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<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name= 12Y
| name = 12Y
|image = Hs12 Ydrs.jpg
| image = Hs12 Ydrs.jpg
|caption =
| caption =
}}
}}
{{Infobox Aircraft Engine
{{Infobox Aircraft Engine
|type= [[V12 engine|V-12]] [[Reciprocating engine|piston]] [[Aircraft engine|aero engine]]
|type= [[V12 engine|V-12]] [[Reciprocating engine|piston]] [[Aircraft engine|aero engine]]
|national origin = France
|national origin = France
|manufacturer= [[Hispano-Suiza]]
|manufacturer= [[Hispano-Suiza]]<br>[[Avia]]<br>[[Klimov]]
|first run= {{avyear|1932}}
|first run= 1932
|major applications=
|major applications= <br>
[[Dewoitine D.520]]
*[[Dewoitine D.520]]
*[[Ikarus IK-2]]

*[[Morane-Saulnier MS.406]]
[[Ikarus IK-2]]
|number built =

|program cost =
[[Morane-Saulnier MS.406]]
|number built =
|unit cost =
|program cost =
|unit cost =
|developed from = [[Hispano-Suiza 12X]]
|developed from = [[Hispano-Suiza 12X]]
|developed into = [[Hispano-Suiza 12Z]]
|developed into = [[Hispano-Suiza 12Z]]
|variants with their own articles =
|variants with their own articles =
}}
}}
|}
|}


The '''Hispano-Suiza 12Y''' was an [[aircraft engine]] produced by [[Hispano-Suiza]] for the [[French Air Force]] in the pre-[[World War II|WWII]] period. The 12Y became the primary French 1,000&nbsp;hp (750&nbsp;kW) class engine and was used in a number of famous aircraft, including the [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406]] and [[Dewoitine D.520]].
The '''Hispano-Suiza 12Y''' was an [[aircraft engine]] produced by [[Hispano-Suiza]] for the [[French Air Force]] before the [[Second World War]]. The 12Y became the primary French 1,000&nbsp;hp (750&nbsp;kW) class engine and was used in a number of famous aircraft, including the [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406]] and [[Dewoitine D.520]].


Its design was based on the earlier and somewhat smaller, [[Hispano-Suiza 12X|12X]]. The 12X did not see widespread use before the 12Y replaced it, and became one of the most powerful French designs of the immediate pre-WWII era. A further development was underway, the [[Hispano-Suiza 12Z|12Z]], but this effort ended due to the [[German occupation of France during World War II|German occupation of France]].
Its design was based on the earlier, and somewhat smaller, [[Hispano-Suiza 12X|12X]]. The 12X did not see widespread use before the 12Y replaced it and became one of the most powerful French designs on the eve of the war. The [[Hispano-Suiza 12Z|12Z]] was being designed but this was ended by the fall of France and the [[German occupation of France during World War II|German occupation]].


The 12Y was also produced under [[Hispano-Suiza]] licence in the Soviet Union as the '''Klimov M-100'''. This design later spawned the highly successful [[Klimov M-105|Klimov VK-105]] series that powered the [[Yak-1|Yakovlev]] and [[Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3|Lavochkin]] fighters as well as the [[Petlyakov Pe-2]] bomber. Licensed production of the early models was also undertaken in [[Czechoslovakia]] as the '''Avia HS 12Ydrs''', and in [[Switzerland]] as the HS-77.
The 12Y was produced under [[Hispano-Suiza]] licence in the Soviet Union as the '''Klimov M-100'''. This design led to the highly successful [[Klimov M-105|Klimov VK-105]] series that powered the [[Yak-1|Yakovlev]] and [[Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3|Lavochkin]] fighters as well as the [[Petlyakov Pe-2]] bomber. Licensed production of the early models was also undertaken in [[Czechoslovakia]] as the '''Avia HS 12Ydrs''' and in [[Switzerland]] as the '''HS-77'''.


==Design and development==
==Design and development==


===Early development===
===Early development===
The 12Y was a fairly traditional in construction, a 36-litre [[Water cooling|water-cooled]] [[V12 engine|V-12]] with the two cast aluminium cylinder banks set at 60 degrees to each other. The [[cylinder head]]s were not removable, instead both [[cylinder bank|cylinder banks]] could be quickly removed from the [[crankcase]] section of the engine. This made it somewhat famous for being leak-proof, a design feature that was considered by other designers and almost became a part of the [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]].
The 12Y was a fairly traditional in construction, a 36-litre [[Water cooling|water-cooled]] [[V12 engine|V-12]] with the two cast aluminium cylinder banks set at 60 degrees to each other. The [[cylinder head]]s were not removable, instead both [[cylinder bank]]s could be quickly removed from the [[crankcase]] section of the engine. This made it somewhat famous for being leak-proof, a design feature that was considered by other designers and almost became a part of the [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]].


