www.fgks.org   »   [go: up one dir, main page]
Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Determinants of Cognitive Development of Low SES Children in Chile: A Post-transitional Country with Rising Childhood Obesity Rates

  • Published:
Maternal and Child Health Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Studies conducted in developing countries have noted associations between concurrent stunting, social-emotional problems and poor cognitive ability in young children. However, the relative contribution of these variables in Latin America is likely changing as undernutrition rates decline and prevalence of childhood obesity rises. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 106 normal-weight and 109 obese preschool children to compare the relative contribution of early nutrition, sociodemographic factors and psychosocial variables on cognitive development in normal-weight and obese preschool children in Chile. The study variables were categorized as: (1) socio-demographic (age, sex, birth order and socioeconomic) (2) early nutrition (maternal height, birth weight, birth length and height at 5 years) (3) psychosocial factors (maternal depression, social-emotional wellbeing and home space sufficiency). In order to assess determinants of cognitive development at 4–5 years we measured intelligence quotient (IQ); variability in normal children was mostly explained by socio-demographic characteristics (r2 = 0.26), while in obese children early nutritional factors had a significant effect (r2 = 0.12) beyond socio-demographic factors (r2 = 0.19). Normal-weight children, who were first born, of slightly better SES and height Z score >1, had an IQ ≥ 6 points greater than their counterparts (p < 0.05). Obese children who were first born with birth weight >4,000 g and low risk of socio-emotional problems had on average ≥5 IQ points greater than their peers (p < 0.05). We conclude that in Chile, a post-transitional country, IQ variability of normal children was mostly explained by socio-demographic characteristics; while in obese children, early nutrition also played a significant role.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. United Nations International Children′s Emergency Fund. (2001). The state of the world’s children 2000, early childhood. New York: UNICEF.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Grantham-McGregor, S. (2007). Bun Cheung Y, Cueto S, Glewwe P, Richer L, Trupp B and the international Child Development Steering Group. Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet, 369(9555), 60–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Deaton, A. (2007). Heigh, health, and development. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 104(33), 13232–13237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Sørensen, H. T., Sabroe, S., Olsen, J., Rothman, K. J., Gillman, M. W., & Fischer, P. (1997). Birth weight and cognitive function in young adult life, historical cohort study. British Medical Journal, 315(7105), 401–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Cournot, M., Marquié, J. C., Ansiau, D., Martinaud, C., Fonds, H., Ferrieres, J., et al. (2006). Relation between body mass index and cognitive function in healty middle-aged men and women. Nerology, 67, 1208–1214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Miller, J. L., Couch, J., Schwenk, K., Long, M., Towler, S., Theriaque, D. W., et al. (2009). Early childhood obesity is associated with compromised cerebellar development. Dev Neuropsychol, 34(3), 272–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Yu, Z. B., Han, S. P., Cao, X. G., & Guo, X. R. (2009). Intelligence in relation to obesity, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews, 11(9), 656–670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Li, X. (1995). A study of intelligence and personality in children with simple obesity. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 19(5), 355–357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Sorensen, T. I., Sonne-Holm, S., & Christensen, U. (1983). Cognitive deficiency in obesity independent of social origin. Lancet, 1(8333), 1105–1106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Wang, F., & Veugelers, P. (2008). Self-esteem and cognitive development in the era of the childhood obesity epidemic. Obesity Reviews, 9(6), 615–623.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hackman, D., & Farah, M. J. (2009). Socioeconomic status and the developing brain. Trends Cogn Sci, 13(2), 65–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Andrade, S. D., Bastos, A., Marcondes, M., Almeida-Filho, N., & Barreto, M. (2005). Family environment and child′s cognitive development: an epidemiological approach. Rev Sáude Pública, 39(4), 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Petterson, S. (2001). Effects of poverty and maternal depression on early child deveolpmen. Child Development, 72(6), 1794–1813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Datar, A., & Sturm, R. (2004). Childhood overweight and parent- and teacher-reporter behavior problems: evidence from a prospective study of kindergartners. Arch Pediatr Adolsc Med, 158(8), 804–810.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Sawyer, M., Miller-Lewis, L., Guy, S., Wake, M., Canterford, L., & Carlin, J. (2006). Is there a relationship between overweight and obesity and mental health problems in 4- to 5-year-old Australian children? Ambulatory Pediatrics, 6(6), 306–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Agostini, C., Brown, P., & Góngora, D. (2008). Spatial distribution of poverty in chile. Estud Econ, 35(1), 79–110.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Mönckeberg, F. (2003). Prevention of undernutrition in Chile experience lived by an actor and expectator. Rev Chil Nutr, 30(Suppl 1), 160–176.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kain, J., Uauy, R., Lera, L., Taibo, M., Espejo, F., & Albala, C. (2005). Evolution of the nutritional status of six years old Chilean children (1987–2003). Rev Méd Chile, 133(9), 1013–1020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kain, J., Uauy, R., Lera, L., & Taibo, M. (2005). AlbalaC. Trends in height and BMI of 6-year-old children during the nutrition transition in Chile. Obesity Research, 13(12), 2178–2186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Chilean Government National Board for School Assistance and Scholarships. (2008). Nutritional Map 2008. Santiago of Chile: JUNJI Available at http://www.junaeb.cl.

