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{{Short description|Prince of Rhos in Gwynedd, Wales}} |
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'''Cuneglasus''' ({{lang-la|Cuneglasus}}; {{lang-cy|Cynlas}}, <small>{{abbr|lit.|Literally}}</small> "[[Tawny (color)|Tawny]] Hound";{{refn|In early Welsh, the word for hound was also used as a [[kenning]] for warriors, hence Gildas's Latin gloss of his name as ''{{lang|la|lanius fulvus}}'', the "tawny butcher".}}), a British prince who flourished in the early 6th century, perhaps ruling in what is now [[Northern Wales]]. |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} |
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'''Cuneglasus''' ([[floruit|fl.]] 540) was a prince of [[Rhos (North Wales)|Rhos]] in [[Gwynedd]], Wales, in the late 5th or early 6th century. He was castigated for various sins by [[Gildas]] in ''[[De Excidio Britanniae]]''. The Welsh form '''Cynlas Goch''' is attested in several genealogies of the Rhos royal line. The two names are assumed to refer to the same ruler. |
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==Cuneglasus and Gildas== |
==Cuneglasus and Gildas== |
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Cuneglasus is one of the five "tyrants" of Britain denounced by |
Cuneglasus is one of the five "tyrants" of Britain denounced by [[Gildas]] in his c. early sixth-century C.E. work ''[[De Excidio Britanniae|On the Ruin of Britain]]''. Gildas says of him: |
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*"You bear, you rider and ruler of many, and guider of the chariot which is the receptacle of the bear"{{Refn|Latin: ''...urse multorum sessor aurigaque currus receptaculi ursi...''}} |
*"You bear, you rider and ruler of many, and guider of the chariot which is the receptacle of the bear"{{Refn|Latin: ''...urse multorum sessor aurigaque currus receptaculi ursi...''}} |
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*"You tawny butcher, as in the Latin tongue thy name signifies" {{Refn|Latin: ''...Cuneglase Romana lingua lanio fulve...''}} |
*"You tawny butcher, as in the Latin tongue thy name signifies" {{Refn|Latin: ''...Cuneglase Romana lingua lanio fulve...''}} |
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* one who raises war against men, indeed against his own countrymen, as well as against God |
* one who raises war against men, indeed against his own countrymen, as well as against God |
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* one who has "thrown out of doors your wife" and lustfully desires "her detestable sister who had vowed unto God, the everlasting [[chastity of widowhood |
* one who has "thrown out of doors your wife" and lustfully desires "her detestable sister who had vowed unto God, the everlasting [[Chastity#Christianity|chastity]] of widowhood". |
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The first phrase is notably obscure.<ref name=koko>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9QUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA8|chapter=Arthur, Modred, and Guinevere in the Historical Records and in the Legendary Arthurian Material in the Early Welsh Tradition|title=An Arthurian Triangle: A Study of the Origin, Development, and Characterization of Arthur, Guinever, and Modred|at=p. 8, n. 10|publisher=E.J. Brill|location=Leiden|date=1984|isbn=9004072721|last=Korrel|first=Peter}}</ref> The Latin ''{{lang|la|[[wikt:receptaculum|receptāculum]]}}'' ("container; refuge") would literally describe a bear's lair or cage, which seems unlikely.<ref name=aoa/> Those seeking an identification of Arthur with Cuneglasus's putative father Owain have seen it as reference to Cuneglasus's guiding the chariot containing his father's casket.<ref name=koko/> |
The first phrase is notably obscure.<ref name=koko>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9QUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA8|chapter=Arthur, Modred, and Guinevere in the Historical Records and in the Legendary Arthurian Material in the Early Welsh Tradition|title=An Arthurian Triangle: A Study of the Origin, Development, and Characterization of Arthur, Guinever, and Modred|at=p. 8, n. 10|publisher=E.J. Brill|location=Leiden|date=1984|isbn=9004072721|last=Korrel|first=Peter}}</ref> The Latin ''{{lang|la|[[wikt:receptaculum|receptāculum]]}}'' ("container; refuge") would literally describe a bear's lair or cage, which seems unlikely.<ref name=aoa>{{cite journal|first=Alan Orr|last=Anderson|title=Gildas and Arthur|journal=The Celtic Review|date=October 1912|volume=VIII (May 1912 – May 1913)|editor1-first=Mrs W.J.|editor1-last=Watson|publisher=T. & A. Constable for William Hodge & Co.