Etymological
Dictionary
of the Iranian Verb
Johnny Cheung
Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb
Leiden Indo-European
Etymological Dictionary Series
Edited by
Alexander Lubotsky
VOLUME 2
Etymological Dictionary
of the
Iranian Verb
By
ohnny Cheun
y g
LEIDEN : BOSTON
2007
This publication has been made possible by the financial support of the
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), and Leiden Unwersity.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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A СІР. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISSN 1574-3586
ISBN-13: 978 90 04 15496 4
ISBN-10: 90 04 15496 5
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CONTENTS
Fotewotd E vii
Introduçtión...... aus sus КЫЙНЫЙ ix
1.0. Overview and aim... ee иинин рин Наган Наана ЫНЫ ix
LL SCOPC rec a nasisa u C V u inne Анаа n u uu x
1.2. Challenges and obstacles ннн ннн ыны xi
US e ee us ett ir REO LEVE m xii
1.4. The reconstructed phonemes a a... xii
1.52 Presentation una. Ee ООО EET О ОЬ xiii
1.6. Semantic and formal aspects нынын xiv
157. StenormatiOns:...: ie elc Ete eU EIN XV
1:8: Detiominatives: «ies an eI tee in eee tU ECT XV
1.9; Origin and substrate... ecce iet teri de eet iin XV
1.10. Transctiption......... isset ie ete ete Ie UU ehe eds xvi
Symbols and abbreviations................ sese eene xvii
Symbols... vede uii thiet eri Hed eg хуп
Abbreviations of languages nennen хуп
Grammatical tér MS г... aris ie ete eee ran een XX
Other abbreviations... sessi e ee e RR He Red xxi
DiCtlonaty EE 1
References. уиин saa SEENEN 477
Indices e i EE nn Rau 505
1 Indo-European lan geugages. a... 508
1.0 Proto-Indo-Eutopeati ege 508
1.1 Тайтай zt tect nein a nn dealt LH 510
1.2 Ind O=Aryatisn. n Aug ede Hee ote 573
1.3 Albanian а аа а axes 576
1.4 Anatolian osc Дадон ан А Анам 576
1.5 Armenia: а ba b kusasta t a s N 577
1.6 Baltic. teet tete pete item queen a que D 578
1.7 ET 579
1.8 CeltiCz isin EE EE 580
1.9 Germatic.: ibt Netus eniti 581
1.10 Greek in CATENIS Nes 584
1.11 Ма s i dose e de eege E A Eeer eer 586
1.12 Tocha EE 587
2 Non-Indo-European Ionguages a... ... 588
English — Iranian index................................................ a... 589
FOREWORD
The realisation of this work, “Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb”, started
with a grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) for a
project in 2000. This project was part of a larger etymological dictionary project, the
Indo-European Etymological Dictionary research project (http://www.ieed.nl),
directed by professor Alexander Lubotsky of the Department of Comparative Lin-
guistics (VTW). The task was to compile a database that contained all Iranian verbal
forms possibly traceable to Proto-Indo-European (in practice, Proto-Iranian) and, in
due course, to publish it as a book. The project ended in 2003. Meanwhile, I
accepted a position at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. The date
for the publication was put on hold, until last year, when Brill Publishers, Leiden,
expressed interest to publish this work. This willingness gave me an incentive to
scrutinise the database afresh. Naturally, after such a long pause, I discovered many
errors and shortcomings in the reconstruction and analysis of forms. I have revised
many records of the database and incorporated (recent) literature that I had
overlooked sofar. Although I do not have the illusion that the present work is now
free of inconsistencies, not to mention mistakes and omissions, I do hope that it will
still prove useful for Indo-Europeanists and Sanskritists, for whom many Iranistic
publications are often inaccessible or simply unknown, and Iranisants, who may not
have detailed knowledge about the huge strides that Indo-Europeanists have made in
the past forty years.
It goes without saying that the completion of the “Etymological Dictionary of the
Iranian Verb" was not possible without the help and support from several
institutions and persons. It is only appropriate to acknowledge in the first place the
financial support given by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research.
Further, I am grateful to the Department of Comparative Linguistics of my Alma
Mater, Leiden University. It provided me with a congenial environment in which I
was able to work and exchange views with its staff members. The physical
finalisation of these years of toil and labour must be credited to Brill Publishers,
who have kindly agreed to publish it in their “Leiden Indo-European Etymological
Dictionary Series”. Also, I would like to warmly thank the Ancient India and Iran
Trust (Cambridge, UK), which, at the final stage of the work, became an extremely
convenient place for consulting books and articles from its very well-stocked library,
at practically any time of the day. Only rarely could I not find a particular reference.
In addition, it is my great pleasure to acknowledge the help and kind suggestions
of the following persons. Above all, I am heavily indebted to my friend and former
supervisor Alexander Lubotsky, whose constant help and encouragement made the
realisation of the “Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb” possible. I simply
viii FOREWORD
cannot thank him enough for the time and meticulous attention which he has so
kindly and unsparingly devoted not only to me but also to the progress of this work.
Many of the Indo-European or Indo-Iranian etymologies cited in the Dictionary have
gone through his critical eye, which has graciously saved me from not a few errors
and far-fetched etymologies. Only in some instances this has been explicitly
indicated by the abbreviation A.L. or Lubotsky in the dictionary part. Also, he took
on the rather laborious task to proofread and edit the whole manuscript: my most
sincere and heartfelt gratitude to him must be expressed here again. Secondly, I am
most grateful to Nicholas Sims-Williams, who has pointed out to me some of the
mistakes and errors which have crept into the Dictionary, and suggested several
important references which I had overlooked sofar. His contributions have been
indicated by S-W. Of course, I bear full responsiblity of any errors or omissions still
found in the work. Thanks are also due to my former Leiden colleagues, Rick
Derksen, Alwin Kloekhorst, Guus Kroonen, Hrach Martirosyan, Michael Peyrot and
Michiel de Vaan, for checking the indices. Last but not least, warm thanks should
also go to Sjoerd Siebinga and especially Jasper May, who have spent a lot of time
on the conversion of the original database format to a readable and publishable
book. Jasper May has been so kind to compile the indices of forms, to which I have
added the English-Iranian index.
J.C.
Cambridge, 2006
INTRODUCTION!
1.0. Overview and aim
For a very long time, a dictionary which incorporates all Iranian languages has been
a desideratum. For the time being we are still awaiting the arrival of a
comprehensive dictionary which would be the Iranistic equivalent of Pokorny’s
famous “Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch” (ТЕЙ), although the
eminent Russian lranists V.S. Rastorgueva’ and D.L Edelman have started
compiling an “Etymological Dictionary of ће Iranian Languages" (“Etimologiéeskij
slovar' iranskix jazykov", ESIJa). The first volume starting with a - à appeared in
2000. Since then, a second volume, b - d, was published in 2003. Regrettably, they
have ignored any progress in the research of Indo-European linguistics since Julius
Pokorny. It is hoped that despite the passing of one of the editors we may be able to
see the completion of their work. The arrival of such a comprehensive work is long
overdue, considering the wealth of publications that have shed light on so many
Middle and New Iranian languages barely known to many non-Iranists or even to
not а few Iranists as well. And in fact we are not devoid of etymological dictionaries
for Iranian. A milestone in lexical-historical research of any Iranian language is the
publication of the “Historical-Etymological Dictionary of Ossetic" (“Istoriko-
étimologiéeskij slovar’ osetinskogo jazyka”) by the late Ossetian scholar Vassilij
Abaev, who completed this opus magnum in four decades. Another great
accomplishment is the *Dictionary of Khotan Saka" (DKS) by the late Sir Harold W.
