Analisis Afiksasi dan Reduplikasi Bahasa Melayu Dialek Jambi Kota Seberang|url=https://repository.unja.ac.id/15982/|last=Ramadhani|first=Nani Fitri|trans-title=Analysis of Affixation and Reduplication in Jambi Kota Seberang Malay Language|lang=id|year=2021 |publisher=Universitas Jambi}}</ref> Jambi Kota and Jambi Kota Seberang are administratively part of the city of Jambi. However, they exhibit different variations of the Malay language. For example, 'close the door' in Jambi Kota Malay is "tutup pintu", which is the same as in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], while in Jambi Kota Seberang Malay it is "kancing lawang". These examples differ lexically but share similar meanings and usage. Jambi Kota and Jambi Kota Seberang differ significantly because historically, Jambi Kota Seberang served as a center of concentration for native [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] inhabitants and some immigrants, while Jambi Kota served as the administrative center. Lexically, some vocabulary in the Jambi Kota Seberang dialect may not be understood by speakers of the Jambi Kota dialect.<ref name=":2" /> |
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== Phonology == |
== Phonology == |
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Revision as of 04:48, 18 June 2024
| Jambi Malay | |
|---|---|
| Baso Jambi بهاس ملايو جمبي | |
| Native to | Indonesia (Jambi) |
| Region | Sumatra |
| Ethnicity | Jambi Malay, Batin, etc. |
Native speakers | 1 million (2000 census)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin (Indonesian alphabet) Jawi | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | jax |
| Glottolog | jamb1236 |
 The region where the Jambi Malay language is predominantly spoken includes the entire eastern part of Jambi, part of the city of Sungai Penuh in western Jambi, and part of the Kerinci Regency. | |
Jambi Malay (baso Jambi, Jawi: بهاس ملايو جمبي), is a Malayic language spoken by the Jambi Malay people in Jambi, Indonesia. The Jambi Malay language is a dialect of the Malay language spoken primarily in Jambi, but it is also used in the southern part of Riau and the northern part of South Sumatra.[2] In Jambi, the Jambi Malay language has eight dialects, including the East Tanjung Jabung dialect, Jambi City dialect, Muaro Jambi dialect, Batanghari dialect, Tebo dialect, Bungo dialect, Sarolangun dialect, and Merangin dialect. The Jambi Malay language is used as a lingua franca and for interaction among the various ethnic groups in Jambi. The differences between each dialect in the Jambi Malay language range from about 51 to 80 percent.[3]
Historically, the people of Jambi are part of the Malay world. This can be seen from archaeological and historical research findings, such as the discovery of charters and inscriptions like the Karang Berahi and Kedukan Bukit inscriptions, which use the structure of the Malay language, commonly referred to as Old Malay. The Karang Berahi and Kedukan Bukit inscriptions were found in the upper reaches of Jambi, located on the banks of the Marangin River, a tributary of the Batang Hari River.[4] Between the 17th century and the 19th century, Jambi was part of the Malay Sultanate of Jambi, which also encompasses parts of Riau and South Sumatra.[5] Due to influences from Javanese culture and cordial relations between the Jambi Sultanate and the Mataram Sultanate in the past, the Jambi Malay language has absorbed significant loanwords from Javanese.[5][6]
Classification
Jambi Malay is a dialect of Malay, which is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Taiwan, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.[7]
Jambi Malay is closely related to Palembang Malay spoken in neighboring South Sumatra, specifically in terms of phonology and vocabulary.[8] It is also related to Riau Malay spoken in Riau and the surrounding islands, and Bengkulu Malay spoken in Bengkulu.
Distribution and usage
Jambi Malay is spoken throughout Jambi as well as the southern part of Riau.[9] It is the most spoken language in eastern Jambi and partly spoken in western Jambi, where Kerinci and Minangkabau are the dominant languages. While Indonesian is the primary language used in formal situations and education, Jambi Malay serves as the lingua franca in informal contexts. It facilitates communication among the diverse ethnic groups residing in Jambi, such as the Javanese, Banjarese and Bugis.[10] In addition, it is also spoken by Jambi diaspora living in other parts of Indonesia.
Malay is the everyday language of the Jambi people, passed down by their ancestors throughout their lives. The use of Malay as a daily spoken language also impacts various fields such as history, religion, business, education, customs, traditions, architecture, literature, writing, as well as art and culture.[9] Based on historical evidence that has been found, such as inscriptions discovered in Jambi, Palembang, and Bangka, it can be concluded that the Malay language, which has long been used in Indonesia, especially in Sumatra, was prevalent in a major influential kingdom at that time. The development of Malay was closely linked with the growth and expansion of Srivijaya Empire.[9] The rise of Malay kingdoms and sultanates such as the Jambi Sultanate also contributes to the spread of Malay in Jambi.
