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{{short description|Species of mammal (rodent)}}
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{{Taxobox | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1
{{speciesbox
| status = LC
⚫
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn|last1=Percequillo| first1= A.| last2= Weksler| first2= M.| last3= Langguth| first3= A.| last4= Patterson| first4= B.| last5= D'Elia| first5= G.| last6= Teta| first6= P.| year= 2016| title= Euryoryzomys russatus |errata=2017| volume= 2016| page= e.T29405A115168400| doi= 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T29405A22328896.en}}</ref>
| image = Calomys coronatus type.png
| image = Calomys coronatus type.png
| image_alt=Partial skull of a russet rice rat
| image_alt=Partial skull of a russet rice rat
| image_caption=[[Holotype]] partial [[skull|cranium]] of ''Calomys coronatus'' Winge, 1887, a [[synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]].
| image_caption=[[Holotype]] partial [[skull|cranium]] of ''Calomys coronatus'' Winge, 1887, a [[synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]]
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| genus = Euryoryzomys
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| species = russatus
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
⚫
| authority = ([[Johann Andreas Wagner|Wagner]], 1848)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wagner|first1=Andr|title=Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Säugthiere Amerika's|journal=Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften|date=1848|volume=5|issue=2|page=312|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11387778|location=München}}</ref>
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| ordo = [[Rodent]]ia
| familia = [[Cricetidae]]
⚫
| genus = ''[[Euryoryzomys]]''
⚫
| species = '''''E. russatus'''''
| binomial = ''Euryoryzomys russatus''
⚫
| binomial_authority = (Wagner, 1848)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wagner|first1=Andr|title=Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Säugthiere Amerika's|journal=Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften|date=1848|volume=5|issue=2|page=312|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11387778|location=München}}</ref>
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
''Calomys coronatus'' Winge, 1887<br />
''Calomys coronatus'' Winge, 1887<br />
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''[Euryoryzomys] russatus'': Weksler, Percequillo, and Voss, 2006
''[Euryoryzomys] russatus'': Weksler, Percequillo, and Voss, 2006
}}
}}

'''''Euryoryzomys russatus''''', also known as the '''russet oryzomys''',<ref>Musser and Carleton, 2005</ref> '''russet rice rat''',<ref>Percequillo et al., 2008</ref> or '''big-headed rice rat''',<ref>Duff and Lawson, 2004</ref> is a species of [[rodent]] in the genus ''[[Euryoryzomys]]'' of family [[Cricetidae]]. It is a member of the genus ''[[Euryoryzomys]]'', which was split off from ''[[Oryzomys]]'' in 2006. It is found in southern [[Brazil]], eastern [[Paraguay]] and northeastern [[Argentina]].
'''''Euryoryzomys russatus''''', also known as the '''russet oryzomys''',<ref name = MSW3>{{MSW3 Muroidea | id = 13000819 | page = 1154}}</ref> '''russet rice rat''',<ref name=iucn/> or '''big-headed rice rat''',<ref>Duff, A. and Lawson, A. 2004. Mammals of the World: A checklist. Yale University Press, 312 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|978-0-300-10398-4}}</ref> is a species of [[rodent]] in the family [[Cricetidae]]. It is a member of the genus ''[[Euryoryzomys]]'', which was split off from ''[[Oryzomys]]'' in 2006. It was first described by [[Johann Andreas Wagner]] in 1848.<ref name="iucn" /> It is found in southern [[Brazil]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303161885|title=Mammals of South America: Rodents|last1=Patton|first1=James|last2=Pardinas|first2=Ulyses|last3=D'Elia|first3=Guillermo|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2015|volume=2|location=Chicago|pages=319}}</ref> eastern [[Paraguay]]<ref name=":0" /> and northeastern [[Argentina]].<ref name=":0" /> It is considered a large species in its genus, with a reddish-brown coat, long tail length, and large skull.<ref name=":0" /> It is a terrestrial rodent, spending its time foraging for seeds, fruits, and insects.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" /> It is listed by the IUCN as least concern, although studies have shown it to be influenced by anthropogenic disturbances.<ref name=":8" /> Predators consist of small members of the order Carnivora.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />

== Etymology ==
The prefix eury- comes from the Greek word 'eurys''<nowiki/>''' meaning "wide" or "broad".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/eury-|title=eury- {{!}} Origin and meaning of prefix eury- by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref> The specific epithet ''russatus'' comes from the Latin word 'russatus', meaning "clothed in red".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://latinlexicon.org/definition.php?p1=2052044|title=Definition of russatus|website=Latin Lexicon|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
''Euryoryzomys russatus''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Säugthiere Amerika's / vom A. Wagner.|last=Wagner|first=A. J.|date=1848|publisher=Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften|location=Munich, Germany|pages=271–332|doi = 10.5962/bhl.title.15738|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/15738 }}</ref> (Wagner, 1848) is the currently accepted name for the russet rice rat. It is a member of the order Rodentia and family Cricetidae<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Di-Nizo|first1=C. B.|last2=Neves|first2=C. L.|last3=Vilela|first3=J. F.|last4=Silva|first4=M. J.|date=2014-01-24|title=New karyologycal data and cytotaxonomic considerations on small mammals from Santa Virgínia (Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Atlantic Forest, Brazil)|journal=Comparative Cytogenetics|volume=8|issue=1|pages=11–30|doi=10.3897/compcytogen.v8i1.6430|issn=1993-078X|pmc=3978240|pmid=24744831 |doi-access=free }}</ref> with the genus ''Euryoryzomys'' comprising six valid species.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mammals of South America, Volume 2|last1=Patton|first1=J. L.|last2=Pardiñas|first2=U. F. J.|last3=D’Elía|first3=G.|date=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226169576|pages=314–321|doi = 10.7208/chicago/9780226169606.001.0001}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
''Euryoryzomys russatus'' is found in continental Brazil and outlying islands.<ref name=":0" /> This species is also found in Bolivia, Argentina, and Paraguay.<ref name=":0" /> It is found along altitudinal gradients consisting of lowland and mountainous ([[Montane ecosystems|montane]]) areas.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Libardi|first1=G. S.|last2=Percequillo|first2=A. R.|date=2016|title=Variation of craniodental traits in russet rats Euryoryzomys russatus (Wagner, 1848) (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) from Eastern Atlantic Forest|journal=Zoologischer Anzeiger|volume=262 |pages=57–74|doi=10.1016/j.jcz.2016.03.005 }}</ref> It is found in the [[Atlantic Forest]] as well as some areas of the [[Amazon rainforest]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10528-007-9122-x|pmid=17939030|title=Geographic Patterns of Genetic Variation and Conservation Consequences in Three South American Rodents|journal=Biochemical Genetics|volume=45|issue=11–12|pages=839–856|year=2007|last1=Miranda|first1=Gustavo B.|last2=Andrades-Miranda|first2=Jaqueline|last3=Oliveira|first3=Luiz F. B.|last4=Langguth|first4=Alfredo|last5=Mattevi|first5=Margarete S.|s2cid=22094304 }}</ref>

Specific locations where ''E. russatus'' has been collected include: Desterro Environmental Conservation Unit central [[Santa Catarina Island]], Brazil (live specimens);<ref name=":6" /> Alem Paraiba, [[Minas Gerais]], Brazil (museum specimens);<ref name=":2" /> [[Guaricana National Park]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], Brazil (museum specimens);<ref name=":2" /> [[Ilha do Cardoso]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], Brazil (museum specimens);<ref name=":2" /> Parana, Southern Brazil (genetic identification from scat of predatory felines);<ref name=":9" /> Picinguaba, São Paulo, Brazil (live specimens);<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pinheiro|first1=P.S.|last2=Geise|first2=L.|date=2008|title=Non-volant mammals of Picinguaba, Ubatuba, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242364863|journal=Biol. Mus. Biol. Mello Leitao (N. Ser)|volume=23|pages=51–59}}</ref> [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil (live specimens);<ref name=":11">Costa, M.A.R., Maldonado Jr, A., Bóia, M.N., Lucio, C.S. & Simões, R.O. 2014. a new species of Hassalstrongylus (Nematoda: Heligmonelidae) from Euryoryzomys russatus (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) in the Atlantic forest, Brazil. Neotropical Helminthology, vol. 8, n°2, jul-dec, pp. 235-242.</ref> Morro Grande Forest Reserve, São Paulo, Brazil (live specimens).<ref name=":4" />

This species is considered a forest specialist, dwelling only in habitats that have extensive forest canopy cover.<ref name=":13">Püttker, T. A. A. Bueno, C. Santos de Barros, S. Sommer, R. Pardini. 2013. Habitat specialization interacts with habitat amount to determine dispersal success of rodents in fragmented landscapes, ''Journal of Mammalogy'', Volume 94, Issue 3, 11:714–726, https://doi.org/10.1644/12-MAMM-A-119.1</ref> Abundance and immigration rates have been shown to increase as forest coverage increases.<ref name=":13" />

