Ancient Macedonian language: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Brumi, if you want to add such information at all, you need to cite the actual evidence and be more specific. What you wrote is vague propaganda. |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
The '''Ancient Macedonian language''' (provisional ISO-DIS 639-3.5 XMK) was |
The '''Ancient Macedonian language''' (provisional ISO-DIS 639-3.5 XMK) was a Greek dialect and was tongue of the [Macedon|Ancient Macedonians]]. It was spoken especially in the inland regions of [[Macedon]], away from the coast, during the [[1st millennium BC]], surviving into the early centuries of the [[Common Era]]. |
||
Our knowledge of the language is very limited because there are no surviving Macedonian texts, though a body of authentic Macedonian words has been assembled from ancient sources, mainly from coin inscriptions, and from the [[5th century]] lexicon of [[Hesychius of Alexandria]], amounting to about 700 words and proper names. Most of these are confidently identifiable as Greek, but some of them are not easily reconciled with standard Greek phonology. |
Our knowledge of the language is very limited because there are no surviving Macedonian texts, though a body of authentic Macedonian words has been assembled from ancient sources, mainly from coin inscriptions, and from the [[5th century]] Greek lexicon of [[Hesychius of Alexandria]], amounting to about 700 words and proper names. Most of these are confidently identifiable as Greek, but some of them are not easily reconciled with standard Greek phonology. |
||
The [[Pella katadesmos]], a [[Doric Greek]] text found in [[Pella]] in [[1986]], dated to between the [[4th century BC|4th]] and [[3rd century BC|3rd]] centuries BC, has been forwarded as an argument that Doric Greek was spoken by the general populace of Macedon in that time. |
|||
==Properties== |
==Properties== |
||
Only little about the language can be said from the few words that survive. A notable sound-law is that [[PIE]] voiced aspirates appear as voiced stops, written β, γ, δ, in contrast to all known Greek dialects, which have unvoiced them, φ, χ, θ. |
Only little about the language can be said from the few words that survive. A notable sound-law is that [[PIE]] voiced aspirates appear as voiced stops, written β, γ, δ, in contrast to all known Greek dialects, which have unvoiced them, φ, χ, θ. |
||
| Line 16: | Line 14: | ||
*According to [[The Histories of Herodotus|Hdt.]] 7.73 (ca. [[440 BC]]), the Macedonians claimed that the ''[[Phrygians|Phruges]]'' were called ''Briges'' before they migrated from [[Thrace]] to [[Anatolia]] (around [[1200 BC]]). |
*According to [[The Histories of Herodotus|Hdt.]] 7.73 (ca. [[440 BC]]), the Macedonians claimed that the ''[[Phrygians|Phruges]]'' were called ''Briges'' before they migrated from [[Thrace]] to [[Anatolia]] (around [[1200 BC]]). |
||
The same treatment is known from other [[Paleo Balkan languages]], e.g. [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]] ''bekos'' "bread", [[Illyrian]] ''bagaron'' "warm", but Attic ''phōgō'' "roast", all from PIE ''*bheh<sub>3</sub>g''. |
The same treatment is known from other [[Paleo Balkan languages]], e.g. [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]] ''bekos'' "bread", [[Illyrian]] ''bagaron'' "warm", but Attic ''phōgō'' "roast", all from PIE ''*bheh<sub>3</sub>g''. |
||
If ''gotan'' "pig" is related to ''*gwou'' "cattle", this would indicate that the [[labiovelars]] were either intact, or merged with the velars, unlike the Greek treatment (Attic ''bous''). Compare in this context Doric (Spartan) ''glep-'' for common Greek ''blep-'' (v. Blumenthal 1930:21). |
If ''gotan'' "pig" is related to ''*gwou'' "cattle", this would indicate that the [[labiovelars]] were either intact, or merged with the velars, unlike the Greek treatment (Attic ''bous''). Compare in this context Doric (Spartan) ''glep-'' for common Greek ''blep-'' (v. Blumenthal 1930:21). |
||
''kanadoi'' "jaws" PIE ''*genu'' and ''kombous'' "molars" PIE ''*gombh'' suggest that voiced stops were devoiced, at least word-initially. |
