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{{Use British English|date= October 2011}} |
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{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Malawian - South African|Malawi | South Africa}} |
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{{Infobox bilateral relations|Malawian – South African|Malawi | South Africa}} |
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'''Malawian-South African relations''' refers to the [[bilateral relation]]ship between the [[Malawi]] and the [[South Africa]]. South Africa's first formal relationship with an independent African country was established with Malawi, beginning in 1967.<ref>[http://www.dfa.gov.za/foreign/bilateral/malawi.html Department of Foreign Affairs, South Africa]</ref> |
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'''Malawian-South African relations''' refers to the [[bilateral relation]]ship between [[Malawi]] and South Africa. South Africa's first formal relationship with an independent African country was established with Malawi, beginning in 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfa.gov.za/foreign/bilateral/malawi.html |title=Department of Foreign Affairs, South Africa |publisher=Dfa.gov.za |date=30 September 2009 |accessdate=19 October 2011}}</ref> |
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Both countries are [[republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] and members of the [[African Union]] and [[Group of 77]]. |
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== Colonial era relations == |
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The colonial structures were set up in a way that Malawi exported labor to South African mines prior to 1964 |
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Malawi has a High Commission in [[Pretoria]], and South Africa has a High Commission in [[Lilongwe]]. |
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== Post Colonial Policy (1964-1992) == |
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The colonial structures of Malawian labor export to South African mines continued after Malawi achieved independence in 1964. Led by dictator [[Hastings Banda]], Malawi was the only African ruled country to maintain close relations with White-ruled South Africa until the 1994 election of [[Nelson Mandela]]. Malawians were viewed as important workers in the South African mines due to their "skills, work discipline and lack of militancy"<ref name="afraf.oxfordjournals.org">[http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/386/53?ck=nck Aliens and AIDS in Southern Africa: The Malawi-South Africa debate] by [[Wiseman Chijere Chirwa]], in [[African Affairs]], 97: 53-79 (1998)</ref> |
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== Colonial -era relations == |
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=== Banda's Apartheid Era Policy=== |
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Since Malawi was the only country in Africa to maintain diplomatic relations with South Africa during the apartheid era<ref>http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad48</ref> . He was the first black President ever to visit South Africa in 1971 and the first chief of any foreign state to come since England's King George VI's visit in 1947<ref>http://www.kamuzubanda.com/kamuzu_banda_south_africa.html</ref> . During his visit, he received a 21 gun salute and an official welcom from President [[ Jim Fouche]] <ref>http://www. kamuzubanda.com/kamuzu_banda_south_africa.html< /ref> . White students at the University of Stellenbosch applauded him and sang accolades <ref>http://www. kamuzubanda.com/kamuzu_banda_south_africa.html< /ref> . Following a state visit by south African Prime Minister Balthazar Vorster to Malawi the previous year in 1970, Banda was qouted to have said " We have to start talking to each other. I go to South Africa. You come here. I allow your people to come here and see how the people live. This might not solve the problem today, next month, in five years, ten years, or even twenty years. But I honestly believe that this in the end is the only solution."<ref> qtd in Sunday Times, Johannesburg, 24 May 1970. Retrieved from http://africanhistory.about.com/od/malawi/a/Hastings-Banda-Quotes.htm</ref> . His position on south Africa was that " It is only contact like this [between South Africa and Malawi] that can reveal to your people that there are civilized people other than white..."<ref >qtd in Sunday Times, Johannesburg, 24 May 1970. Retrieved from http:/ /africanhistory.about.com/od/malawi/a/Hastings-Banda-Quotes.htm</ref> . However his non-isolationist approach to the National Party ruled apartheid government alienated him form other African countries and [[Pan African]]ist leaders that had just gained independence<ref>http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/aes_01/aes_01_00041.html</ref> . By visiting South Africa, he had defied the 41 member [[Organisation of African Unity]] <ref>http://www. kamuzubanda.com/kamuzu_banda_south_africa.html</ ref> . Tanzania's government paper called on the O.A.U. to expel Malawi in order to alienate Banda and, "further alienate Banda from all those who believe in the equality of man."<ref >http:/ /www.kamuzubanda.com/kamuzu_banda_south_africa.html</ref> . Kenyan Newspaper, the Daily Nation, thought his visit would "set into motion a train of diplomatic events that may well make nonsense of Africa's commitment to the liberation of the millions of black people who still live under colonial or racist subjugation." if other African leaders followed suit. But Banda called African leaders hypocrites highlighting that they oppressed their own people but preached unity and equailty<ref >http:/ /www.kamuzubanda.com/kamuzu_banda_south_africa.html</ref> . |