== Life history ==
[[File:Euryoryzomys russatus 1 (5).png|left|thumb|Dorsal view of cranium]]

=== Morphology ===
The genus ''Euryoryzomys'' is described as having [[Fur|pelage]] that varies from yellow in color to a red-brown dorsally, while having a lighter ventral color.<ref name=":3">Weksler, M.; Percequillo, A. R.; Voss, R. S. (2006-10-19). "Ten new genera of oryzomyine rodents (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)" (PDF). ''American Museum Novitates''. [[American Museum of Natural History]]. '''3537''': 1–29. </ref> The ears are typically medium to large. Vibrissae (whiskers) do not extend past the ears. Most species possess a jugal (with the exception of ''[[Euryoryzomys lamia|E. lamia]]'').<ref name=":3" />

''Euryoryzomys russatus'' is described as having a large skull and relatively large body length; with a body length range of {{convert|112-185|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":0" /> Weights have been recorded in some studies, and averaged {{convert|59|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":4">Naxara, L., Pinotti, B., & Pardini, R. (2009). Seasonal Microhabitat Selection by Terrestrial Rodents in an Old-Growth Atlantic Forest. ''Journal of Mammalogy'', ''90''(2), 404–415. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30224486</ref> The tail averages between {{convert|105-196|mm|abbr=on}} in length.<ref name=":0" /> Pelage of the rice rat is a reddish-brown on the dorsal portion of the body and white on the ventral portion. The pinnae and tail are both grey in color. The fore and hindlimbs are a pale pink, along with the nose. The facial vibrissae are black in color. Parietals in ''E. russatus'' possess no lateral expansions.<ref name=":3" />

=== Ecology ===
''Euryoryzomys russatus'' is a nocturnal, terrestrial rodent that moves primarily over leaf litter found on the forest floor.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":14">Ricardo S. Bovendorp, Jessica A. Laskowski and Alexandre R. Percequillo 2016. A first view of the unseen: nests of an endangered Atlantic Forest rat species. Mammalia (Short Note): 1-4. DOI 10.1515/mammalia-2015-0178</ref> A seasonal microhabitat selection study found variation in microhabitat choice in warm-wet and cool-dry seasons.<ref name=":4" /> ''Euryoryzomys russatus'' was shown to have greater abundance in areas with woody debris, low leaf litter height, and high arthropod biomass during the warm-wet season and during the cool-dry season the greatest abundance was seen in areas with high leaf litter humidity.<ref name=":4" /> It is an opportunistic eater, consuming seeds, fruit, and insects when possible.<ref name=":7">Powers AM, Mercer DR, Watts DM, Guzman H, Fulhorst CF, Popov VL and Tesh RB (1999) Isolation and genetic characterization of a hantavirus (Bunyaviridae: Hantavirus) from a rodent, ''Oligoryzomys microtis'' (Muridae), collected in northeastern Peru Am J Trop Med Hyg 61:92–98</ref><ref name=":5">Bergallo, H. & Magnusson, W. (2004). Factors affecting the use of space by two rodent species in Brazilian Atlantic forest. Mammalia. 68. 121-132. 10.1515/mamm.2004.013. </ref> A study of seed predation in the Brazilian Atlantic forest found ''E. russatus'' to be an efficient seed predator, eating a majority of seeds offered (with an exception to those with a mass greater than that of the observed individuals).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Galetti|first1=M.|last2=Guevara|first2=R.|last3=Galbiati|first3=L. A.|last4=Neves|first4=C. L.|last5=Rodarte|first5=R. R.|last6=Mendes|first6=C. P.|date=2015|title=Seed Predation by Rodent and Implications for Plant Recruitment in Defaunated Atlantic Forests|journal=Biotropica|volume=47|issue=5|pages=521–525|doi=10.1111/btp.12246|s2cid=85966094 }}</ref>