|location=Edinburgh|publication-date=1913|pages=149–165|url=https://archive.org/stream/celticreview08edinuoft#page/149/mode/2up}}</ref> Bartrum gives the translation as "driver of a chariot belonging to a bear's den". Those seeking an identification of Arthur with Cuneglasus's putative father Owain have seen it as reference to Cuneglasus's guiding the chariot containing his father's casket.<ref name=koko/> In 1918, historian [[Arthur Wade-Evans]] theorized that the "bear's den" was actually the township of [[Dinerth Castle|Dinerth]] in Llandrillo-yn-Rhos ([[Rhos-on-Sea]]). The name "Dinerth" can be translated to a "bear's fortress".<ref name=BartrumCynlas/> Excavations undertaken in 1997 by [[David Longley]] for the [[Gwynedd Archaeological Trust]] revealed an early medieval fortress with a "massive, well-built" wall of quarried limestone standing {{convert|3|m|abbr=on}} high and fronted by a rampart of {{convert|3.5|m}} of rubble.<ref>{{cite web| title = Welsh fort identified as citadel of Dark Age king| work = British Archaeology, no 29| publisher = [[Council for British Archaeology]]| date = November 1997| url = http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba29/ba29news.html| accessdate = 31 December 2012| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150109052336/http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba29/ba29news.html| archivedate = 9 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=aoa/> The phrase would then serve as a punning reference to the main court of Cuneglasus. |
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| ⚫ | |||
==Identification with Cynlas Goch== |
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| ⚫ | According to [[Peter Bartrum]] ( |
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==Welsh genealogies== |
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Gildas mentions Cuneglasus/Cynlas in the context of a scandalous family life. Cynlas reportedly drove out his wife and may have carried an affair with her sister, a widowed woman who had given a |
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| ⚫ | According to [[Peter Bartrum]] (1907-2008), Cuneglasus is typically identified with a figure known in Welsh sources as '''Cynlas Goch''', and there is little doubt about this identification. Cynlas appears in the genealogies of the kings of [[Rhos (north Wales)|Rhos]], in [[Gwynedd]], as a son of [[Owain Danwyn]] and a father of Maig. The relationship is attested in the [[Harleian genealogies]] (HG), the [[Genealogies from Jesus College MS 20]] (JC), and the [[Achau Brenhinoedd a Thywysogion Cymru]] (ABT).<ref name=BartrumCynlas>{{cite book |last= Bartrum |first= Peter |date= 1993 |title= A Welsh Classical Dictionary: People in History and Legend up to about A.D. 1000 |entry= Cynlas Goch ab Owain Danwyn |format= pdf |url= https://www.llgc.org.uk/fileadmin/fileadmin/docs_gwefan/casgliadau/Drych_Digidol/Deunydd_print/Welsh_Classical_Dictionary/04_C2.pdf |publisher= [[National Library of Wales]] |page= 205 |isbn= 0907158730 |author-link= Peter Bartrum |access-date= 2017-12-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160317060737/https://www.llgc.org.uk/fileadmin/fileadmin/docs_gwefan/casgliadau/Drych_Digidol/Deunydd_print/Welsh_Classical_Dictionary/04_C2.pdf |archive-date= 2016-03-17 |url-status= dead }}</ref> However the JC disagrees with the other sources on the exact relationship between the three men. Cynlas' [[cognomen]], "Goch", is only mentioned in the ABT. This is also the only source which specifically connects him with Rhos.<ref name=BartrumCynlas/> |
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| ⚫ | |||
The ''[[Bonedd y Saint]]'', a genealogy of British saints, mentions other children of Owain Danwyn and apparent siblings of Cynlas. They included the saints [[Einion Frenin]], [[Seiriol]] and [[Meirion]], and in some versions, Hawystl Gloff.<ref name=BartrumOwain>{{cite book |last=Bartrum |first= Peter |date= 1993 |title= A Welsh Classical Dictionary: People in History and Legend up to about A.D. 1000|entry=Owain Danwyn ab Einion Yrth|format=pdf |url= https://www.llgc.org.uk/fileadmin/fileadmin/docs_gwefan/casgliadau/Drych_Digidol/Deunydd_print/Welsh_Classical_Dictionary/09_OPR.pdf |publisher= [[National Library of Wales]] |page=594 |isbn= 0907158730|author-link= Peter Bartrum}}</ref> The Welsh genealogies also mention a brother of Owain Danwyn and paternal uncle to Cynlas: [[Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion]].