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Under colonial economic systems, many people from Malawi (then [[Nyasaland]]) without access to land or markets migrated to other areas, including South Africa, for [[contract labor]]. These labor migrants were typically men who worked abroad for two years under contract with recruiters such as the [[Witwatersrand Native Labour Association]] (Wenela). Internal recruitment of Malawian labor for South African mines was suspended from 1907 to 1936 due to high illness and mortality rates, but agreements in the 1930s between the South Africa and Nyasaland governments allowed for the re-opening of a controlled migrant labor flow.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Power |first1=Joey |title=History of Malawi |journal=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |date=17 April 2024 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.1137 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-1137 |access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref> |
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== Post-colonial policy (1964–1992) == |
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=== Banda Era Transition Period Relations 1990-1994=== |
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During the transition period for both Malawi (transitioning from one party to multi-party democracy) and South Africa (transitioning from aparthied to a multi-party democracy), the Malawi government's future relations with South Africa were not not secure due to Malawis past relationship with the Apartheid government. Some leaders of the anti-apartheid movement did not support the Banda government or retaining ties with Malawi. South Africa was Malawi's largest trading partner and host to many Malawian laborers so relations with South Africa was still vital to Malawi. From 1988 to 1992, around 13,000 Malawian migrant laborers were forcefully repatriated out of South Africa. Officially, this was because 200 Malawians had tested positive for HIV in the previous two years , but many believe that it was due the need for retrenchment of laborers during a crisis in South Africa's mining industry.<ref name="afraf.oxfordjournals.org"/> |
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The colonial structures of Malawian labour export to South African mines continued after Malawi achieved independence in 1964. Led by the then named president for Life [[Hastings Banda]], Malawi was the only African ruled country to maintain close relations with White-ruled South Africa until the 1994 election of [[Nelson Mandela]]. Malawians were viewed as important workers in the South African mines due to their "skills, work discipline and lack of militancy" .<ref name="afraf.oxfordjournals.org">[ https://archive.today/20130113040309/http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/386/53?ck=nck Aliens and AIDS in Southern Africa: The Malawi-South Africa debate] by [[Wiseman Chijere Chirwa]], in [[African Affairs]], 97: 53–79 (1998)</ref> |
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=== Banda's apartheid-era policy=== |
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The Malawi government made efforts to set straight its stance on South Africa by hosting ANC leader [[Nelson Mandela]]. A visit which was made possible due to efforts by Malawian diplomats resident in South Africa, including acting Ambassodor [[Percy Kachipande]]. It was revealed shortly afterwards,that [[Kamuzu Banda]] had been secretly assisting the ANC during the apartheid era. The Malawi government pledged election support and continued support to the ANC government and diplomatic relations continued between the two countries. |
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Malawi was the only country in Africa to maintain diplomatic relations with South Africa during the apartheid era .<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad48 |title=History of Malawi |publisher=Historyworld.net |date=31 December 1963 |accessdate=19 October 2011}}</ref> [[Hastings Banda]] was the first black President ever to visit South Africa in 1971 and the first head of state of any foreign state to come since the United Kingdom's [[King George VI ]]'s royal visit in 1947 .<ref name="kamuzubanda1"> {{cite web|url=http://www.kamuzubanda.com/kamuzu_banda_south_africa.html |title=Red Carpet for a Black Man |publisher=Kamuzu Banda |date=30 August 1971 |accessdate=19 October 2011}}</ref> During his visit, Banda received a 21 gun salute and an official welcome from State President [[ Jacobus Johannes Fouché]].<ref name="kamuzubanda1"/> White students at the University of Stellenbosch applauded him and sang accolades.<ref name="kamuzubanda1"/> Following a state visit by the then South African Prime Minister [[John Vorster ]] to Malawi the previous year in 1970, Banda was quoted to have said "We have to start talking to each other. I go to South Africa. You come here. I allow your people to come here and see how the people live. This might not solve the problem today, next month, in five years, ten years, or even twenty years. But I honestly believe that this in the end is the only solution."<ref name="autogenerated1970"> {{cite web|url=http://africanhistory.about.com/od/malawi/a/Hastings-Banda-Quotes.htm |title=Hastings Banda, Life President of Malawi quoted in ''Sunday Times'', Johannesburg, 24 May 1970 }}</ref> His position on South Africa was that "It is only contact like this [between South Africa and Malawi] that can reveal to your people that there are civilised people other than white..."