A study of the population dynamics of a population of ''E. russatus'' on Santa Catarina Island in southern Brazil showed them to have nearly equal [[Sex ratio|sex ratios]].<ref name=":6" /> Populations of ''E. russatus'' have been shown to have a monogamous mating system.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">Antunes, P., Campos, M., Oliveira-Santos, L., & Graipel, M. (2009). Population dynamics of Euryoryzomys russatus and Oligoryzomys nigripes (Rodentia, Cricetidae) in an Atlantic forest area, Santa Catarina Island, Southern Brazil. ''Biothemes, 22'' (2), 143-151. doi: https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2009v22n2p143</ref> Females show reproductive activity throughout the year, and correlate with availability of food resources.<ref name=":5" /> The nests of ''E. russatus'' are cup-shaped, and built with fibers from bamboo and other grasses from the family [[Poaceae]].<ref name=":14" /> Offspring are born [[Altriciality|altricial]], lacking hair, and with eyes and ears closed.<ref name=":14" /> A study tracking individuals of ''E. russatus'' calculated the average number of offspring per pregnancy (from survey of pregnant females and nestlings) to be 3.6, with three to six nestlings being typical.<ref name=":14" />

=== Genetics ===
Genetic analyses<ref name=":1" /> have grouped different populations of ''E. russatus'' into three clades using mitochondrial and nuclear gene regions, however no subspecies have been identified.<ref name=":1" /> A study focused on the genetic structuring of populations in the Atlantic Rain Forest of southern Brazil found no genetic structuring throughout the species distribution.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1590/S1415-47572009005000081|pmid=21637469|pmc=3036879|title=Genetic structure of sigmodontine rodents (Cricetidae) along an altitudinal gradient of the Atlantic Rain Forest in southern Brazil|journal=Genetics and Molecular Biology|volume=32|issue=4|pages=882–885|year=2009|last1=Gonçalves|first1=Gislene L.|last2=Marinho|first2=Jorge R.|last3=Freitas|first3=Thales R.O.}}</ref> Through karyotyping of ''E. russatus'' individuals from Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (Santa Virginia, Brazil) it was found that they possess a chromosome number of 2n=80.<ref name=":12" /> This number is shared with ''[[Euryoryzomys emmonsae|E. emmonsae]]'' and ''[[Euryoryzomys nitidus|E. nitidus]]''.<ref name=":12" />

== Conservation ==
''Euryoryzomys russatus'' is listed as a species of least concern by the IUCN as of September 2016.<ref name=":8">{{cite iucn |author=Percequillo, A. |author2=Weksler M. |author3=Langguth, A. |author4=Patterson, B. |author5=D'Elia, G. |author6=Teta, P. |year=2016 |title=''Euryoryzomys russatus'' |errata=2017 |volume=2016 |page=e.T29405A115168400 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T29405A22328896.en |access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref> However, studies have shown this species to be susceptible to anthropogenic disturbances such as habitat degradation or destruction.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":13" /><ref>Pardini R, Souza SM, Braga-Neto R, Metzger JP (2005) The role of forest structure, fragment size and corridors in maintaining small mammal abundance and diversity in an Atlantic forest landscape. Biol Conserv 124:253–266 </ref><ref>Umetsu F, Pardini R (2007) Small mammals in a mosaic of forest remnants and anthropogenic habitats evaluating matrix quality in an Atlantic forest landscape. Landscape Ecol 22:517–530</ref>

== Predators ==
Studies have found the ''E. russatus'' to be a prey item of several neotropical feline species including [[jaguarundi]] (''Puma yagouaroundi''), [[oncilla]] (''Leopardus tigrinus'') and [[ocelot]] (''Leopardus pardalis'').<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Silva-Pereiraa|first1=J. E.|last2=Moro-Rios|first2=R. F.|last3=Bilski|first3=D. R.|last4=Passos|first4=F. C.|date=2010|title=Diets of three sympatric Neotropical small cats: Food niche overlap and interspecies differences in prey consumption|journal=Mammalian Biology|volume=76|issue=3|pages=308–312|doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2010.09.001}}</ref> [[Cat|Domestic cats]] (''Felis silvestris catus)'' have also been shown to prey on ''E. russatus''.<ref name=":10">{{cite journal|doi=10.2981/wlb.13131|title=Domestic cat predation on Neotropical species in an insular Atlantic Forest remnant in southeastern Brazil|journal=Wildlife Biology|volume=20|issue=3|pages=167–175|year=2014|last1=Ferreira|first1=Giovanne Ambrosio|last2=Nakano-Oliveira|first2=Eduardo|last3=Genaro|first3=Gelson|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Parasites ==
[[File:Trichomonas Giemsa DPDx.JPG|thumb|Example of ''Trichomonas'' ''sp''. similar to that found in ''E. russatus'']]

