Indo-Aryan peoples: Difference between revisions
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'''Indo-Aryan peoples''' are a diverse collection of [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[people]]s speaking [[Indo-Aryan languages]] in |
'''Indo-Aryan peoples''' are a diverse collection of [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[people]]s speaking [[Indo-Aryan languages]] in [[South Asia]]. Historically, [[Aryan]]s were the [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian speaking]] [[Pastoralism|pastoralists]] who [[Indo-Aryan migrations|migrated]] from [[Central Asia]] into South Asia and introduced the [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language]].{{sfn|Anthony|2007}}{{sfn|Erdosy|2012}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46616574|title=How ancient DNA may rewrite prehistory in India|publisher=bbc|date=23 December 2018|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/theres-no-confusion-the-new-reports-clearly-confirm-arya-migration-into-india/article61986135.ece|title=New reports clearly confirm ‘Arya’ migration into India|publisher=thehindu|date=13 September 2019|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/aryans-or-harappans-who-drove-the-creation-of-caste-system-dna-holds-a-clue/686393/|title=Aryans or Harappans—Who drove the creation of caste system? DNA holds a clue|publisher=theprint|date=29 June 2021|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> The Indo-Aryan language speakers are found across South Asia.<ref>{{cite book|url=|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|page=2|year=2007|author=Danesh Jain, George Cardona|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Revision as of 08:32, 23 March 2023
 | This article possibly contains original research. (January 2021) |
| Part of a series on |
| Indo-European topics |
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 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| ~1.5 billion [citation needed] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 India | over 911 million[1] |
 Pakistan | over 233 million[2] |
 Bangladesh | over 160 million[3] |
 Nepal | over 26 million |
 Sri Lanka | over 14 million |
 Myanmar | over 1 million |
 Mauritius | over 725,400 |
 Maldives | over 300,000[4] |
 Bhutan | over 240,000 |
| Languages | |
| Indo-Aryan languages | |
| Religion | |
| Indian religions (Mostly Hindu; with Buddhist, Sikh and Jain minorities) and Islam, Christians and some non-religious atheist/agnostic | |
Indo-Aryan peoples are a diverse collection of Indo-European peoples speaking Indo-Aryan languages in South Asia. Historically, Aryans were the Indo-Iranian speaking pastoralists who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia and introduced the Proto-Indo-Aryan language.[5][6][7][8][9] The Indo-Aryan language speakers are found across South Asia.[10]
History
Proto-Indo-Iranians
The introduction of the Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent was the result of a migration of Indo-Aryan people from Central Asia into the northern Indian subcontinent (modern-day Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). These migrations started approximately 1,800 BCE, after the invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the Levant and possibly Inner Asia.[11] Another group of the Indo-Aryans migrated further westward and founded the Mitanni kingdom in northern Syria;[12] (c. 1500–1300 BC) the other group were the Vedic people.[13] Christopher I. Beckwith suggests that the Wusun, an Indo-European Caucasian people of Inner Asia in antiquity, were also of Indo-Aryan origin.[14]
The Proto-Indo-Iranians, from which the Indo-Aryans developed, are identified with the Sintashta culture (2100–1800 BCE),[15][16] and the Andronovo culture,[11] which flourished ca. 1800–1400 BCE in the steppes around the Aral Sea, present-day Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The Proto-Indo-Aryan split off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians,[17] moved south through the Bactria-Margiana Culture, south of the Andronovo culture, borrowing some of their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from the BMAC, and then migrated further south into the Levant and north-western India.[18][5] The migration of the Indo-Aryans was part of the larger diffusion of Indo-European languages from the Proto-Indo-European homeland at the Pontic–Caspian steppe which started in the 4th millennia BCE.[5][19][20] The GGC, Cemetery H, Copper Hoard, OCP, and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryans.
The Indo-Aryans were united by shared cultural norms and language, referred to as aryā 'noble'. Over the last four millennia, the Indo-Aryan culture has evolved particularly inside India itself, but its origins are in the conflation of values and heritage of the Indo-Aryan and indigenous people groups of India.[21] Diffusion of this culture and language took place by patron-client systems, which allowed for the absorption and acculturation of other groups into this culture, and explains the strong influence on other cultures with which it interacted.
While the Indo-Aryan linguistic group occupies mainly northern parts of India, genetically, all South Asians across the Indian subcontinent are descendants of a mix of South Asian hunter-gatherers, Iranian hunter-gatherers, and Central Asian steppe pastoralists in varying proportion.[22][23] Additionally, Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burmese speaking people contributed to the genetic make-up of South Asia.[24]
Indigenous Aryanism propagates the idea that the Indo-Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and that the Indo-European languages spread from there to central Asia and Europe. Contemporary support for this idea is ideologically driven, and has no basis in objective data and mainstream scholarship.[25][26][27][28][29]
List of historical Indo-Aryan peoples
- Anga
- Bahlikas
- Bharatas
- Caidyas
- Dewa
- Gāndhārīs
- Gangaridai
- Kambojas
- Kalinga
- Kasmira
- Kekaya
- Khasas
- Kikata
- Koliya
- Kosala
- Kurus
- Licchavis
- Madra
- Magadhis
- Malavas
- Mallakas
- Mātsyeyas
- Moriya
- Nishadhas
- Odra
- Pakthas
- Panchala
- Paundra
- Puru
- Salva
- Salwa
- Saraswata
- Sauvira
- Shakya
- Sindhu
- Sudra
- Surasena
- Trigarta
- Utkala
- Vanga
- Vatsa
- Vidarbha
- Videha
- Yadava
- Yadu
Contemporary Indo-Aryan people
- Assamese people
- Awadhi people
- Banjara people
- Bengali people
- Bhil people
- Bhojpuri people
- Bishnupriya Manipuri people
- Brokpa people
- Chakma people
- Deccani people
- Dhivehi people
- Dogra people
- Garhwali people
- Gujarati people
- Halba people
- Haryanvi people
- Jaunsari people
- Kalash people
- Kashmiri people
- Khas people
- Kho people
- Kohistani people
- Konkani people
- Kumauni people
- Kutchi people
- Magahi people
- Maithil people
- Marathi people
- Marwari people
- Nagpuria people
- Odia people
- Pashayi people
- Punjabi people
- Rajasthani people
- Romani people
- Rohingya people
- Sadan people
- Saraiki people
- Saurashtra people
- Shina people
- Sindhi people
- Sinhalese people
- Tharu people
- Warli people
See also
References
- ^ "India". The World Factbook. 16 November 2021.
- ^ "Pakistan". The World Factbook. 4 February 2022.
- ^ "Bangladesh". The World Factbook. 4 February 2022.
- ^ "Population of Lhotshampas in Bhutan". UNHCR. 2004. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
- ^ a b c Anthony 2007.
- ^ Erdosy 2012.
- ^ "How ancient DNA may rewrite prehistory in India". bbc. 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
- ^ "New reports clearly confirm 'Arya' migration into India". thehindu. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
- ^ "Aryans or Harappans—Who drove the creation of caste system? DNA holds a clue". theprint. 29 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
- ^ Danesh Jain, George Cardona (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 2.
- ^ a b Anthony 2009, p. 49.
- ^ Anthony 2007, p. 454.
- ^ Beckwith 2009, p. 33 note 20.
- ^ Beckwith 2009, p. 376-7.
- ^ Anthony 2007, p. 390 (fig. 15.9), 405–411.
- ^ Kuz'mina 2007, p. 222.
- ^ Anthony 2007, p. 408.
- ^ George Erdosy (1995). "The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity", p. 279
- ^ Johannes Krause mit Thomas Trappe: Die Reise unserer Gene. Eine Geschichte über uns und unsere Vorfahren. Propyläen Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 148 ff.
- ^ "All Indo-European Languages May Have Originated From This One Place". IFLScience. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
- ^ Avari, Burjor (11 June 2007). India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200. Routledge. pp. xvii. ISBN 978-1-134-25161-2.
- ^ Reich et al. 2009.
- ^ Narasimhan et al. 2019.
- ^ Basu et al. 2016.
- ^ Witzel 2001, p. 95.
- ^ Jamison 2006.
- ^ Guha 2007, p. 341.
- ^ Fosse 2005, p. 438.
- ^ Olson 2016, p. 136.
Sources
- Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World. Princeton University Press.
- Basu A, Sarkar-Roy N, Majumder PP (February 2016). "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (6): 1594–9. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113. PMC 4760789. PMID 26811443.
- Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400829941. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
- Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513777-9.
- Erdosy, George, ed. (2012), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Walter de Gruyter
- Fosse, Lars Martin (2005), "ARYAN PAST AND POST-COLONIAL PRESENT. The polemics and politics of indigenous Aryanism", in Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history, Routledge
- Guha, Sudeshna (2007), "Review. Reviewed Work: The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History by Edwin F. Bryant, Laurie Patton", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, 17 (3): 340–343, doi:10.1017/S135618630700733X, S2CID 163092658
- Jamison, Stephanie W. (2006). "The Indo-Aryan controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history (Book review)" (PDF). Journal of Indo-European Studies. 34: 255–261.
- Kuz'mina, Elena Efimovna (2007), J. P. Mallory (ed.), The Origin of the Indo-Iranians, Brill, ISBN 978-9004160545
- Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 0-5214-7030-7. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
- Mallory, JP. 1998. "A European Perspective on Indo-Europeans in Asia". In The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern and Central Asia. Ed. Mair. Washington DC: Institute for the Study of Man.
- Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): 7487, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661
- Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
- Trubachov, Oleg N., 1999: Indoarica, Nauka, Moscow.
- Witzel, Michael (2001), "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 7 (3): 1–115
- Witzel, Michael (2005), "Indocentrism", in Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history, Routledge
External links
- Horseplay at Harappa – People Fas Harvard – Harvard University (PDF)
- A tale of two horses – Frontline
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