Bailey, equally relevant for the linguistically oriented Iranist. Of a much more
modest scope, yet certainly not to be overlooked, is Georg Morgenstierne’s
“Etymological Vocabulary of the Shughni Group" (EVS). Other etymological
dictionaries for other languages have appeared since. Ivan Steblin-Kamenskij
completed his “Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language" (“Etimologiéeskij
slovar’ vaxanskogo jazyka”) in 1999, whereas R.L. Cabolov’ treated the entries
from A to M for Kurdish in his “Etymological Dictionary of the Kurdish Language”
(“Etimologiéeskij slovar’ kurdskogo jazyka”), which appeared in 2001. Gharib's
“Sogdian Dictionary" published in 1995 may be helpful to historical linguists, too,
although its aim is not etymological. It does regularly refer to other Iranian cognate
forms. Recently, Joseph Elfenbein completed *A New Etymological Vocabulary of
Pashto Compiled and Edited from the Papers of Georg Morgenstierne", which was
initiated by the late Neil MacKenzie, and finally published in 2003. As for Persian,
notably New Persian, disappointingly little has been published since Paul Horn's
! This introduction is the revised and expanded paper I gave at the Conference of the Societas Iranologica
Europaea, Ravenna 2003. Since 2003 many important works, which had to be included in my Dictionary,
have been published.
x INTRODUCTION
“Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie” from 1893, especially when we consider
the prominence of Persian language and culture within the Iranian group. For the
time being we have to be content with glossaries with etymological elucidations and
articles from Journals and periodicals. Some attempts have been made or are still
made to come up with a comprehensive work. For example, Leonard Hertzenberg
has been working on a full etymological dictionary of New Persian for some time
now.
1.1. Scope
The present dictionary has a limited scope, only the attested verbal? Proto-Iranian?
roots and their continuations are treated. The verbal forms present a rather
manageable category that is relatively immune to (inner-Iranian) borrowing. Also,
possible loanwords are easier to detect, as the verbal paradigm in most Iranian
languages requires a separate present / past stem for the formation of the tenses:
borrowed verbs therefore tend to have analytic or periphrastic present / past stems.
In some instances I have separated forms that, although originally derived from a
single root, clearly show a well-developed semantic differentiation of presumably
Proto-Iranian date. I have avoided the reconstruction of roots that are solely
supported by nominal (I)Ir. continuations.
Several major Iranological reference works have been incorporated
systematically throughout the book. For Avestan I have perused Jean Kellens, “Liste
du verbe avestique” (Liste) and for Old Persian the classic handbook of Roland
Kent, “Old Persian”. Ronald Emmerick, “Saka Grammatical Studies” (SGS), has
been consulted for Khotanese, whilst for the Choresmian forms, the standard work
of M. Samadi, “Das chwaresmische Verbum”, has been used. For Middle Western
Iranian, liberal use of the recently published and already indispensable reference
work of Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst, “Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian
and Parthian” (DMMPP) has been made. I have also gleaned from the works
mentioned in 1.0.
Finally, with regard to modern Iranian languages I had to limit myself to a
representative selection of Eastern and Western languages, such as Ossetic, Shughni,
Wakhi, Yaghnobi, Pashto, New Persian, Balochi, Kurdish, and several modern
dialects of Iran. Also Ormuri and Parachi forms have been frequently cited. Three
important, recently published, contributions to the research of modern Ir. languages
(not mentioned above) should not go unnoticed here, viz. Pierre Lecoq, “Recherches
sur les dialectes kermaniens (Iran Central)” (2002), Charles Kiefer, “Grammaire de
l'ormuri de Baraki-Barak (Logar, Afghanistan)” (2003), and last, but not least,
2 This also includes originally nominal roots that became verbal in Proto-(Indo-)Iranian.
? This postulated ancestral language forms together with Indo-Aryan (and the little known group of lan-
guages spoken in Nuristan, Afghanistan) the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.
INTRODUCTION xi
Agnes Korn, “Towards a Historical Grammar of Balochi” (2005). Their works have
been incorporated in the Dictionary as well.*
In addition, Iranian forms that have been borrowed (cited as such) in other
languages have been referred to as well”. The provenance of a root has been assessed
by comparing it in the first place to the attested Sanskrit form, as treated in
Mayrhofer’s reference work, “Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen”
(EWAia). Further afield, the possible Indo-European origin of the (Indo-)Iranian
forms has been critically evaluated with the “Lexikon der indogermanischen
Verben” (LIV) and JEW taken as reference.
1.2. Challenges and obstacles
As with other etymological dictionaries that contain vast amounts of languages
and/or their attested forms, it can only be expected that the present Dictionary will
have its own share of errors and misquoted forms. In some instances, the inter-
pretation or allocation of the roots/forms may be disputed. This work should
therefore be regarded, in the first place, as a starting point for future research.
Copious bibliographical references have been given for this purpose, roughly in
chronological order. At the present moment, the definitive edition of a well-balanced
etymological dictionary of the Iranian languages is still hampered by several
obstacles:
- our understanding of the Avestan texts is still imperfect, many passages have not
received a satisfactory interpretation;
- the absence of a comprehensive Pahlavi dictionary, which cannot be realised when
so many Pahlavi texts, especially the Pahlavi commentary on the Avesta, are still
unpublished;
- the research on the modern Iranian dialects of notably Iran, Afghanistan and
Tajikistan shows many gaps, the “dialects” may yet yield archaic forms that are not
attested in the older Iranian languages, especially in the daily life vocabulary;°
- acomprehensive, analytic Sogdian dictionary is wanting;
- acomprehensive etymological dictionary of New Persian has yet to appear.
^ Т have further used on a large scale the dialect descriptions of Oskar Mann (“Kurdisch-persische For-
schungen” = KPF), Arthur Christensen (“Contributions à la dialectologie iranienne”), R. Abrahamian
(“Dialectologie iranienne, dialectes des israelites de Hamadan et d’Ispahan, et dialecte de Baba Tahir”),
W. Eilers (“Westiranische Mundarten”) and “Jagnobskie teksty” by M.S. Andreev and E.M. Pescereva.
5 Not included are the most recent, mainly New Persian, borrowings in languages such as Turkish, Uzbek,
Urdu-Hindi, Indonesian, etc.
° Т only recently discovered that the root *gar” ‘to be/make warm’ has been preserved as verb in Oss.
(engaryn) and several modern dialects spoken in Iran. Also the informal form NP sas ‘pee’ has a more
ancient pedigree than previously thought, once the connection with Av. Sa- ‘to defecate’ is recognised.
xli INTRODUCTION
It is for this reason that I have reconstructed Iranian roots that are sometimes based
on little data, as it cannot be excluded that in the future one would find more,
perhaps even more convincing, cognate forms.
1.3. Methodology
The roots have been reconstructed according to the principles of comparative
(Indo-)Iranian and Indo-European philology. It is inevitable that, as with many other
works, this Dictionary has a certain degree of bias towards a particular theory or
school, whether intentional or not. The results of the laryngeal theory’, which is now
generally accepted among Indo-Europeanists, have been systematically incorporated
in the present work. It is conceivable though that in some instances and positions the
laryngeal *H that has been reconstructed for Proto-Iranian has already disappeared
at this stage, as can be observed in (Old) Avestan, our most archaic representative of
the Iranian language group. With regard to the (non-)Indo-European etymology
assigned to the (Indo-)Iranian forms in the major handbooks and recent articles I
have tried to assess the assumptions made from the different perspectives of Iranists
and Indo-Europeanists. For instance, numerous IE etymologies suggested or cited in
the DKS proved to be untenable for Indo-Europeanists and should therefore be
discarded.* On the other hand, several wrongly interpreted Iranian forms have found
their way in Pokorny’s JEW and, recently, LIV.’