<ref name=BartrumCadwallon>{{cite book |last=Bartrum |first= Peter |date= 1993 |title= A Welsh Classical Dictionary: People in History and Legend up to about A.D. 1000|url= https://www.llgc.org.uk/fileadmin/fileadmin/docs_gwefan/casgliadau/Drych_Digidol/Deunydd_print/Welsh_Classical_Dictionary/03_C1.pdf |entry=Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion Yrth|format=pdf |publisher= [[National Library of Wales]] |page=94 |isbn= 0907158730|author-link= Peter Bartrum}}</ref> [[Maelgwn Gwynedd|Maelgwn]] is known as a son of Cadwallon, and consequently a paternal cousin of Cynlas.<ref name=BartrumMaelgwn>{{cite book |last=Bartrum |first= Peter |date= 1993 |title= A Welsh Classical Dictionary: People in History and Legend up to about A.D. 1000|url= https://www.llgc.org.uk/fileadmin/fileadmin/docs_gwefan/casgliadau/Drych_Digidol/Deunydd_print/Welsh_Classical_Dictionary/08_M-N.pdf |entry=Maelgwn Gwynedd |format=pdf |publisher= [[National Library of Wales]] |page=500 |isbn= 0907158730|author-link= Peter Bartrum}}</ref> |
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Gildas seems to connect Cuneglasus/Cynlas with a bear, though there are various translations of his phrase. Bartrum gives the translation as "driver of a chariot belonging to a bear's den". The meaning of the phrase is unclear. In 1918, historian [[Arthur Wade-Evans]] theorized that the "bear's den" was actually the township of [[Dinerth Castle|Dinerth]] in Llandrillo-yn-Rhos ([[Rhos-on-Sea]]). The name "Dinerth" can be translated to a "bear's fortress". <ref name=BartrumCynlas/> Near Rhos-on-Sea, there is a hill called [[Bryn Euryn]]. Archaeologists have discovered there a [[British hillforts|hillfort]], with a "massive, well-built" wall formed from quarried limestone. The hillfort may have been the "Fort Bear" or "Bear Den" which medieval sources connect to Cynlas. <ref name=BA1997-11>{{cite web| title = Welsh fort identified as citadel of Dark Age king| work = British Archaeology, no 29| publisher = [[Council for British Archaeology]]| date = November 1997| url = http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba29/ba29news.html| accessdate = 2012-12-31}}</ref><ref name=BBC2009-02>{{cite web| last = Reid| first = Ian| title = Rhos-on-Sea Heritage Trail| publisher = [[BBC]]| date = February 2009| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/walks/pages/rhos6.shtml| accessdate = 2012-12-31}}</ref> |
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Cynlas may have been the eponymous figure behind the ancient township of Cynlas, located in [[Llandderfel]], [[Penllyn, Gwynedd|Penllyn]]. |
Cynlas may have been the eponymous figure behind the ancient township of Cynlas, located in [[Llandderfel]], [[Penllyn, Gwynedd|Penllyn]].<ref name=BartrumCynlas/> |
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A grave of Cynlas is mentioned in a 1745 source, as located in Bangor Church, Caernarvonshire ([[Caernarfonshire]]). |
A grave of Cynlas is mentioned in a 1745 source, as located in Bangor Church, Caernarvonshire ([[Caernarfonshire]]).<ref name=BartrumCynlas/> |
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The ''[[Bonedd y Saint]]'', a genealogy of British saints, mentions other children of Owain Danwyn and apparent siblings of Cynlas. They included the saints [[Einion Frenin]], [[Seiriol]] and [[Meirion]], and in some versions, Hawystl Gloff.<ref name=BartrumOwain>{{cite book |last=Bartrum |first= Peter |date= 1993 |title= A Welsh Classical Dictionary: People in History and Legend up to about A.D. 1000|entry=Owain Danwyn ab Einion Yrth|format=pdf |url= https://www.llgc.org.uk/fileadmin/fileadmin/docs_gwefan/casgliadau/Drych_Digidol/Deunydd_print/Welsh_Classical_Dictionary/09_OPR.pdf |publisher= [[National Library of Wales]] |page=594 |isbn= 0907158730|author-link= Peter Bartrum}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==Sources== |
==Sources== |
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{{Empty section|date=February 2018}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 06:25, 30 August 2023
Cuneglasus (fl. 540) was a prince of Rhos in Gwynedd, Wales, in the late 5th or early 6th century. He was castigated for various sins by Gildas in De Excidio Britanniae. The Welsh form Cynlas Goch is attested in several genealogies of the Rhos royal line. The two names are assumed to refer to the same ruler.
Cuneglasus and Gildas
Cuneglasus is one of the five "tyrants" of Britain denounced by Gildas in his c. early sixth-century C.E. work On the Ruin of Britain. Gildas says of him:
- "You bear, you rider and ruler of many, and guider of the chariot which is the receptacle of the bear"[1]
- "You contempter of God and vilifier of his order"
- "You tawny butcher, as in the Latin tongue thy name signifies" [2]
- one who raises war against men, indeed against his own countrymen, as well as against God
- one who has "thrown out of doors your wife" and lustfully desires "her detestable sister who had vowed unto God, the everlasting chastity of widowhood".