The major design change from the earlier 12X was to use a master-articulated [[connecting rod]] system, instead of the fork-and-blade type. A [[single overhead camshaft]] (SOHC) drove the [[Poppet valve|valves]], which were filled with liquid [[sodium]] for cooling. Only a single intake and exhaust valve were used, unlike most designs of the era which had moved to three or four valves per cylinder. A single-stage, single-speed [[supercharger]] was standard, although the art of designing a useful [[intake]] was not as well developed as in other countries, and high [[altitude]] performance was always lacking.
The major design change from the earlier 12X was to use a master-articulated [[connecting rod]] system, instead of the fork-and-blade type. A [[single overhead camshaft]] (SOHC) drove the [[Poppet valve|valves]], which were filled with liquid [[sodium]] for cooling. Only a single intake and exhaust valve were used, unlike most designs of the era which had moved to three or four valves per cylinder. A single-stage, single-speed [[supercharger]] was standard, although the art of designing a useful [[intake]] was not as well developed as in other countries, and high [[altitude]] performance was always lacking.


The first 12Y test articles were constructed in 1932, and almost immediately the entire French aviation industry started designing around it. At the time the engine developed only 760&nbsp;hp (570&nbsp;kW), but it was clear it had potential to the 1,000&nbsp;hp (750&nbsp;kW) class. An early modification led to the '''Hispano-Suiza 12Ycrs''' which used a hollow [[Driveshaft|propeller shaft]] to allow a [[Hispano-Suiza HS.404|20 mm cannon]] to fire through the propeller spinner (a combination known as a ''moteur-canon''). All later versions shared this feature. The '''12Ydrs''' was the next major series, with a basic rating of 836&nbsp;hp (623&nbsp;kW) at sea level with a [[compression ratio]] of 5.8:1.
The first 12Y test articles were constructed in 1932, and almost immediately the entire French aviation industry began designing aeroplanes based on it. At the time the engine developed only 760&nbsp;hp (570&nbsp;kW), but it was clear it had potential to the 1,000&nbsp;hp (750&nbsp;kW) class. An early modification led to the '''Hispano-Suiza 12Ycrs''' which used a hollow [[Driveshaft|propeller shaft]] to allow a [[Hispano-Suiza HS.404|20 mm cannon]] to fire through the propeller spinner (a combination known as a ''moteur-canon''). All later versions shared this feature. The '''12Ydrs''' was the next major series, with a basic rating of 836&nbsp;hp (623&nbsp;kW) at sea level with a [[compression ratio]] of 5.8:1.


The [[French Air Force|Armée de l'Air]] changed their nomenclature, so the next version was the '''Hispano-Suiza 12Y-21''', which increased the compression ratio to 7:1, when running on 100 [[octane]] [[Avgas|gasoline]]. This boosted power to 867&nbsp;hp (647 &nbsp;kW). In 1936 the connecting rod design was changed slightly to create the '''12Y-31''', but the lower 5.8:1 compression ratio was retained and the power was increased only slightly over the drs model to 850&nbsp;hp (630&nbsp;kW). Nevertheless, this became one of the most used engine designs of the pre-war era, used in almost all French fighter designs and prototypes.
The [[French Air Force|Armée de l'Air]] changed their nomenclature, so the next version was the '''Hispano-Suiza 12Y-21''', which increased the compression ratio to 7:1, when running on 100 [[octane]] [[Avgas|gasoline]]. This boosted power to 867&nbsp;hp (647 &nbsp;kW). In 1936 the connecting rod design was changed slightly to create the '''12Y-31''', but the lower 5.8:1 compression ratio was retained and the power was increased only slightly over the drs model to 850&nbsp;hp (630&nbsp;kW). Nevertheless, this became one of the most used engine designs of the pre-war era, used in almost all French fighter designs and prototypes.
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===Late variants===
===Late variants===
A real effort to improve the performance of the engine in 1938 resulted in the '''Hispano-Suiza 12Y-45''', which used the S-39-H3 supercharger co-designed by André Planiol and [[Poland|Polish]] engineer [[Joseph Szydlowski]]. The Szydlowski-Planiol device was larger, but much more efficient than the indifferent Hispano-Suiza models. When used with 100 octane fuel, the supercharger boosted to the -21's 7:1, increasing power to 900&nbsp;hp (670&nbsp;kW). Combined with the fully adjustable Ratier propeller, this allowed the D.520 to perform as well as contemporary designs from Germany and England.
A real effort to improve the performance of the engine in 1938 resulted in the '''Hispano-Suiza 12Y-45''', which used the S-39-H3 supercharger co-designed by André Planiol and [[Poland|Polish]] engineer [[Joseph Szydlowski]]. The Szydlowski-Planiol device was larger, but much more efficient than the mediocre Hispano-Suiza models. When used with 100 octane fuel, the supercharger boosted to the -21's 7:1, increasing power to 900&nbsp;hp (670&nbsp;kW). Combined with the Ratier [[constant-speed propeller]], this allowed the D.520 to perform as well as contemporary designs from Germany and England.