Dialects
There are eight different dialects of Jambi Malay, including the East Tanjung Jabung dialect, Jambi City dialect, Muaro Jambi dialect, Batanghari dialect, Tebo dialect, Bungo dialect, Sarolangun dialect, and Merangin dialect.[3] The Jambi City dialect is regarded as the prestige dialect of Jambi Malay due to its historical role as the court language of ancient Malay kingdoms and sultanates based in Jambi City.[11] Interestingly, Jambi City itself has two urban areas separated by the Batang Hari River, where each area has its own sub-distincts dialect: Jambi Kota dialect and Jambi Kota Seberang dialect.[12] Jambi Kota and Jambi Kota Seberang are administratively part of the city of Jambi. However, they exhibit different variations of the Malay language. For example, 'close the door' in Jambi Kota Malay is "tutup pintu", which is the same as in Indonesian, while in Jambi Kota Seberang Malay it is "kancing lawang". These examples differ lexically but share similar meanings and usage. Jambi Kota and Jambi Kota Seberang differ significantly because historically, Jambi Kota Seberang served as a center of concentration for native Malay inhabitants and some immigrants, while Jambi Kota served as the administrative center. Lexically, some vocabulary in the Jambi Kota Seberang dialect may not be understood by speakers of the Jambi Kota dialect.[12]
Phonology
There are 25 native phonemes in Jambi Malay. These native phonemes consist of 19 consonants and 6 vowels.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Dorsal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Stop | p b | t d | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ | k ɡ | ʔ |
| Fricative | s | ʁ | h | ||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||
| Trill | (r) |
Notes
- /p/, /t/ and /h/ are unreleased and become [p̚], [t̚] and [h̚] and /k/ becomes a glottal stop [ʔ] in the syllable-final position.
- /k/ and /ɡ/ become palatal [c] and [ɟ] and /h/ become velar [x] when they appear before the phoneme /i/.
- /ʁ/ is pronounced as trill [r] at the end of a word.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Low | a |
References
- ^ Jambi Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Wahyuni, Sri; Marnita, Rina; Usman, Fajri (2020-10-30). "Makian Referen Keadaan dalam Bahasa Melayu Jambi di Muara Bungo: Kajian Sosiolinguistik". MADAH. 11 (2): 131–140. doi:10.31503/madah.v11i2.199. ISSN 2580-9717.
- ^ a b "Melayu - Peta Bahasa". petabahasa.kemdikbud.go.id. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
- ^ Rahima et. al. 2023, p. 1.
- ^ a b Locher-Scholten, Elsbeth; Jackson, Beverley (2004). Sumatran Sultanate and Colonial State: Jambi and the Rise of Dutch Imperialism, 1830–1907. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-87727-736-1. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctv1nhp7b.
- ^ Perdana, Aditya Bayu (2022-09-02). "A Jambi Coin with Kawi Inscription from Indonesia: Re-examination of a coin type formerly attributed to Siak". Indonesia and the Malay World. 50 (148): 358–369. doi:10.1080/13639811.2022.2123155. ISSN 1363-9811.
- ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2013-03-07). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge. ISBN 9781136755095.
- ^ Sholeha, Monita; Hendrokumoro (2022-06-20). "Kekerabatan Bahasa Melayu Jambi dan Melayu Palembang". KABASTRA: Kajian Bahasa dan Sastra. 1 (2). doi:10.31002/kabastra.v2i1.41. ISSN 2964-5778.
- ^ a b c Puspitasari, Arum (2022-12-04). "Bahasa dan Kebudayaan Masyarakat Melayu Jambi Masa Kesultanan Jambi". Krinok: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Sejarah. 1 (3): 74–82. doi:10.22437/krinok.v1i3.21239. ISSN 2829-5137.
- ^ Kusmana, Ade; Saputra, Murfi; Izar, Julisah (2018). "Pemetaan Bahasa Daerah di Provinsi Jambi" [The Mapping of Regional Languages in Jambi Province]. Titian: Jurnal Ilmu Humaniora (in Indonesian). 2 (2). doi:10.22437/titian.v2i02.5810. eISSN 2597-7229. ISSN 2615-3440.
- ^ Husin et. al. 1985, p. 11.
- ^ a b Ramadhani, Nani Fitri (2021). Analisis Afiksasi dan Reduplikasi Bahasa Melayu Dialek Jambi Kota Seberang [Analysis of Affixation and Reduplication in Jambi Kota Seberang Malay Language] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Jambi.
Bibliography
- Gani, Erizal; Nura, Amris; Nazurti (2000). Tata Bahasa Melayu Jambi [Language Structure of Jambi Malay] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation.
- Husin, Nurzuir; Zailoet; Semi, M. Atar; Karim, Isma Nasrul; Radjah, Desmawati; Djurip (1985). Struktur Bahasa Melayu Jambi [Structure of the Jambi Malay language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation.
- Dahlan, Saidat; Syair, Anwar; Manan, Abdullah; Jakub, llyas; Sabrin, Arnrin; Razak, Abdul; Mujiono; Yulisrnan (1985). Pemetaan Bahasa Daerah Riau dan ambi [Mapping of the Regional Languages in Riau and Jambi] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation.
- Rahima, Ade; Zahar, Erlina; Tara, Firman; Sujoko (2023). Morfosintaksis Numeralia Bahasa Melayu Jambi [Morphosyntax of Numerals in the Jambi Malay Language] (PDF) (in Indonesian) (1st ed.). Jambi: Eureka Media Aksara. ISBN 978-623-151-071-6.
- Yanti; Tadmor, Uri; Cole, Peter; Hermon, Gabriella. 2015. Critò Kitò: A collection of Jambi stories in the Seberang Dialect. Jakarta: Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia [Indonesian Linguistic Society]. ISBN 978-602-17161-3-7 [Includes word list.]
- Żaneta Krulikowska, Nadra Nadra, & Muhammad Yusdi. (2020). Phonological Sketch of Malay Jambi Language of Sarolangun, Indonesia. Arbitrer, 7(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.7.2.173-181.2020