Research into the gastrointestinal parasites of ''E. russatus'' found eight different [[endoparasites]] in island and continental populations.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1590/S1519-69842012000300019|pmid=22990827|title=Differences in richness and composition of gastrointestinal parasites of small rodents (Cricetidae, Rodentia) in a continental and insular area of the Atlantic Forest in Santa Catarina state, Brazil|journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology|volume=72|issue=3|pages=563–567|year=2012|last1=Kuhnen|first1=VV.|last2=Graipel|first2=ME.|last3=Pinto|first3=CJC.|doi-access=free}}</ref> A new species of [[nematode]], ''Hassalstrongylus luquei'', was found in the small intestine of ''E. russatus''.<ref name=":11" /> A single individual was found to possess antibodies from a systemic fungal infection with ''[[Paracoccidioides brasiliensis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s11046-015-9928-8|pmid=26232125|title=Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Infection in Small Wild Mammals|journal=Mycopathologia|volume=180|issue=5–6|pages=435–440|year=2015|last1=Sbeghen|first1=Mônica Raquel|last2=Zanata|first2=Thais Bastos|last3=MacAgnan|first3=Rafaela|last4=De Abreu|first4=Kaue Cachuba|last5=Da Cunha|first5=Willian Luiz|last6=Watanabe|first6=Maria Angelica Ehara|last7=De Camargo|first7=Zoilo Pires|last8=Ono|first8=Mario Augusto|s2cid=18727222 }}</ref> A study on ''Rickettsia rickettsii'', Brazilian Spotted-fever has shown ''E. russatus'' to be a host for the tick species ''Amblyomma ovale'', which is a known vector for the zoonotic disease.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.3389/fcimb.2013.00027|pmid=23875178|pmc=3709097|title=Ecology, biology and distribution of spotted-fever tick vectors in Brazil|journal=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology|volume=3|pages=27|year=2013|last1=Szabó|first1=Matias P. J.|last2=Pinter|first2=Adriano|last3=Labruna|first3=Marcelo B.|doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{clear}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Literature cited==
*Duff, A. and Lawson, A. 2004. Mammals of the World: A checklist. Yale University Press, 312 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|978-0-300-10398-4}}
*Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp.&nbsp;894–1531 ''in'' Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
*{{IUCN2008|assessor=Percequillo, A.|assessor2=Weksler, M.|assessor3=Langguth, A.|assessor4=Patterson, B.|assessor5=D'Elia, G.|assessor6=Teta, P.|last-assessor-amp=yes|year=2008|id=29405|title=Euryoryzomys russatus|downloaded=15 March 2009}}
* {{cite journal | last = Weksler | first = M. |author2=Percequillo, A. R. |author3=Voss, R. S.
| title = Ten new genera of oryzomyine rodents (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)
| journal = American Museum Novitates | volume = 3537 | issue = | pages = 1–29
| publisher = [[American Museum of Natural History]] | location = New York
| date = 2006-10-19 | hdl = 2246/5815 | issn = 0003-0082| doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3537[1:TNGOOR]2.0.CO;2}}
{{Oryzomyini nav}}
{{Oryzomyini nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1761424}}


⚫
[[Category:Euryoryzomys]]
[[Category:Mammals of Argentina]]
[[Category:Mammals of Argentina]]
[[Category:Mammals of Brazil]]
[[Category:Rodents of Brazil]]
[[Category:Mammals of Paraguay]]
[[Category:Mammals of Paraguay]]
[[Category:Oryzomyini]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1848]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1848]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Andreas Wagner]]


{{Sigmodontinae-stub}}

Latest revision as of 13:11, 6 April 2024

Euryoryzomys russatus
Partial skull of a russet rice rat
Holotype partial cranium of Calomys coronatus Winge, 1887, a junior synonym
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Cricetidae
Subfamily: Sigmodontinae
Genus: Euryoryzomys
Species:
E. russatus
Binomial name
Euryoryzomys russatus
(Wagner, 1848)[2]
Synonyms

Calomys coronatus Winge, 1887
Oryzomys intermedius (Leche, 1886)
Oryzomys kelloggi Avila-Pires, 1959
Oryzomys russatus (Wagner, 1848)
[Euryoryzomys] russatus: Weksler, Percequillo, and Voss, 2006

Euryoryzomys russatus, also known as the russet oryzomys,[3] russet rice rat,[1] or big-headed rice rat,[4] is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is a member of the genus Euryoryzomys, which was split off from Oryzomys in 2006. It was first described by Johann Andreas Wagner in 1848.[1] It is found in southern Brazil,[5] eastern Paraguay[5] and northeastern Argentina.[5] It is considered a large species in its genus, with a reddish-brown coat, long tail length, and large skull.[5] It is a terrestrial rodent, spending its time foraging for seeds, fruits, and insects.[6][7] It is listed by the IUCN as least concern, although studies have shown it to be influenced by anthropogenic disturbances.[8] Predators consist of small members of the order Carnivora.[9][10]