Another improvement in supercharging led to the '''Hispano-Suiza 12Y-49''', whose performance improved from 850&nbsp;hp (630&nbsp;kW) at sea level to 920&nbsp;hp (690&nbsp;kW) at just over 10,000&nbsp;ft (3,000&nbsp;m). This improvement in power with altitude was a common feature of most engines of the era, the result of the supercharger "robbing" power at low altitudes while not boosting the power due to the possibility of detonation.
Another improvement in supercharging led to the '''Hispano-Suiza 12Y-49''', whose performance improved from 850&nbsp;hp (630&nbsp;kW) at sea level to 920&nbsp;hp (690&nbsp;kW) at just over 10,000&nbsp;ft (3,000&nbsp;m). This improvement in power with altitude was a common feature of most engines of the era, the result of the supercharger "robbing" power at low altitudes while not boosting the power due to the possibility of detonation.
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===Foreign derivatives===
===Foreign derivatives===
In the early 1930s the [[Czechoslovakia]]n Republic gained rights to build a license version of the HS-12Y. This was produced by [[Avia]] ([[Škoda Auto|Škoda]]) at Prag - [[Čakovice]]. The engine was intended to become the standard powerplant of all Czech military aircraft. Both the HS-12Ycrs and HS-12Ydrs were built in quantity and were more commonly known by these names rather than any Czech designation. Aircraft powered by these engines included the [[Avia B-34]], [[Avia B-534]], [[Avia B-71]], [[Avia B-35]], [[Avia B-135]] and [[Rogožarski IK-3]] .
In the early 1930s [[Czechoslovakia]] gained rights to build a license version of the HS-12Y. This was produced by [[Avia]] ([[Škoda Auto|Škoda]]) at Prag - [[Čakovice]]. The engine was intended to become the standard powerplant of all Czechoslovak military aircraft. Both the HS-12Ycrs and HS-12Ydrs were built in quantity and were more commonly known by these names rather than any Czechoslovakian designation. Aircraft powered by these engines included the Czechoslovak [[Avia B-34]], [[Avia B-534]], [[Avia B-71]], [[Avia B-35]], [[Avia B-135]] and the Yugoslav [[Rogožarski IK-3]] .


Switzerland license built and assembled several different versions of the basic 12Ycrs for use in several aircraft: the reconnaissance biplane the [[EKW C-35]], the multipurpose [[EKW C-36]], the Swiss assembled [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406|D-3800]] copy of the French M.S. 406 fighter and Swiss built versions of the French M.S.412 fighter called the [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406|D.3801]]. [[Saurer]] developed the engine further after the Fall of France into the YS-2 and YS-3 engines. These were used in more powerful follow-on versions of the same basic French fighter design, the [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406|M.S.450]] called the [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406|D.3802]] and then the final version called the [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406|D.3803]].
Switzerland license built and assembled several different versions of the basic 12Ycrs for use in several aircraft: the reconnaissance biplane the [[EKW C-35]], the multipurpose [[EKW C-36]], the Swiss assembled [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406|D-3800]] copy of the French M.S. 406 fighter and Swiss built versions of the French M.S.412 fighter called the [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406|D.3801]]. [[Saurer]] developed the engine further after the Fall of France into the [[Saurer#Aero_engines|YS-2 and YS-3]] engines. These were used in more powerful follow-on versions of the same basic French fighter design, the [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406|M.S.450]] called the [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406|D.3802]] and then the final version called the [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406|D.3803]].


In the mid-1930s, [[Russia]]n engineer Vladimir Klimov was sent to France to obtain a license for local production of the 12Y. A series of design changes were added to cope with cold weather operation, and the engine entered production in 1935 as the [[Klimov M-100]] with about 750&nbsp;hp (560&nbsp;kW).<ref>Kotelnikov 2005, p. 136.</ref> However a series of continual upgrades increased the allowable RPM from the 12Y's fairly low 2,400 to 2,700, thereby increasing power to 1,100&nbsp;hp (820&nbsp;kW). The resulting design, the '''[[Klimov M-105]] (VK-105)''' became one of the major Soviet engine designs during the war, powering all [[Yakovlev]] fighters.
In the mid-1930s, [[Russia]]n engineer Vladimir Klimov was sent to France to obtain a license for local production of the 12Y. A series of design changes were added to cope with cold weather operation, and the engine entered production in 1935 as the [[Klimov M-100]] with about 750&nbsp;hp (560&nbsp;kW).<ref>Kotelnikov 2005, p. 136.</ref> However a series of continual upgrades increased the allowable RPM from the 12Y's fairly low 2,400 to 2,700, thereby increasing power to 1,100&nbsp;hp (820&nbsp;kW). The resulting design, the '''[[Klimov M-105]] (VK-105)''' became one of the major Soviet engine designs during the war, powering all [[Yakovlev]] fighters.


==Variants==
==Variants==
Tabulated data from Lage 2004<ref name=Lage>Lage, 2004, p.486-7</ref>
Tabulated data from Lage 2004<ref name=Lage>Lage, 2004, pp.486–7</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Type 73 Hispano 12Y engines. V-12, bore=150&nbsp;mm, stroke=170&nbsp;mm, capacity=36.0 litres. Type 77 with 20&nbsp;mm [[Hispano-Suiza HS.404]] cannon between cylinder banks, firing through propeller shaft.
|+ Type 73 Hispano 12Y engines. V-12, bore: 150&nbsp;mm, stroke: 170&nbsp;mm, capacity: 36.0 litres. Type 77 with 20&nbsp;mm [[Hispano-Suiza HS.404]] cannon between cylinder banks, firing through propeller shaft.
|-
|-
! Model
! Model
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! Comments
! Comments
|}
|}

===Related===
;[[Hispano-Suiza 12Z]]


===Licence built variants===
===Licence built variants===

;[[Czechoslovakia]]
;[[Czechoslovakia]]
; Avia HS 12Y
; Avia HS 12Y


;[[USSR]]<ref name="Gunston WEoAE 2nd">Gunston 1989</ref><ref name=Lage1>Lage, 2004, pp.258-260</ref>
;[[USSR]]
:[[Klimov M-100|Klimov VK-100]]
;Klimov M-100<ref name="Gunston WEoAE 2nd">Gunston 1989</ref><ref name=Lage1>Lage, 2004, pp.258-260</ref>
:[[Klimov M-103|Klimov VK-103]] {{convert|1000|hp|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}}
:12 Ydrs Also known as VK-100
:[[Klimov M-103|Klimov VK-103A]] {{convert|1100|hp|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} at {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
;Klimov developments<ref name=Lage1>Lage, 2004, pp.258-260</ref>
:[[Klimov M-103|VK-103]]
:[[Klimov M-103|Klimov VK-104]]
:[[Klimov M-103|VK-103A]] {{convert|1100|hp|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} at {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
:[[Klimov M-105|Klimov VK-105P]] {{convert|1100|hp|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} at take-off
:[[Klimov VK-106]] {{convert|1350|hp|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} at take-off
:[[Klimov M-103|VK-104]]
:[[Klimov M-105|VK-105P]] {{convert|1100|hp|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} at take-off
:[[Klimov VK-107]] {{convert|1800|hp|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} at take-off
:VK-106 {{convert|1350|hp|kW|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} at take-off


;[[Switzerland]]
;[[Switzerland]]
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==Applications==
==Applications==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*[[Amiot 370]]
* [[AEKKEA-RAAB R-29]]
*[[ANF Les Mureaux 110-119 series]]
* [[ANF Les Mureaux 110-119 series]]
*[[Arsenal VB 10]]
* [[ANF Les Mureaux 113]]
*[[Arsenal VG-33]]
* [[Aero A.104]]
*[[Avia 156]]
* [[Amiot 110-S]]
*[[Avia B-534]]
* [[Amiot 143]]
*[[Bloch MB.177]]
* [[Amiot 354]]
*[[CAMS 110]]
* [[Amiot 370]]
* [[Arsenal VB 10]]
*[[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406|D.3800/01/02/03]]
*[[Dewoitine D.510]]
* [[Arsenal VG-33]]
*[[Dewoitine D.513]]
* [[Arsenal-Delanne 10]]
*[[Dewoitine D.520]]
* [[Avia 156]]
*[[EKW C-35]]
* [[Avia B-135]]
*[[EKW C-36]]
* [[Avia B-34]]
*[[Fairey Fantôme]]
* [[Avia B-534]]
*[[Farman NC.223.3]]
* [[Avia B.35]]
*[[Farman NC.223.4]]
* [[Bernard 260]]
*[[Ikarus IK-2]]
* [[Bernard 80 GR]]
*[[Latécoère 298]]
* [[Bernard 82]]
*[[Latécoère 521]]
* [[Bloch MB.170]]
*[[Loire-Nieuport 161]]
* [[Bloch MB.177]]
*[[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406]]
* [[Bloch MB.200]]
*[[Morane-Saulnier M.S.475]]
* [[Bloch MB.210]]
*[[Potez-CAMS 161]]
* [[Blériot-SPAD S.510]]
*[[Renard R-36]]
* [[Bréguet 19]]
*[[Rogozarski IK-3]]
* [[Bréguet 270]]
*[[SAB AB-80]]
* [[Bréguet 410]]
*[[Wibault 366]]
* [[Bréguet 482]]
* [[Bréguet 521 Bizerte]]
* [[CAMS 110]]
* [[CAMS 80]]
* [[Caproni Ca.335]]
* [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406|D.3800/01/02/03]]
* [[Dewoitine D.500]]
* [[Dewoitine D.510]]
* [[Dewoitine D.513]]
* [[Dewoitine D.520]]
* [[Dewoitine D.770]]
* [[Dornier Do 22]]
* [[EKW C-35]]
* [[EKW C-36]]
* [[Fairey Fantôme]]
* [[Fairey Fox]]
* [[Farman F.220]]
* [[Farman NC.223.3]]
* [[Farman NC.223.4]]
* [[Fauvel AV.29]]
* [[Ikarus IK-2]]
* [[Latham 47]]
* [[Latécoère 298]]
* [[Latécoère 300]]
* [[Latécoère 380]]
* [[Latécoère 521]]
* [[Lioré et Olivier LeO 25]]
* [[Lioré et Olivier LeO H-47]]
* [[Loire 130]]
* [[Loire-Nieuport 161]]
* [[Loire-Nieuport LN.401]]
* [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406]]
* [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.475]]
* [[Morane-Saulnier Vanneau]]
* [[Nieuport-Delage NiD-120]]
* [[Potez 230]]
* [[Potez 39]]
* [[Potez-CAMS 141]]
* [[Potez-CAMS 160]]
* [[Potez-CAMS 161]]
* [[Renard R-36]]
* [[Renard R.31]]
* [[Rogozarski IK-3]]
* [[Romano R.90]]
* [[SAB AB-80]]
* [[SNCAC NC.130]]
* [[SNCAC NC.150]]
* [[SNCAC NC.4-10]]
* [[SNCAO 200]]
* [[Wibault 360]]
* [[Wibault 366]]
}}
}}