1.4. The reconstructed phonemes
The phonemes of the Iranian roots have been reconstructed on the basis of evidence
provided by the Iranian languages and also, if attested, their Indo-Aryan (mainly
Sanskrit) cognates.
The postulation of *H in Proto-(Indo-)Iranian has sometimes far-reaching con-
sequences. The previously reconstructed *7 and * can now be analysed as *iH and
*uH respectively. Other implications are that a root cannot begin with a vowel or
(old) *r and all ablaut series consist of the pattern, full grade *aC, lengthened *aC
and zero *oC (C also includes *H, *i and *y).'°
7 The main tenet of the laryngeal theory is the existence of three kinds of laryngeals, *H;, *H; and *H; in
the Indo-European proto-language. These three laryngeals would have merged in a single laryngeal *H in
Proto-(Indo-)Iranian.
š Bailey’s Indo-European reconstructions are not seldom based on isolated or even obscure Khotanese
forms with no further (Indo-)Iranian correspondences.
? A good example is the citation of BSogd. ’’y’np as an Ir. continuation of IE *Hzieb"- ‘to have sexual
intercourse’, based on an erroneous meaning given by Henning 1939: 103, viz. ‘to commit adultery’. The
Sogd. form should rather mean ‘to seduce, pervert’ and probably be connected to an IE root *ieb”- ‘to go
(slowly)’, on which see the entry *ia(m)b/p.
10 For further details on the development of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Proto-(Indo-)Iranian
see the most recent publication of Manfred Mayrhofer, Die Fortsetzung der indogermanischen Laryn-
gale im Indo-Iranischen (Sitzungsberichte der phil.-hist. Klasse 730), Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen
Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2005.
INTRODUCTION xlii
The diphthongs *au, *ai, etc. have been left out as they are actually
combinations of two phonemes. The phonemic status of *Z and */ is doubtful.
Inventory of the Proto-Iranian phonemes
Vowels: i u
a
a
Stops:
voiceless p t k
voiced b d g
Fricatives: f 9 x
Affricates:
voiceless ©
voiced j
Sibilants:
voiceless š S
voiced (Z) z
Liquids: m n r (l)
Semi-vowels: u i
Laryngeals: h H
1.5. Presentation
The lemmata are the Proto-Iranian roots that have been reconstructed from the
evidence of the attested Iranian languages. These reconstructed roots are presented
in their full grade form (except in instances where there is no evidence for this
ablaut) and sorted according to the order of the Latin alphabet. The letters with
diacritics (haéek, macron) are placed after their simple equivalents, *9 after Sr and
*H after *h. The attested prefixed formations of the roots are clearly marked. The
languages are presented roughly in order of age and importance, similar to the
presentation in the “Compendium Linguarum lranicarum" (СІ): the oldest first
(Avestan, Old Persian), followed by the Middle Iranian languages (Middle Persian,
Parthian, Khotanese, Sogdian, etc.) and the New Iranian languages, the most
prominent members first (New Persian, Kurdish and so on), finally followed by the
Sanskrit cognate (if attested) and the (non-)Indo-European provenance with
additional remarks and observations. This is completed by further bibliographical
references (especially those not mentioned in the main entries).
The entries of each language (or cluster of languages) are given as follows. For
Avestan and Old Persian, the (postulated) full grade root is given, except in
instances where such a root form is impossible as can be inferred from, for instance,
xiv INTRODUCTION
the Sanskrit correspondence. As to the Middle Iranian languages, the usual practice
is observed here: the entries are represented in their present stem (if attested), except
for Choresmian, which has mainly imperfect forms. The entries of the modern
Iranian languages are also accompanied by their preterite / past stems, which are
often in the guise of the infinitive or past participle. Nominal formations are
sometimes cited in addition, particularly in the absence of verbal finite forms.
In the case of the extinct languages, references to the textual passages are also
given. For Avestan and Old Persian, every effort has been made to be complete, on
account of their importance for the reconstruction of Proto-Iranian: every attested
form may be relevant. As to the Middle Iranian languages, this either proves to be
superfluous (since they can be found in the standard handbooks) or it was more time
consuming to compile and correct the attested forms than anticipated initially. For
the Middle West Iranian and Sogdian I have decided just to indicate how widespread
or scarce the attested verbal forms are.
1.6. Formal and semantic aspects
Many Iranian roots reconstructed here show great similarity in meaning and form.
Already Hermann Güntert, Über Reimwortbildungen im Arischen und Altgriechi-
schen (1914) signalled a remarkable number of these so-called “rhyming
formations” or Reimwortbildungen in (Indo-)Iranian: Skt. ched / bhed = Ir. *said /
*baid ‘to split’, Skt. srav / plav = Ir. *hrau / *fraw ‘to flow’, Skt. kram / gam / dram
= Ir. *xramH / *gam! / *dram ‘to go, run, walk’. In several cases this may be
coincidental, but especially for the following roots that lack a convincing IE
etymology one may assume a secondary origin, possibly having arisen as the result
of contamination in Proto-Indo-Iranian or, at a later stage, Proto-Iranian: *rauc /
*saucé ‘to burn, light", *rai9! / *frait/9 ‘to die, decompose’, *caud / *paud ‘to run’.
The assignment of the meaning to the roots quite often proves to be complicated
(cf. ESIJa I: 17 f£). I have decided not only to look at the meanings exhibited by the
Old Iranian languages (and/or Sanskrit) primarily, but also to weigh in the meanings
of the later Iranian languages. In many instances we see quite noticeable differences
among the languages. The solutions have been either to reconstruct a separate
(homonymous) root that would cover a specific meaning shown by several
languages, e.g. *baud ‘to smell’ (*baud! ‘to feel, sense’), *gaH’ ‘to have sexual
intercourse’ (*gaH' ‘to enter’), or to reconstruct a tentative, primordial meaning
from which the meanings of these languages could have developed, notably *zarH?
‘to bewail the deceased’, *carH ‘to come and go, wander’. This approach is
admittedly subjective, but I believe this is preferable to a long catalogue of meanings
assigned to the root. In some instances the semantic deviation displayed by a
particular form is such that it is more likely that it has a different provenance
altogether. This form is preceded by a query in the Dictionary.
In a number of roots the semantic shift or departure from the original, inherited
IE meaning can be explained in terms of euphemistic usage, notably *HraiH ‘to
INTRODUCTION XV
defecate’ < *‘to flow’, *tarp ‘to steal’ < *‘to enjoy’ and *rai ‘to die’ < *‘to pass’.
In other instances a root with a particular semantic specialisation may have largely
replaced the older, inherited etymon, being considered rather inappropriate or
uncouth, e.g. *gaH’ (developed from *eaH^) has replaced *Hiab (Gr. оїфо, Russ.
ebat’). It is also interesting to note that the old IE “ear”-root (*H;ed-, Skt. ad, Gr.
Éópevou, Lat. edere, Goth. itan, etc.) has been supplanted by *huar, which
originally meant ‘to take’ and has developed the secondary meaning ‘to partake, eat,
consume’ (*hyar’)."!
1.7. Stem formations
Some Iranian roots actually go back to specific IE stem formations (cf. LIV: 10 ff.),
which may not always have an exact IE correspondence. The following roots go
back to such an older stem:
*-so, e.g. *рах ‘to divide, apportion’ (cf. *baj ‘to divide’), *Hraxs ‘to protect,
defend’ (Gr. &Aé&o ‘I ward off, defend’);
*-d'o, e.g. *fraHd ‘to increase’ (Gr. 1/400 ‘I fill up’), *pazd ‘to cause to thread,
go’ (cf. *pad ‘to fall, stuck in’ « *‘to thread, go’);
reduplicative, e.g. cas’ ‘to teach, show’, *HaHh ‘to be seated, sit” (Gr. Rotor ‘he
sits’).
