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See also: and
U+5F37, 強
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F37

[U+5F36]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5F38]

Translingual

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Japanese
Simplified
Traditional

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 57, +8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈中戈 (NILI), four-corner 13236, composition 𧈧 or )

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 359, character 23
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9815
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 999, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+5F37

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Zhengzhang (2003): Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : phonetic (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) + semantic (insect).

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : phonetic (OC *ɡʷɯːŋ) + semantic (insect).

The character likely originally referred to the rice weevil, an insect that attacks rice and several other crops, before being phonetically borrowed to represent the sense of "strong; powerful", which was previously represented by the character (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ).

Etymology

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(egg): Typo of ; they have the same keystrokes in Simplified Cangjie.

Pronunciation 1

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trad. /
simp.
alternative forms

Note:
  • kiûⁿ - vernacular;
  • kiông/kiâng - literary.
Note:
  • kiang5 - "strong", "forceful";
  • gion5/giên5 - "superior, better" (giên5 - Chaozhou).

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (30)
Final () (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter gjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɡɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɡiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɡiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/gɨaŋ/
Li
Rong
/ɡiaŋ/
Wang
Li
/ɡĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/gi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
qiáng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
koeng4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
qiáng
Middle
Chinese
‹ gjang ›
Old
Chinese
/*N-kaŋ/
English strong

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 10318
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡaŋ/
Notes

Definitions

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  1. strong; powerful; energetic
  2. to strengthen
  3. staunch; strong-willed
  4. brutal; forceful
    乘客下機乘客下机  ―  qiángtuō chéngkè xiàjī  ―  to forcefully drag a passenger off the plane
  5. capable; of a high level
  6. superior; better
  7. slightly more than; plus
    分之分之  ―  sì fēnzhī yī qiáng  ―  a bit more than a fourth
  8. final contestants in a competition; finalist
      ―  qiáng  ―  quarterfinals
  9. (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang, sometimes deliberate) Misspelling of (dàn).

Synonyms

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  • (strong): (literary) 鸿 (hóng)

Antonyms

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Compounds

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Pronunciation 2

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trad. /
simp.
alternative forms


Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (30)
Final () (105)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter gjangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɡɨɐŋX/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɡiɐŋX/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɡiɑŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/gɨaŋX/
Li
Rong
/ɡiaŋX/
Wang
Li
/ɡĭaŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/gi̯aŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jiàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
goeng6
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
qiǎng
Middle
Chinese
‹ gjangX ›
Old
Chinese
/*m-kaŋʔ/
English make an effort

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 10319
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡaŋʔ/
Notes

Definitions

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  1. to force; to compel; to coerce
      ―  miǎnqiǎng  ―  to force somebody to do something
  2. to strive

Compounds

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Pronunciation 3

[edit]
trad. /
simp.
alternative forms



Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (30)
Final () (105)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter gjangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɡɨɐŋX/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɡiɐŋX/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɡiɑŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/gɨaŋX/
Li
Rong
/ɡiaŋX/
Wang
Li
/ɡĭaŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/gi̯aŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jiàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
goeng6
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
qiǎng
Middle
Chinese
‹ gjangX ›
Old
Chinese
/*m-kaŋʔ/
English make an effort

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 10319
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡaŋʔ/
Notes

Definitions

[edit]

  1. hard; stiff
  2. stubborn; obstinate
  3. a surname

Compounds

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Pronunciation 4

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For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“to compel; valiant; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of ).

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. strong
    Antonym:
  2. strength
  3. powerful
  4. potent

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
きょう
Grade: 2
on'yomi

Pronunciation

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(as a noun)

Noun

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(きょう) (kyō

  1. strength

Suffix

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(きょう) (-kyō

  1. (lengths of time) slightly more than
Antonyms
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
つよし
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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(つよし) (Tsuyoshi

  1. a male given name

References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Alternative forms

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Chinese (MC gjang, “strong”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 까ᇰ (Yale: kkàng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 힘〮셀〯 (Yale: hím sěyl) 가ᇰ (Yale: kàng)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun 강할 (ganghal gang))

  1. hanja form? of (strong; strength)
    Antonym: ( (yak))

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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From Middle Chinese (MC gjangX, “make an effort”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 까ᇰ〮 (Yale: kkáng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 ᄡᅳᆯ (Yale: him psul) (Yale: kang)

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠(ː)ŋ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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(eumhun 힘쓸 (himsseul gang))

  1. hanja form? of (to force; to coerce)
  2. hanja form? of (stubborn; obstinate)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Việt readings: cường, cưỡng
: Nôm readings: càng, cượng, cướng, gắng, cường, gàn, ngượng, cưỡng, gương, gượng, gàng

Compounds

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Adverb

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(càng)

  1. Nôm form of càng (With a comparative or verb phrase, establishes a parallel with one or more other such comparatives.; all the more, all the less).
    • 18th–19th century, Hồ Xuân Hương (胡春香), Vịnh quạt (詠𦑗) [The Paper Fan]:
      (càng)(nóng)(bao)(nhiêu)(thời)(càng)(mát)/(yêu)(đêm)(chưa)(phỉ)(lại)(yêu)𣈜(ngày)
      The hotter you get, the more refreshing you get / It wasn’t enough to love at night, now we love during the day.

References

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  • Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)
  • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
  • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
  • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999