|
Some species of [[bacteria]] obtain their energy by [[redox|oxidizing]] various fuels while [[redox|reducing]] arsenate to arsenite. Under oxidative environmental conditions some bacteria oxidize arsenite to arsenate as fuel for their metabolism.<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Stolz|first1 = John F.|last2 = Basu|first2 = Partha|last3 = Santini|first3 = Joanne M.|last4 = Oremland|first4 = Ronald S.|title = Arsenic and Selenium in Microbial Metabolism|journal = Annual Review of Microbiology|volume = 60|pages = 107–30|date = 2006|doi = 10.1146/annurev.micro.60.080805.142053|pmid=16704340}}</ref> The [[enzyme]]s involved are known as [[Arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin)|arsenate reductases]] (Arr).<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00617.x | title = Microbial arsenic: From geocycles to genes and enzymes | date = 2002 | last1 = Mukhopadhyay | first1 = Rita | last2 = Rosen | first2 = Barry P. | last3 = Phung | first3 = Le T. | last4 = Silver | first4 = Simon | journal = FEMS Microbiology Reviews | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 311–25 | pmid = 12165430| doi-access = free }}</ref> |
|
Some species of [[bacteria]] obtain their energy by [[redox|oxidizing]] various fuels while [[redox|reducing]] arsenate to arsenite. Under oxidative environmental conditions some bacteria oxidize arsenite to arsenate as fuel for their metabolism.<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Stolz|first1 = John F.|last2 = Basu|first2 = Partha|last3 = Santini|first3 = Joanne M.|last4 = Oremland|first4 = Ronald S.|title = Arsenic and Selenium in Microbial Metabolism|journal = Annual Review of Microbiology|volume = 60|pages = 107–30|date = 2006|doi = 10.1146/annurev.micro.60.080805.142053|pmid=16704340}}</ref> The [[enzyme]]s involved are known as [[Arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin)|arsenate reductases]] (Arr).<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00617.x | title = Microbial arsenic: From geocycles to genes and enzymes | date = 2002 | last1 = Mukhopadhyay | first1 = Rita | last2 = Rosen | first2 = Barry P. | last3 = Phung | first3 = Le T. | last4 = Silver | first4 = Simon | journal = FEMS Microbiology Reviews | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 311–25 | pmid = 12165430| doi-access = free }}</ref> hello my names bob |
|
In 2000, bacteria were discovered that employ a version of [[photosynthesis]] in the absence of oxygen with arsenites as [[electron donor]]s, producing arsenates (just as ordinary photosynthesis uses water as electron donor, producing molecular oxygen). This may be classified as chemolithoautotrophic arsenite oxidation, for which oxygen is used as the terminal electron acceptor, arsenite is the electron donor, and carbon dioxide is the carbon source.<ref name="Santini Sly Schnagl Macy pp. 92–97">{{cite journal | last=Santini | first=J. M. | last2=Sly | first2=L. I. | last3=Schnagl | first3=R. D. | last4=Macy | first4=J. M. | title=A New Chemolithoautotrophic Arsenite-Oxidizing Bacterium Isolated from a Gold Mine: Phylogenetic, Physiological, and Preliminary Biochemical Studies | journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume=66 | issue=1 | date=2000-01-01 | issn=0099-2240 | doi=10.1128/aem.66.1.92-97.2000 | pmid=10618208 | pages=92–97| pmc=91790 }}</ref> Researchers conjecture that, over the course of history, these photosynthesizing organisms produced the arsenates that allowed the arsenate-reducing bacteria to thrive. One [[strain (biology)|strain]] PHS-1 has been isolated and is related to the [[gammaproteobacterium]] ''[[Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii]]''. The mechanism is unknown, but an encoded Arr enzyme may function in reverse to its known [[homology (biology)|homologues]].<ref>{{cite journal|author= Kulp, T. R|date = 2008|title = Arsenic(III) fuels anoxygenic photosynthesis in hot spring biofilms from Mono Lake, California|journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume = 321 |issue = 5891|pages = 967–970|doi = 10.1126/science.1160799|lay-url = http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2008/August/15080802.asp|laysource = Chemistry World, 15 August 2008|pmid= 18703741|last2= Hoeft|first2= S. E.|last3= Asao|first3= M.|last4= Madigan|first4= M. T.|last5= Hollibaugh|first5= J. T.|last6= Fisher|first6= J. C.|last7= Stolz|first7= J. F.|last8= Culbertson|first8= C. W.|last9= Miller|first9= L. G.|first10=R. S.|last10=Oremland|bibcode = 2008Sci...321..967K}}</ref> |
|
In 2000, bacteria were discovered that employ a version of [[photosynthesis]] in the absence of oxygen with arsenites as [[electron donor]]s, producing arsenates (just as ordinary photosynthesis uses water as electron donor, producing molecular oxygen). This may be classified as chemolithoautotrophic arsenite oxidation, for which oxygen is used as the terminal electron acceptor, arsenite is the electron donor, and carbon dioxide is the carbon source.<ref name="Santini Sly Schnagl Macy pp. 92–97">{{cite journal | last=Santini | first=J. M. | last2=Sly | first2=L. I. | last3=Schnagl | first3=R. D. | last4=Macy | first4=J. M. | title=A New Chemolithoautotrophic Arsenite-Oxidizing Bacterium Isolated from a Gold Mine: Phylogenetic, Physiological, and Preliminary Biochemical Studies | journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume=66 | issue=1 | date=2000-01-01 | issn=0099-2240 | doi=10.1128/aem.66.1.92-97.2000 | pmid=10618208 | pages=92–97| pmc=91790 }}</ref> Researchers conjecture that, over the course of history, these photosynthesizing organisms produced the arsenates that allowed the arsenate-reducing bacteria to thrive. One [[strain (biology)|strain]] PHS-1 has been isolated and is related to the [[gammaproteobacterium]] ''[[Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii]]''. The mechanism is unknown, but an encoded Arr enzyme may function in reverse to its known [[homology (biology)|homologues]].<ref>{{cite journal|author= Kulp, T. R|date = 2008|title = Arsenic(III) fuels anoxygenic photosynthesis in hot spring biofilms from Mono Lake, California|journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume = 321 |issue = 5891|pages = 967–970|doi = 10.1126/science.1160799|lay-url = http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2008/August/15080802.asp|laysource = Chemistry World, 15 August 2008|pmid= 18703741|last2= Hoeft|first2= S. E.|last3= Asao|first3= M.|last4= Madigan|first4= M. T.|last5= Hollibaugh|first5= J. T.|last6= Fisher|first6= J. C.|last7= Stolz|first7= J. F.|last8= Culbertson|first8= C. W.|last9= Miller|first9= L. G.|first10=R. S.|last10=Oremland|bibcode = 2008Sci...321..967K}}</ref> |