===Klimov powered===
===Klimov powered===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*[[Arkhangelsky Ar-2]]
* [[Arkhangelsky Ar-2]]
*[[Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Goudkov LaGG-1]]
* [[Bartini DAR]]
*[[Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Goudkov LaGG-3]]
*[[Mörkö-Morane]]
* [[Beriev MBR-7]]
*[[Petlyakov Pe-2]]
* [[Bolkhovitinov S]]
* [[Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Goudkov LaGG-1]]
*[[Petlyakov Pe-3]]
* [[Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Goudkov LaGG-3]]
*[[Yakovlev Yak-1]]
*[[Yakovlev Yak-2]]
* [[Mörkö-Morane]]
*[[Yakovlev Yak-3]]
* [[Petlyakov Pe-2]]
*[[Yakovlev Yak-4]]
* [[Petlyakov Pe-3]]
*[[Yakovlev Yak-7]]
* [[Petlyakov Pe-8]]
*[[Yakovlev Yak-9]]
* [[Polikarpov I-17]]
*[[Yermolayev Yer-2]]
* [[Tupolev SB]]
* [[Yakovlev Yak-1]]
* [[Yakovlev Yak-2]]
* [[Yakovlev Yak-3]]
* [[Yakovlev Yak-4]]
* [[Yakovlev Yak-7]]
* [[Yakovlev Yak-9]]
* [[Yermolayev Yer-2]]
}}


==Specifications (12Ycrs)==
==Specifications (12Y-50)==
{{pistonspecs
{{pistonspecs
|<!-- If you do not understand how to use this template, please ask at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft]] -->
|<!-- If you do not understand how to use this template, please ask at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft]] -->
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|ref=''Aircraft Engines of the World 1945'' <ref>Wilkinson 1945 p. 239.</ref>
|ref=''Le Dewoitine D.520''<ref>Danel and Cuny 1966, pp. 245-248.</ref><ref>[http://arsenalvg33.free.fr/moteur.htm Hispano-Suiza 12Y-47] Retrieved: 1 October 2010.</ref>
|type=Twelve-cylinder supercharged liquid-cooled 60° [[V12 engine]]
|type=Twelve-cylinder supercharged liquid-cooled 60° [[V12 engine]]
|bore=150 mm (5.906 in)
|bore=150 mm (5.9 in)
|stroke=170 mm (6.693 in)
|stroke=170 mm (6.69 in)
|displacement=36.05 l (2,199.9 in³)
|displacement=36 L (2,197 cu in)
|length=1,722 mm (67.8 in)
|length=2,137 mm (84.3 in)
|diameter=
|diameter=
|width=764 mm (30.08 in)
|width=764 mm (29.9 in)
|height=935 mm (36.81 in)
|height=945 mm (37 in)
|weight=<br>
|weight= {{convert|492|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
*'''12Y-25''':{{convert|475|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
*'''12Y-45''':{{convert|515|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|valvetrain=One intake and one [[sodium]]-filled exhaust valve per cylinder actuated via a single [[overhead camshaft]] per bank.
|valvetrain=One intake and one [[sodium]]-filled exhaust valve per cylinder actuated via a single [[overhead camshaft]] per bank.
|supercharger=Gear-driven single-speed [[centrifugal type supercharger]], 10.0:1 gear ratio
|supercharger=Gear-driven single-speed [[centrifugal type supercharger]], 10:1 gear ratio
|turbocharger=
|turbocharger=
|fuelsystem=Six [[Solex]] 56 S.V.C [[carburetor]]s
|fuelsystem=Six [[Solex Carburetor|Solex]] 56 S.V.C [[carburetor]]s
|fueltype=<br>
|fueltype=87 [[octane rating]] [[gasoline]]
|oilsystem=Pressure feed, dry sump.
*'''Y-25/-29''':85/100 [[octane rating]] [[gasoline]]
|coolingsystem=Pressurised, liquid-cooled
*'''Y-45/-49''':92/100 [[octane rating]] [[gasoline]]
|power={{convert|1100|hp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}} at 2,400 rpm for takeoff
|oilsystem=
|specpower=22.8 kW/L (0.38 hp/in<sup>3</sup>)
|coolingsystem=Pressurised, Liquid-cooled: 600 litres/min.
|compression=7:1
|power=<br>
*'''12Y 25''': {{convert|810|CV|kW|abbr=on}} (800 hp) at 2,400 rpm for takeoff
*{{convert|920|CV|kW|abbr=on}} (910 hp) at 2,520 rpm at {{convert|3600|m|ft|abbr=on}}
*'''12Y 45''': {{convert|850|CV|kW|abbr=on}} (840 hp) at 2,400 rpm for takeoff
*{{convert|935|CV|kW|abbr=on}} (922 hp) at 2,520 rpm at {{convert|4200|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|specpower=17.08 kW/l (0.38 hp/in³)
|compression='''12Y 25''': 7.2-1 '''12Y 45''': 7-1
|fuelcon=
|fuelcon=
|specfuelcon=328 g/(kW•h) (0.54 lb/(hp•h))
|specfuelcon=0.5 lb/(hp•h)
|oilcon=11 g/(kW•h) (0.28 oz/(hp•h))
|oilcon= 0.018 lb/(hp•h)
|power/weight=1.32 kW/kg (0.8 hp/lb)
|power/weight=1.66 kW/kg (1.01 hp/lb)
|reduction_gear=Spur, 2:3
|reduction_gear=Spur, 0.67:1
}}
}}