''kanadoi'' "jaws" PIE ''*genu'' and ''kombous'' "molars" PIE ''*gombh'' suggest that voiced stops were devoiced, at least word-initially. |
||
==Classification== |
|||
Due to the fragmentary attestation widely diverging interpretations are possible. The suggested historical interpretations of Macedonian include (Mallory and Adams ([[1997]]), p. 361): |
|||
*a Greek dialect mixed with [[Illyrian languages]]. |
|||
*a Greek dialect mixed with Illyrian and the [[Thracian language]]. |
|||
*a Greek dialect with a non-Indo-European substratal influence |
|||
*an Illyrian dialect mixed with Greek |
|||
*an independent Indo-European language close to Greek, Thracian and [[Phrygian language]]s. |
|||
The discussion is closely related to the reconstruction of the [[Proto-Greek language]]. |
|||
===Graeco-Macedonian Group=== |
|||
Some linguists consider that the Macedonian tongue was a sibling language to all the Ancient Greek dialects, and not simply a Greek dialect. If this view is correct, then Macedonian and Greek would be the two subbranches of a group within Indo-European, forming a Graeco-Macedonian group, sometimes also referred to as '''Hellenic''' group. This terminology may lead to misunderstandings, since the "Hellenic branch of Indo-European" is also used synonymously with the Greek branch (which contains all ancient and modern Greek dialects) in a narrower sense ( [http://cf.linguistlist.org/cfdocs/new-website/LL-WorkingDirs/forms/langs/get-familyid.cfm?CFTREEITEMKEY=IEG Linguist List] being a proponent of this theory.) |
|||
A number of the Macedonian words, particularly in Hesychius' lexicon, are disputed (i.e., some do not consider them actual Macedonian words) and some may have been corrupted in the transmission. Thus abroutes, may be read as abrou{{polytonic|Ϝ}}es (αβρουϝες) , with tau (t) replacing a [[digamma|digamma ({{polytonic|Ϝ}})]]. If so, this word would perhaps be encompassable within a Greek dialect; yet others (notably, [[Antoine Meillet]]) see the dental as authentic and think that the word belongs to an Indo-European language different from Greek. |
|||
===Ancient Greek dialect=== |
|||
An opposing school of thought maintains that Macedonian was a Greek dialect. Those who favour a purely Greek nature of Macedonian as a northern Greek dialect are numerous and include early scholars like [[Franz Heinrich Ludolf Ahrens]] ([[1843]]) and O. Hoffmann ([[1906]]). A recent proponent of this school was Professor Olivier Masson, who in his article on the ancient Macedonian language in the third edition of the [[Oxford Classical Dictionary]] ([[1996]]) tentatively suggested that Macedonian was related to [[North-Western Greek]] dialects: |
|||
:''In our view the Greek character of most names is obvious and it is difficult to think of a Hellenization due to wholesale borrowing [...]The small minority of names which do not look Greek [...] may be due to a substratum or adstatum influences (as elsewhere in Greece).Macedonian may then be seen as a Greek dialect, characterized by its marginal position and by local pronunciations. Yet in contrast with earlier views which made of it an [[Aeolic Greek|Aeolic dialect]] [...]we must by now think of a link with North-West Greek [...] We must wait for new discoveries, but we may tentatively conclude that Macedonian is a dialect related to North-West Greek.'' |
|||
The view that Macedonian was merely a Greek dialect is less accepted among current linguists but the slender evidence is open to different interpretations, so that no definitive answer is really possible. It is plausible that the Ancient Macedonian was not an Ancient Greek dialect on a par with [[Attic dialect|Attic]] or [[Ionic dialect|Ionic]], hence the designation that is sometimes used, calling it a "deviant Greek dialect." |
|||
===Independent Palaeo-Balkan language=== |
|||