Etymology[edit]

The prefix eury- comes from the Greek word 'eurys' meaning "wide" or "broad".[11] The specific epithet russatus comes from the Latin word 'russatus', meaning "clothed in red".[12]

Taxonomy[edit]

Euryoryzomys russatus[13] (Wagner, 1848) is the currently accepted name for the russet rice rat. It is a member of the order Rodentia and family Cricetidae[14] with the genus Euryoryzomys comprising six valid species.[15]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

Euryoryzomys russatus is found in continental Brazil and outlying islands.[5] This species is also found in Bolivia, Argentina, and Paraguay.[5] It is found along altitudinal gradients consisting of lowland and mountainous (montane) areas.[5][16] It is found in the Atlantic Forest as well as some areas of the Amazon rainforest.[5][16][17]

Specific locations where E. russatus has been collected include: Desterro Environmental Conservation Unit central Santa Catarina Island, Brazil (live specimens);[18] Alem Paraiba, Minas Gerais, Brazil (museum specimens);[16] Guaricana National Park, Paraná, Brazil (museum specimens);[16] Ilha do Cardoso, São Paulo, Brazil (museum specimens);[16] Parana, Southern Brazil (genetic identification from scat of predatory felines);[9] Picinguaba, São Paulo, Brazil (live specimens);[19] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (live specimens);[20] Morro Grande Forest Reserve, São Paulo, Brazil (live specimens).[21]

This species is considered a forest specialist, dwelling only in habitats that have extensive forest canopy cover.[22] Abundance and immigration rates have been shown to increase as forest coverage increases.[22]

Life history[edit]

Dorsal view of cranium

Morphology[edit]

The genus Euryoryzomys is described as having pelage that varies from yellow in color to a red-brown dorsally, while having a lighter ventral color.[23] The ears are typically medium to large. Vibrissae (whiskers) do not extend past the ears. Most species possess a jugal (with the exception of E. lamia).[23]

Euryoryzomys russatus is described as having a large skull and relatively large body length; with a body length range of 112–185 mm (4.4–7.3 in).[5] Weights have been recorded in some studies, and averaged 59 g (2.1 oz).[21] The tail averages between 105–196 mm (4.1–7.7 in) in length.[5] Pelage of the rice rat is a reddish-brown on the dorsal portion of the body and white on the ventral portion. The pinnae and tail are both grey in color. The fore and hindlimbs are a pale pink, along with the nose. The facial vibrissae are black in color. Parietals in E. russatus possess no lateral expansions.[23]

Ecology[edit]

Euryoryzomys russatus is a nocturnal, terrestrial rodent that moves primarily over leaf litter found on the forest floor.[21][24] A seasonal microhabitat selection study found variation in microhabitat choice in warm-wet and cool-dry seasons.[21] Euryoryzomys russatus was shown to have greater abundance in areas with woody debris, low leaf litter height, and high arthropod biomass during the warm-wet season and during the cool-dry season the greatest abundance was seen in areas with high leaf litter humidity.[21] It is an opportunistic eater, consuming seeds, fruit, and insects when possible.[6][7] A study of seed predation in the Brazilian Atlantic forest found E. russatus to be an efficient seed predator, eating a majority of seeds offered (with an exception to those with a mass greater than that of the observed individuals).[25]

A study of the population dynamics of a population of E. russatus on Santa Catarina Island in southern Brazil showed them to have nearly equal sex ratios.[18] Populations of E. russatus have been shown to have a monogamous mating system.[7][18] Females show reproductive activity throughout the year, and correlate with availability of food resources.[7] The nests of E. russatus are cup-shaped, and built with fibers from bamboo and other grasses from the family Poaceae.[24] Offspring are born altricial, lacking hair, and with eyes and ears closed.[24] A study tracking individuals of E. russatus calculated the average number of offspring per pregnancy (from survey of pregnant females and nestlings) to be 3.6, with three to six nestlings being typical.[24]

Genetics[edit]

Genetic analyses[17] have grouped different populations of E. russatus into three clades using mitochondrial and nuclear gene regions, however no subspecies have been identified.[17] A study focused on the genetic structuring of populations in the Atlantic Rain Forest of southern Brazil found no genetic structuring throughout the species distribution.[26] Through karyotyping of E. russatus individuals from Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (Santa Virginia, Brazil) it was found that they possess a chromosome number of 2n=80.[14] This number is shared with E. emmonsae and E. nitidus.[14]