*-eH,, one certain example: *darH ‘to have pain’ (Lat. doleo ‘I suffer, am in pain’)
1.8. Denominatives
In several instances originally nominal roots or formations became deverbal in Indo-
Iranian or Iranian, e.g. *diHp ‘to shine, light up’ (Skt. dip), *uai(H)n ‘to see’ (Skt.
ven) and *rauxsn ‘to shine’.
1.9. Provenance and substrate
A substantial part of the Iranian vocabulary cannot be traced back to Proto-Indo-
European. Many of these forms, both verbal and nominal, are exclusively Indo-
Iranian. In the 1999 conference in Helsinki, Lubotsky (2001) argued that they might
be loan words from an unknown language spoken in the towns of Central Asia in the
second millennium BCE (p. 306). Iranian verbs, such as *baru” ‘to chew, swallow’
(Skt. bharv), *gaus ‘to hear’ (Skt. ghos) and *nard ‘to lament, moan’ (Skt. nard),
would have been borrowed from this “substratum”.
Several roots are common Iranian without any known (or indisputable)
etymology. Either they were borrowed from this non-Indo-European substrate
language during the common Indo-Iranian period (the absence of a Sanskrit cognate
would be purely coincidental) or they arose only during the Proto-Iranian phase (due
to local borrowing, taboo, interference from semantically similar roots, blending,
П Traces of the IE “eat”-root have been preserved in a few nominal forms, notably NP aspast ‘lucerne’,
Oss. I. ad, D. ade ‘taste’.
ху1 INTRODUCTION
etc.). Examples are *caxs ‘to drip, sip, eat’, *fšar! ‘to shame, be ashamed’, *gaub ‘to
say’, *huah ‘to strike, thresh’ and *xar ‘to go, pass’.
A few reconstructed roots are attested only in a limited area, for instance,
exclusively in West Iranian or East Iranian. It cannot be excluded therefore that
these roots are not of Proto-Iranian date, notably, *dauc ‘to sew’, *fan ‘to move,
pass (time ?)’ and *gaz ‘to receive, accept’.
1.10. Transcription
The romanized transcription of the Iranian forms follows the practice as established
among Iranists for the respective languages. I have generally adopted the spelling of
the forms as transcribed in recently published major handbooks, cf. ESIJa I: 30 and
Korn 2005: 29 ff.
VAR <KAZALHAO
A
A
>>
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
consonant
stop
laryngeal
resonant (esp. 1, r)
nasal
vowel
zero (ending)
developed from
developed into
analogically replacing
replaced analogically by
SYMBOLS
*
"ek
<
[
>
]
//
t
reconstructed form
hypothetical form
graphemic representation
phonetic representation
phonemic representation
part of (pre)form
and later (Skt.)
comment
emended reading of a form
tentative reading of a form
ABBREVIATIONS OF LANGUAGES
Kurdish dialect of Abdui
Abkhaz
dialect of Abyaneh
dialect of Abuzeydabad
Aeolic Greek
Pashto dialect of Afridi
dialect of Aftar
Akkadian
Albanian
Alemannic German
dialect of Anarak
Arabic
(classical) Aramaic
dialect of Ardestàn
Armenian
dialect of A&tiyan
Attic Greek
Avestan
Awromani (dialect of
Hawraman)
Babylonian
Bactrian
Baj.
Bajal.
Bakht.
Bal.
Bart.
Bashk.
Blruss.
BMP
Shughni dialect of Bajui
Gurani dialect of Bajalan
Lori dialect of Bakhtiari
Balochi (= Baluchi)
Bartangi
Bashkardi (dialect of
Baskard)
Byelorussian
Book Pahlavi / Zoroastrian
Middle Persian
Brahui
Breton
Buddhist Sanskrit
. Sogdian in Buddhist texts
Bulgarian
Tati dialect of Cali
Choresmian = Khwarezmian
Chuvash
Church Slavonic
. Sogdian in Christian texts
Czech
Digoron Ossetic
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Tati dialect of Danesfan
Dardic
dialect of Delijan
Doric Greek
(modern) Dutch
Tati dialect of Ebrahimabad
Eastern Hills Balochi dialect
East Iranian
Old Persian in Elamite texts
(modern) English
Tati dialect of EStehärd
dialect of Farizand
French
Gabri
Gurani dialect of Gahvareh
Gallic
Georgian
Germanic
Gheg Albanian
Gilaki
Gothic
(Ancient) Greek
Gurani
dialect of Gaz
dialect of Hamedan
Tati dialect of Harzan(d)
Hebrew
Hindi
Hittite
Hieroglyphic Luwian
Homeric Greek
Hungarian
Iron Ossetic
Indo-Aryan
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Illyrian
Middle Persian
in monumental inscriptions
Tonian Greek dialect
Parthian in monumental
inscriptions
Ir.
Isfah.
Ishk.
Ital.
Jow.
Judeo-
Tranian
dialect of Isfahan
Ishkashimi
Italian
dialect of JowSaqan
(pref.) an Ir. dialect spoken
by Jewish communities
dialect of Kafron
Gurani dialect of Kandüleh
dialect of KeSeh
Khetrani
Khufi
dialect of Khorasan
Khotanese
Khowari
dialect of Khur
. Khunsari (dialect of
Xünsar)
Zazaki dialect of Kor
Kumzari
Kurdish
Kurmanji Kurdish
Lahnda
Langobardian
dialect of Lasgard
Latin
Latvian
Lithuanian
Late Khotanese
Lori
Luwian
Lycian (A, B)
Lydian
Munji
dialect of Mahallat
Mandaic
Mazanderani
Middle Breton
Middle Dutch
Middle English
dialect of Meime’
Middle High German
MIr.
Mlrish
MLG
MMP
MP
MWelsh
Myc.
Natan.
NHG
OFr.
OFris.
OHG.
OHitt.
Olr.
Olrish.
OKh.
OLat.
OLith.
ON
OP
OPhr.
OPr.
Orm.
Orosh.
ORuss.
OSax.
Osc.
Oss.
OSwed.
Owr.
Pahl.
Pal.
Panj.
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xix
Middle Iranian
Middle Irish
Middle Low German
Manichaean Middle Persian
Middle Persian
MSogd. Sogdian in Manichaean script
Middle Welsh
Mycenaean Greek
dialect of Natanz
New High German (7
modern German)
New Icelandic
dialect of Nain
Norwegian
New Persian
Old Avestan
Old Church Slavonic
Old English
Old Frankish
Old Frisian
Old High German
Old Hittite
Old Iranian
Old Irish
Old Khotanese
Old Latin
Old Lithuanian
Old Norse
Old Persian
Old Phrygian
Old Prussian
Ormuri
Oroshori (7 Roshorvi)
Old Russian
Old Saxon
Oscan
Ossetic
Old Swedish
Tati dialect of Owrazani
Pahlavi (= BMP)
Palaic
Panjabi
Par. Parachi
Pash Pashto
Pers Persian
PIE Proto-Indo-European
РШ. Proto-Indo-Iranian
Pir. Proto-Iranian
Pkt. Prakrit
PKurd. Proto-Kurdish
Pol. Polish
POss. Proto-Ossetic
PSI. Proto-Sla(vo)nic
Pth. Parthian
Qohr. dialect of Qohrüd
Rosh. Roshani
Rsht. Gilaki dialect of Rast
Russ Russian
Sag. Tati dialect of Sagzabad
Sang. dialect of Sangesar
Sangl. Sanglechi
Sariq. Sarigoli
Sarm. Sarmatian
SCr. Serbo-Croatian
Sede dialect of Sedeh
Semn. dialect of Semnan
Sh. Shughni
Shamerz. dialect of Sahmerzad
Si. Sindhi
Sist. Sistani
Siv. dialect of Sivand
Siwer. Zazaki dialect of Siwerek
Skt. Sanskrit
Sl. Slavic
Slov. Slovenian
Sogd. Sogdian
Sor. Sorani Kurdish
Sorkh. dialect of Sorxeh
SSogd. Sogdian in Sogdian script
Sul. Kurdish dialect of
Sülaymäniyya (Sorani)
Syr. Syriac
Tadj. Tadjiki-Persian
Tak. Tati dialect of Takestan
XX SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Tal. Taleshi Wai. Waigali
Thrac. Thracian Wan. Pashto dialect of Wanetsi
Tk. (a) Turkic (language) Waz Pashto dialect of Waziri
Toch. Tocharian (A, B) Wir. West Iranian
Tr. dialect of Tar Xia. Tati dialect of Xiaraji
Tt. Tati Xoz Tati dialect of Xoznin
Tumsh. Tumshuqese Khotanese Yar. dialect of Yaran(d)
Udm. Udmurt YAv. Young Avestan
Ukr. Ukrainian Yghn. Yaghnobi
Umb. Umbrian Yi. Yidgha
Varz. dialect of Varzeneh Yzd. dialect of Yazd
Ved. Мейс Yzgh. Yazghulami
Vel. dialect of Velatru Zaz. Zazaki
Von dialect of Vönisun Zef. dialect of Zefreh
Wa. Wakhi Zor Zoroastrian
GRAMMATICAL TERMS
abl. ablative desid. desiderative
Absg. ablative singular Dpl. dative plural
abs. absolute Dsg. dative singular
acc. accusative du. dual
act. active (voice) du. tant. dual only
adess. adessive dur. durative
Adsg. adessive singular encl. enclitic
art. article f. feminine
adv. adverb fut. future (tense)
all. allative gen. genitive
aor. aorist Gdu. genitive dual
ANsg. accusative-nominative GLsg. genitive-locative sg.
singular Gsg. genitive singular
Apl. accusative plural Gpl. genitive plural
art. article impf. imperfect tense
Asg. accusative singular impv. imperative
caus. causative inch. inchoative
comp. comparative ind. indicative
conj. conjunction indecl indeclinable
dat. dative indef. indefinite
def. definite inf. infinitive
dem. demonstrative inj. injunctive
denomin. denominative instr. instrumental
Nsg.
obl.
opt.
partic.
pass.
pel
A.L.
Aog.
AV
AVP
Br.
cf.
cit.
class.
DB
deriv.
Dha.
dial.
Dk.
DN
Ep.
FrW
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
intransitive perf.
instrumental singular pl.
iterative pl. tant.
locative postp.
locative plural ppp.
locative singular prec.
masculine pref.
middle (voice) prep.
neuter pres.
nominative-accusative- pron.
vocative dual ptc.
nominative sg.
nominative plural subj.
nominative singular subst.
oblique suff.
optative supplet.
participle tr.
passive (voice) voc.
particle
OTHER ABBREVIATIONS
A. Lubotsky Hes.
Aogemadaéca ibid.
Atharva-Veda insc.
Paippalada version of KS
Atharva-Veda Lex.
Brahmana
compare l.c.
cited, citations LW
classical MS
Darius, Behistun obs.
derivative, derivation P
Dhätupätha Pind.
dialectal PN
Denkärd q.v.
Darius, Naqshe- RV
Rostam RV+
Epic (Sanskrit) Shahn.
Fragment S.V.
of Westergaard S-W
xxi
perfect
plural
plural only
postposition
passive past participle
precative
prefix
preposition
present (tense)
pronoun, pronominal
participle
singular
subjunctive
substantive
suffix
suppletive (verb)
transitive
vocative
Hesychius
at the same place
inscription(s)
Kathaka-Samhita
in lexicographic
works
at the cited place
loan word
Maitrayantya-Samhita
obsolete
Pursisniha
Pindar
proper name
see there
Rig-Veda
Rigvedic and later
Shahnameh
see under the lemma
N. Sims-Williams
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Sogdian inscriptions
of the Upper Indus
Vidévdad
Pahl. comment of
Vidévdad
Vispered
VS
XP
Vajasaneyi-Samhita
Xerxes, Persepolis
Yasna
Yast
Yajur-Veda
Book of Zambasta
Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb
B
*baH ‘to shine’
*AVESTAN: (+ *ä-) ? YAv. auuä- ‘to have the appearance of, be like’ || (+ *fra-)
frauua- ‘to shine’ || (+ *ni-) ? YAv. -niuuä- ‘to radiate downwards’ || (+ *ui-) YAv.
viuua- ‘to shine forth’ (cf. Forssman 2000: 104) || (+ *ш-а-) YAv. viiauua- ‘to be
luminous’ — Liste: 38
Pres.: IND. 3sg. YAv. frauuäiti (Yt 14.13), YAv. viuuäti (Yt 8.40); Partic.: pres. YAv. auuantom (Yt
8.50), YAv. viiauuant- (Yt 8.2), YAv. ramaniuua (Yt 8.9). 0 YAv. auuántom shows shortening of initial
(prev.) ä- ?, for other examples see De Vaan 2003: 123. For a different interpretation of YAv. auuántom
see Panaino, l.c.: 74: ‘to such an extent’, cf. Gershevitch, Le: 152. On YAv. ramaniuua ‘radiating peace
downwards’, cf. Gershevitch 1967: 282 f., Panaino, Tist. I: 102.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP bim, BMP b’m ‘splendour, radiance’ > DMMPP: 103b
*PARTHIAN: bim ‘radiance, splendour’. © There is no justification for assuming an
additional meaning ‘reason’, DMMPP: l.c. = DMMPP: 103b
*KHOTANESE: bä’ya- ‘ray of light’ || (+ *ш-) LKh. viv(a)- ‘to shine’ (perhaps viv- <
*yi-bi-ba-, SGS: l.c.) > SGS: 124
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. B’m, MSogd. B’m ‘glow, colour’, CSogd. bim ‘dawn, morning’,
BSogd. B’m’k ‘colour’, BSogd. B’m’nt ‘shining’ || (+ *pati-) ? BSogd. ptByw,
CSogd. ptbyw ‘honour, respect’ || (+ *pari-) BSogd. prB’s, CSogd. prf’- ‘to change
colour’. ó BSogd. prß’s, CSogd. prf- possibly go back to a pres. stem *prf’s- <
redupl. *pari-b'/,-bà-sa-, with - < *-B-f- < *-B-B- (Sims-Williams 1984: 148).
(+ *pari-) Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. pr’yB’s; Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd. prf’c (f.) ‘changed in colour, pale
of face’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *apa-) bB’s- ‘to become pale (of face)’ = Samadi: 13
*NWIR: NP bam ‘morning, dawn; splendour, light’
*NEIR: Oss. bon ‘day’, Sariq. vuyn ‘light, radiance’, Wa. voyn ‘fire; light" || (+ *ni-)
Oss. І. пуу, D. nive ‘image, drawing, painting, form’ || (+ *ui-) Oss. I. ivajyn/ivad,
D. ivajun/ivad ‘to pale, wither; to dawn’
*SANSKRIT: bhä ‘to shine, be bright’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 259
«PIE *b'eH,- ‘to shine’ > LIV: 68 f. | Pok.: 104 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. oce (aor.) ‘lit up, appeared’ (Hom.), Gr. paiva ‘I shine, appear’,
Arm. banam ‘I reveal’, Olrish bán ‘white, shining’, etc.
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 547; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 265, 553; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 210 f.; EVS: 87a; DKS: 277a
f.; Werba 1997: 306 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 381; Cheung 2002: 92 f., 194; ESIJa II: 154 ff.
