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| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1823|02|16}}
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| birth_place = [[Ruddington]], Nottinghamshire
| birth_place = [[Ruddington]], Nottinghamshire, England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1894|01|12|1823|02|16}}
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| notableworks = Life in Abyssinia
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'''Mansfield Parkyns''' (16 February 1823 – 12 January 1894) was a British traveller, known for his travel book ''Life in Abyssinia: being notes collected during three years' residence and travels in that country'' (1853). In this book he described his experiences and observations during three years (1843–1846) travels in [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]], the modern territories of [[Eritrea]] and [[Ethiopia]].
'''Mansfield Harry Isham Parkyns''' (16 February 1823 – 12 January 1894) was an English traveller, known for his travel book ''Life in Abyssinia: being notes collected during three years' residence and travels in that country'' (1853). In this book he described his experiences and observations during three years (1843–1846) of travelling in [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]], the modern territories of [[Eritrea]] and [[Ethiopia]].


== Youth ==
== Youth ==


Parkyns was born at [[Ruddington]], Nottinghamshire, where his family was well known in local affairs. His mother Charlotte-Mary (née Smith) was from a rising commercial class, while his father Thomas Boultbee Parkyns was from the landed gentry, a younger son of Sir Thomas Parkyns, 3rd Baronet of [[Bunny Hall]]. In 1850, Mansfield's older brother Thomas inherited the [[Parkyns baronets|Parkyns baronetcy]] from their first cousin, the childless [[2nd Baron Rancliffe]].<ref>Youngs, T. (1994). ''Travelers in Africa : British Travelogues, 1850–1900.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press.</ref><ref name="burkes-1852">{{cite book
Parkyns was born at [[Ruddington]], Nottinghamshire, to Thomas Boultbee Parkyns (a younger son of Sir Thomas Parkyns, 3rd Baronet, of [[Bunny Hall]]- In 1850, Mansfield's older brother Thomas inherited the [[Parkyns baronets|Parkyns baronetcy]] from their first cousin, the childless [[George Parkyns, 2nd Baron Rancliffe|2nd Baron Rancliffe]].<ref>Youngs, T. (1994). ''Travelers in Africa : British Travelogues, 1850–1900.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press.</ref><ref name="burkes-1852">{{cite book
| title = A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire
| title = A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire
| url = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mDA_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA823
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mDA_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA823
| edition = 14th
| edition = 14th
| page = 823
| page = 823
Line 59: Line 59:
| year = 1852
| year = 1852
| accessdate = 25 May 2015
| accessdate = 25 May 2015
}}</ref>) and Charlotte Mary, daughter of George Smith, of Foelalt, [[Cardiganshire]], Wales, and [[Edwalton, Nottinghamshire]]<ref>Burke’s Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 105th ed., ed. Peter Townend, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1970, p. 2069</ref> who was from the rising commercial class. As a young boy Parkyns loved wildlife. His formal education helped the development of his drawing and painting skills. In 1833, his father died whilst in Italy.<ref>Alumni Cantabrigienses, part II, 1752-1900, Volume V- Pace-Spyers, ed. J. A. Venn, Cambridge University Press, 1953, p. 31</ref> Six months later he left Ruddington to attend [[Uppingham School]] (at the time a grammar school) in [[Rutland]]; after a short time, his mother remarried, and Parkyns was sent to be educated at Woolwich, then admitted a [[Pensioner#Other_uses|pensioner]] (a student without a scholarship, who pays for his tuition and meals) at [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], Cambridge. At college Parkyns was very interested in mathematics and he also enjoyed learning Latin. In 1838, Parkyns's mother died. He did not take a degree, and in 1842, aged nineteen, he decided to leave England and start travelling, going firstly to Constantinople.<ref>Alumni Cantabrigienses, part II, 1752-1900, Volume V- Pace-Spyers, ed. J. A. Venn, Cambridge University Press, 1953, p. 31</ref> Parkyns did not tell anyone about his plans, hence for a long time people did not have any information about his whereabouts or status, and he was given up for lost.<ref name="Cumming">[[Duncan Cumming|Cumming, D.]] (1987). ''The Gentleman Savage: The Life of Mansfield Parkyns, 1823–1894.'' London: Century Hutchinson</ref>
}}</ref>