The first phrase is notably obscure.[3] The Latin receptāculum ("container; refuge") would literally describe a bear's lair or cage, which seems unlikely.[4] Bartrum gives the translation as "driver of a chariot belonging to a bear's den". Those seeking an identification of Arthur with Cuneglasus's putative father Owain have seen it as reference to Cuneglasus's guiding the chariot containing his father's casket.[3] In 1918, historian Arthur Wade-Evans theorized that the "bear's den" was actually the township of Dinerth in Llandrillo-yn-Rhos (Rhos-on-Sea). The name "Dinerth" can be translated to a "bear's fortress".[5] Excavations undertaken in 1997 by David Longley for the Gwynedd Archaeological Trust revealed an early medieval fortress with a "massive, well-built" wall of quarried limestone standing 3 m (9.8 ft) high and fronted by a rampart of 3.5 metres (11 ft) of rubble.[6][4] The phrase would then serve as a punning reference to the main court of Cuneglasus.
As for the final entry, Gildas does not mention the name of either of the two sisters, and their names do not survive in other sources.[5]
Welsh genealogies
According to Peter Bartrum (1907-2008), Cuneglasus is typically identified with a figure known in Welsh sources as Cynlas Goch, and there is little doubt about this identification. Cynlas appears in the genealogies of the kings of Rhos, in Gwynedd, as a son of Owain Danwyn and a father of Maig. The relationship is attested in the Harleian genealogies (HG), the Genealogies from Jesus College MS 20 (JC), and the Achau Brenhinoedd a Thywysogion Cymru (ABT).[5] However the JC disagrees with the other sources on the exact relationship between the three men. Cynlas' cognomen, "Goch", is only mentioned in the ABT. This is also the only source which specifically connects him with Rhos.[5]
The Bonedd y Saint, a genealogy of British saints, mentions other children of Owain Danwyn and apparent siblings of Cynlas. They included the saints Einion Frenin, Seiriol and Meirion, and in some versions, Hawystl Gloff.[7] The Welsh genealogies also mention a brother of Owain Danwyn and paternal uncle to Cynlas: Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion.[8] Maelgwn is known as a son of Cadwallon, and consequently a paternal cousin of Cynlas.[9]
Cynlas may have been the eponymous figure behind the ancient township of Cynlas, located in Llandderfel, Penllyn.[5]
A grave of Cynlas is mentioned in a 1745 source, as located in Bangor Church, Caernarvonshire (Caernarfonshire).[5]
References
- ^ Latin: ...urse multorum sessor aurigaque currus receptaculi ursi...
- ^ Latin: ...Cuneglase Romana lingua lanio fulve...
- ^ a b Korrel, Peter (1984). "Arthur, Modred, and Guinevere in the Historical Records and in the Legendary Arthurian Material in the Early Welsh Tradition". An Arthurian Triangle: A Study of the Origin, Development, and Characterization of Arthur, Guinever, and Modred. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 8, n. 10. ISBN 9004072721.
- ^ a b Anderson, Alan Orr (October 1912). Watson, Mrs W.J. (ed.). "Gildas and Arthur". The Celtic Review. VIII (May 1912 – May 1913). Edinburgh: T. & A. Constable for William Hodge & Co. (published 1913): 149–165.
- ^ a b c d e f Bartrum, Peter (1993). "Cynlas Goch ab Owain Danwyn". A Welsh Classical Dictionary: People in History and Legend up to about A.D. 1000 (PDF). National Library of Wales. p. 205. ISBN 0907158730. Archived from the original (pdf) on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
- ^ "Welsh fort identified as citadel of Dark Age king". British Archaeology, no 29. Council for British Archaeology. November 1997. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
- ^ Bartrum, Peter (1993). "Owain Danwyn ab Einion Yrth". A Welsh Classical Dictionary: People in History and Legend up to about A.D. 1000 (pdf). National Library of Wales. p. 594. ISBN 0907158730.
- ^ Bartrum, Peter (1993). "Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion Yrth". A Welsh Classical Dictionary: People in History and Legend up to about A.D. 1000 (pdf). National Library of Wales. p. 94. ISBN 0907158730.
- ^ Bartrum, Peter (1993). "Maelgwn Gwynedd". A Welsh Classical Dictionary: People in History and Legend up to about A.D. 1000 (pdf). National Library of Wales. p. 500. ISBN 0907158730.
Sources
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