*baj ‘to bestow, divide, have a share; to give, apportion’
*AVESTAN: baZ- (baxs-) ‘to bestow, divide, give a share’ (cf. Martinez 1999: 128 ff.)
|| (+ *4-) ‘to apportion, portion out’ = Liste: 37
2 *baid
Pres. ja (?): INJ. 3sg. YAv. baZat (Yt 19.8); Aor. s-: INJ. med. 3sg. OAv. baxsta (Y 31.10), SUBJ. 3sg.
OAv. baxsaiti(Y 47.5, Y 50.3, ? Y 18.6), IMPV. med. 2sg. OAv. abaxsohuua (Y 33.10)
«OLD PERSIAN: big- ‘to bestow’. Ф The interpretation of OP °bigna- is supported by
MSogd. prbyn, a synonym of BSogd. pr-b’ytk, and Chor. Bynyk ‘good fortune’, cf.
Morgenstierne 1971: 326. = Kent: 199a
Partic.: perf. pass. °bigna- < °-b-i-g-n-> (DB 4.84)
*KHOTANESE: buss- ‘to give, distribute’ || (+ *nis-) LKh. nasphaj- ‘to be obtained’ ||
(+ *ham-) ? LKh. hamphaj- ‘to hold’ = SGS: 103, 51, 141 f.
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. by- ‘to give, bestow’, SSogd. Bxt° ‘luck, fortune’, MSogd.
pr-byn ‘gift’
Pret.: tr. IND. Isg. BSogd. Bytw ö’r’m, 3sg. BSogd. Byttw ó rt, Inf.: pret. BSogd. Byty
*CHORESMIAN: Bynyk ‘good fortune’
*NEIR: Yzgh. veZ ‘partner (in hunting, sharing the bag made)’ (< *bajia-), Wanji wej
‘part, portion’ || (+ *ham-) Sh. amböj ‘for, instead of, in exchange for’, Rosh. imboj
‘id.; substitute, substitution’. 0 Sh. amboj, etc. are probably not from *ham-paka-,
Skt. sam-paka- ‘ripening thoroughly, maturing’, as cautiously suggested by Morgen-
stierne, Le, but rather from the root *baj, on which see ESIJa II: 57. In addition, the
meanings assigned by Morgenstierne have been corrected in ESIJa II: ‘3a, вместо,
взамен” and “за, вместо, взамен; замена, замещение” respectively.
*MISC: Arab. (LW) baxt ‘luck’, bagt ‘incident, occasion’ (< WIr.), waqt ‘time’ (<
Elr., Eilers 1971: 601)
*SANSKRIT: bhaj ‘to divide, distribute, allot to’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 241
9 On the meaning see Goto: 221 f.
«PIE *b"eHbg- ‘to divide, share’. 0 The OP past participle with stem vowel -i- (from
vocalised *H) corroborates the IE reconstruction *b'eHbg-, rather than IE *b'ag-
(with stem vowel *a). On the loss of H in IIr. in front of voiced stop see Lubotsky
1981: 134 ff. => LIV: 65 | Pok.: 107
*IE COGNATES: Gr. (aor.) Egayov ‘ate, consumed’, Toch. A рак, B раке ‘section,
chapter, part’
*REFERENCES: EVS: 117b; Chantraine 1168a; DKS: 300b; Werba 1997: 209 f.
*baid ‘to split’
*AVESTAN: Y Ау. astö.biö- ‘who breaks a bone’ (V 4.37, V 4.39) = Liste: 38
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *pari-) MMP frbys- (inch.) ‘to be afflicted, suffer’
(Sundermann 1985: 291, fn. 19) = DMMPP: 277b
Inch./Pass.: pres. SUBJ. 3pl. MMP frbys’nd
*NEIR: Q On Wa. zübüt- ‘to break’, cited in HFL П: 556, see Wa. z(o)bo0-, z(o)bot-,
s.v. *pat. The Wa. form has a (voiced) stop -b-, which cannot derive from old Ir. *b
in this position, v. Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 439.
*SANSKRIT: bhed ‘to split? (RV) = EWAia II: 273
*baj 3
© The reconstruction of *baid is largely based on Avestan.
«PIE *b'eid- ‘to break, split” = LIV: 70 f. | Pok.: 116 f.
*IE COGNATES: (?) Gr. oeiëouo ‘I spare’, Lat. findö/fissum ‘I split’, Goth. beitan,
OE bitan, NHG beißen, Engl. to bite, etc.
*REFERENCES: DKS: 283b, 292a; Werba 1997: 211; ESIJa II: 60 f.
*baiH ‘to fear’
*AVESTAN: b(a)il- ‘to fear [intr.]; to be scary, scare’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to be afraid of’, also
YAv. niuuaiiaka- ‘fearful’ (Yt 5.95) = Liste: 38
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. nib(a)iieiti (P 20), med. 3р1. OAv. biiente (Y 34.8), Y Av. baiiente (Yt 17.12
f.); Partic.: perf. YAv. biBiuuah- (Yt 11.5, Yt 13.41, Yt 19.48). 0 On Y Av. bißiuuäh- in notably Yt 19.48,
cf. Hintze 1994: 264 f. The interpretation by Bartholomae, AIW: 971 of bißiuuänha, perf. 3sg. < biiah-
(cf. Skt. bhyas-), is to be discarded.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP bym /bim/ ‘fear, fright, dread’
*KHOTANESE: 9 The Khotanese forms cited in DKS: 269 f., 462 (also in ESIJa II:
l.c.), are to be interpreted differently. Khot. baya- ‘fear’ is, despite Bailey’s assertion
to the contrary, a borrowing from BSkt., on which see Emmerick, SVK II: 100. An
Ir. origin of Khot. hambalka ‘fear’ is also suspect, considering the strange consonant
cluster -Ik-.
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) ? MSogd. ptByw Asg. ‘honouring, paying homage’ (МКС 585)
*NWIR: NP bim, Bal. bem ‘fear’, NP bak ‘fear; hesitation’
*NEIR: Yzgh. vag ‘afraid’
*SANSKRIT: bhay ‘to fear’ (RV+), bhimä- ‘terrible’ > EWAia II: 245
© The root has an impeccable IE etymology.
«PIE *b'eiH;- ‘to fear’ > LIV: 72 f. | Pok.: 161 f.
*IE COGNATES: Luw. /piha-/, Lyc. pixe-, pige- ‘fear’, Lith. bijóti(s), Latv. bitiés ‘to
fear, be afraid’, OCS bojati se ‘to fear [intr.]’, OHG biben, NHG beben ‘to shiver’
«REFERENCES: GMS: $79; EVS: 116b; Werba 1997: 307; ESIJa П: 159 ff.
*baj ‘to break’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP bxt-gyh ‘opposition, division, conflict? = DMMPP: 119b
“PARTHIAN: bxs’dnft ‘disagreement, discord, schism’ > DMMPP: 119b
*KHOTANESE: ? bajsiha- ‘mortar’
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. Bxt-wnyy ‘internal conflict, schism’
*NWIR: Tr. sunja/(v)sönj- ‘to tear’ || (+ ?) ? Tr. vsónj- ‘to break’. Ф The initial -s- and
pret. stem fésés- are from the root *said’.
*NEIR: ? Pash. wat (m.) ‘break, hole; gorge, defile’. Ó NEVP: 93 derives the form
from *bista-, envisaging a connection with M. viskyo, Yi. visco ‘ravine, steep
embankment’.
*SANSKRIT: bhañj ‘to break’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 242
4 *ban
«PIE *b"eg- ‘to break’ > LIV: 66 f. | Pok.: 114 f.