==See also==
==See also==
{{aircontent
*[[List of aircraft engines]]
<!-- other related articles that have not already linked: -->
|see also=
<!-- designs which were developed into or from this aircraft: -->
|related=
<!-- aircraft that are of similar role, era, and capability this design: -->
|similar aircraft=
<!-- relevant lists that this aircraft appears in: -->
|lists=
* [[List of aircraft engines]]
<!-- For aircraft engine articles. Engines that are of similar to this design: -->
|similar engines=
* [[Allison V-1710]]
* [[Daimler-Benz DB 601]]
* [[Mikulin AM-35]]
* [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]]
}}


== References ==
== References ==
Line 267: Line 334:
* Danel, Raymond and Jean Cuny. ''Docavia n°4: le Dewoitine D.520'' (in French). Paris: Editions Larivière, 1966.
* Danel, Raymond and Jean Cuny. ''Docavia n°4: le Dewoitine D.520'' (in French). Paris: Editions Larivière, 1966.
* Kotelnikov, Vladimir. ''Russian Piston Aero Engines''. Marlborough, Wiltshire. The Crowood Press Ltd. 2005. {{ISBN|1-86126-702-9}}.
* Kotelnikov, Vladimir. ''Russian Piston Aero Engines''. Marlborough, Wiltshire. The Crowood Press Ltd. 2005. {{ISBN|1-86126-702-9}}.
*[http://arsenalvg33.free.fr/moteur.htm Hispano-Suiza 12Y-47] Retrieved: 1 October 2010.
* [http://arsenalvg33.free.fr/moteur.htm Hispano-Suiza 12Y-47] Retrieved: 1 October 2010.
*Wilkinson, Paul H.. ''Aircraft Engines of the World 1945''. Paul H. Wilkinson. New York. 1945
* Wilkinson, Paul H. ''Aircraft Engines of the World 1945''. Paul H. Wilkinson. New York. 1945 {{OCLC|766030348}}
*Gunston, Bill. ''World Encyclopedia of Aero engines fully revised second edition''. Patrick Stephens Limited. Wellingborough. 1989. {{ISBN|1-85260-163-9}}
* Gunston, Bill. ''World Encyclopedia of Aero engines fully revised second edition''. Patrick Stephens Limited. Wellingborough. 1989. {{ISBN|1-85260-163-9}}
*{{cite book |title= Hispano Suiza in Aeronautics|last=Lage|first=Manual| year=2004|volume=|publisher=SAE International|location=Warrendale, USA |isbn=0-7680-0997-9|pages=486–7}}
* {{cite book |title=Hispano Suiza in Aeronautics|last=Lage|first=Manuel| year=2004|publisher=SAE International|location=Warrendale, USA |isbn=0-7680-0997-9|pages=486–487}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Line 279: Line 346:
[[Category:Klimov aircraft engines|M-100]]
[[Category:Klimov aircraft engines|M-100]]
[[Category:Hispano-Suiza aircraft engines]]
[[Category:Hispano-Suiza aircraft engines]]
[[Category:V12 aircraft engines]]

Latest revision as of 16:20, 12 May 2024

12Y
Type V-12 piston aero engine
National origin France
Manufacturer Hispano-Suiza
Avia
Klimov
First run 1932
Major applications
Developed from Hispano-Suiza 12X
Developed into Hispano-Suiza 12Z

The Hispano-Suiza 12Y was an aircraft engine produced by Hispano-Suiza for the French Air Force before the Second World War. The 12Y became the primary French 1,000 hp (750 kW) class engine and was used in a number of famous aircraft, including the Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 and Dewoitine D.520.

Its design was based on the earlier, and somewhat smaller, 12X. The 12X did not see widespread use before the 12Y replaced it and became one of the most powerful French designs on the eve of the war. The 12Z was being designed but this was ended by the fall of France and the German occupation.

The 12Y was produced under Hispano-Suiza licence in the Soviet Union as the Klimov M-100. This design led to the highly successful Klimov VK-105 series that powered the Yakovlev and Lavochkin fighters as well as the Petlyakov Pe-2 bomber. Licensed production of the early models was also undertaken in Czechoslovakia as the Avia HS 12Ydrs and in Switzerland as the HS-77.

Design and development[edit]

Early development[edit]

The 12Y was a fairly traditional in construction, a 36-litre water-cooled V-12 with the two cast aluminium cylinder banks set at 60 degrees to each other. The cylinder heads were not removable, instead both cylinder banks could be quickly removed from the crankcase section of the engine. This made it somewhat famous for being leak-proof, a design feature that was considered by other designers and almost became a part of the Rolls-Royce Merlin.

The major design change from the earlier 12X was to use a master-articulated connecting rod system, instead of the fork-and-blade type. A single overhead camshaft (SOHC) drove the valves, which were filled with liquid sodium for cooling. Only a single intake and exhaust valve were used, unlike most designs of the era which had moved to three or four valves per cylinder. A single-stage, single-speed supercharger was standard, although the art of designing a useful intake was not as well developed as in other countries, and high altitude performance was always lacking.