Conservation[edit]

Euryoryzomys russatus is listed as a species of least concern by the IUCN as of September 2016.[8] However, studies have shown this species to be susceptible to anthropogenic disturbances such as habitat degradation or destruction.[17][22][27][28]

Predators[edit]

Studies have found the E. russatus to be a prey item of several neotropical feline species including jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi), oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus) and ocelot (Leopardus pardalis).[9] Domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) have also been shown to prey on E. russatus.[10]

Parasites[edit]

Example of Trichomonas sp. similar to that found in E. russatus

Research into the gastrointestinal parasites of E. russatus found eight different endoparasites in island and continental populations.[29] A new species of nematode, Hassalstrongylus luquei, was found in the small intestine of E. russatus.[20] A single individual was found to possess antibodies from a systemic fungal infection with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.[30] A study on Rickettsia rickettsii, Brazilian Spotted-fever has shown E. russatus to be a host for the tick species Amblyomma ovale, which is a known vector for the zoonotic disease.[31]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Percequillo, A.; Weksler, M.; Langguth, A.; Patterson, B.; D'Elia, G.; Teta, P. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Euryoryzomys russatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29405A115168400. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T29405A22328896.en.
  2. ^ Wagner, Andr (1848). "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Säugthiere Amerika's". Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 5 (2). München: 312.
  3. ^ Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). "Superfamily Muroidea". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1154. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ Duff, A. and Lawson, A. 2004. Mammals of the World: A checklist. Yale University Press, 312 pp. ISBN 978-0-300-10398-4
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Patton, James; Pardinas, Ulyses; D'Elia, Guillermo (2015). Mammals of South America: Rodents. Vol. 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 319.
  6. ^ a b Powers AM, Mercer DR, Watts DM, Guzman H, Fulhorst CF, Popov VL and Tesh RB (1999) Isolation and genetic characterization of a hantavirus (Bunyaviridae: Hantavirus) from a rodent, Oligoryzomys microtis (Muridae), collected in northeastern Peru Am J Trop Med Hyg 61:92–98
  7. ^ a b c d Bergallo, H. & Magnusson, W. (2004). Factors affecting the use of space by two rodent species in Brazilian Atlantic forest. Mammalia. 68. 121-132. 10.1515/mamm.2004.013.
  8. ^ a b Percequillo, A.; Weksler M.; Langguth, A.; Patterson, B.; D'Elia, G.; Teta, P. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Euryoryzomys russatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29405A115168400. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T29405A22328896.en. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  9. ^ a b c Silva-Pereiraa, J. E.; Moro-Rios, R. F.; Bilski, D. R.; Passos, F. C. (2010). "Diets of three sympatric Neotropical small cats: Food niche overlap and interspecies differences in prey consumption". Mammalian Biology. 76 (3): 308–312. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2010.09.001.
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  11. ^ "eury- | Origin and meaning of prefix eury- by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2019-09-28.
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  14. ^ a b c Di-Nizo, C. B.; Neves, C. L.; Vilela, J. F.; Silva, M. J. (2014-01-24). "New karyologycal data and cytotaxonomic considerations on small mammals from Santa Virgínia (Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Atlantic Forest, Brazil)". Comparative Cytogenetics. 8 (1): 11–30. doi:10.3897/compcytogen.v8i1.6430. ISSN 1993-078X. PMC 3978240. PMID 24744831.
  15. ^ Patton, J. L.; Pardiñas, U. F. J.; D’Elía, G. (2015). Mammals of South America, Volume 2. University of Chicago Press. pp. 314–321. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226169606.001.0001. ISBN 9780226169576.
  16. ^ a b c d e Libardi, G. S.; Percequillo, A. R. (2016). "Variation of craniodental traits in russet rats Euryoryzomys russatus (Wagner, 1848) (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) from Eastern Atlantic Forest". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 262: 57–74. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2016.03.005.