*IE COGNATES: Arm. bekanel ‘to break’, Arm. ebek (aor.) ‘broke’, Arm. bek
‘shattered’, (?) Olrish -aid-begar ‘is dissolved’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 266a; Werba 1997: 210 f.; ESIJa II: 58; Lecoq 2002: 128
*ban ‘to afflict, be afflicted’
*AVESTAN: ban- (caus.) ‘to make ill, afflict’. © КеПепѕ 1984: 143 emends ҮАУ.
bandaiieiti (V 22.5) to "banaiieiti, which is not supported by the ppp. bazda- (N 56),
Khot. basdaä- (cf. Sims-Williams 1989: 256). = Liste: 37
Caus.: pres. INJ. 3pl. OAv. banaiion (Y 30.6); Partic.: perf. pass. YAv. banta- (Yt 13.24, V 22.5)
*KHOTANESE: (?) ban- ‘to cry out, lament’, banānu (pl.) ‘mockery, [transl. BSkt.]
abhandana-’. Ф The comparison of Khot. ban- to Skt. bhan? ‘to speak’, cited in SGS:
l.c., is semantically unsatisfactory (as noticed by Schirmer, LIV: 69 f., fn 7). The
presumed shift from ‘to speak’ to ‘to cry out, lament’ needs an explanation, having
hardly any parallels in Пг. (or IE). Alternatively, the meaning of Khot. ban- perhaps
allows a connection with Av. ban-, cf. DKS: 266b, s.v. bamcai ‘with lament’. The
Khot. verb, which is solely attested in the middle voice, can go back to *‘to be
afflicted’ (whence ‘to cry out, lament’), whereas the nominal Khot. derivative
bananu may originally indicate ‘something that is distressing, i.e. offensive, to a
person’. = SGS: 93
9 No further Ir. correspondences are found. Also, an JE origin for this root cannot be
ascertained. The (Celto-)Germanic forms, Goth. banja ‘wound, strike’, ON bani
‘death, man-slaughter, murder’, etc., cited by Pokorny: 126 (and accepted in DKS:
l.c.), rather contain the root *2"еп- ‘to slay, kill’ (*jan). On IE *g"" > Germanic b-,
cf. Seebold 1967: 104 ff.
*PIE — — LIV: 74 f. | Pok.: 126
*REFERENCES: ESIJa II: 67 f.
*band ‘to bind’
*AVESTAN: YAv. band- ‘to bind’ = Liste: 37
Pres. {1} аја-: IND. 35р. YAv. bandaiieiti (V 22.5, V 5.8 Ё), INJ. Zeg YAv. bandaiiat (Y 11.7, Yt 19.77),
med. 3sg. YAv. bandaiiata (Yt 5.128), SUBJ. 159. YAv. bandaiieni (Yt 9.18), 3sg. YAv. bandaiiaiti (Vn
96), YAv. bandaiiät (Y 11.7); Pres. {2} them.: IND. 15р. YAv. bandami (Yt 4.5)
*OLD PERSIAN: *band- ‘to bind’ || (+ *ui-) ? El-OP hh.mi-ban-da PN (= OP
*vibanda-, Gershevitch apud Hinz 1975: 259; Hinz -Koch 1987: 919) = Kent: 199b
Partic.: perf. pass. basta- <b-s-t> (DB 1.82, DB 2.75, DB 2.90, DB 5.26)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP bnd- (’SLWN-) /band-/ ‘to bind, fetter’, MMP bn ‘bondage,
prison; band’ || (+ *pati-) MMP pywyn- ‘to bind, join’ || (+ *pari-) BMP plwnd-
/parwand-/ ‘to surround, enclose, contain, comprise’ || (+ *ni-) ? MMP nwn- ‘to
begin’ > DMMPP: 108a, 291b, 248a
*band 5
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP "bynyd, 3р1. MMP bynynd, SUBJ. 2sg. MMP “bynyh, 3р1. MMP byn’nd; Partic.:
perf. pass. MMP bstg, BMP bstk /bastag/, MMP bst, bst, Inf.: BMP bstn /bastan/, MMP bstn || (+ *pati-)
Pres.: IND. 2sg. MMP pywynyy, 3pl. BMP ptwndynd /paywandend/; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP pywst,
BMP pywst /paywast/; Inf.: BMP ptwstn /paywastan/; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP pywst, BMP pywst
(YK‘YWMWN-)yt /paywast éstéd/ || (+ *pari-) Partic.: perf. pass. BMP plwstk /parwastag/ || (+ *ni-)
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP nwnyd, 3р1. nwnyyd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP nwyst, nwyst
*PARTHIAN: bnd- ‘to bind’, IPth. bs- ‘to construct (a bridge)’ || (+ *pati-) pdbnd- ‘to
bind’ || + *fra-) frbst- (pret. stem) ‘to close, clog, stop up’ || (+ *ui-) wbst- (pret.
stem) ‘to undo, take off = Ghilain: 54 f., 55 | DMMPP: 108a, 268b f., 154b, 337b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. bndyd, 3р1. bndynd; Partic.: perf. pass. bst “уа; Partic.: perf. pass. bst, IPth. bsty; Inf.:
IPth. bstny || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. pdbndyd; Partic.: perf. pass. pdbst || (+ *fra-) Partic.: perf. pass.
frbst || (+ *ui-) Inf.: wbstn
*KHOTANESE: bañ- ‘to bind’ || (+ *pati-) pabafi- (pabas-) ‘to bind’ || (+ *ham-) OKh.
hambañ- (hambas-) ‘to compose’, LKh. *hambad- (intr./pass.) ‘to stop’ = SGS: 92,
71, 142
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. Bynt, CSogd. Буш, MSogd. bynd ‘to bind’, (pass.) BSogd. Byó-
‘to be impeded, restricted’ || (+ *a-) BSogd.*’’Bnd- ‘to bind, join’ || (+ *pati-)
BSogd. pcBynt ‘to join, connect’, BSogd. ptB’ynt, CSogd. ptbynt ‘to answer, reply’,
MSogd. ptß’ynt ‘to prolong; connect; overtake, join’ || (+ *pari-) CSogd. prbnty (m.)
‘burden’ || (+ *ni-) BSogd. nB’ynt ‘to attach’ || (+ *ui-) CSogd. wbnty (m.) ‘snare’ ||
(+ *ham-) BSogd. ’nb’s- (pret. stem) ‘atteler
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. Bynt, BSogd. Byntt, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. Bynt’t, Impf.: IND. 3sg.
BSogd. Bynt, MSogd. Byynd, etc. || (+ *a-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. *byntnt, Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd.
"B'stk, CSogd. "bet || (+ *pati-) Pres.: OPT. 3sg. BSogd. pcBynt’y; Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ptB’ynt,
BSogd. ptß’yntt, CSogd. ptbynt, MSogd. pcyBynd; Perf.: intr. IND. 3sg. MSogd. ptßsttyy ’styh (KawK:
71); Partic.: perf. pass. MSogd. "ptByst'k || (+ *ham-) Inf.: BSogd. ’nß’st
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *uz-) mjzfsy- (intr./pass.) ‘to become complicated, obscure,
difficult (of speeches)’, m/zBncy- (caus.) ‘to complicate, make complicated, obscure
(of speeches)’ || (+ *pati-) pcBncy- ‘to bind together’, (pass.) ‘to be bound together’ ||
(+ *ni-) m/nBncy- ‘to swear (oath) || (+ *ham-) "nbncy- ‘to intend, have it mind’
c» Samadi: 262 f., 139, 118, 117
*BACTRIAN: Вос- (pret. stem) ‘to bind, tether’, Baoto (ppp.) ‘seizure’, Bavdo
‘bundle’ || (+ *ni-) voBavdo, vaßavõo-, уоВоубо ‘beside, with” = S-W, Bact.:
186a, 185b, 206b f.
