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See also: 🈲
U+7981, 禁
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7981

[U+7980]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+7982]

Translingual

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Han character

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(Kangxi radical 113, +8, 13 strokes, cangjie input 木木一一火 (DDMMF), four-corner 44901, composition )

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 844, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24743
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1264, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2400, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+7981

Chinese

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trad.
simp. #
alternative forms Cantonese kam1
Cantonese kam1
come Cantonese kam1

Glyph origin

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Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *krɯm, *krɯms) : phonetic (OC *ɡ·rɯm) + semantic (altar).

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krim (custom, prohibition). Compare Tibetan ཁྲིམས (khrims, law, rule; habit), Mizo hrem (to punish) and Japhug khrɯm (punishment), although the latter may be borrowed from Tibetan (Jacques, 2015; Jacques, 2004: 89).

Schessler (2007) also adds Burmese ခြိမ်း (hkrim:, to threaten) to the list of the possible cognates, however this word likely belongs to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-krim (to threaten).

Pronunciation 1

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Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (28)
Final () (140)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter kim
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠiɪm/
Pan
Wuyun
/kᵚim/
Shao
Rongfen
/kiem/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kjim/
Li
Rong
/kjəm/
Wang
Li
/kĭĕm/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ki̯əm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jīn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gam1
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 8180
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*krɯm/

Definitions

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  1. to bear; to endure
  2. to be able to withstand
    [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
    ngo5 m4 kam1 gik1 gaa3. [Jyutping]
    I cannot stand getting annoyed.
  3. (chiefly in the negative) to contain oneself; to restrain oneself
  4. to torment; to torture
  5. (Cantonese) durable
    [Cantonese, trad.]
    [Cantonese, simp.]
    gin6 saam1 di1 liu6-2 hou2 kam1 wo3. [Jyutping]
    The shirt's material is quite durable.
  6. Alternative form of (jīn, coat sash; belt (to fasten clothes); girdle)

Compounds

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Pronunciation 2

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Note:
  • géng - literary;
  • gêng - vernacular (“to warn; to caution against”).

Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (28)
Final () (140)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter kimH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠiɪmH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kᵚimH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kiemH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kjimH/
Li
Rong
/kjəmH/
Wang
Li
/kĭĕmH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ki̯əmH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jìn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gam3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
jìn
Middle
Chinese
‹ kimH ›
Old
Chinese
/*kr[ə]m-s/
English prohibit

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 8181
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*krɯms/

Definitions

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  1. to prohibit; to forbid; to restrict
  2. to pin down; to restrain
  3. to block; to hinder
  4. to imprison; to detain; to take into custody
  5. to use incantation
  6. to store up; to hoard
  7. ban; prohibition; restriction; interdict
  8. taboo; banned item or thing
  9. prison; jail; confinement
  10. (historical) court; palace
  11. (historical) ritual table; wine altar
  12. sorcery; incantation; spell

Compounds

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. to ban, to prohibit, to forbid
  2. to confine
  3. palace

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
きん
Grade: 5
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese (MC kim|kimH). The kan'on, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(きん) (kin

  1. ban, prohibition
  2. banned, prohibited, forbidden
    (てん)(さい)(きん)
    tensai kin
    Reproduction prohibited.

References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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(eumhun 금할 (geumhal geum))

  1. hanja form? of (prohibition)

Compounds

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Nôm readings: cấm, bấm, quắm

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.