As a young boy Parkyns loved wildlife. He also had a formal education to help him develop his talents drawing and painting. In 1833, when Parkyns was only ten years old, his father passed away. Six months later he was parted from Ruddington to the [[Leicestershire]] countryside, where he attended a grammar school at Uppingham in [[Rutland]]; however there he was not for a long time because after his mother remarried, he was sent to be educated at Woolwich and at [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], Cambridge. At college Parkyns was very interested in mathematics and he also enjoyed learning Latin. In 1838,when Parkyns was at the age of fifteen, his mother died as well. Later Parkyns was obliged to leave the college for some unknown reasons. He did not finish his education but in 1842, when Parkyns was nineteenth years old, he decided to leave England and start travelling. Parkyns did not tell about his plans to anyone, hence for a long time people did not have any information about him and he was given up for lost.<ref name="Cumming">Cumming, D. (1987). ''The Gentleman Savage: The Life of Mansfield Parkyns, 1823–1894.'' London: Century Hutchinson</ref>


== First travels ==
== First travels ==
Parkyns spent nine years travelling. From England, he visited [[Switzerland]] and Italy; in [[Greece]], he decided to go to the [[Levant]]. On [[Syra]], the main island of the Cyclades, he met [[Richard Monckton Milnes]], and they went on together to [[Istanbul]], then to [[Egypt]] where they arrived in December 1842.<ref name="Cumming"/>


On 5 March 1843 Parkyns left [[Cairo]] alone, bound for [[Abyssinia]]. He stayed for over three years, adopting local dress and customs. He abandoned plans to follow the [[White Nile]], and instead travelled in parts of [[Nubia]], Kordofa, and [[Egypt]]. He kept a journal which later became the basis of his book.<ref name="Cumming"/>
The exact time and date when Parkyns made a decision to travel and search for the sources of the [[White Nile]] and to cross Africa from the Red sea to the Atlantic is not known. As his motives, Parkyns mentioned his interest to visit new lands and study natural history. Particularly, he was interested in finding and collecting specimens of outlandish birds, animals and insects. In total Parkyns spent nine years travelling. After Parkyns left England, he visited [[Switzerland]] and Italy, then he arrived in [[Greece]] and decided to go to the [[Levant]]. In [[Syra]], the principal island of the Cyclades, Parkyns met [[Richard Monckton Milnes]] who just like Parkyns was also planning from there go on to [[Istanbul]] and after that visit [[Egypt]]. Milnes invited Parkyns to accompany him, hence the first eighteenth months of his travels, Parkyns travelled in Europe and Asia Minor. In December 1842 both travellers arrived in Egypt. On 5 March 1843 Parkyns left [[Cairo]] alone on a journey of exploration into Abyssinia where he stayed among the Abyssinians for more than three years and not only observed their lives but also adopted their dress and customs. The rest of travelling he did in various parts of [[Nubia]], Kordofa, and [[Egypt]]. Eventually he did not cross Africa and did not find sources of the White Nile but decided to stay in Abyssinia. During his travels there, Parkyns had a journal where he took notes which some time later became basis of his book.<ref name="Cumming"/>


