ka- -an

From Proto-Austronesian *ka- -an, compare kina- -an, Tagalog ka- -an, Malay ke- -an. Compare ka-, and -an.

• IPA^(key): /ka an/

ka- -an (Badlit spelling ᜃ ᜀᜈ᜔ or ᜃ ᜀᜈ᜔)

1. (added to inanimate nouns) indicates a place where such objects are found

   Synonyms: -an, -anan

   ‎sagbot (“grass, weed”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kasagbotan (“grassland”)

   ‎saging (“banana”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kasagingan (“banana plantation”)

2. (added to nouns) forms collective nouns

   ‎tawo (“human”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katawhan (“people”)

   ‎dagat (“sea”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kadagatan (“seas (collectively)”)

   1. forms proper nouns indicating a domain of a people or place

      ‎Bisaya (“Visayan people”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kabisay-an (“Visayas region”)

   2. forms numerals that are multiples of ten

      ‎duha (“two”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kaluhaan (“twenty”)

3. (formal, added to adjectives or verbs) forms abstract nouns

   Synonyms: ka-, pagka-, ka- -on

   ‎batan-on (“young”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabatan-onan (“youth”)

   ‎husay (“orderly”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kahusayan (“peace, resolution”)

   ‎daog (“to win”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kadaogan (“victory”)

• In forming abstract nouns, ka- and pagka- are more productive in colloquial language.
• Placement of stress:
  • Sense 1: Stress is placed on the last syllable (-an)

  ‎ságing → ‎kasagingán

  ‎káhoy → ‎kakahoyán

  • The rest: Stress is usually placed at the penultimate syllable after affixation:

  ‎batán-on → ‎kabatan-ónan

  ‎daóg → ‎kadaógan

• When attached directly after a vowel without a glottal stop, an epenthetic /h/ is usually inserted between the two vowels. However, this isn't always the case, as /ʔ/ (glottal stop) may be inserted in this position instead.

  ‎ulo → ‎kaulohan, but

  ‎higala → ‎kahigalaan

  • In a handful of cases, an epenthetic /nʔ/ is inserted instead:

    ‎lalaki → ‎kalalakin-an

    ‎babaye → ‎kababayin-an

• In some affixations, the vowel in the syllable before or after the stressed syllable is typically omitted, as long as it does not break the language's CVCCVC syllable structure. After which metathesis or some other sound change may happen to consonants in awkward positions.

  *kaʔupátan > *kaʔpátan > kapʔátan (kap-atan)

  *kabisáyaʔan > Kabisáyʔan (Kabisay-an)

  *kapupúluʔan > *kapupúlʔan > kapupúdʔan (kapupud-an)

  • This is not universally observed; more so in colloquial, newly-derived words

• IPA^(key): /ka an/

ka- -an

1. -ness; appended to adjectives to form abstract nouns meaning "the state of (the adjective)", "the quality of (the adjective)", or "the measure of (the adjective)".

   kabecekan ― kindness

   kakarepan ― eagerness

   kaleburan ― loveliness

   kanyamanan ― palatableness

2. -ship; appended to a noun to form a new noun denoting a property or state of being, time spent in a role, or a specialised union.

   kasaraan ― hardship

3. -ity; Used to form a noun from an adjective; especially, to form the noun referring to the state, property, or quality of conforming to the adjective's description.

   kalempongan ― perplexity

4. Forming nouns denoting the domain or jurisdiction of the suffixed word.

   kadipatenan ― duchy

ka- -an

1. -ed; to suffer or to get of noun or verb bases.

   ‎takok (“fright”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katakokan (“frightened”)

   ‎tagersok (“shock”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katagersokan (“shocked”)

ka- -an

1. (usually colloquial) adjective forming for very [base] or exceed, affixed into adjective, adverb, or noun.