  21. Ministry of Health of Chilean Government (2007). II Survey on Quality of Life and Health Chile 2006. Santiago of Chile: MINSAL. Available at http://epi.minsal.cl/epi/html/sdesalud/calidaddevida2006/index.http.

  22. Kain, J., Corvalán, C., Lera, L., Galván, M., & Uauy, R. (2009). Accelerated growth in early life and obesity in preschool Chilean chlidren. Obesity, 17(8), 1603–1608.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Gonzalez, R., Merialdi, M., Lincetto, O., Lauer, J., Becerra, C., Castro, R., et al. (2006). Reduction in neonatal mortality in Chile between 1990 and 2000. Pediatrics, 117(5), 949–954.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Cohen, J. (1997). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences Revised edition. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Wechsler, D. (1989). Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence-revised WPPSI-R. New York: Harcour Brace.

    Google Scholar 

  26. ADIMARK(2000). Socioeconomic status Esomar. Application manual. Santiago of Chile: adimark. Avaible at http://www.microweb.cl/idm/documentos/ESOMAR.pdf.

  27. Amigo, H., Vásquez, S., Bustos, P., Ortiz, G., & Lara, M. (2012). Socioeconomic status and age at menarche in indigenous and non-indigenous Chilean adolescents. Cad Saude Publica, 28(5), 977–983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Amigo, H., & Bustos, P. (2005). A feeling of well-being accompanied by a period of prosperity and birthweight in Chile: a possible link? Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 19(6), 426–434.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kessler, R., Andrews, G., Mroczek, D., Ustun, B., & Wittchen, H. (1998). The world health organization composite international diagnostic interview short-form (CIDI-SF). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res, 7(4), 171–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Lira M.I., Edwards M., Hurtado M, R S. Lira M.I, Edwards M., Hurtado M., Seguel R. (2004). Self reported socio-emotional wellbeing for children of kindergarden to 2º basic. Santiago of Chile: University Catolic of Chile. Available at http://www.cedep.info/resumenlibros.php.

  31. World Health Organization Child Growth Standards (2006). Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age; methods and development. Geneva: world health organization; Available at http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/technical_report/en/.

  32. Monden, C., & Smits, J. (2009). Maternal height and child mortality in 42 developing countries. Am J Hum Biol, 21(3), 305–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Gigantesco, A., & Morosini, P. (2008). Development, reliability and factor analysis of a self-administered questionnaire which originates from the world health organization’s composite international diagnostic interview-short form (CIDI-SF) for assessing mental disorders. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health, 2008(4), 8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. StatCorp, (2007). Stata statistical software. Texas: StatCorp LP.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Datar, A., Sturm, R., & Magnabosco, J. L. (2004). Childhhod overweight and academic performance: national study of kindergartners and first-graders. Obesity Research, 12(1), 58–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Craft, S., & Watson, G. S. (2004). Insulin and neurodegenerative disease: shared and specific mechanisms. Lancet Nerol, 3(3), 169–178.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Farr, S. A., Banks, W. A., & Morley, J. E. (2006). Effects of leptin on memory processing. Peptides, 27(6), 1420–1425.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Santos, D. N., Assis, A. M., Bastos, A. C., Santos, L. M., Santos, C. A., Strina, A., et al. (2008). Determinants of cognitive function in childhood: a cohort study in middle income context. BMC Public Health, 8, 202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Jefferis, B., Power, C., & Hertzman, C. (2002). Birth weight, childhood socioeconomic environment, and cognitive development in the 1958 British birth cohort study. BMJ, 325(7359), 305–314.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Chilean Government National Board for School Assistance and Scholarships. Targeting social report 2004 Santiago of Chile: JUNJI; 2005. Available at http://www.junji.cl.