== ''Life in Abyssinia'' (1843–1846) ==
== ''Life in Abyssinia'' (1843–1846) ==


[[File:P 216 - 0002 (1).tif|thumb|left|'An Abyssinian feeding', illustration from ''Life in Abyssinia'']]
[[File:P 216 - 0002 (1).tif|thumb|left|'An Abyssinian feeding', illustration from ''Life in Abyssinia'']]
In Abyssinia Parkyns spent over three years which he described in his travel book ''Life in Abysssinia : being notes collected during three years' residence and travels in that country.'' The first edition of the book was published in two volumes by the English publisher [[John Murray (publisher)|John Murray]] in 1853. It was dedicated to [[Lord Palmerston]] and made many references and comments on the quite famous Scottish traveller [[James Bruce]] who travelled to Abyssinia between the years 1768 and 1773. The second edition of Parkyns' book was published in 1868. The author wrote a completely new introduction which had to do with Abyssinian history and methods of government at a time of the Abyssinian expedition commanded by [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala]]. In short, Parkyns described the political changes which had occurred after he left the country. He was hoping to offer the Victorian reader "a tolerably accurate idea of Abyssinia and Abyssinians"<ref>Parkyns, M. (1853). ''Life in Abyssinia: Being Notes collected during three years’ Residence and Travels in that country.'' 1st ed. London: John Murray, preface</ref>
Parkyns spent over three years in Abyssinia, which he described in his travel book ''Life in Abysssinia : being notes collected during three years' residence and travels in that country.'' The first edition of the book was published in two volumes by the English publisher [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] in 1853. It was dedicated to [[Lord Palmerston]], and made many references and comments on the quite famous Scottish traveller [[James Bruce]], who travelled to Abyssinia between the years 1768 and 1773. The second edition of Parkyns' book was published in 1868. The author wrote a completely new introduction which had to do with Abyssinian history and methods of government at the time of the Abyssinian expedition commanded by [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala]]. In short, Parkyns described the political changes which had occurred after he left the country. He was hoping to offer the Victorian reader "a tolerably accurate idea of Abyssinia and Abyssinians"<ref>Parkyns, M. (1853). ''Life in Abyssinia: Being Notes collected during three years’ Residence and Travels in that country.'' 1st ed. London: John Murray, preface</ref>
[[File:P 235.tif|thumb|Shield and sword, illustration from ''Life in Abyssinia'']]
[[File:P 235.tif|thumb|Shield and sword, illustration from ''Life in Abyssinia'']]
The book consists of 33 chapters which are divided in two volumes. Each of them covers different subjects – travel, manners and customs. The first volume describes the journey from the coast to the capital and Parkyns' visit to the northern provinces, encounters with others, learning local languages and gaining new experiences. The second volume describes Abyssinian manners and customs, natural history and Parkyns' route from Adoua to Abou Kharraz on the [[Blue Nile]]. In total there are 33 illustrations which Parkyns drew himself by using watercolors. A map at the end of his book shows a part of [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] and a part of [[Nubia]] to illustrate the journey of Parkyns.
The book consists of 33 chapters which are divided in two volumes. Each of them covers different subjects, including travel, manners and customs. The first volume describes the journey from the coast to the capital and Parkyns's visit to the northern provinces, encounters with others, learning local languages and gaining new experiences. The second volume describes Abyssinian manners and customs, natural history and Parkyns' route from Adoua to Abou Kharraz on the [[Blue Nile]]. In total there are 33 illustrations which Parkyns drew himself by using watercolors. A map at the end of his book shows a part of [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] and a part of [[Nubia]] to illustrate the journey of Parkyns.
[[File:P 246.tif|thumb|left|'Tattooed Lady', illustration from ''Life in Abyssinia'']]
[[File:P 246.tif|thumb|left|'Tattooed Lady', illustration from ''Life in Abyssinia'']]
In the introduction of his book Parkyns stated that it is not a scientific work and neither an entertaining one. He wrote that in this book he has described what he witnessed and experienced during his stay in Abyssinia. Particularly, Parkyns was interested in learning more about the Abyssinian customs but he also very enjoyed exploring more about the natural history. Especially he liked to observe various birds that he had never seen before in Europe. He believed that the best results he can achieve by identifying himself with the natives. Hence as he left [[Massawa]], he decided that he will not try to preserve any European comforts. Throughout his time in Abyssinia, Parkyns did wear only Abyssinian clothes, walked barefoot, even had an Abyssinian hairstyle, and ate whatever was offered to him. In the book he also described his experiences of working as a silversmith for a year in Abyssinia. However,some parts of Parkyns' private life in the book are not mentioned. For instance, Duncan Cummings in his book ''The Gentlemen Savage''(1987) assumes that during Parkyns' stay in Abyssinia he got married to an Abyssinian woman and even had a son with her.<ref name="Cumming"/> In his book Parkyns offered very detailed descriptions of the Abyssinian manners and customs, habits, personal appearance, dress, births and marriages, deaths and funerals, religion, superstitions etc.
In the introduction of his book Parkyns stated that it is neither a scientific work nor an entertaining one. He wrote that in this book he has described what he witnessed and experienced during his stay in Abyssinia. Parkyns was particularly interested in learning more about the Abyssinian customs but he also enjoyed exploring more about natural history. He especially liked to observe various birds that he had never seen before in Europe. He believed that by identifying himself with the natives, he could attain the best results, thus, as he left [[Massawa]], he decided that he would not try to preserve any European comforts. Throughout his time in Abyssinia, Parkyns wore only Abyssinian clothes, walked barefoot, had an Abyssinian hairstyle, and ate whatever was offered to him. In the book he also described his experiences of working as a silversmith for a year in Abyssinia, and offered detailed descriptions of, amongst other things, Abyssinian manners and customs, habits, personal appearance, dress, births and marriages, deaths and funerals, religion, superstitions.


== Return and later life (1846–1894) ==
== Return and later life (1846–1894) ==


Parkyns returned to Europe in 1846. Between 1850 and 1852 he was appointed an attaché to the embassy at [[Constantinople]]. He came back to England in 1852 and settled down in [[Nottinghamshire]], where he purchased an estate, Woodborough Hall. In the same year he also got married to Emma Louisa, the daughter of advocate Sir Bethell QC, by whom Parkyns had eight daughters.<ref>[http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/woodboroughheritage/parkynsmansfieldobituary.html “Mansfield Parkyns – Obituary 1823–1894”]</ref> Further Parkyns served in the [[Sherwood Foresters]] militia, and after a little while he became lieutenant-colonel of ''the Nottinghamshire Rifle Volunteers''. In 1858 he started to work as official assignee in ''the Court of Bancrupcy'' at [[Exeter]] and later in London.
Parkyns returned to Europe in 1846. Between 1850 and 1852 he was appointed an attaché to the embassy at [[Constantinople]]. He came back to England in 1852 and settled down in [[Nottinghamshire]], where he purchased an estate, Woodborough Hall. In 1854 he married Emma Louisa, the daughter of [[barrister]] [[Sir Richard Bethell]] [[Queen's Counsel|QC]], who became [[Lord Chancellor]] and was elevated to the peerage as Lord Westbury; they had eight daughters.<ref>[http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/woodboroughheritage/parkynsmansfieldobituary.html "Mansfield Parkyns – Obituary 1823–1894"]</ref> Parkyns served in the [[Sherwood Foresters]] militia, and subsequently became lieutenant-colonel of ''the Nottinghamshire Rifle Volunteers''. In 1858 he started to work as official assignee in ''the Court of Bankruptcy'' at [[Exeter]] and later in London. He presented Woodborough Church with "handsome oak stalls, carved by himself".<ref>Alumni Cantabrigienses, part II, 1752-1900, Volume V- Pace-Spyers, ed. J. A. Venn, Cambridge University Press, 1953, p. 31</ref>


Parkyns' wife Emma died in 1877. In 1884 Parkyns retired from his job and spent his retirement years at [[Woodborough]], where he enjoyed taking care of a farm and he also did some garden works. In addition, Parkyns was actively involved in the [[Royal Geographical Society]]. He was considered to be an excellent linguist as from his travels he had gained an uncommon knowledge in Europe of many of the less known dialects of the Nile Basin and of Western Asia.
Parkyns' wife Emma died in 1877. In 1884 Parkyns retired to [[Woodborough, Nottinghamshire|Woodborough]], where he farmed and established a garden. Parkyns was actively involved in the [[Royal Geographical Society]]. He was considered to be "an excellent linguist", as owing to his travels he spoke "most of the lesser known dialects of the Nile basin and of Western Asia."<ref>Alumni Cantabrigienses, part II, 1752-1900, Volume V- Pace-Spyers, ed. J. A. Venn, Cambridge University Press, 1953, p. 31</ref>


Mansfield Parkyns died on 12 January 1894. Like his wife, he was buried in Woodborough church.<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Parkyns,_Mansfield_(DNB00)"''Mansfield Parkyns''"]</ref>
Mansfield Parkyns died on 12 January 1894, and was buried in Woodborough church with his wife.<ref>[[s:Parkyns, Mansfield (DNB00) Mansfield|"''Parkyns''"]]</ref>


== Publications by Mansfield Parkyns ==
== Publications by Mansfield Parkyns ==
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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata
| NAME = Parkyns, Mansfield
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British explorer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1823-02-16
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Ruddington, Nottinghamshire
| DATE OF DEATH = 1894-01-12
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Parkyns, Mansfield}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Parkyns, Mansfield}}
[[Category:1823 births]]
[[Category:1823 births]]
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:British travel writers]]
[[Category:English travel writers]]
[[Category:British explorers]]
[[Category:English explorers]]
[[Category:People from Ruddington]]
[[Category:People from Woodborough, Nottinghamshire]]

Latest revision as of 08:14, 17 June 2024

Mansfield Parkyns
Mansfield Parkyns photographed by Camille Silvy in 1861
Mansfield Parkyns photographed by Camille Silvy in 1861
Born(1823-02-16)16 February 1823
Ruddington, Nottinghamshire, England
Died12 January 1894(1894-01-12) (aged 70)
OccupationExplorer, travel writer
LanguageEnglish
NationalityEnglish
GenreTravel writing
Notable worksLife in Abyssinia

Mansfield Harry Isham Parkyns (16 February 1823 – 12 January 1894) was an English traveller, known for his travel book Life in Abyssinia: being notes collected during three years' residence and travels in that country (1853). In this book he described his experiences and observations during three years (1843–1846) of travelling in Abyssinia, the modern territories of Eritrea and Ethiopia.

Youth[edit]

Parkyns was born at Ruddington, Nottinghamshire, to Thomas Boultbee Parkyns (a younger son of Sir Thomas Parkyns, 3rd Baronet, of Bunny Hall- In 1850, Mansfield's older brother Thomas inherited the Parkyns baronetcy from their first cousin, the childless 2nd Baron Rancliffe.[1][2]) and Charlotte Mary, daughter of George Smith, of Foelalt, Cardiganshire, Wales, and Edwalton, Nottinghamshire[3] who was from the rising commercial class. As a young boy Parkyns loved wildlife. His formal education helped the development of his drawing and painting skills. In 1833, his father died whilst in Italy.[4] Six months later he left Ruddington to attend Uppingham School (at the time a grammar school) in Rutland; after a short time, his mother remarried, and Parkyns was sent to be educated at Woolwich, then admitted a pensioner (a student without a scholarship, who pays for his tuition and meals) at Trinity College, Cambridge. At college Parkyns was very interested in mathematics and he also enjoyed learning Latin. In 1838, Parkyns's mother died. He did not take a degree, and in 1842, aged nineteen, he decided to leave England and start travelling, going firstly to Constantinople.[5] Parkyns did not tell anyone about his plans, hence for a long time people did not have any information about his whereabouts or status, and he was given up for lost.[6]

First travels[edit]

Parkyns spent nine years travelling. From England, he visited Switzerland and Italy; in Greece, he decided to go to the Levant. On Syra, the main island of the Cyclades, he met Richard Monckton Milnes, and they went on together to Istanbul, then to Egypt where they arrived in December 1842.[6]

On 5 March 1843 Parkyns left Cairo alone, bound for Abyssinia. He stayed for over three years, adopting local dress and customs. He abandoned plans to follow the White Nile, and instead travelled in parts of Nubia, Kordofa, and Egypt. He kept a journal which later became the basis of his book.[6]

Life in Abyssinia (1843–1846)[edit]

'An Abyssinian feeding', illustration from Life in Abyssinia

Parkyns spent over three years in Abyssinia, which he described in his travel book Life in Abysssinia : being notes collected during three years' residence and travels in that country. The first edition of the book was published in two volumes by the English publisher John Murray in 1853. It was dedicated to Lord Palmerston, and made many references and comments on the quite famous Scottish traveller James Bruce, who travelled to Abyssinia between the years 1768 and 1773. The second edition of Parkyns' book was published in 1868. The author wrote a completely new introduction which had to do with Abyssinian history and methods of government at the time of the Abyssinian expedition commanded by Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala. In short, Parkyns described the political changes which had occurred after he left the country. He was hoping to offer the Victorian reader "a tolerably accurate idea of Abyssinia and Abyssinians"[7]

Shield and sword, illustration from Life in Abyssinia

The book consists of 33 chapters which are divided in two volumes. Each of them covers different subjects, including travel, manners and customs. The first volume describes the journey from the coast to the capital and Parkyns's visit to the northern provinces, encounters with others, learning local languages and gaining new experiences. The second volume describes Abyssinian manners and customs, natural history and Parkyns' route from Adoua to Abou Kharraz on the Blue Nile. In total there are 33 illustrations which Parkyns drew himself by using watercolors. A map at the end of his book shows a part of Abyssinia and a part of Nubia to illustrate the journey of Parkyns.

