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Hispanism (also refered to at times as Hispanic studies) is the study of the literature and culture of the Spanish-speaking world, principally that of Spain and Latin America. It can also entail studying Spanish language and culture in the United States and in other presently or formerly Spanish-speaking countries in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, such as Equatorial Guinea and the Philippines. Some include the study of Portuguese and of other Iberian languages and cultures under Hispanism, but this usage is not addressed in this article. A practicing scholar who specializes in this field is known as a Hispanist.

Origins

During the XVIth century, Spain was a motor of innovation in Europe, given its links to new conquered lands, new subjects, new literary sorts and personages, new dances, and new fashions. This hegemonic status, also moved by commercial and economic interests, generated interest in learning the Spanish language, that is to say, the language of the new political power, the first to develop an overseas empire in the new Europe of the Renaissance. In order to respond to that demand, Spanish writers such as Antonio de Nebrija wrote the first grammar printed in a Romance language, the Gramática castellana of 1492, while Juan de Valdés composed for his Italian friends eager to learn Castilian his Dialog of the language; the lawyer Villalón wrote in his Gramática castellana (Antwerp, 1558) that Castilian was spoken by Flemish, Italian, English, and French persons.

For many years, mainly between 1550 and 1670, an impressive number of Spanish grammars and dictionaries were published by European presses which linked Spanish to one or more other languages. Two of the oldest grammars were published precisely in Louvain: Useful and brief institution to learn the principles and foundations of the Spanish language (1555) and Grammar of the Spanish vulgar language (1559); the two are anonymous.

Among the more outstanding foreign authors of Spanish grammars are the Italians Giovanni Mario Alessandri (1560) and Giovanni Miranda (1566); the English Richard Percivale (1591), John Minsheu (1599) and Lewis Owen (1605); the French Jean Saulnier (1608) and Jean Doujat (1644); the German Heinrich Doergangk (1614); and the Dutch Carolus Mulerius (1630).

Dictionaries were composed by the Italian Girolamo Vittori (1602), the Englishman John Torius (1590) and the Frenchmen Jacques Ledel (1565), Jean Palet (1604) and François Huillery (1661). The lexicographical contribution of the German Heinrich Hornkens (1599) and of the Franco-Spaniard Pere Lacavallería (1642) were also important to French Hispanism .

Others combined grammars and dictionaries. The works of the Englishman Richard Percivale (1591), of the Frenchman Cesar Oudin (1597, 1607), of the Italian Lorenzo Franciosini (1620, 1624), of Arnaldo de la Porte (1659, 1669) and of the Austrian Nicholas Mez von Braidenbach (1666, 1670) were especially relevant. Franciosini and Oudin also translated Don Quixote. This list is far from complete and the grammars and dictionaries in general had a great number of versions, adaptations, reprintings and even translations (Oudin's Grammaire et observations de langue espagnolle, for example, was translated into Latin and English). This is why it is not possible to exaggerate the great impact that the Spanish language had in the Europe of the XVI and XVII centuries.

In the XIX century, coinciding with the loss of the Spanish colonial empire at the beginning and at the end of that century and with the birth of the new Latin American republics, there was a renewed interest in Europe and the United States in Hispanic history, literature and culture of the now declining great power and its now independent colonies.

During Romanticism, the image of a Moorish and exotic medieval Spain, of a fictional country and a racially mixed culture seduced the imagination of many writers. This led many to become interested in Spanish literature, legends, and traditions. Travel books written at that time maintained and intensified that interest, and led to a more serious and scientific impulse towards the study of Spanish and Hispanic American culture. This impulse did not have a coined word to name itself in Spanish and was designated by the end of the XIX century with the words hispanófilo (Hispanophile) and hispanofilia (Hispanophilia) (for example, Juan Valera), and at the beginning of the XX century ended up being called Hispanismo (Hispanism).

Thus, Hispanism has been traditionally defined as the study of the Spanish and Hispano-American culture and particularly of its language by foreigners or people not educated for the most part in Spain. The Cervantes Institute has promoted the study of Spanish and Hispanic culture around the world, similar to the way institutions such as the British Council, the Alliance Francaise or the Goethe Institute have done for their own countries. At the same time, the autonomous Spanish communities have also developed their own fields of study, such as Catalanística, Vasquística and Galeguística, which will fall outside of the purview of this article.

Hispanism in the world

Hispanism in the United States and Canada

Hispanism in the United States has a long tradition and is highly developed. To a certain extent this can be seen as a result of the United States' own history, tied closely as it is to the Spanish empire, to Mexico, to Puerto Rico, to the Philippines, and to Cuba. Historically, many Americans have romanticized the Spanish legacy and privileged the Castilian language and culture, while simultaneously downplaying or rejecting the Spanish (Latin American and Caribbean) dialects and cultures of US colonial possessions. There are now more than thirty five million Spanish speakers in the United States, making Spanish the second most spoken language in the country and Latinos the largest national minority. Spanish is still used actively in some of the most populous states, including California, Florida, New Mexico, and Texas, and in large cities such as New York, Los Angeles, Miami, San Antonio and San Francisco. The American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese was founded in 1917 and holds an annual congress, which takes place outside the United States every two years; Hispania is the association's official publication. The North American Academy of the Spanish Language brings together Hispanists in North America.

The first academic professorships of Spanish at United States universities were established at Harvard (1819), Virginia (1825), and Yale (1826). The U.S. consul in Valencia, Obadiah Rich, imported numerous books and valuable manuscripts that became the Obadiah Rich Collection at the New York Public Library, and numerous magazines published translations, mainly the North American Review. Many travelers published their impressions on Spain, like Alexander Slidell Mackenzie (A Year in Spain, 1829, and Spain Revisited, 1836), books very read by Washington Irving and Edgar Allan Poe, and other travelers like the Sephardic journalist Mordecai M. Noah and the diplomat Caleb Cushing and his wife. Poe studied Spanish at the University of Virginia and some of his stories have Spanish settings. He also wrote scholarly articles on Spanish literature. The beginnings of Hispanism itself are found in the works of Washington Irving, who met Leandro Fernández de Moratín in Bordeaux in 1825 and was in Spain in 1826 (when he frequented the social gatherings of another North American, Sarah Maria Theresa McKean, the marquise widow of Casa Irujo, 1780-1841) and in 1829; he later went on to become ambassador between 1842 and 1846. Irving studied in Spanish libraries and met Martín Fernández de Navarrete in Madrid, using one of his works as a source for his The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (1828), and made friends and corresponded with Cecilia Böhl de Faber, from where a mutual influence was born. His Romantic interest in Arab topics shaped his Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (1829) and his Alhambra (1832). McKean's social gatherings were also attended by the children of the Bostonian of Irish origin John Montgomery, who was the consul of the United States in Alicante, particularly by the writer George Washington Montgomery, who was born in Spain. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's translations of Spanish classics also form part of the history of North American Hispanism; he went through Madrid in 1829 expressing his impressions in is letters, a diary and Outre-Mer (1833-1834). A good connoisseur of the classics, Longfellow produced an excellent translation of Jorge Manrique's couplets. In order to fulfill his duties as a Spanish professor, he composed his Spanish Novels (1830), which are not but story adaptations of Irving; he published several essays on Spanish literature and a drama, The Spanish Student (1842), where imitates those of the Spanish Golden Age. In his anthology The poets and poetry of Europe (1845) ample reserve place to Spanish poets. William Cullen Bryant translated Morisco romances and composed a poem to "The revolution española" (1808) and another one to "Cervantes" (1878). He was linked in New York to Spaniards and as director of Evening Post included in the magazine many articles on Peninsular subjects. He was in Spain in 1847, relating his impressions in Letters of a traveller (1850-1857). In Madrid he met Carolina Coronado, translating to English her poem "The Lost Bird" and her novel "Jarilla", published in the Evening Post. But the most important group of Spanish scholars was without a doubt those from Boston. The work of George Ticknor, professor of Spanish in Harvard, who wrote History of Spanish Literature and William H. Prescott's historical works on the conquest of America of are without a doubt contributions of the first order. Ticknor was a friend of Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, whom he met in London, and visited Spain in 1818, describing his impressions in Life, letters and journal (1876). In spite of significant difficulties with his vision, Prescott composed histories of the conquest of Mexico and Peru, as well as a history of the reign of the Catholic Monarchs.

Other important Hispanists have been French E. Chadwick, Horace Flack and Marrion Wilcox, that the relations have studied Hispanic-North Americans; A. Irving Leonard, of the University of Michigan, specialized in the work of Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora and published numerous works on Latin American literature and history; Hubert H. Bancroft (1832-1918) and Edward G. Bourne (1860-1908) have vindicated the work of Spain in America. Williams has written on art. Jeremiah D. M. Ford (1873-1958) is author of anthologies Old Spanish Readings (1906) and Spanish Anthology (1901). Edith F. Helman has studied Francisco de Goya in Trasmundo de Goya (Madrid 1964). Charles Carroll Marden made the critical edition of Poema de Fernán González and published anonymous Libro de Apolonio and Milagros de Nuestra Señora of Gonzalo de Berceo; Katherine R. Whitmore, inspiring muse of the poetic cycle of Pedro Salinas, has taken care of lyrical contemporary and the Generation of 98. Charles Philip Wagner wrote a Spanish Grammar and studied the sources of the Libro del caballero Cifar; George T. Northup did Medieval text editings as Libro de los gatos; Raymond S. Willis studied Libro de Alexandre; Raymond R. MacCurdy did fundamental studies and editions on Francisco Rojas Zorrilla; Lewis U. Hanke specialized in the historiography of Indians, and published excellent studies on Father Bartolomé de las Casas; Ada M. Coe, Youngest child B. Ashcom, Ruth Lee Kennedy and Gerald Edward Wade studied particularly the theater; Sylvanus Grisworld Morley and Courtney Bruerton established for the first time a solid chronology of plays of Lope de Vega; Sturgis E. Leavitt was dedicated to the bibliographical studies; Edwin B. Pleases studied the life and builds of Maria de Zayas and published Amadís de Gaula; Nicholson B. Adams was devoted to the romantic drama; Henry H. Carter published the Cancionero de Ajuda; J. Wickersham Crawford studied the life and works of Cristóbal Suárez de Figueroa; Edwin B. Williams composed a bilingual dictionary; and Henry R. Kahane, the professor of Harvard Dwight L. Bolinger and Norman P. Sacks wrote on linguistic, grammar etc. Also Spanish professors have contributed to the promotion of the Hispanic studies and other countries that teach in the North American universities, like Federico de Onís, Ángel del Río, Joaquin Casalduero and his nephew Joaquín Gimeno Casalduero, Francisco García Lorca - brother small of Federico, José Fernández Montesinos, José Francisco Cirre, Jorge Guillén, Pedro Salinas, Claudio Guillén, César Barja, Diego Marín, Agapito Rey, Vicente Lloréns... Hieronymite I enmesh or Américo Castro. The Spanish emigrant and philanthropist Gregorio del Amo created in addition in Los Angeles Foundation to Amo to foment the cultural interchanges between both countries. Between the disciples in the University of Princeton of Américo Castro appears, aside from the Spanish Juan Marichal, Edmund L. King, great specialist in the work of Gabriel Miró, Albert A. Sicroff and Stephen Gilman; this last one was a penetrating student of the Celestina. Rudolph Schevill published with Adolfo Bonilla Complete Works of Miguel de Cervantes; Joseph G. Fucilla studied the Italian track in the Hispanic letters and Archer Milton Huntington, that had by professor another Spanish scholar, William Ireland Knapp, founded the Hispanic Society of America, one of the fundamental pillars of North American Hispanism.

Other important American Spanish scholars were Otis H. Green, professor of the University of Pennsylvania, who was co-director of Hispanic Review, one of the most famous Hispanic journals in that country; Yakov Malkiel, Ralph Hayward Keniston, to that must to a useful study on Syntax of the Spanish Golden Age; Lloyd Kasten and Lawrence B. Kiddle, who published some works of Alfonso X of Castile; Erwin Kempton Mapes, who specialized in Modernism; John E. Englekirk, a famous hispanoamericanista that studied in addition the track to Edgar Allan Poe in Hispanic Literatures; John Esten Keller, publisher of medieval story repertoires; Leo Spitzer, Alan S. Trueblood, Laurel H. Wardropper, Anthony Zahareas, Walter T. Pattison, Richard Pattee, Russell P. Sebold, who specialized in convulso transit between the XVIII and XIX centuries, Edwin S. Morby, publisher of novels of Lope de Vega; James O. Crosby, an expert on Quevedo; John McMurry Hill, author of classic theater editions and glossaries and bibliographies; the Canadian Harry W. Hilborn, who composed a chronology of works of Pedro Calderón de la Barca; Richard Herr, with an important book on XVIII century Spain, John Dowling, Elías L. Rivers, the great specialist in Garcilaso; Donald F. Fogelquist; Karl Ludwig Selig, student of the relations between emblematic and the Literature of the Golden Age; Victor R. Oelschläger; William H. Shoemaker, a great student of Benito Pérez Galdós; Albert Sicroff, author of a classic study on the statutes of blood cleaning (estatutos de limpieza de sangre); Charlotte Stern, student of the Spanish medieval theater; Kenneth R. Scholberg, Kessel Schwartz etc. North American Hispanism continues vigorous with as active figures as Daniel Eisenberg, David T. Gies, Robert Lauer, etc.

In the United States there are important societies that dedicate themselves to the study, conservation and spreading of the Spanish culture. The Hispanic Society of America is most well-known; also there are libraries specialized in Hispanic matter, like the one of University of Tulane, in New Orleans. Important journals include Hispanic Review, Magazine of Spain, New Magazine of Hispanic Philology, Hispania, Dieciocho, Modern Hispanic Magazine and Cervantes .

Hispanism in France and Belgium

The history of Hispanism in France is very old and starts with the powerful influence exerted by the literature of the Spanish Golden Age on authors such as Pierre Corneille or Paul Scarron. The numerous grammars and dictionaries have already been mentioned at the beginning of this article that were written by French authors; but also there were Spanish Protestants who fled the Inquisition and took by office education from the Spanish language, like for example the author of Second part of the Lazarillo de Tormes, Juan de Luna. Parfaicte méthode pour entendre, écrire et parler langue espagnole (Paris: Lucas Breyel, 1597) of the meritorious Charpentier was forgotten immediately by the grammar Cesar Oudin (also of 1597) that served as model those most of that later they were written in French. Michel de Montaigne read the Cronistas de Indias and had like like one of its models to fray Antonio de Guevara. Molière, Alain-René Lesage, and Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian took arguments and personages from Spanish Literature.

Painters like Eugène Delacroix and Henri Regnault traveled to Spain in the XIX century and left written testimony of it; important writers as Alexandre Dumas, Théophile Gautier, George Sand, Stendhal, Hippolyte Taine or Prosper Merimée; travellers like Jean François Bourgoing, Charles Davillier, Louis Viardot, Isidore Justin Séverin, Charles Didier, Alexandre de Laborde, Antoine de Latour, Joseph Bonaventure Laurens, Edouard Magnien, Pierre Louis de Crusy and Antoine Fréderic Ozanam. François René de Chateaubriand returned from Jerusalem through Spain and wrote about his trip. Louis Viardot was a great Spanish work translator; Victor Hugo was in Spain accompanying his father general Hugo in 1811 and 1813, envanecía in being called Great of Spain and knew the language it used and it; there are numerous references, among others figures and texts, to Cid and the work of Cervantes in his works, so that separate article could be written on the presence of the Spanish culture in his work; Prosper Merimée (that either before realizing its repeated trips to Spain or had shaped his intuitive vision of the same in The theater of Clara Gazul (1825) and in the family of Carvajal (1828); he made many trips between 1830 and 1846, making numerous friends, among them Duke of Rivas and Antonio Alcala Galiano, and wrote Lettres adressées d'Espagne au directeur of the Revue de Paris which are imperceptible costumbrista outlines and which emphasizes their description of a bullfight, spectacle to which since then it was become fond of; their short novels are classic works on Spain the souls of the Purgatorio (1834), that transfers the subject of Don Juan Tenorio to Salamanca, since José de Espronceda later does in his El estudiante de Salamanca ("The student of Salamanca"), and Carmen (1845); Henri Murger, Stendhal or Gustave Flaubert. Only on the influence of Miguel de Cervantes could become chapter separate and Honoré de Balzac was friend of Francisco Martínez de la Rosa and the twig dedicated to its novel to him (1829). It is necessary to also remember that Martinez de la Rosa released Abén Humeya in Paris in 1831. Romancero included in Bibliothèque universelle of romans that was published in 1774. Crezé de Lesser published Romance du Cid in 1814, comparing them like epic Herder with the Greek, and they were reprinted in 1823 and 1836, giving much that to fabular to the French romantic movement. The brother of Victor, the journalist and publisher Abel Hugo, that always emphasized the literary value of Romancero, translated and published in 1821 Romancero and history of the king gift Rodrigo and in 1822 Romance historiques traduits of l'espagnol. Vaudeville also composed, Them français in Espagne (1823), fruit of its interest by this country, in which there was been when younger with its brother in the Noble Seminary of Madrid in time of king Jose. Madame de Stäel contributed to the knowledge of Spanish Literature in France it did since it with the knowledge of the German, so main to introduce Romanticism in the country. For it Course of dramatic Literature translated of Friedrich von Schlegel in 1814 and volume IV of the work of Bouterwek, to which imposed the title of Histoire de la littérature espagnole in 1812. Also with its study helped to spread it to Swiss Simonde de Sismondi of littérature du midi of l'Europe (1813). In this sense the Castilian poetry anthology was very important subsequent to XV century translated and published with introductions and notes by Juan Maria Maury under the title L'Espagne poétique, in 1826-1827, in two volumes. The publishing house Baudry published in Paris many works of Romantic Spaniards and even maintained one Collection of the best Spanish authors of which Eugenio de Ochoa was in charge, Spanish writer who was bilingual and practically lived half on the time in Paris. Visions of Spain offered books of trips of Madame d'Aulnoy, Saint-Simon, Théophile Gautier (wo crossed Spain in 1840 and published Voyage in Espagne (1845) and one Spain (1845), plenty of colorful colorful sensitivity and, as much, that they served as inspiration to the same Spaniards (poets like Zorrilla and narrators like those of the Generation of 98 and Alexandre Dumas (that attended in Madrid the representation of Don Juan Tenorio of José Zorrilla and left Impressions of voyage (1847-1848) quite negative on its experiences; its drama Don Juan de Marana revives the legend of Don Juan, changing the end after to have seen the version of Zorrilla in the delayed edition of 1864. Francois-René de Chateaubriand happened through the peninsula in 1807 and had some intervention in the invasion of One hundred thousand children of San Luis in 1823; d'Outre told in his it Mémoires d'ultratombe (1849-1850). Perhaps at that time conceived to write you venture du to Them to Le dernier Abencerraje (1826), raising the chivalry hispanoárabe. Very read espagnol was Lettres d'un (1826) of Louis Viardot, that was in Spain in 1823. Stendhal dedicated to the chapter " Of l'Espagne" in its test Of l'amour (1822). visited the Peninsula in 1834 soon. George Sand spent one season in Majorca with Chopin (1837-1838), installed in the tétrica Cartuja de Valldemosa, as she herself remembers in Un hiver au midi of l'Espagne (1842) and in his Memories. The Spanish classic painting exerted a formidable influence on Manet, and more recently on the modern French painting generally Pablo Ruiz Picasso or Salvador Dali . Spanish music marked composers like the Georges Bizet, Emmanuel Chabrier, Edouard Lalo, Maurice Ravel, Debussy, etc.

In Belgium, Pierre Groult and Lucien-Paul Thomas emphasize that studied mainly Mystical Castilian in relation to the flamenco one;, Ernest Merimée, founder of French Institute of Madrid, creator of Manual of history of Spanish Literature and student of Francisco de Quevedo drove Hispanic studies in France Pierre Paris and Guillén de Castro, its son Henri ; Léo Rouanet, Jean Joseph Stanislas Albert Ladies Hinard, Jean-Josep Saroïhandy, Jean Camp, the Georges Cirot, Desdevises du Dézert, Gaston Paris, Adolphe de Puibusque, Raymond Foulché-Delbosc, Eugène Kohler, Marcel Bataillon, Alfred Morel-Fatio, Maurice Legendre, Jean Sarrailh, Jean Cassou, Felix Lecoy, Valery Larbaud, Pierre Fouché, Marcel Lepée, Henri Gavel, Jean Ducamin, Pierre Le Gentile, Israël Salvator Révah, Noël Salomon, Alain Guy, Maxime Chevalier, Louis Combet, Georges Demerson, Marcelin Défourneaux, Charles Vincent Aubrun, Robert Marrast, Gaspard Delpy, Pierre Vilar, Bartolomé Benassar, Joseph Perez, Jean Canavaggio, René Andioc, Albert Dérozier, Claude Morange, Marc Vitse, Robert Jammes, Frédéric Serralta, Lucienne Domergue, Théodore Joseph Boudet, Adolphe Coster, Claude Couffon, Maurice Molho.

At present the most important centers for Hispanism in France are at the Universities of Bordeaux and Toulouse, and in Paris, where Institut DES Études Hispaniques exists the call, founded in 1912. Very prestigious magazines are published in addition, like Bulletin Hispanique.

Hispanism in Great Britain and Ireland

The first Spanish book translated the English was the Celestina; one is a verse adaptation published in London between 1525 and 1530 and given by some John Rastell, of which it only consists it made that it print. It includes/understands the four first acts solely and is done on the Italian version of Ordoñez; habitually is known it as Interlude and its original title is To new comedy in English in manner of an interrubs right elegant and full of craft of rethoric: wherein is shewed and described ace well the beauty and good properties of women, ace to their vices and evil conditions with to moral conclusion and exhortation to virtue . The Scottish poet William Drummond (1585-1649) translated to Garcilaso de la Vega and to Juan Boscán. The English knew the masterpieces Castilian Literature, that very soon were translated, mainly Amadís de Gaula of Garci Rodriguez de Montalvo and well Cárcel de amor of Diego de San Pedro; Sir Philip Sidney had read Siete libros de la Diana of hispanoportugués Jorge de Montemayor and the poetry of this influenced to him greatly; John Bourchier translated Libro de Marco Aurelio of fray Antonio de Guevara. David Rowland translated Lazarillo de Tormes in 1586 and surely this work inspired first English picaresque novel, The Unfortunate Traveller (1594) of Thomas Nashe. The Celestina was translated, this already complete time, by the end of the XVI: (in London, J. Wolf, 1591; Adam Islip, 1596; William Apsley, 1598 etcetera). Some of the translators of that time traveled or lived by a time in Spain, like Lord Berners, Bartholomew Yong, Thomas Shelton, Leonard Digges or James Mabbe. William Cecil (Lord Burghley; 1520-1598) owned without a doubt the most extensive book library in Spanish of the United Kingdom, but their affections towards Spain and its negotiations did not manage to avoid the war of Felipe II against Elizabeth I .

The isabelino theater also underwent the powerful influence of Golden Age: John Fletcher, habitual collaborator of Shakespeare, lavishly took from Cervantes: of Quijote for his Cardenio, written in collaboration with the Swan of the Avon, that was on the other hand an unsuspected reader of Juan Luis Vives; Fletcher and Beaumont also imitated the famous novel in his more well-known The Knight of the Burning Pestle; also took from Persiles for his the custom of the country and the illustrious dishwasher for his the beautiful young woman of the sale; Thomas Middleton and William Rowley was inspired by Gitanilla to write his The Spanish Gipsy (1623). The first translation of Quijote to a foreign language was the English version of Thomas Shelton (first part, 1612, second, 1620). The century did not finish without seeing the first English imitation of this work: the satirical poem Hudibras (1663-78), of Samuel Butler. In addition some great poets to Golden Age were translated to English by the Richard Fanshawe, that died in Madrid.

In Century XVIII already emphasizes a luxurious London edition of Quijote in castilian (1738) prepared by the enthusiastic Sephardic Jewish cervantist Pedro Pineda, with introduction of novator Gregorio Mayáns y Siscar and excellent engravings; there were with little difference two new translations of Quijote, the one of Jarvis (1742) and the one of the writer of picaresque novel Tobías Smollet, (1755); Smollet appears as a great reader of Spanish narrative and his works take that always present seal; on the other hand, the best work of the dieciochesca writer Charlotte Lennox is indeed the Quijote woman (1752) and to Cervantes also must to the inspiration of the spiritual Quijote, of Richard Serious . The English clergyman John Bowle realized the one that is without dispute the best edition commented and critical of Don Quixote of century XVIII in 1781; also the novelists learned of Cervantes Henry Fielding and Lawrence Sterne . As far as the British travellers by Spain in this century who left written testimony of their step, and following an order chronological, we can mention to John Durant Breval, Thomas James, Wyndham Beawes, James Harris, Richard Twiss, Francis Carter, William Dalrymple, Philip Thiknesse, Henry Swinburne, John Talbot Dillon, Alexander Jardine, Richard Croker, Richard Cumberland, Joseph Towsend, Arthur Young, William Beckford, John Macdonald, Robert Southey and Neville Wyndham. Straddling the following century and are John Hookham Frere Henry Richard Vassal Fox, more known like Lord Holland (1773-1840), great friend of Melchor Gaspar de Jovellanos and of Manuel José Quintana, and benefactor of Jose Maria Blanco-White. Lord Holland visited Spain in numerous occasions and wrote its impressions on those trips, aside from collecting books and manuscripts and making a biography of Lope de Vega; it had open his house to all the Spaniards, mainly to the liberal e'migre's who in century XIX arrived at the London district of Somers Town fleeing from the fernandina repression absolutist, or which simply they did not support the religious and ideological dogmatism of the country; many subsisted making translations or teaching the language anxious English, the majority eager to deal with Hispano-America, but others also with curiosity to learn something on Spanish medieval Literature, very of the romantic taste. One of the e'migre's, Antonio Alcalá Galiano, disclosed Spanish Literature in a chair of Spanish created in the University of London in 1828 and published its notes. The publisher Rudolph Ackerman mounted a great business publishing Catecismos (text books) on the most different matters in Spanish for been born the new Hispano-American republics, many of them made up of Spanish e'migre's. Lewis acclimated some of its works in Spain; the protagonist of the Abbey of Northanger of Jane Austen so is chalada by gothic novels that has been read like Don Quixote with books of cavalries. Walter Scott was an enthusiastic cervantist and tried to translate some Romance. To Spain and its history of Roderick dedicated to the narrative poem The Vision (1811). Thomas Rodd translated some romances. Also felt great interest by Spain Lord Byron, reader of Don Quixote and translator of the romance Ay de mi Alhama in a part of his Childe Harold, not to mention his Don Juan. Richard Trench was translator of Calderón and friend of the emigrated Spaniards, of who some wrote in English and Spanish, like José María Blanco-White or Telesforo de Trueba y Cossío, and many of them spread to the knowledge of the Spanish language and its Literature, like Juan Calderón, that had chair of Spanish in King's College. John Hookham Frere was friend of Duke de Rivas when it was in Malta and it translated to English some medieval and classic poetries. The brothers were Spanish scholars Jeremiah Holmes and Youngest child Benjamin B. Wiffen, the poet lakist Robert Southey, that translated Amadís de Gaula and Palmerín de Inglaterra to the English, among others estimable works; The English novelists underwent a strong cervantino influence, especially Charles Dickens, that created to a quixotic pair in Mr. Pickwick and Sam Weller of his Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick club; John Ormsby translated Cantar de mio Cid and Don Quixote; Percy Bysshe Shelley left in its work tracks of its devotion by Pedro Calderon de la Barca; Polyglot John Bowring traveled to Spain in 1819 and left of this trip Observations. Classic travellers are Richard Ford, whose for Handbook travellers in Spain (1845) was reeditadísimo, and George Borrow, author of a delicious book of trips, The Bible in Spain, translated to Castilian by Manuel Azaña; the calderonista poet Edward Fitzgerald, the historian of Literature James Fitzmaurice-Kelly, " padre" of a whole British generation of Spanish scholars like Edgar Allison Peers or Alexander A. Parker Other outstanding hispanist have been irish Frank Pierce, student of the cultured epic poetry of Golden Age; John Brande Trend, historian of Spanish music; Edward Meryon Wilson, author of a splendid translation to English of the Soledades (Solitudes) of Luis de Góngora (1931); Norman David Shergold, student of auto sacramental; John E. Varey, that documented to the evolution of the parateatrales forms in the Golden Age; Geoffrey Ribbans, William James Entwistle, Peter Edward Russell, Nigel Glendinning, Brian Dutton, Gerald Brenan, John H. Elliott, Raymond Carr, Henry Kamen, John H. Polt, Hugh Thomas, Colin Smith, Edward C. Riley, Keith Whinnom, Paul Preston, Alan Deyermond, Ian Michael, Ian Gibson …

The Association of Hispanists of Great Britain and Ireland (AHGBI) was first of all, along with the Japanese, to the salary founded on 1955 by a group of reunited university professors in St. Since then annual congresses have been organized and in 2005 it will take place fiftieth. The AHGBI played a decisive role in the creation of Association International of Hispanists, AIH, whose first congress was celebrated in Oxford in 1962. Which has congresses and publish its acts

Hispanism in Germany, Austria and Switzerland

German Association of Spanish Hispanists is based on 1977 and since then an independent and independent hispanicism in Germany exists that celebrates a congress biennial. At this moment the Spanish frequently surpasses to the French in number of students. Forty departments of Romance Philology in Germany exist more or less and more than ten thousand students of Spanish.

Outside the imitation of picaresque novel by Hans Jakob Christoph von Grimmelshausen, the hispanism in Germany bloomed with force around the devotion that his provoked Romanticism by Miguel de Cervantes and mainly by the golden dramatist Pedro Calderon de la Barca and Baltasar Gracián. can be considered the first the philologist Friedrich Diez (1794-1876), that Grammatical his of the Romance languages (1836-1843) and etymological Dictionary of the Romance languages (1854) confers to the Spanish an important place; it published its first hispanístico work, Altspanische Romanzen (Romance medieval Spaniards, 1819), when the interest by the Spanish in other authors had already awaked, like Dieze and Friedrich Justin Bertuch.

The romantic group formed by Ludwig Tieck was very important (1773-1853), orientalist, writer and poet whom Quijote translated to the German (1799-1801), Friedrich Bouterwek, peculiar and very erroneous author of History of Spanish Literature and translator of The judge of the divorces of Cervantes, and of which August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767-1845) translated works of Calderón (Spanisches Theater, 1803-1809) and Spanish classic poetry to the German. Jakob Grimm, famous philologist and foclorista, published one Silva of old woman romances (Vienna, 1816) with a prolog in Spanish. Consul in Spain, Juan Nicholas Böhl de Faber was like a great student of Calderón, the Spanish classic theater and traditional popular Literature; the philologist Wilhelm von Humboldt traveled by Spain taking notes and it was interested especially in the Basque language, and the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer was a fervent reader and translator of Baltasar Gracián. The count Adolf Friedrich von Schack (1815-1894) made a trip to Spain in 1852 to study the rest of the Arab civilization and since then a fervent Spanish scholar became.

In Switzerland, Austria and other countries of German speech or with emigrants German one began to study and to read Spanish classic Literature with rigor; although the most known Franz Grillparzer is perhaps the Viennese writer, the list is not certainly little in the philology: Wendelin Foerster, Karl Vollmoller, Adolf Tobler, Heinrich Morf, Gustav Grober, Gottfried Baist, Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke is examples of it. Among them there are two Chileans, Rodolfo or Rudolf Lenz (1863-1938), that he published, between many other works, their important Dictionary of the Chilean voices derived from indigenous languages, his Chilenische Studien and other important works on grammar and the Spanish of America, and Federico or Friedrich Hanssen (1857-1919), that wrote one Grammatical historical of the Castilian language and other works of Castilian Hispanic philology on old, Aragonese dialectology and the Spanish of America. Romance Manual of Philology of Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke was a classic one in Spain, as well as historical his Grammatical of the Romance languages (1896-1899) and, already in century XX, Introduction to the linguistic romance (1901) (translated the Spanish), and etymological Dictionary Romanesque (1935). With its translations and their books, Johannes Fastenrath disclosed between its contemporaries the Spanish culture and in addition it created a prize that its name in the Spanish Royal Academy takes to award to best works written in Spanish in lyrical, narrative and test. The Austrian romanista Ferdinand Wolf, friend of Agustín Durán, in particular was interested in Romancero, Lyrical cancioneril and the medieval popular poetry, and studied authors who resided in Vienna, like Cristóbal de Castillejo. Swiss Heinrich Morf published old Poem of Jose (Leipzig, 1883). Very the works of linguistic Idealismo and were read in Spain Stylistic, represented by Karl Vossler and Ludwig Pfandl . The germanic calderonismo resurged with editions of Max Krenkel . Other important authors were Emil Gessner : DAS Altleonesische ( Leonine old) (Berlin 1867); Gottfried Baist : edition of Libro de la caza of Don Juan Manuel (1880) and the first one I sketch of an historical grammar of the Spanish: Die spanische Sprache, in the monumental encyclopedia of the Romance philology published by Gustav Grober as of 1888; Hugo Schuchardt : Die you sing flamenco, until today the best work on the subject; Armin Gassner : DAS altspanische Verbum (the old Castilian verb in) (It finds 1897) and a work on Spanish syntax (1890) and several articles on the published Spanish pronouns between 1893 and 1895. It is necessary to also mention: Moritz Goldschmidt : Zur Kritik to der altgermanischen Elemente im Spanischen, Bonn 1887 (mediocre work, but first on the influences of the germanic languages on the Spanish).