Some linguists consider that the Macedonian tongue was not only a separate language, but that it pertained to a different Indo-European branch rather than to a Hellenic (or Graeco-Macedonian) branch, and they believe that it was not especially close to Greek. They reject the strong Greek affiliation of Macedonian and prefer to treat it as an Indo-European language of the [[Balkans]], located geographically and linguistically between Illyrian in the west and Thracian in the east. |
|||
The ancient Macedonian lexical stock reveals some words that do not have cognates in Greek, but do have in other Indo-European languages. E. g. Macedonian ''goda'' "[[intestine]]s", from [[Proto-Indo-European language]] ''*gudom'' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] ''guda-''). There are also some words that do not have cognates in any other language, and may be of [[pre-Indo-European]] origin. |
|||
===Classical sources=== |
|||
''See main article [[Macedon]].'' |
|||
There are some classical references that have led a number of scholars to believe that some ancient Greeks viewed the ancient Macedonians as a non-Hellenic tribe, though other scholars maintain that the Macedonians were a Hellenic tribe. Among the references that may indicate that Macedonian was a Greek dialect, there is the dialogue between an Athenian and a Macedonian in an extant fragment of the [[5th century BC]] comedy 'Macedonians' by the Athenian poet [[Strattis]], where the Macedonian speech is clearly presented as a form of Greek. |
|||
==Adoption of the Attic dialect== |
|||
As southern Greek influence waxed, Macedonians increasingly began to adopt the [[Attic dialect]] as their tongue, and over the centuries, Ancient Macedonian fell out of favor and became relegated to the remote inland areas. Eventually, Attic Greek supplanted it entirely, and the Ancient Macedonian became extinct during the first few centuries of the Common Era. Exactly when its final traces disappeared is unknown and perhaps impossible to determine, since the tongue may at the end have survived only among a few individuals (compare the similar fate of the [[Gaulish language]]). |
|||
==Sample glossary== |
==Sample glossary== |
||
Revision as of 17:47, 29 July 2005
The Ancient Macedonian language (provisional ISO-DIS 639-3.5 XMK) was a Greek dialect and was tongue of the [Macedon|Ancient Macedonians]]. It was spoken especially in the inland regions of Macedon, away from the coast, during the 1st millennium BC, surviving into the early centuries of the Common Era.
Our knowledge of the language is very limited because there are no surviving Macedonian texts, though a body of authentic Macedonian words has been assembled from ancient sources, mainly from coin inscriptions, and from the 5th century Greek lexicon of Hesychius of Alexandria, amounting to about 700 words and proper names. Most of these are confidently identifiable as Greek, but some of them are not easily reconciled with standard Greek phonology.
Properties
Only little about the language can be said from the few words that survive. A notable sound-law is that PIE voiced aspirates appear as voiced stops, written β, γ, δ, in contrast to all known Greek dialects, which have unvoiced them, φ, χ, θ.
- Macedonian danos (δανος) ("death", from PIE *dhenh2 "to leave"), compared to Greek thanos (θανος).
- Macedonian abroutes (αβρουτες) as opposed to Greek ophroues (οφρουες) for eyebrows
- Macedonian Berenike (Βερενικη) vs. Greek *Pherenike (Φερενικη) "bearing victory"
- adraia "bright weather", Attic αἰθρία, from PIE *aidh-
- baskioi "fasces", PIE *bhasko
- According to Hdt. 7.73 (ca. 440 BC), the Macedonians claimed that the Phruges were called Briges before they migrated from Thrace to Anatolia (around 1200 BC).
The same treatment is known from other Paleo Balkan languages, e.g. Phrygian bekos "bread", Illyrian bagaron "warm", but Attic phōgō "roast", all from PIE *bheh3g.
If gotan "pig" is related to *gwou "cattle", this would indicate that the labiovelars were either intact, or merged with the velars, unlike the Greek treatment (Attic bous). Compare in this context Doric (Spartan) glep- for common Greek blep- (v. Blumenthal 1930:21).
kanadoi "jaws" PIE *genu and kombous "molars" PIE *gombh suggest that voiced stops were devoiced, at least word-initially.