'Tattooed Lady', illustration from Life in Abyssinia

In the introduction of his book Parkyns stated that it is neither a scientific work nor an entertaining one. He wrote that in this book he has described what he witnessed and experienced during his stay in Abyssinia. Parkyns was particularly interested in learning more about the Abyssinian customs but he also enjoyed exploring more about natural history. He especially liked to observe various birds that he had never seen before in Europe. He believed that by identifying himself with the natives, he could attain the best results, thus, as he left Massawa, he decided that he would not try to preserve any European comforts. Throughout his time in Abyssinia, Parkyns wore only Abyssinian clothes, walked barefoot, had an Abyssinian hairstyle, and ate whatever was offered to him. In the book he also described his experiences of working as a silversmith for a year in Abyssinia, and offered detailed descriptions of, amongst other things, Abyssinian manners and customs, habits, personal appearance, dress, births and marriages, deaths and funerals, religion, superstitions.

Return and later life (1846–1894)[edit]

Parkyns returned to Europe in 1846. Between 1850 and 1852 he was appointed an attaché to the embassy at Constantinople. He came back to England in 1852 and settled down in Nottinghamshire, where he purchased an estate, Woodborough Hall. In 1854 he married Emma Louisa, the daughter of barrister Sir Richard Bethell QC, who became Lord Chancellor and was elevated to the peerage as Lord Westbury; they had eight daughters.[8] Parkyns served in the Sherwood Foresters militia, and subsequently became lieutenant-colonel of the Nottinghamshire Rifle Volunteers. In 1858 he started to work as official assignee in the Court of Bankruptcy at Exeter and later in London. He presented Woodborough Church with "handsome oak stalls, carved by himself".[9]

Parkyns' wife Emma died in 1877. In 1884 Parkyns retired to Woodborough, where he farmed and established a garden. Parkyns was actively involved in the Royal Geographical Society. He was considered to be "an excellent linguist", as owing to his travels he spoke "most of the lesser known dialects of the Nile basin and of Western Asia."[10]

Mansfield Parkyns died on 12 January 1894, and was buried in Woodborough church with his wife.[11]

Publications by Mansfield Parkyns[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Youngs, T. (1994). Travelers in Africa : British Travelogues, 1850–1900. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  2. ^ Burke, John Bernard (1852). A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire (14th ed.). London: Henry Colburn & Co. p. 823. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  3. ^ Burke’s Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 105th ed., ed. Peter Townend, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1970, p. 2069
  4. ^ Alumni Cantabrigienses, part II, 1752-1900, Volume V- Pace-Spyers, ed. J. A. Venn, Cambridge University Press, 1953, p. 31
  5. ^ Alumni Cantabrigienses, part II, 1752-1900, Volume V- Pace-Spyers, ed. J. A. Venn, Cambridge University Press, 1953, p. 31
  6. ^ a b c Cumming, D. (1987). The Gentleman Savage: The Life of Mansfield Parkyns, 1823–1894. London: Century Hutchinson
  7. ^ Parkyns, M. (1853). Life in Abyssinia: Being Notes collected during three years’ Residence and Travels in that country. 1st ed. London: John Murray, preface
  8. ^ "Mansfield Parkyns – Obituary 1823–1894"
  9. ^ Alumni Cantabrigienses, part II, 1752-1900, Volume V- Pace-Spyers, ed. J. A. Venn, Cambridge University Press, 1953, p. 31
  10. ^ Alumni Cantabrigienses, part II, 1752-1900, Volume V- Pace-Spyers, ed. J. A. Venn, Cambridge University Press, 1953, p. 31
  11. ^ "Parkyns"
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