Specialized authors more and with important contributions to the Hispanic philology were Werner Beinhauer (Spanish colloquial, phraseology, modismos); Joseph Brüch (germanic influences, historical phonetics); Emil Gamillscheg (germanic influences on the languages peninsular, toponymy, Basoues and Romans) Wilhelm Giese (etimología, dialectology and popular culture, guanchismos, preroman substrate, judeo-Spanish); Rudolf Grossmann (extranjerismos of the River plate Spanish, Spanish and Hispano-American Literature, Latin American culture); Helmut Hatzfeld ( Stylistic, language of Quijote ); Heinrich Kuen (linguistic situation of the Iberian Peninsula, typology of the Spanish); Alwin Kuhn (Aragonese dialectology, formation of the Romance languages); Fritz Krüger (dialectology, ethnography); Harri Meier (linguistic historical, etimología, formation of the Romance languages, dialectology, linguistic typology); Joseph M. Skin (toponymy and anthroponymy of the iberorrománicas languages); Gerhard Rohlfs (linguistic historical, etimología, toponymy, dialectology, language and culture); Hugo Schuchardt (Spanish etimologías, preRoman dialectology, languages, creoles, Basque studies); Friedrich Schürr (phonetic historical, lexicology); Leo Spitzer (etimología, syntax, stylistic and lexicology of the Spanish); Günther Haensch and Arnold Steiger (Arab influences on the Spanish, Mozarabic language); Karl Vossler (stylistic, characterization of the Spanish language, studies on Spanish Literature and culture); Edmund Schramm made the biography of Donoso Cortés and studied to Unamuno; Max Leopold Wagner (Spanish of America, studies on Gypsy dialect and slangs, dialectology); Adolf Zauner (author of Altspanisches Lehrbuch (Castilian Manual of old, 1907).

Fritz Krüger created famous " school of Hamburgo", that applied to the principles of the school " Worter und Sachen" (" Words and cosas") founded previously by Swiss philologists and German ( Hugo Schuchardt, R. Meyer-Lübke), combining rightly Dialectology and Ethnography . Of 1926 and 1944 und Kultur der Romanen directed to the magazine Volkstum and the supplements of the same (1930-1945), 37 volumes, in which many of their disciples published their works. Krüger wrote mainly on Hispanic dialectology, especially those of the west of Spain (Extremadura and Leon) and of the Pyrenees, that it crossed on foot with the purpose of to gather the materials for his monumental work Die Hochpyrenaen (the central Pyrenees) in which meticulously describes the landscape, the flora and fauna, the material culture, the popular traditions and the dialects of the central Pyrenees. The versatile romanista Gerhard Rohlfs investigated the languages and the common dialects of the two slopes of the Pyrenees and their elements, the preRoman substrates of the peninsular languages, guanchismos, etc.

To Karl Vossler, founder of the linguistic school of Idealism, today surpassed to a large extent, must to shining Spanish literary work interpretations and deep reflections on the Spanish culture. Vossler initiated with Helmut Hatzfeld and Leo Spitzer a new stylistic school based on the esthetic one, which analyzed mainly average of expression of the different authors (Karl Vossler, Helmut Hatzfeld, I read Spitzer: Introduction to the stylistic romance, Buenos Aires, 1932)

At the beginning of century XX the foundation of two had special importance meritorias institutions dedicated exclusively to the Hispanic studies (including Catalan, Galician and the Portuguese), Iberoamerikanisches Forschungsinstitut of the University of Hamburg, city always abierta to the world, and Iberoamerikanisches lnstitut of Berlin, the great cultural metropolis in those years.

On 1919 the Iberoamerikanisches Forschungsinstitut of the University of Hamburg was based that, until the Sixties was practically the unique university institution with exclusive dedication to the Spanish and the other peninsular languages. The Institute essentially published the valuable magazine Volkstum und Kultur der Romanen (1926 -1944) dedicated to works on dialectology and popular culture, following, generally, you rule of the school " Worter und Sachen" (" Words and cosas"). Under the direction of Fritz Krüger whose disciples published doctoral theses on the Spanish language and its dialects were created " School of Hamburgo".

Founded on 1930, the Institute Iberoamericano or Iberoamerikanisches lnstitut of Berlin received bottoms librarians of several donations among them of the library of the Institute of Latin American lnvestigaciones of the University of Bonn, dissolved in 1930. The library of lnstituto of the Berlin, most important of Europe as far as studies on Spain, Portugal and Latin America and the languages of these countries (including Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, Basque and the indigenous languages of America) today count on 730,000 volumes and 4,300 magazines, in addition with great amount to maps, archives of photographies, slides, magnetic tapes, a cut file of press, one of 18,000 discs. Lnstituto has an efficient asoramiento. It is also dedicated to investigations in the fields of Literature, linguistic, ethnology, history and history of the art. Under the Nazi regime (1933-1945), the German philology crossed a difficult time. Unfortunately there were romanistas that in their chairs and their works praised and propagated the Nazi ideology. Others, however, lost their chairs or underwent another type of persecution, for being Jewish ones (as for example Yakov Malkiel and I read Spitzer, that emigrated), others by not to be pleasing to the regime or even enemy assets of the same (like for example Helmut Hatzfeld, that fled from Germany; Werner Krauss, who lost his chair in 1935).

Reconstructed difficultly with the postwar period, the Hispanic philology of German speech contributed to the works of Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcellos and Ernst Robert Curtius . Rudolph Grossmann made a great dictionary hispanoalemán and made a Spanish lyrical Anthology. Also and made great contributions Hans Juretschke Werner Kraus . Werner Beinhauer studied the colloquial Spanish and its book in this matter is a classic one that is still read today with pleasure; Torsten Rox studies to Mariano José de Larra and the Spanish nineteenth-century media; Hans Magnus Enzensberger has made a new translation of Federico García Lorca. On the other hand, in Germany has publishing houses specialized in Hispanic studies, like Publishing house Reichenberger de Kassel that is devoted to the Century of Gold and does one meritísima work and the Publishing house Klaus Dieter Ververt, who has a branch in Frankfurt and another one in Madrid, which facilitates the collaboration between the Spanish scholars.

In Austria Franz Grillparzer was the first Spanish scholar, great reader of theater of Golden Age, and emphasizes Anton Rothbauer like studious black legend ("leyenda negra") translator lyrical modern and of ; and Rudolf Palgen are also Austrian Alfred Wolfgang Wurzbach .