Sample glossary
- ἄβαγνα ábagna 'roses' (Hes. Attic ῥόδα; perhaps Doric ἀβός abós 'young, luxuriant' + ἁγνός hagnós 'pure, chaste, unsullied')
- ἀβαρύ abarý 'oregano' (Hes. ὀρίγανον oríganon, perhaps Attic prefix α a 'not' + βαρύ barý 'heavy')
- ἀβροῦτες or ἀβροῦϜες abroûtes or abroûwes 'eyebrows' (Hes. Attic ὀφρῦς ophrûs acc. pl., ὀφρύες ophrúes nom., PIE *bhru-)
- ἄγημα ágēma, 'vanguard, guards' (Hes. Attic ἄγημα ágēma, PIE *ag-)
- ἀγκαλίς agkalís 'weight, burden, load' or 'sickle' (Hes. Attic ἄχθος ákhthos or δρέπανον drépanon, LSJ Attic ἀγκαλίς agkalís 'bundle', or in pl. ἀγκάλαι agkálai 'arms' (body parts), ἄγκαλος ágkalos 'armful, bundle', ἀγκάλη agkálē 'the bent arm' or 'anything closely enfolding', as the arms of the sea, PIE *ank 'to bend')
- ἀδῆ adē 'clear sky' or 'the upper air' (Hes. οὐρανός ouranós 'sky', LSJ and Pokorny Attic αἰθήρ aithēr 'ether, the upper, purer air', hence 'clear sky, heaven')
- ἄδις ádis 'hearth' (Hes. ἐσχάρα eskhára, LSJ Attic αἶθος aîthos 'fire, burning heat')
- ἄδραια ádraia 'fine weather, open sky' (Hes. Attic αἰθρία aithría, PIE *aidh-)
- ἀκρουνοί akrounoí 'boundary stones' nom. pl. (Hes. ὃροι hóroi, LSJ Attic ἄκρος ákros 'at the end or extremity', from ἀκή akē 'point, edge', PIE *ak 'summit, point' or 'sharp')
- ἀλίη alíē 'manure'
- ἄλιζα áliza (also alixa) 'alder' (Hes. Attic λεύκη leúkē 'poplar', perhaps Pokorny Attic ἐλάτη elátē 'fir, spruce', PIE *ol-, *el-)
- ἀμαλή amalē 'gentle' fem. (LSJ ἀμαλή, Attic ἁμαλή, ἁπαλή hamalē, hapalē)
- ἄξος áxos 'timber' (Hes. Attic ὓλη húlē)
- ἀορτής aortes, 'swordsman' (Hes. ξιφιστής; Homer ἄορ, sword; Attic [ἀορτήρ Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)], swordstrap; Modern Greek αορτήρ, riflestrap; hence Aorta)
- ἄργελλα árgella 'bathing hut' (LSJ Greek of Magna Graecia and Pokorny Cimmerian ἄργιλλα árgilla 'subterranean dwelling', Old Indian argala-ḥ, argalā 'latch, bolt', PIE *areg-, hence Romanian argea (pl. argele), 'wooden construction', Albanian ragal 'cabin')
- ἀργιόπους argiópous 'eagle' (LSJ Attic ἀργίπους argípous 'swift- or white-footed', PIE *hrg'i-pods < PIE *arg + PIE *ped)
- ἀρκόν arkón 'leisure, idleness' (LSJ Attic ἀργός argós 'lazy, idle' nom. sing., ἀργόν acc.)
- ἄσπιλος áspilos 'torrent' (Hes. χείμαῤῥος kheímarrhos, Attic ἄσπιλος áspilos 'without stain, spotless, pure')
- βάσκιοι báskioi 'fasces' (Hes. Attic δεσμοὶ φρῡγάνων desmoì phrūgánōn, Pokorny Macedonian βασκευταί baskeutaí, Attic φασκίδες phaskídes, perhaps Attic φάσκωλος pháskōlos 'leather sack', PIE *bhasko-)
- γοτάν gotán 'pig' acc. sing. (PIE *gwou- 'cattle', Hes. Attic ὗν hûn 'swine')
- γράβιον grábion 'torch' (PIE *grabh-, 'hornbeam', Umbrian Grabovius an oak-god, etymologically linked by LSJ and Pokorny to Attic κράβ(β)ατος kráb(b)atos 'couch, bed', Latin grabātus - which LSJ derives from Macedonian - hence modern Greek κρεβάτι kreváti 'bed')
- δανός danós 'death', δανῶν danōn 'murderer' (Hes. Attic thánatos θάνατος 'death', from root θαν- than-)
- δάρυλλος dárullos 'oak' (Hes. Attic δρῦς drûs, PIE *doru-)
- ἐταῖροι etaîroi 'comrades' nom. pl. (Attic ἑταῖροι hetaîroi, PIE *swe-t-aro < suffixed form of *swe)
- ἴλαξ ílax 'the holm-oak, evergreen or scarlet oak' (Hes. Attic πρῖνος prînos, Latin ilex)
- καλαῤῥυγαί kalarrhugaí 'ditches, trenches' (Hes. τάφροι - attributed to Amerias) -LSJ: Ambraciot word, acc. to Sch.Gen.Iliad 21.259 (in form kalarua).