   ‎raje (“huge”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎karajean (“too big”)

   ‎dumik (“small”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kadumikan (“too small”)

   ‎seang (“midday”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kaseangan (“too late; overslept”)

ka- -an

1. used to form proper nouns indicating a domain of a people or place

   ‎Igorot (“Igorot”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kaigorotan (“the Igorots, Igorot village”)

   ‎Baguio (“Baguio”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kabaguioan (“the people of Baguio, the area of Baguio”)

   ‎Maynila (“Manila”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kamaynilaan (“the people of Manila, the area of Manila”)

2. used to form nouns indicating a reciprocal relation

   ‎badang (“help”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabadangan (“helper”)

   ‎inom (“drink”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kainoman (“group of people with whom to drink”)

   ‎turog (“sleep”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katurogan (“group of people with whom to sleep”)

3. used to form nouns indicating the time period wherein it is about to happen

   ‎mangan (“help”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kamanganan (“about time to eat”)

   ‎bisin (“help”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabisinan (“about to be hungry”)

   ‎riing (“wake up”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kariingan (“about to wake up”)

4. used to form nouns indicating the location where it happened

   ‎sitek (“dirty”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kasitekan (“dirty place”)

   ‎taray (“run”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katarayan (“the place where [the subject] ran”)

   ‎pukaw (“steal”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kapukawan (“the place where [the subject] was stolen”)

5. used to form nouns indicating the act of doing the action expressed by the root, or the manner in which the action expressed by the root is performed

   ‎natey (“death”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kanateyan (“cause of death”)

   ‎suro (“teach”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kasuroan (“the act of teaching”)

   ‎aramid (“do”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kaaramidan (“the act of doing, creating”)

6. used to form the superlative degree of an adjective

   ‎laing (“wise”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kalaingan (“wisest”)

   ‎kulit (“naughty”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kakulitan (“naughtiest”)

   ‎bangsit (“smelly”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabangsitan (“smelliest”)

• Jervera C. Domogen (2022 June 21) “The Philippine Kankanaey -An Morpheme”, in IOER International Multidisciplinary Research Journal‎^[1], volume 4, number 2, →DOI, pages 307-316

• ca- -an — obsolete, Spanish-based orthography
• ka- -han
• ka- -nan

From Proto-Austronesian *ka- -an (compare Malay ke- -an).

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ka an/ [kɐ ɐn̪]
• Rhymes: -an
• Syllabification: ka- -an

ka- -an (Baybayin spelling ᜃ ◌ᜈ᜔ or ᜃ ᜀᜈ᜔)

1. used to form abstract nouns

   ‎payapa (“peaceful”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kapayapaan (“peace”)

   ‎malay (“awareness”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kamalayan (“consciousness”)

2. used to form nouns indicating a larger location

   ‎gubat (“woods”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kagubatan (“forest”)

   ‎dagat (“sea”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎karagatan (“ocean”)

3. used to form proper nouns indicating a domain of a people or place

   ‎Tagalog (“Tagalog”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Katagalugan (“Tagalog area”)

   ‎Bisaya (“Visayan”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kabisayaan (“Visayas; Visayan area”)

   ‎Maynila (“Manila”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kamaynilaan (“Metro Manila; Manila area”)

4. used to form words meaning “one who receives or (-an) from someone (ka-)”

   ‎ibig (“love”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kaibigan (“friend; person who receives love from someone; lover”)

   ‎halik (“kiss”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kahalikan (“person who receives kisses from someone; kissing-mate”)

• Normally, /h/ is inserted before -an when the root word ends with a vowel that is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur and /h/ becomes /n/.

  ‎saya + ‎ka- -an → ‎kasiyahan

  ‎dami + ‎ka- -an → ‎karamihan

  ‎gusto + ‎ka- -an → ‎kagustuhan

  ‎bihasa + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabihasnan

• Due to allophony, /d/ turns into /r/ when inserted before -an or after ka-.

  ‎baliktad + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabaliktaran

  ‎lunod + ‎ka- -an → ‎kanluran

  ‎gawad + ‎ka- -an → ‎kagawaran

  ‎dami + ‎ka- -an → ‎karamihan

  ‎dangal + ‎ka- -an → ‎karangalan

  ‎danas + ‎ka- -an → ‎karanasan

• Sense 4: The ka- prefix has a stress while the stress of the root shifts syllables to the right. For roots with stress on the last syllable, the stress goes to -an.

• Kana, naka-, kana, anak