Hispanism in Russia

In the Russian Federation the history of Hispanism is long and deep and even resisted the rupture of relations on the occasion of the resulting dictatorship of Civil War. It started in the XVIII and XIX century; in this last century, the influence of Cervantes on the Realist novel (Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Ivan Turgenev, Leon Tolstoy) was greatest. Romantic travelers such as Sergei Sobolevski accumulated great book libraries in Spanish and helped Spanish writers such as Juan Valera who visited their country. The Russian Realist dramatist Aleksandr Ostrovsky translated the theater of Pedro Calderón de la Barca and wrote texts on Spanish Golden Age theater. Also Yevgueni Andréyevich Salias de Tournemir visited Spain, and published Notes of two-shaft by Spain in 1874, more or less when Emilio Castelar published his Contemporary Russia. At present, the Association of Hispanists of the federation counts on the support of the Academy of Sciences; the Hispano-American studies also undergo a great increase. In a 2003 non exhaustive count revealed the number of about four thousand students of Spanish in the universities. Between the outstanding Spanish scholars they can be mentioned, only in the XXth century, the names of Sergei Goncharenko, father of a whole generation of Spanish scholars; Victor Andreyev, Vladimir Vasiliev, Natalia Miod, Svetlana Piskunova and Vsevolod Bagno among others many not less important. Recently, in addition, has been based Russian Hernandian Circle particularly active and consecrated to study the work of Miguel Hernández, that visited the USSR in September of 1937.

Hispanism in Poland

Two countries like Spain and Poland, so distant, nevertheless have much common in history and political and cultural evolution. In the Xth century Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub, a Jewish merchant from Tortosa, at that time under the Muslim domination, traveled to the Slav-western countries, perhaps by order of the caliphs. The merchant wrote a story of his trip that conserves only fragments and adaptations in the work of al-Bekri. Ibn Jacob, unknown in Spain, is one of the pillars of the Polish historiography of the Middle Age. Princess Rica (Rycheza) of Poland, daughter of the Polish Duke Ladislao II “the Exile” (1138-1146) married Alfonso VII “the Emperor” (1126-1157), King of Castile, Leon and Galicia when his first wife died; on the other hand, more of a hundred Poles peregrinated to Santiago de Compostela in the Middle Ages; we know the names Jakub Cztan, Franciszek de Szubin and Klemens de Moskorzewo .

In 1490, Estanislao the Pole Stanislaus Polonus arrived in Spain. Estanislao settled down in Seville, the more prosperous Spanish city of the time, to introduce the press and during the fourteen years that he worked as a publisher in Spain (only or with their partners) he published one hundred eleven titles that together add twelve thousand pages. The University of Salamanca was the first European university that recognized the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543). From 1562 the discoveries of the Polish scientist got up to the curriculum of the second astronomy course. In the XVI century we have letters of the humanist Jan Dantyszek (Johannes Dantiscus, 1485-1548), ambassador of king Sigismund I the Old before Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor that traveled three times to the Peninsula and remained there for nearly ten years, establishing friendship with very outstanding figures, like Hernán Cortés. The bishop Piotr Dunin Wolski took to Poland three hundred books in Spanish that happened to thicken Jaguellónica Library of Krakow under the name of Bibliotheca Volsciana . In the Academy of Krakow several Spanish professors worked: the Sevillian Garsías Square and the Aragonese jurist Pedro Ruiz de Moros (1506-1571), known in Poland as Roizjusz, that wrote mainly in Latin and was adviser of the king, who in addition spoke the Spanish well and danced the pavane. The Company of Jesus spread mystical, ascetic, and Spanish theology and theater and there was even a Polish Jesuit saint in Spain, Stanisław Kostka (Stanislaus Kostka) (1550-1568). In the XVI century, the travellers Stanisław Łaski, Andrzej Tęczyński,Jan Tarnowski, Stanisław Radziwiłł and Szymon Babiogórski visited Spain, among others. Also an interesting anonymous story of the year 1595 exists that is conserved in manuscript: Diariusz z peregrynacji włoskiej, hiszpańskiej, portugalskiej (Diary of the Italian, Spanish and Portuguese peregrination). The anonymous traveler arrived at Barcelona from Majorca in August of 1595. The mystical works were very influential in this century and ascetic, soon translated, and the philosophy of Juan Luis You live and on Suárez.

Already in century XVII, we have to another outstanding traveler, the Polish nobleman Jacobo Sobieski, that did the Way of Santiago and wrote a relation of the same. In years 1674-1675 Andrzej Chryzostom Załuski visited Spain the canon (1650-1711), Jerzy Radziwiłł and Stanisław Radziwiłł among others, and all left testimony written of it; it is stated in that does not know black Legend they ignore or it, because its attitude is always benevolent and in favor of the Spaniards. However, modern Hispanic studies Polish, that they call Iberística, takes of the romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz ; later Joachim came hispanófilos from half-full from century XIX like Lelewel, Wojciech Dzieduszycki, Leonard Rettel, Julian Adolf Swiecicki, Karol Dembowski, who wrote in French a book of trips by the Spain of First Carlista War, or Felix Rozanski, rather disseminators and translators enthusiastic, that preceded to the romanistas which they taught in Poland at that time, like Edward Porebowicz and its successor Zygmunt Czerny . Later and Stefania Ciesielska-Borkowska came Józef Morawski . Maria Strzałkowa wrote the first outline of History of Spanish Literature. As translators emphasize Kazimierz Zawanowski, Zofia Szleyen, Kalina Wojciechowska and Zofia Chądzyńska . The poet and Spanish scholar Florian Smieja taught Spanish and Hispano-American Literature in London, Ontario. In 1971 University of Warsaw was created in the first chair of nonsubordinate Iberística to a department of Romance Literatures and the following year the corresponding university race was created. Now Institute of Iberian and Latin American Studies is called. In her they teach Urszula Aszyk-Bangs, prematurely disappeared M. Pierrette-Ma∏cu˝yƒski (1948-2004) and the polonólogos Robert Mansberger Amorós, Victor Manuel Ferreras and Carlos Marrodán Houses . In Krakow was organized in 1985 the first National Symposium of Spanish scholars. Very important Janusz Tazbir is the work of the Spanish scholars historians and Jan Kienewicz, and in the land of the Literature of Gabriela Makowiecka, Henryk Ziomek, Baczynska Very devout woman, Florian Smieja, Piotr Sawicki and Kazimierz Sabik . Grzegorz BAK, on the other hand, has studied the image of Spain in the Polish Literature of century XIX.

Hispanism in Portugal and Brazil

Brazil

The integration of Brazil in Mercosur has created the necessity of a closer relation with the Hispanic world and of better knowledge of the Spanish language, thus the Brazilian state has promoted the insertion of the Spanish language as part of obligatory education in the country. A great nucleus of Spanish scholars settled at the University of Sao Paulo, including Fidelino de Figueiredo, Luis Sanchez and Fernandez and Jose Lodeiro. In 1991 the Brazilian Yearbook of Hispanic Studies was created, and this publication has facilitated the diffusion of the work of Spanish scholars in the country. In the year 2000 the I Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas took place, and its proceedings were published under the title Hispanism 2000. On that occasion the Brazilian Association of Spanish scholars was established. The II Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas, took place in the year 2002. In 2004, the III Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas was celebrated and in September of 2006, the IV Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas took place in Rio de Janeiro, co-organized by the Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro and the Brazilian Association of Spanish scholars.

Portugal

Compared to this Brazilian interest, there is less interest from the part of Portuguese Hispanists, whose association was only established in 2005. The Portuguese investigations in this field are mostly of a comparatist type and focus on Luso-Spanish topics, partly because of academic-administrative reasons. The journal Peninsula is one of the most important. Portuguese Hispanism appears somewhat limited and in certain way there is a mutual relation of distrust between the two cultures, motivated by a history of misunderstandings that comes from the preferential election that Castille made in the XV century in favor of Catalonia. Nevertheless writers of the Portuguese Renaissance wrote in the two languages, like the dramatist Gil Vicente, Jorge de Montemayor, Sa de Miranda, or, later, the historian Francisco Manuel de Melo .

Hispanism in Italy

The relation between Spain and Italy developed very early during the Middle Ages, especially in Naples (through the relation that it had with the Crown of Aragon and Sicily), and intensified during the Spanish Pre-Renaissance and Renaissance through Castile: Garcilaso de la Vega engaged the members of the Pontanian Academy and introduced the metric, style and subjects of Petrarquism to Spanish lyrical poetry. This close relation extended throughout Manierism and the Baroque in the XVI and XVII centuries. In the XVIII century the poet Giambattista Conti (1741-1820) was perhaps the best Spanish scholar, translator and anthologist of Europe. We can also highlight the figure of the dramatist, critic and theater historiographer Pietro Napoli Signorelli (1731-1815), who was against those who, as Girolamo Tiraboschi or Bettinelli, in their country blamed Spanish Literature of "mal gusto", "corrupción" and "barbarie"; Giacomo Casanova and Giuseppe Baretti traveled through Spain, leaving interesting descriptions of their experiences, especially the second, who had learned the language very well, while Leandro Fernández de Moratín traveled to Italy and wrote an interesting diary; his father Nicholas was a great friend of the erudite architect of Carlos III Ignazio Bernascone, and the critic Pedro Estala was in the Real Studies of San Isidro with the eminent doctor and Arabist Mariano Pizzi. To these names we can add those of Leonardo Capitanacci, Ignazio Gajone, Placido Bordoni, Giacinto Ceruti, Francesco Pesaro, Giuseppe Olivieri, Giovanni Querini and Marco Zeno.

In the XIX century Italian Romanticism felt a great interest in the Romancero, which was translated by Giovanni Berchet in 1837 and Pietro Monti in 1855. Edmundo de Amicis traveled through Spain and wrote a book of impressions of his trip. Antonio Restori (1859-1928), a professor of the Universities of Mesina and of Genoa, published some works of Lope de Vega and dedicated to the bibliography of the Spanish theater his Saggi di bibliografia teatrale spagnuola (1927); he also wrote Il Cid, studio storico-critico (1881) and La gesta del Cid (1890), among others works on Hispanic topics. Bernardo Sanvisenti, a professor of Spanish language and literature at the University of Milan, wrote Manuale di letteratura spagnuola (1907) and studied in I primi influssi di Dante, del Petrarca, e del Boccaccio sulla letteratura spagnuola (1902) the influence of Boccaccio, Dante and Petrarca in Spanish literature.

Italian Hispanism was born from three centers of interest, already identifiable in the XIX century, that are, first of all, the Spanish presence in the Italian peninsula, provoking remarkable interest in the study of Spain and even in the work creation with Spanish subject (in that climate the great success of Carmen is verified, among other things, of the French Bizet in 1875); secondly, the evolution of a comparatist science, since the first studies on literature in Spanish language are born within comparative literature, from Benedetto Croce with his work La Spagna nella vita italiana durante la Rinascenza (1907) and, mainly, Arturo Farinelli, dedicated to the relations between Spain and Italy, Italy and Germany, and Spain and Germany; to this orbit Spanish scholars like Bernardino Sanvisenti belong; thirdly, the Romance philology: Mario Casella, author of an important study on Cervantes: il Chisciotte (1938) in two volumes; Ezio Levi, Salvatore Battaglia or Giovanni Maria Bertini, translator of Spanish modern poetry, especially of Federico García Lorca. Cannilo Guerrieri Crocetti, a disciple of Pío Rajna, taught in Genoa and Cesare de Lollis made contributions to Cervantism.

Modern Hispanic studies were born later, as of 1945, with the trio Oreste Macrí, author of a monumental edition of the works of Antonio Machado and fray Luis of León; Guido Mancini and Franco Meregalli. Much later came Latin American studies, defining itself as an area of independent specialization of Spanish Literature. Between 60 and 70 the first chairs of Language and Hispano-American Literature with their pioneer are created Giovanni Meo Zilio, that occupied the first chair of the same created in the University of Florence in 1968, and that follows to him shortly after: Giuseppe Bellini, historian of Latin American Literature, translator of Pablo Neruda and student of Miguel Ángel Asturias; Roberto Paoli, great Peruvianist and translator of César Vallejo; and Dario Puccini, student of the lyric poetry of the XX century, but also of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz.

The Association of Italian Hispanists (AISPI) was created in May of 1973 and has celebrated numerous congresses almost annually since then. Among Italian Hispanists we can mention Silvio Pellegrini, Pío Rajna, Antonio Viscardi, Luigi Sorrento, Guido Tammi, Francesco Vian, Juana Granados de Bagnasco, Gabriele Ranzato, Lucio Ambruzzi, Eugenio Mele, Manlio Castello, Francesco Ugolini, Lorenzo Giussi, Elena Milazzo, Luigi de Filippo, Carmelo Samoná, Giuseppe Carlo Rossi, the poets Giuseppe Ungaretti, that Luis de Góngora translated, and Pier Paolo Pasolini; Margherita Morreale, Giovanni Maria Bertini, Giuliano Bonfante, Carlo Bo, diffuser of poetry of Juan Ramón Jiménez; Ermanno Caldera, interested in the theater; Rinaldo Froldi, Guido Mancini, that did one History of Spanish Literature, and other many as important as they to that certain account cannot be enough.

Hispanism in Israel

Israeli Hispanism has a long tradition, for the Sephardi Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs took and conserved their XVth century Castilian wherever they went: Miguel de Barrios and Joseph de la Vega created an academy in Amsterdam and wrote works in brilliant Golden Age Spanish. Presently there are several Israeli mass media in Spanish, some of long history, like the weekly magazine Aurora, and others of recent creation: a digital newspaper and three radio stations. 2.7 percent of the seven million inhabitants of the multicultural country of Israel knows the Spanish language. There are also at present about 100,000 speakers of Judaeo-Spanish, who came from countries that were part of the old Ottoman Empire and from North Africa, that also form part of Hispanic Israel. In the modern period it is worthwhile to mention Samuel Miklos Stern, the discoverer of jarchas, as well as the great student of the Spanish Inquisition, professor Bension Netanyahu, and many others, such as Haim Beinart. Other Israeli scholars have studied the literature and especially the history of Spain, frequently influenced by the theses of Américo Castro. Don Quixote has been translated into the Hebrew twice; first by Natan Bistrinsky and Nahman Bialik, and in 1994 by Beatriz and Luis Landau; the latter is a university professor at the Department of Hebrew Literature of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and has written the book Cervantes and the Jews (2004). The historian Yosef Kaplan has written numerous works and has translated Isaac Cardoso's Excellence of the Jews into the Hebrew. The Association of Israeli Hispanists was created the 21 of June of 2007 at the Cervantes Institute of Tel Aviv with more than thirty professors, researchers and intellectuals linked to the language, literature, history and culture of Spain, Portugal, Latin America and the Judeo-Spanish Sephardic world. The meeting was summoned by the professors Ruth Fine (Hebrew University of Jerusalem), chosen first president of the association; Raanán Rein (University of Tel Aviv), Aviva Dorón (University of Haifa) and Tamar Alexander (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev).

Hispanism in the Arab world

Hispanism in the Arab countries is a logical development, since Spain was during great part of its history part of Al-Andalus, an Arab country until the XVth century, and later even had in its population an ample percentage of Moriscos until their expulsion in 1609. In addition, great part of the Spanish colonial expansion was carried out through the Maghreb. There are early figures of Muslim Hispanism such as the Moroccan Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari or the Egyptian poet Ahmed Shawqi (1868-1932) and the one that can be considered the first scientific Hispanist scholar, the Lebanese Shakib Arslan (1869-1946), friend of Sawqi, author of a book of trips by Spain in three volumes. The Egyptian Taha Husayn (1889-1973), raised the necessity to renew the relation with Spain among others European countries of the Mediterranean and led the edition of the great Andalusian literary encyclopedia Al-Dajira, of Ibn Bassam, from Santarém (died 1147). Other important figures are 'Abd al- `Aziz al-Ahwani, 'Abd Allah `Inan, Husayn Mu' nis, Salih al-Astar, Mahmud Mekki and Hamid Abu Ahmad. Linked to the Egyptian Institute of Madrid are Ahmad Mujtar al-'Abbadi, who specialized in the history of nazarí Granada, Ahmad Haykal, Salah Fadl, As'ad Sarif 'Umar and Nagwa Gamal Mehrez. The First Colloquium of Arab Hispanism took place in Madrid, on February 24-27, 1976.

Hispanism in Holland

In spite of the rough war that faced Spain and Holland during the Century of Gold of the Spanish letters, an old and fecund Dutch hispanicism existed without a doubt; aside from the influence of golden Spanish Literature in the great writer Gerbrand Bredero and of the translations of Guilliam de Bay in century XVII, in century XIX Romanticism woke up the curiosity by all the Spanish, sense generally like exotic stranger and. The arabist Reinhart Dozy (1820-1883) made important contributions to the study of the Muslim domination in Spain, like Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne (1861) and his continuation, Recherches l' Histoire et littérature of l' Espagne that in its definitive form was published in 1881. Few years later, Dutch Fonger de Haan (1859-1930) will obtain the chair of Spanish Literature of the University of Boston. Two of its publications, Pícaros and Ganapanes: studies of Spanish erudition of 1899 and An Outline History of the Picaresque Novel in Spain (1903) continue being today until departure points for the investigation in that field; in 1918 it in vain tries to wake up the interest of the State University of Groningen by the studies of the Spanish. Some years later it gives his library Hispanic studies to this same university.

The serious studies of Literature find new impulses thanks to work of Jan de Winkel of the University of Amsterdam with his Ontwikkelingsgang der Nederlandsche Letterkunde (1908-1921) that would get to have seven volumes and that quick special attention to the influence that exerted Spanish Literature on Dutch in century XVII. Other investigators like William Davids (1918), Joseph Vles (1926) and S. Vosters (1955) would continue in the same direction that the neerlandista you Winkel. But for the incipient hispanicism in Holland also they were of great importance two romanistas, Salverda de Grave and Sneyders of Vogel. Jean Jacques Salverda de Grave (1863-1947) got to be university professor of Romance philology in the University of Groningen in 1907, to be happened in its position, when moving to Amsterdam in 1920, by Kornelis Sneyders de Vogel (1876-1958). In 1906 it appears, for the first time from 1659, Spanish-Dutch Dictionary, followed in 1912 by Dictionary Dutch-Spanish, both made up of the doctor A. Between these dates and 1945 twelve dictionaries would be published, among which the one of Goes Dam (1937 and 1941) would arrive to be known. Also 16 grammars would be published, of Wansink (1889), Kerpestein (1919), Geers (1924), Van der Kemp (1941) and of Ridder (1945), among others. It is possible to mention here doctor W. van Baalen like an important disseminator of history, customs and wealth of Hispano-America in a ten of books. Along with the doctor they go Dam would be in 1932 one of the founders of the Nederlandsch Zuid-Amerikaansch Instituut, that it had as the one of his main objectives promotion of the commercial and cultural contacts between both worlds, that at that time so little were known. The groninguense poet Hendrik de Vries (1896-1989) will do between 1924 and 1936 twelve trips to Spain and, although his father, eminent and Polyglot philologist, always had refused to study the Spanish to deeply hate a nation of catholic tradition that during War of Flanders had prevented the birth of a liberal state and protestant, his son left to him very different and from boy attracted by the Spanish; to Spain dedicated to its poemario Iberia (1964).

In Holland Institute of Hispanic Studies is in the University of Utrecht, founded on 1951 by Cornelis Frans Adolf van Dam, that has been an important seminary of Spanish scholars. On the other hand, on 1993 in the University of Groningen has been based Mexican Training center.

Johan Brouwer, that realized its thesis on Mystical Spanish, wrote twenty-two books on Spanish subject and realized numerous translations. Ramón Menéndez Pidal was disciple of Cornelis Frans Adolf van Dam. Professor of Groningen Jonas Andries van Prague has studied the Spanish theater of Century of Gold in the Netherlands and the 98 Generation of, but their works are also remarkable on the sheltered sefardíes writers in Holland. Terlingen work in this field Hungarian B. Heiress of this generation is the one of Henk Oostendorp, Are van Wijk, Jan Lechner and Maxim Kerkhof; Cees Nooteboom has written interesting books from trips to Spain and the hispanicism follows alive in addition with figures as Barber van de Pol, that to the Dutch has made the last translation of Quijote, or with Rick Zaal, Gerrit Jan Zwier, Arjen Duinker, Jean Pierre Rawie, Els Pelgrom, Chris van der Heijden, Albert Helman, Maarten Steenmeijer or Jean Schalekamp.

Hispanism in Scandinavia

Denmark

Don Quixote was translated to Danish in the XVIII century by Charlotte Dorotea Biehl (1776-1777), who also translated Cervantes's Novelas ejemplares (1780-1781). Hans Christian Andersen made a trip through Spain and wrote a diary about his experiences. It is necessary to also mention Knud Togeby, Carl Bratli, the Calderonista Johann Ludwig Heiberg, Kristoffer Nyrop and Valdemar Beadle, who wrote about the Middle Ages and the Spanish and Italian Baroque.

Sweden

In Sweden, distinguished Hispanists include E. Staaf, Edvard Lidforss, the translator of Don Quixote to the Swedish; Gunnar Tilander, publisher of medieval fueros; Alf Lombard, Karl Michaëlson, Emanuel Walberg, Bertil Maler, Magnus Mörner, Bengt Hasselrot and Nils Hedberg. Inger Enkvist has investigated the Latin American novel and Juan Goytisolo, and has written important studies on education. Mateo López Pastor, author of the History of contemporary Spanish Literature (1960), also taught in Sweden and published there.

Norway

Hispanism was founded in Norway by professor Magnus Gronvold, who translated Don Quixote to his language in collaboration with Nils Kjaer, among others works. Leif Sletsjoe and Kurt E. Sparre are both professors at the University of Oslo, the latter a great Calderonista. At present there is a very powerful and renewed interest among youth and in 2004 there appeared no less than three Spanish grammars for Norwegians; there is an Association of Norwegian Hispanism and a National Association of Professors of Spanish and several magazines like Corriente del Golfo, Tribune and Romansk forum.

Finland

In Finland, there was at the beginning of the XX century an important group of Hispanists in Helsinki, including Oiva J. Tallgren, his wife Tyyni Tuulio, Eero Neuvonen and Sinikka Kallio-Visapää.

Hispanism in Rumania

In Rumania initiator of the Hispanicism to Stefan Virgolici is considered, that translated great part of Don Quixote to its language and published, under the title Studies on Spanish Literature (Jasi, 1868-1870) tests on Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Miguel de Cervantes and Lope de Vega, tests that appeared in the magazine Convorbiri literare (literary Conversations). Popescu-Telega wrote a book on Miguel de Unamuno (1924) and one comparison between the folklores Rumanian and Spanish (1927), realized a biography of Cervantes (1944) and one translation of Romancero (1947) and has also published an anthology written down in Rumanian. Ileana Georgescu have published books on Cervantes also G. Calinescu and Tudor Vianu.

Hispanism in Asia and the Pacific

There is an Asian Association of Spanish scholars, founded in 1985, that meets every three years.

The Philippines

Hispanism in Asia and the Pacific is of particular interest with regards to the literature and languages of the Philippine Islands, where the Spanish language has had to fight to stay with the diverse indigenous languages of the three archipelagoes that integrate the country and, in addition, with the English language. In 1900 a million of Philippine spoke Spanish like maternal language, today less than ten thousand people, although their alive continuous lexicon in some Creole languages like Chabacano. In Manila has soothes of Cervantes Institute that for years gives Spanish classes, and also exists Real Philippine Academy of the Language, corresponding of the RAE, that guards by the education and good use of the Spanish in the Philippines. But in the country an institution or association does not exist that agglutinates and defends the interests of the own hispanofilipinos. Between the most important Spanish scholars, outside the national hero, poet and novelist José Rizal, is possible to mention to Antonio M. Oil mill, Clear Straight May, to José María Castañer, Edmundo Farolán, Guillermo Gómez, Miguel Fernández Passion, Alfonso Felix and Lourdes Castrillo de Brillantes among others many. The weekly magazine New Era of Manila is the unique Philippine magazine in Spanish who still continues itself publishing, although also exists in the network important Philippine Magazine directed by Edmundo Farolán.

Japan

The Japanese Association of Spanish scholars was founded in Tokyo in 1955 and at the moment it groups, mainly, to university professors. From 1956 the Association owns a magazine, Hispanic . In Japan mainly studies the syntax and the lexicon by means of the Project of the Lexical Variation of the Spanish in the world, (Varilex).

Korea

The relation of Spain with Korea already has a precedent in the figure of Gregorio Céspedes in Century XVI, studied by Chul Park. As far as the past immediate, the education of the Spanish in this country has fifty years of history already and counts at the moment with a strong demand. From 2001, the Spanish figure as optative language in secondary education and Korean Association of Spanish Scholars is based on 1981 and realizes two annual congresses, in June and December. At the moment, publishes the magazine Hispanic Studies.

See Also

• Instituto Cervantes

External Links

• History of the Spanish Literature, Arts, Architecture, Music
• Hispanic Society of America