<ref name="autogenerated1970"/> However his non-isolationist approach to the National Party ruled apartheid government alienated him from other African countries and [[Pan African]]ist leaders who had just gained independence .<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/aes_01/aes_01_00041.html |title=Banda Ngwazi Hastings Kamuzu |publisher=Novelguide |date=14 October 2011 |accessdate=19 October 2011}}</ref> By visiting South Africa, he had defied the 41 member [[Organisation of African Unity]] (OAU).< ref name="kamuzubanda1"/> Tanzania's government paper called on the OAU to expel Malawi in order to isolate Banda and, "further alienate Banda from all those who believe in the equality of man." .<ref name="kamuzubanda1"/> Kenyan newspaper, the ''[[Daily Nation ]]'', thought his visit would "set into motion a train of diplomatic events that may well make nonsense of Africa's commitment to the liberation of the millions of black people who still live under colonial or racist subjugation." if other African leaders followed suit. In response Banda called African leaders hypocrites , highlighting that they oppressed their own people but preached unity and equality.<ref name="kamuzubanda1"/> |
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===Post Transition Era Reactions to Banda's Policy (1994-1999) === |
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In a Submission To The [[Truth And Reconciliation Commission]] By former South African President [[FW de Klerk|F W De Klerk ]] of the National Party,De Klerk noted that sanctions and isolation against South Africa by the international community were a factor in dismantling apartheid but "more often than not, they served to retard reform rather than stimulate it."<ref>http://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02167/04lv02264/05lv02303/06lv02331/07lv02332.htm</ref> De Klerk notes that, |
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:"The Government was always more inclined to listen to the advice of countries that maintained contact with it...the decision of Malawi to send black diplomats to Pretoria was far more effective in exposing the logical and logistical absurdities of apartheid than any number of resolutions by the United Nations." <ref >http:/ /www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02167/04lv02264/05lv02303/06lv02331/07lv02332.htm</ref> |
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=== Banda-era transition period 1990–1994=== |
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During the transition period for both Malawi (transitioning from one party to multi-party democracy) and South Africa (transitioning from Apartheid to a multi-party democracy), the Malawian government's future relations with South Africa were not secure due to Malawi's past relationship with the apartheid government. Some leaders of the anti-apartheid movement did not support the Banda government or retaining ties with Malawi. South Africa was Malawi's largest trading partner and host to many Malawian labourers so relations with South Africa was still vital to Malawi. From 1988 to 1992, around 13,000 Malawian migrant labourers were forcefully repatriated out of South Africa. The official explanation for these repatriations was that 200 Malawians had tested positive for HIV in the previous two years ; however, many believe that it was due to the need for retrenchment of labourers during a crisis in [[Mining industry of South Africa|South Africa's mining industry ]].<ref name="afraf.oxfordjournals.org"/> |
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*Also See:[[Hastings Banda|Hastings Banda : Foreign Policy - Relations with South Africa]] |
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The Malawian government made efforts to set straight its stance on South Africa by hosting ANC leader [[Nelson Mandela]]. A visit which was made possible due to efforts by Malawian diplomats resident in South Africa, including acting Ambassador [[Percy Kachipande]]. It was revealed shortly afterwards, that [[Kamuzu Banda]] had been secretly assisting the ANC during the apartheid era. The Malawian government pledged election support and continued support to the ANC government and diplomatic relations continued between the two countries. |
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== Democratic relations ( 1994-) == |
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Since both South Africa and Malawi had their first multiparty democratic elections in 1994, Malawi and South Africa have enhanced relations. In 2008, the two governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding designed to enhance the relationship between the two countries through enhanced security cooperation.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200802251310.html Country, Malawi to Enhance Defence Co-Operation] by Bathandwa Mbola, BuaNews, 25 February 2008</ref> |
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===Post-transition era reactions to Banda's policy (1994–1999) === |
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In a submission to the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] by former South African State President [[FW de Klerk|F W De Klerk]] of the National Party, De Klerk argued that sanctions and isolation against South Africa by the international community were a factor in dismantling apartheid but "more often than not, they served to retard reform rather than stimulate it."<ref name="nelsonmandela1"> {{cite web|url=http://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02167/04lv02264/05lv02303/06lv02331/07lv02332.htm |title=Submission to the Truth And Reconciliation Commission By Mr F W De Klerk, Leader of the National Party – The O'Malley Archives |publisher=Nelsonmandela.org |accessdate=19 October 2011}}</ref> De Klerk notes that, |