  41. Bralic, S., Edwards, M., & Seguel, X. (1989). Preschool children′s growth and development in urban poor families. Rev Chil Nutr, 17(2), 9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Saco-Pollit, C., Pollit, E., & Greenfield, D. (1985). The cumulative deficit hypothesis in the light of cross-cultural evidence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 8(1), 75–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Zajonc, R., & Sulloway, F. J. (2007). The confluence model: birth order as a within-family or between-family dynamic? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(9), 1187–1194.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kristensen, P., & Bjerkedal, T. (2007). Explaining the relation between birth order and intelligence. Science, 316(5832), 1717.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Rodgers, J. L., Cleveland, H. H., van den Oord, E., & Rowe, D. C. (2000). Resolving the debate over birth order, family size, and intelligence. American Psychologist, 55(6), 599–612.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Mardones, F., Duran, E., Villarroel, L., Gattino, D., Ahumada, D., Oyarzún, F., et al. (2008). Maternal anemia in Concepcion province, Chile: association with maternal nutritional status and fetal growth. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion, 58(2), 132–138.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Broekman, B. F., Chan, Y. H., Chong, Y. S., et al. (2009). The influence of birth size on intelligence in healthy children. Pediatrics, 123(6), e1011–e1016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Mensah, F. K., & Kiernan, K. E. (2011). Maternal general health and children’s cognitive development and behaviour in the early years: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 37(1), 44–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Ziegenhain, U. (2006). Neglect and endangerment of the wellbeing of infants and young children. MMW Fortschr Med, 148(24), 24–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Amsterlaw, J., Hansen, K., & Meltzoff, A. (2009). Young children′s reasoning about the effects of emotional and physiological states on academic performance. Child Development, 80(1), 115–133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Obradović, J., van Dulmen, M. H., Yates, T. M., Carlson, E. A., & Egeland, B. (2006). Developmental assessment of competence from early childhood to middle adolescence. J Adolesc, 29(6), 857–889.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Pollit E. A critical view of three decades of research on the effects of chronic energy malnutrition on behavioral development. In chronic energy deficiency: consequences and related issues. Guatemala: UNU; 1987:77–93.

  53. Cravioto, J., DeLicardie, E., & Birch, H. (1966). Nutrition, growth and neurointegrative development: an experimental and ecologic study. Pediatrics, 38(2), 319–372.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Sources of support. This study was funded by the Chilean National Sciences and Technology Fund FONDECYT 1090252 and JUNAEB Chile. Camila Corvalán is under a training fellowship of The Wellcome Trust.

Conflict of interest

All authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Marcos Galván, Ricardo Uauy, Camila Corvalán & Juliana Kain

  2. Institute of Health Sciences (ICSA), U. Autónoma de Hidalgo, Abasolo 600, Col Centro, 42000, Pachuca, Mexico

    Marcos Galván & Guadalupe López-Rodríguez

  3. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK

    Ricardo Uauy

Authors
  1. Marcos Galván
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ricardo Uauy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Camila Corvalán
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Guadalupe López-Rodríguez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Juliana Kain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marcos Galván.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Galván, M., Uauy, R., Corvalán, C. et al. Determinants of Cognitive Development of Low SES Children in Chile: A Post-transitional Country with Rising Childhood Obesity Rates. Matern Child Health J 17, 1243–1251 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-012-1121-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-012-1121-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation