Where Did Life Begin? Testing Ideas in Prebiotic Analogue Conditions
<p>Bumpass Hell, a hydrothermal field on Mount Lassen in California. Inset shows a smaller, isolated pool nearby.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The author is shown adding a “prebiotic soup” to a boiling pool on Mount Mutnovsky, Kamchatka, Russia. The right hand panel shows the froth of myristic acid forming around the edge of the pool.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) show membranous structures that assemble from a mixture of dodecanoic acid and dodecanoyl monoglyceride in Yellowstone hot spring water at two different pH ranges [<a href="#B8-life-11-00134" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) show the same compounds in seawater. Membranous structures cannot assemble, probably because crystals form when divalent calcium and magnesium cations bind to the carboxylate groups of the dodecanoic acid.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Joshi et al. [<a href="#B12-life-11-00134" class="html-bibr">12</a>] observed that a 2:1 ratio of decanoic acid (40 mM) with its monoglyceride (20 mM) readily formed membranous vesicles both in pure bicine buffer (200 mM, pH 8.5) and in a water sample from the Puga hot spring site in Ladakh, India.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>A</b>). Hell’s Gate hot spring site near Rotorua, New Zealand. (<b>B</b>) shows vials with samples prepared beforehand, and (<b>C</b>) shows the vials in place in a shallow pool of water. White fabric was placed around the container to prevent boiling water splashes from falling into the samples.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Polymer synthesis in nucleotide solutions exposed to three wet-dry cycles using hot spring water. Polymeric material was isolated by standard ethanol precipitation methods and yields were determined by Nanodrop spectrophotometry. Abbreviations: A, (AMP); U, (UMP); AU, (AMP+UMP, 1:1); GC, (GMP+CMP 1:1) AUGC, (all four mononucleotides in an equimolar mixture); LA, lauric acid mixed 1:1 with its monoglyceride; PC, phosphatidylcholine; LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Polymeric products were compared by gel electrophoresis [<a href="#B4-life-11-00134" class="html-bibr">4</a>]. The ladder in (<b>A</b>) begins with 100 nt, and in (<b>B</b>) ranges from 25 to 500 nt. The standard control polymers in (<b>A</b>) were a 1:1 mixture of polyadenylic and polyuridylic acid which produced a blurred streak between 100 and 200 nt in length. Because they were a mixture of chain lengths, polymer products indicated by an arrow also produced a blurred streak ranging from <25 to >100 nt in length. Images were inverted for illustration purposes so that fluorescence appears dark on a light background. Figure reproduced from reference [<a href="#B4-life-11-00134" class="html-bibr">4</a>].</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Prebiotic Analogue Sites
3. Results
3.1. Mount Mutnovsky, Kamchatka Russia
3.2. Self-Assembly of Amphiphiles in Yellowstone Hot Springs
3.3. Self-Assembly of Amphiphiles in Ladakh (India) Hot Springs
3.4. Non-Enzymatic Polymerization of Nucleotides in Hell’s Gate Hot Springs, New Zealand
4. Discussion
Funding
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Seawater | * Norris Geyser Basin T = 86 °C | ||
---|---|---|---|
pH | 8.1 | pH | 4.1 |
Na+ | 469 mM | Na+ | 13 mM |
Cl− | 546 mM | Cl− | 17 mM |
Ca2+ | 10 mM | Ca2+ | 0.120 mM |
Mg2+ | 53 mM | Mg2+ | 0.026 mM |
K+ | 10 mM | K+ | 1.4 mM |
HCO3− | 2 mM | HCO3− | 0 mM |
SO42− | 28 mM | SO42− | 1.3 mM |
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Deamer, D. Where Did Life Begin? Testing Ideas in Prebiotic Analogue Conditions. Life 2021, 11, 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11020134
Deamer D. Where Did Life Begin? Testing Ideas in Prebiotic Analogue Conditions. Life. 2021; 11(2):134. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11020134
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeamer, David. 2021. "Where Did Life Begin? Testing Ideas in Prebiotic Analogue Conditions" Life 11, no. 2: 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11020134