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:"The Government was always more inclined to listen to the advice of countries that maintained contact with it...the decision of Malawi to send black diplomats to Pretoria was far more effective in exposing the logical and logistical absurdities of apartheid than any number of resolutions by the United Nations."<ref name="nelsonmandela1"/> |
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*Also See:[[Hastings Banda|Hastings Banda #Relations with South Africa]] |
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== Democratic relations ( 1994–) == |
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Since both South Africa and Malawi had their first multiparty democratic elections in 1994, Malawi and South Africa have enhanced relations. In 2008, the two governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding designed to enhance the relationship between the two countries through enhanced security cooperation.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200802251310.html Country, Malawi to Enhance Defence Co-Operation] by Bathandwa Mbola, BuaNews, 25 February 2008 </ref> Skilled Labor competition and the issuance of work permits from Malawi became problematic as South Africa tried to create jobs for local South Africans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv00017/04lv00344/05lv00889/06lv00891.htm |title=17 Feb 1995: Mzizi, Gertrude – The O'Malley Archives |publisher=Nelsonmandela.org |accessdate=19 October 2011}}</ref> |
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== References == |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Foreign relations of Malawi}} |
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{{Foreign relations of Malawi}} |
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{{Foreign relations of South Africa}} |
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{{Foreign relations of South Africa}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date= January 2011}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Malawi – South Africa Relations}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Malawi - South Africa Relations}} |
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[[Category:Malawi–South Africa relations| ]] |
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[[Category:Bilateral relations of Malawi|South Africa]] |
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[[Category:Bilateral relations of Malawi|South Africa]] |
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[[Category:Bilateral relations of South Africa]] |
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[[Category:Bilateral relations of South Africa]] |
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[[Category:Malawi and the Commonwealth of Nations|South Africa]] |
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[[Category:South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations|Malawi]] |
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{{Malawi-stub}} |
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{{SouthAfrica-gov-stub}} |
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Bilateral relations
Malawian-South African relations refers to the bilateral relationship between Malawi and South Africa. South Africa's first formal relationship with an independent African country was established with Malawi, beginning in 1967.[1]
Both countries are republics in the Commonwealth of Nations and members of the African Union and Group of 77.
Malawi has a High Commission in Pretoria, and South Africa has a High Commission in Lilongwe.
Colonial-era relations
[edit]
Under colonial economic systems, many people from Malawi (then Nyasaland) without access to land or markets migrated to other areas, including South Africa, for contract labor. These labor migrants were typically men who worked abroad for two years under contract with recruiters such as the Witwatersrand Native Labour Association (Wenela). Internal recruitment of Malawian labor for South African mines was suspended from 1907 to 1936 due to high illness and mortality rates, but agreements in the 1930s between the South Africa and Nyasaland governments allowed for the re-opening of a controlled migrant labor flow.[2]
Post-colonial policy (1964–1992)
[edit]
The colonial structures of Malawian labour export to South African mines continued after Malawi achieved independence in 1964. Led by the then named president for Life Hastings Banda, Malawi was the only African ruled country to maintain close relations with White-ruled South Africa until the 1994 election of Nelson Mandela. Malawians were viewed as important workers in the South African mines due to their "skills, work discipline and lack of militancy".[3]
Banda's apartheid-era policy
[edit]
Malawi was the only country in Africa to maintain diplomatic relations with South Africa during the apartheid era.[4] Hastings Banda was the first black President ever to visit South Africa in 1971 and the first head of state of any foreign state to come since the United Kingdom's King George VI's royal visit in 1947.[5] During his visit, Banda received a 21 gun salute and an official welcome from State President Jacobus Johannes Fouché.[5] White students at the University of Stellenbosch applauded him and sang accolades.[5] Following a state visit by the then South African Prime Minister John Vorster to Malawi the previous year in 1970, Banda was quoted to have said "We have to start talking to each other. I go to South Africa. You come here. I allow your people to come here and see how the people live. This might not solve the problem today, next month, in five years, ten years, or even twenty years. But I honestly believe that this in the end is the only solution."[6] His position on South Africa was that "It is only contact like this [between South Africa and Malawi] that can reveal to your people that there are civilised people other than white..."[6] However his non-isolationist approach to the National Party ruled apartheid government alienated him from other African countries and Pan Africanist leaders who had just gained independence.[7] By visiting South Africa, he had defied the 41 member Organisation of African Unity (OAU).[5] Tanzania's government paper called on the OAU to expel Malawi in order to isolate Banda and, "further alienate Banda from all those who believe in the equality of man.".[5] Kenyan newspaper, the Daily Nation, thought his visit would "set into motion a train of diplomatic events that may well make nonsense of Africa's commitment to the liberation of the millions of black people who still live under colonial or racist subjugation." if other African leaders followed suit. In response Banda called African leaders hypocrites, highlighting that they oppressed their own people but preached unity and equality.[5]
Banda-era transition period 1990–1994
[edit]
During the transition period for both Malawi (transitioning from one party to multi-party democracy) and South Africa (transitioning from Apartheid to a multi-party democracy), the Malawian government's future relations with South Africa were not secure due to Malawi's past relationship with the apartheid government. Some leaders of the anti-apartheid movement did not support the Banda government or retaining ties with Malawi. South Africa was Malawi's largest trading partner and host to many Malawian labourers so relations with South Africa was still vital to Malawi. From 1988 to 1992, around 13,000 Malawian migrant labourers were forcefully repatriated out of South Africa. The official explanation for these repatriations was that 200 Malawians had tested positive for HIV in the previous two years; however, many believe that it was due to the need for retrenchment of labourers during a crisis in South Africa's mining industry.[3]
The Malawian government made efforts to set straight its stance on South Africa by hosting ANC leader Nelson Mandela. A visit which was made possible due to efforts by Malawian diplomats resident in South Africa, including acting Ambassador Percy Kachipande. It was revealed shortly afterwards, that Kamuzu Banda had been secretly assisting the ANC during the apartheid era. The Malawian government pledged election support and continued support to the ANC government and diplomatic relations continued between the two countries.
Post-transition era reactions to Banda's policy (1994–1999)
[edit]
In a submission to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission by former South African State President F W De Klerk of the National Party, De Klerk argued that sanctions and isolation against South Africa by the international community were a factor in dismantling apartheid but "more often than not, they served to retard reform rather than stimulate it."[8] De Klerk notes that,
- "The Government was always more inclined to listen to the advice of countries that maintained contact with it...the decision of Malawi to send black diplomats to Pretoria was far more effective in exposing the logical and logistical absurdities of apartheid than any number of resolutions by the United Nations."[8]
Democratic relations (1994–)
[edit]
Since both South Africa and Malawi had their first multiparty democratic elections in 1994, Malawi and South Africa have enhanced relations. In 2008, the two governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding designed to enhance the relationship between the two countries through enhanced security cooperation.[9] Skilled Labor competition and the issuance of work permits from Malawi became problematic as South Africa tried to create jobs for local South Africans.[10]
- ^ "Department of Foreign Affairs, South Africa". Dfa.gov.za. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ^ Power, Joey (17 April 2024). "History of Malawi". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.1137. ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- ^ a b Aliens and AIDS in Southern Africa: The Malawi-South Africa debate by Wiseman Chijere Chirwa, in African Affairs, 97:53–79 (1998)
- ^ "History of Malawi". Historyworld.net. 31 December 1963. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "Red Carpet for a Black Man". Kamuzu Banda. 30 August 1971. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ^ a b "Hastings Banda, Life President of Malawi quoted in Sunday Times, Johannesburg, 24 May 1970".
- ^ "Banda Ngwazi Hastings Kamuzu". Novelguide. 14 October 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ^ a b "Submission to the Truth And Reconciliation Commission By Mr F W De Klerk, Leader of the National Party – The O'Malley Archives". Nelsonmandela.org. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ^ Country, Malawi to Enhance Defence Co-Operation by Bathandwa Mbola, BuaNews, 25 February 2008
- ^ "17 Feb 1995: Mzizi, Gertrude – The O'Malley Archives". Nelsonmandela.org. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
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