- κάναδοι kánadoi 'jaws' nom. pl. (Attic γνάθοι gnáthoi, PIE *genu, 'jaw')
- κάραβος kárabos 'gate, door' (Hes. Attic karabos 'meat roasted over coals'; Attic karabos 'stag-beetle'; 'crayfish'; 'light ship'; hence Modern Greek karavi)
- karabos 'the worms in dry wood' (Attic karabos, 'stag-beetle, horned beetle; crayfish')
- karabos 'a sea creature' (Attic karabos, 'a crayfish, a prickly crustacean; stag-beetle')
- κίκεῤῥοι kí[k]erroi 'pale ones (?)' (Hes. Attic ὦχροι ōkhroi, PIE *k̂ik̂er- 'pea')
- κλινότροχον klinótrokhon, according to Theophrastus a sort of maple of Stageira, Pokorny Attic γλεῖνον gleînon), LSJ: γλῖνος or γλεῖνος, Cretan maple, Acer creticum, Thphr.HP3.3.1, 3.11.2.
- κόμβους kómbous 'molars' acc. pl. (Attic γομφίους gomphíous, dim. of γόμφος gómphos 'a large, wedge-shaped bolt or nail; any bond or fastening', PIE *gombh-)
- λακεδάμα lakedáma 'salt water with garlic', Hes.; according to v. Blumenthal (1930), -ama corresponds to Attic ἁλμυρός halmurós 'salty'; laked- is cognate to English leek, possibly related is Λακεδαίμων Laked-aímōn, the name of the Spartans.
- λείβηθρον leíbēthron 'stream' (Hes. Attic ῥεῖθρον rheîthron, also λιβάδιον libádion, 'a small stream', dim. of λιβάς libás; PIE *lei, 'to flow'); note typical Greek productive suffix -θρον (-thron)
- Πύδνα Púdna, a toponym (Pokorny Attic πυθμήν puthmēn 'bottom, sole, base of a vessel'; PIE *bhudhnā; Greek πύνδαξ, pyndax, 'bottom of vessel')
- σάρισσα sárissa (also σάρισα sarisa), a long pike used by the Macedonian phalanx (Theophrastus, Polybius; etymology unknown - v. Blumenthal (1930) reconstructs *skwrvi-entia- to a root for 'cut', but this is speculative; perhaps Attic σαίρω saírō 'to show the teeth, grin like a dog', esp. in scorn or malice, also 'to sweep clean or away')
See also
References
- H. Ahrens De Graecae linguae dialectis, Goettingen, 1843.
- Albrecht von Blumenthal, Hesychstudien, Stuttgart, 1930.
- Edmonds, J.M. The Fragments of Attic Comedy, "Strattis, Passage 28". Leiden: Brill, 1957.
- Fasmer, M. The Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language. Moscow, 1986.
- S. Hornblower, A. Spawforth (Editors), The Oxford Classical Dictionary, revised 3rd ed., New York/London, Oxford University Press, 2003.
- O. Hoffmann Die Makedonen. Ihre Sprache und ihr Volkstum, Goettingen 1906
- Brian Joseph (1999), Ancient Greek in: J. Garry, C. Rubino, A. Faber, R. French (editors), Facts About the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages: Past and Present, New York/Dublin, H. W. Wilson Press, 2001
- Katcic, Ancient Languages of the Balkans, The Hague, Mouton (1976).
- J. P. Mallory, D. Q. Adams (edd.) Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, 1997.
- Olivier Masson, Sur la Notation Occasionnelle du Digamma Grec par d'Autres Consonnes et la Glose Macédonienne Abroutes, Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, t. XC, 1995, p. 231-239.
- Neroznak, V. Paleo-Balkan languages, Moscow, 1978.
- Pokorny, Julius, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bern, 1959.
Further reading
- G. Babiniotis Ancient Macedonian: The Place of Macedonian among the Greek Dialects in : A. M. Tamis (ed.), Macedonian Hellenism, Melbourne 1990, pp. 241-250
- C. Brixhe, A. Panayotou, Le Macédonien in: Langues indo-européennes, ed. Bader, Paris, 1994, 205–220.
- J. Chadwick The Prehistory of the Greek Language, Cambridge 1963
External links
- Graeco-Macedonian group (Ohio State University)
- Linguist List Hellenic tree
- Greek Language (Encyclopedia Britannica 1911 edition)