The first 12Y test articles were constructed in 1932, and almost immediately the entire French aviation industry began designing aeroplanes based on it. At the time the engine developed only 760 hp (570 kW), but it was clear it had potential to the 1,000 hp (750 kW) class. An early modification led to the Hispano-Suiza 12Ycrs which used a hollow propeller shaft to allow a 20 mm cannon to fire through the propeller spinner (a combination known as a moteur-canon). All later versions shared this feature. The 12Ydrs was the next major series, with a basic rating of 836 hp (623 kW) at sea level with a compression ratio of 5.8:1.

The Armée de l'Air changed their nomenclature, so the next version was the Hispano-Suiza 12Y-21, which increased the compression ratio to 7:1, when running on 100 octane gasoline. This boosted power to 867 hp (647  kW). In 1936 the connecting rod design was changed slightly to create the 12Y-31, but the lower 5.8:1 compression ratio was retained and the power was increased only slightly over the drs model to 850 hp (630 kW). Nevertheless, this became one of the most used engine designs of the pre-war era, used in almost all French fighter designs and prototypes.

12 Ybrs showing valve gear

Late variants[edit]

A real effort to improve the performance of the engine in 1938 resulted in the Hispano-Suiza 12Y-45, which used the S-39-H3 supercharger co-designed by André Planiol and Polish engineer Joseph Szydlowski. The Szydlowski-Planiol device was larger, but much more efficient than the mediocre Hispano-Suiza models. When used with 100 octane fuel, the supercharger boosted to the -21's 7:1, increasing power to 900 hp (670 kW). Combined with the Ratier constant-speed propeller, this allowed the D.520 to perform as well as contemporary designs from Germany and England.

Another improvement in supercharging led to the Hispano-Suiza 12Y-49, whose performance improved from 850 hp (630 kW) at sea level to 920 hp (690 kW) at just over 10,000 ft (3,000 m). This improvement in power with altitude was a common feature of most engines of the era, the result of the supercharger "robbing" power at low altitudes while not boosting the power due to the possibility of detonation.

The final major version was the 1,085 hp (809 kW) Hispano-Suiza 12Y-51, which had just started into production at the time of the Armistice with Germany. The -51 was the first version that came close to the performance limits of the engine, although the single-stage supercharging meant that it was unable to compete with designs from England and Germany above 15,000 ft (5,000 m).

Foreign derivatives[edit]

In the early 1930s Czechoslovakia gained rights to build a license version of the HS-12Y. This was produced by Avia (Škoda) at Prag - Čakovice. The engine was intended to become the standard powerplant of all Czechoslovak military aircraft. Both the HS-12Ycrs and HS-12Ydrs were built in quantity and were more commonly known by these names rather than any Czechoslovakian designation. Aircraft powered by these engines included the Czechoslovak Avia B-34, Avia B-534, Avia B-71, Avia B-35, Avia B-135 and the Yugoslav Rogožarski IK-3 .

Switzerland license built and assembled several different versions of the basic 12Ycrs for use in several aircraft: the reconnaissance biplane the EKW C-35, the multipurpose EKW C-36, the Swiss assembled D-3800 copy of the French M.S. 406 fighter and Swiss built versions of the French M.S.412 fighter called the D.3801. Saurer developed the engine further after the Fall of France into the YS-2 and YS-3 engines. These were used in more powerful follow-on versions of the same basic French fighter design, the M.S.450 called the D.3802 and then the final version called the D.3803.

In the mid-1930s, Russian engineer Vladimir Klimov was sent to France to obtain a license for local production of the 12Y. A series of design changes were added to cope with cold weather operation, and the engine entered production in 1935 as the Klimov M-100 with about 750 hp (560 kW).[1] However a series of continual upgrades increased the allowable RPM from the 12Y's fairly low 2,400 to 2,700, thereby increasing power to 1,100 hp (820 kW). The resulting design, the Klimov M-105 (VK-105) became one of the major Soviet engine designs during the war, powering all Yakovlev fighters.

Variants[edit]

Tabulated data from Lage 2004[2]