  17. ^ a b c d Miranda, Gustavo B.; Andrades-Miranda, Jaqueline; Oliveira, Luiz F. B.; Langguth, Alfredo; Mattevi, Margarete S. (2007). "Geographic Patterns of Genetic Variation and Conservation Consequences in Three South American Rodents". Biochemical Genetics. 45 (11–12): 839–856. doi:10.1007/s10528-007-9122-x. PMID 17939030. S2CID 22094304.
  18. ^ a b c Antunes, P., Campos, M., Oliveira-Santos, L., & Graipel, M. (2009). Population dynamics of Euryoryzomys russatus and Oligoryzomys nigripes (Rodentia, Cricetidae) in an Atlantic forest area, Santa Catarina Island, Southern Brazil. Biothemes, 22 (2), 143-151. doi: https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2009v22n2p143
  19. ^ Pinheiro, P.S.; Geise, L. (2008). "Non-volant mammals of Picinguaba, Ubatuba, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil". Biol. Mus. Biol. Mello Leitao (N. Ser). 23: 51–59.
  20. ^ a b Costa, M.A.R., Maldonado Jr, A., Bóia, M.N., Lucio, C.S. & Simões, R.O. 2014. a new species of Hassalstrongylus (Nematoda: Heligmonelidae) from Euryoryzomys russatus (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) in the Atlantic forest, Brazil. Neotropical Helminthology, vol. 8, n°2, jul-dec, pp. 235-242.
  21. ^ a b c d e Naxara, L., Pinotti, B., & Pardini, R. (2009). Seasonal Microhabitat Selection by Terrestrial Rodents in an Old-Growth Atlantic Forest. Journal of Mammalogy, 90(2), 404–415. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30224486
  22. ^ a b c Püttker, T. A. A. Bueno, C. Santos de Barros, S. Sommer, R. Pardini. 2013. Habitat specialization interacts with habitat amount to determine dispersal success of rodents in fragmented landscapes, Journal of Mammalogy, Volume 94, Issue 3, 11:714–726, https://doi.org/10.1644/12-MAMM-A-119.1
  23. ^ a b c Weksler, M.; Percequillo, A. R.; Voss, R. S. (2006-10-19). "Ten new genera of oryzomyine rodents (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates. American Museum of Natural History. 3537: 1–29.
  24. ^ a b c d Ricardo S. Bovendorp, Jessica A. Laskowski and Alexandre R. Percequillo 2016. A first view of the unseen: nests of an endangered Atlantic Forest rat species. Mammalia (Short Note): 1-4. DOI 10.1515/mammalia-2015-0178
  25. ^ Galetti, M.; Guevara, R.; Galbiati, L. A.; Neves, C. L.; Rodarte, R. R.; Mendes, C. P. (2015). "Seed Predation by Rodent and Implications for Plant Recruitment in Defaunated Atlantic Forests". Biotropica. 47 (5): 521–525. doi:10.1111/btp.12246. S2CID 85966094.
  26. ^ Gonçalves, Gislene L.; Marinho, Jorge R.; Freitas, Thales R.O. (2009). "Genetic structure of sigmodontine rodents (Cricetidae) along an altitudinal gradient of the Atlantic Rain Forest in southern Brazil". Genetics and Molecular Biology. 32 (4): 882–885. doi:10.1590/S1415-47572009005000081. PMC 3036879. PMID 21637469.
  27. ^ Pardini R, Souza SM, Braga-Neto R, Metzger JP (2005) The role of forest structure, fragment size and corridors in maintaining small mammal abundance and diversity in an Atlantic forest landscape. Biol Conserv 124:253–266
  28. ^ Umetsu F, Pardini R (2007) Small mammals in a mosaic of forest remnants and anthropogenic habitats evaluating matrix quality in an Atlantic forest landscape. Landscape Ecol 22:517–530
  29. ^ Kuhnen, VV.; Graipel, ME.; Pinto, CJC. (2012). "Differences in richness and composition of gastrointestinal parasites of small rodents (Cricetidae, Rodentia) in a continental and insular area of the Atlantic Forest in Santa Catarina state, Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Biology. 72 (3): 563–567. doi:10.1590/S1519-69842012000300019. PMID 22990827.
  30. ^ Sbeghen, Mônica Raquel; Zanata, Thais Bastos; MacAgnan, Rafaela; De Abreu, Kaue Cachuba; Da Cunha, Willian Luiz; Watanabe, Maria Angelica Ehara; De Camargo, Zoilo Pires; Ono, Mario Augusto (2015). "Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Infection in Small Wild Mammals". Mycopathologia. 180 (5–6): 435–440. doi:10.1007/s11046-015-9928-8. PMID 26232125. S2CID 18727222.
  31. ^ Szabó, Matias P. J.; Pinter, Adriano; Labruna, Marcelo B. (2013). "Ecology, biology and distribution of spotted-fever tick vectors in Brazil". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 3: 27. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2013.00027. PMC 3709097. PMID 23875178.
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