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Embryogenesis and larval ultrastructure in Paraleucilla magna (Calcarea, Calcaronea), with remarks on the epilarval trophocyte epithelium (“placental membrane”)

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Abstract

The process of inversion observed during the development of Calcaronea (Calcarea, Porifera) species is a unique and remarkable event in the Metazoa. However, few studies have focused on the embryogenesis of Calcaronea species or on the ultrastructure of their larva and its accessory epithelium, the so-called placental membrane. Herein, using light and electron microscopy, we describe the embryogenesis and ultrastructure of the amphiblastula of Paraleucilla magna (Porifera, Calcarea, Calcaronea). It was observed that the cleavage in this species is of the table-like palyntomy type, typical of calcaroneans. Cleavage leads to the formation of a stomoblastula, which becomes inverted in the mesohyl. At the same time, the accessory epithelium (here called epilarval trophocyte epithelium) rises, isolating and nursing the early larva. The amphiblastula is formed by an epithelium composed of ciliated cells, granular cells, and cross-cells, this latter persisting even after larval release. Some degenerating amoeboid cells and bacteria were found in the larval cavity, possibly helping with larval nutrition. The possibility of cross-cells being precursors of the germ cell lineage and the vertical transmission of bacteria found in the larva are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the staff of the Laboratório de Biologia de Porifera (IB/UFRJ) for helping with the field work. We also thank the staff of the Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer (IBCCF) (especially Noêmia Rodrigues) and the staff of the Serviço de Microscopia Eletrônica-CPqGM-FIOCRUZ (especially M. Lucia Moreno) for their help with the preparation of the specimens and the use of the electron microscopes. We also thank Bernardo Pascarelli for his help with confocal microscopy at the Plataforma de Microscopia Confocal, FIOCRUZ-RJ. We are in debt to Inácio DS Neto for allowing us to borrow some fixatives and to Michael Nickel and to an anonymous reviewer for their fruitful comments that improved the original manuscript. Grants and fellowships were provided by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Fundação Carlos Chagas de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) (E-26/111.541/2008), and the Brazilian National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) (480368/2008 2). This work was part of the Master Thesis of E. Lanna, presented to the Post-Graduation Program in Zoology of the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro/UFRJ.

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  1. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Rio de Janeiro, 21941902, Brazil

    Emilio Lanna & Michelle Klautau

  2. Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s/n, Campus de Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brazil

    Emilio Lanna

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  1. Emilio Lanna
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Correspondence to Michelle Klautau.

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Communicated by A. Schmidt-Rhaesa.

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Lanna, E., Klautau, M. Embryogenesis and larval ultrastructure in Paraleucilla magna (Calcarea, Calcaronea), with remarks on the epilarval trophocyte epithelium (“placental membrane”). Zoomorphology 131, 277–292 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-012-0160-5

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