Type 73 Hispano 12Y engines. V-12, bore: 150 mm, stroke: 170 mm, capacity: 36.0 litres. Type 77 with 20 mm Hispano-Suiza HS.404 cannon between cylinder banks, firing through propeller shaft.
Model Year Compression Power (hp) @ r.p.m. T-O power (hp) Output reduction Supercharger optimum altitude (m) Weight (kg) Cannon (y/n) Comments
12Ybr 650 hp 1932 6.4 785 2,200 785 1.5 0 415 n Rated power (650 hp) less than nominal 785 hp
12Ybrs 1934 5.8 860 2,400 835 1.0625 4,000 470 y
12Ycrs 1934 5.8 860 2,400 835 0.67:1 4,000 470 y
12Ygrs 650 hp 1932 5.8 850 2,400 800 1.5 4,000 430 n Rated power (650 hp) less than nominal 850 hp
12Ydr 1934 6.4 800 2,200 800 1.5 0 440 n As 12Ybr, variable-pitch propeller, left turning. For this and all later entries in both tables, Rated power = Nominal power = Power
12Ydrs 1934 5.8 860 2,400 835 1.5 4,000 470 n As 12Ybrs, variable-pitch propeller, left turning
12Ydrs1 1934 5.8 880 2,400 890 1.5 2,400 470 n Variable-pitch propeller, left turning
12Ydrs2 1934 5.8 930 2,400 992 1.5 900 470 n Variable-pitch propeller, left turning
12Yfrs 1934 5.8 860 2,400 835 1.5 4,000 470 n As 12Ydrs, right turning
12Yfrs1 1934 5.8 880 2,400 890 1.5 2,400 470 n As 12Ydrs1, right turning
12Yfrs2 1934 5.8 930 2,400 992 1.5 900 470 n As 12Ydrs, right turning
12Y-21 1935 7.0 910 2,400 880 1.5 3,600 470 n
12Y-25 1935 5.8 860 2,400 943 1.5 3,600 n As 12Ydrs, variable ignition timing
12Y-26 1935 5.8 900 2,400 950 1.8 850 483 opposite rotation to -27
12Y-27 1935 5.8 900 2,400 950 1.8 850 483 opposite rotation to -26
12Y-28 7.2 920 2,400 910 0.67:1 3,600 475 y LH rotation
12Y-29 7.2 920 2,400 910 0.67:1 3,600 475 y Identical to -28 but RH rotation
12Y-30 1936 5.8 860 2,400 830 0.67:1 3,250 468 y Redesigned connecting rods,LH rotation
12Y-31 1936 5.8 860 2,400 830 0.67:1 3,250 468 y Identical to -30 but RH rotation
12Y-32 1936 5.8 960 2,400 955 0.67:1 2,300 468 y Redesigned connecting rods,LH rotation
12Y-33 1936 5.8 960 2,400 955 0.67:1 2,300 468 y Identical to -32 but RH rotation
12Y-36 1936 7.0 960 2,400 1,050 0.55:1 1,250 483 y LH rotation
12Y-37 1936 7.0 960 2,400 1,050 0.55:1 1,250 483 y Identical to -36 but RH rotation
12Y-38 1936 7.0 1000 2,400 1.5 3,400 n LH rotation
12Y-39 1936 7.0 1000 2,400 1.5 3,400 n Identical to -38 but RH rotation
12Y-41 1936 7.0 920 2,400 0.67:1 3,600 483 y
12Y-45 7.0 920 2,400 935 0.67:1 4,200 y Szydlowsky-Planiol (SP) supercharger
12Y-47 1936 5.8 860 2,400 830 0.67:1 3,250 468 y
12Y 49 7.0 910 2,400 910 0.67:1 5,250 y (SP) supercharger, variable ignition timing
12Y-50 1939 7.0 1,000 2,500 1,100 0.67:1 3,260 492 y (SP) supercharger LH rotation
12Y-51 1939 7.0 1,000 2,500 1,100 0.67:1 3,260 492 y Identical to -50 but RH rotation
Model Year Compression Power (hp) @ r.p.m. T-O power (hp) Output reduction Supercharger optimum altitude (m) Weight (kg) Cannon (y/n) Comments

Related[edit]

Hispano-Suiza 12Z

Licence built variants[edit]

Czechoslovakia
Avia HS 12Y
USSR[3][4]
Klimov VK-100
Klimov VK-103 746 kW (1,000 hp)
Klimov VK-103A 820 kW (1,100 hp) at 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
Klimov VK-104
Klimov VK-105P 820 kW (1,100 hp) at take-off
Klimov VK-106 1,007 kW (1,350 hp) at take-off
Klimov VK-107 1,342 kW (1,800 hp) at take-off
Switzerland
Hispano-Suiza HS-77
12 Ycrs

Applications[edit]

Klimov powered[edit]

Specifications (12Y-50)[edit]

Data from Aircraft Engines of the World 1945 [5]

General characteristics

  • Type: Twelve-cylinder supercharged liquid-cooled 60° V12 engine
  • Bore: 150 mm (5.9 in)
  • Stroke: 170 mm (6.69 in)
  • Displacement: 36 L (2,197 cu in)
  • Length: 2,137 mm (84.3 in)
  • Width: 764 mm (29.9 in)
  • Height: 945 mm (37 in)
  • Dry weight: 492 kg (1,085 lb)

Components

Performance

See also[edit]

Comparable engines

Related lists

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hispano-Suiza 12Y.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Kotelnikov 2005, p. 136.
  2. ^ Lage, 2004, pp.486–7
  3. ^ Gunston 1989
  4. ^ Lage, 2004, pp.258-260
  5. ^ Wilkinson 1945 p. 239.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Danel, Raymond and Jean Cuny. Docavia n°4: le Dewoitine D.520 (in French). Paris: Editions Larivière, 1966.
  • Kotelnikov, Vladimir. Russian Piston Aero Engines. Marlborough, Wiltshire. The Crowood Press Ltd. 2005. ISBN 1-86126-702-9.
  • Hispano-Suiza 12Y-47 Retrieved: 1 October 2010.
  • Wilkinson, Paul H. Aircraft Engines of the World 1945. Paul H. Wilkinson. New York. 1945 OCLC 766030348
  • Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero engines fully revised second edition. Patrick Stephens Limited. Wellingborough. 1989. ISBN 1-85260-163-9
  • Lage, Manuel (2004). Hispano Suiza in Aeronautics. Warrendale, USA: SAE International. pp. 486–487. ISBN 0-7680-0997-9.
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