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP bastan/band- ‘to bind, tie’, Bal. bast-/band-, Kurd.
bastin/band-, Zaz. bestis, Abz. basta/band-, Abyan. basta, bassa/band-, Anar.
hat’-bes/ha-bend, Awrom. bastáy/bas-, Fariz. -bäs/-bänd-, Yar. -bas/-band-, Gil.
(Rsht.) doebaestcen/doeboed-, Gur. bäs-ä/-us-, Ham. där-bästän/der-e-bend-, Isfah.
bästän/bänd-, Khuns. bend-/biss, Mah. bänd-/bäs(t)-, Nn. bäs-/-bänd-, -bend-, Natan.
-bänd-/-bast, Qohr. basta/band-, Sang. -Päst-/-bänän-, Shamerz. bäst-/bänd-, Sorkh.
6 *bar
-Bäst-/-Bäst-, Lasg. -Bast- ‘to bind’ || (+ *pati-) NP payvastan/payvand- ‘to join,
attach to’, Kurd. (Sor.) pewenan/pewene- ‘to stick to; to add’
*NEIR: Oss. I. baeddyn/bast, D. baeddun/bast, Sh. (Baj.) vind-/vüst, Yzgh. vond-/vüst,
Rosh. vind-/vost, Sariq. vind-/vist, vüst, Yghn. van(t)-/vasta, Ishk. vond-/vüst,
Sangl. vand-/vost-, Wa. vand-/vast-, M. vond-/vost-, Yi. vad-/vast- ‘to bind’ || (+
*pati-) Rosh. padve60-/padvost ‘to knit (a broken bone) || (+ *ni-) Oss. I.
nyvendyn/nyvest, D. nivendun/niva(n)st (+ I. tyn, D. tune ‘sheet’) ‘to stretch,
tighten the warp’, Oss. I. nyvond, D. nivond ‘sacrifice’ || (+ *ui-) Oss. D.
iveendun/ivest ‘to twist the yarn before piling up to the loom’ || (+ *ham-) Yi.
bastiko ‘shearers’
*MISC: Par. beZ-/bóst- ‘to bind’ || (+ *pari-) Toch. (LW) perpente ‘burden, load’ (<
Sogd. prbnty, K.T. Schmidt, apud Sims-Williams 1985: 63)
*SANSKRIT: bandh ‘to bind, to tie together, to fasten’ (RV, AV+) = EWAia II: 208
9 This root has an impeccable IE provenance.
*PIE *b'end'- ‘to bind’ > LIV: 75 f. | Pok.: 127
*IE COGNATES: Gr. neioua (n.) ‘rope, cord’, Thrac. Bevö-, Goth. bindan, OHG
bintan, Engl. to bind, etc.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 79b, 135a; KPF II: 184; Ivanow 1926: 419; IIFL I: 244a; Christensen, Contri-
butions I: 60, 154 f., 256; Christensen, Contributions II: 51, 111 f., 156; IIFL II: 258a, 547, 199a;
Abrahamian 1936: 111, 128; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 243 f., 554; Andreev — PeSéereva: 343a Ё; MacKenzie
1966: 90; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 212 f., 214; EVS: 84b, 53b; WIM I: 66; DKS: 266a; Kurdoev — Jusupova:
130b; Werba 1997: 359 f.; Paul 1998: 292a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 377; Cabolov 2001: 129; Lecoq
2002: 120, 123, 125 (passim); ESIJa II: 68 ff.; Korn 2005: 318, 340, 356
*bar ‘to bring, carry’
*AVESTAN: bar- ‘to bring, carry’ || (+ *ati-) ‘to carry over, to’ || (+ *apa-) ‘to take,
carry away, off’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to procure’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to bring down, insert; to take
out (clothes) from above’ || (+ *ä-) ‘to carry with; to bring to’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to bring
on’ || (+ *uz-) ‘to bring, carry out’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to bring back; to commence’ || (+
*para-) ‘to carry off, forth’ || (+ *pari-) ‘to take around ? || (+ *fra-) ‘proferre, to
carry, bring forward to, offer’ || (+ *niZ-) ‘to take, carry, bring out’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to
separate, split, divide’ || (+ *ham-) ‘conferre, to take, bring together, collect’
c» Liste: 37
Pres. them.: IND. Isg. YAv. barämi (Yt 5.77, FrK 12, FrW 7.2), YAv. auui.barämi ! (Yt 8.25, cf.
Panaino, Тїї. I: 116), med. Y Av. baire (Yt 14.57), 2sg. Y Av. Багам (Yt 10.23), YAv. auua.barahi (Yt
10.23), med. YAv. barahe (at 50), 3sg. baraiti (Y 31.12, Y 50.6, Y 38.1, etc.), YAv. apa.baraiti (V
5.38), ҮАУ. abaraiti (Yt 14.12), YAv. upa.baraiti (Yt 17.58, N 103), YAv. vi.baraiti (V 8.80), med. YAv.
baraite (Yt 13.18, F 240), 3du. YAv. ham barato (Yt 8.22), med. Y Av. “baraéte (F 240), Ipl. ҮАУ.
ham.baramahi (V 5.39), med. YAv. pairi.baramaide (Yt 11.7), 3р1. YAv. baronti, YAv. äbaronti (Yt
14.55), med. Y Av. auua.baronte (Yt 5.15, Yt 8.47), Y Av. uzbaronte (Yt 13.65, V 8.14), YAv. frabaronte
(Yt 5.94), INJ. 1sg ҮАУ. uzbarom (V 20.4), Y Av. frabarom (V 2.6), Y Av. niZbarom (Yt 4.5), med. YAv.
*bar 7
uzbaire (Yt 5.6), 3sg. YAv. barat, YAv. apa.barat (V 9.51), YAv. upa.barat (V 2.33, V 2.35 f., V 2.38,
etc.), med. YAv. barata (Yt 19.29, Yt 19.33 f.), 3pl. YAv. baron (Yt 13.1, Yt 13.19), YAv. vibaron (Y
10.11), SUBJ. 159. ҮАУ. Багат (Yt 5.63, Yt 15.12, V 19.12), ҮАУ. apa.baräni (Yt 9.10), YAv. apabarani
(Yt 10.111), 2sg. YAv. barahi (Vyt 50), YAv. paiti.barahi (Y 55.4), 3sg. YAv. barat, YAv. vi.barat (N
108), 3du. YAv. barato, 1р1. YAv. barama (V 6.44, V 6.49), 3р1. YAv. paiti.baranti (N 54), ҮАУ. aiti
baran (V 5.41 f£), YAv. para.baran (V 3.27), ОРТ. 25е. YAv. baröis (Yt 10.23), YAv. apa.barois (V
17.4), YAv. abarois (V 17.5, V 17.7), Y Av. frabarois (Y 65.10, V 19.21, V 19.24, etc.), 3sg. YAv. baroit,
Y Av. auuaröit (Yt 10.73), Y Av. uzbaröit (V 6.27), med. 3sg. YAv. baraeta (V 12.2), 3pl. YAv. Багайәп
(V 5.40, V 8.2, V 82, V 8.8, etc.), IMPV. 25р. YAv. bara, YAv. upa.bara (V 2.25, V 2.27 f., V 2.30),
med. Y Av. ham baranha (Yt 10.32), 2pl. YAv. barata (N 103C). 3р1. Y Av. barontu (Yt 13.157); Aor.
athem.: IMPV. 3g. OAv. barotü (Y 33.9), med. ? YAv. borotam (H 2.18); Perf.: IND. 3sg. ҮАУ.
frabauuara (Yt 10.79), 3pl. YAv. baBrara (Y 65.6), ОРТ. 3pl. ҮАУ. auui.baßriian (Yt 8.24); Partic.: pres.
Y Av. barant- (Y 52.2, Yt 8.40, Yt 13.136, etc.), med. YAv. baromna- (Yt 13.121, V 6.26, V 8.73, etc.),
perf. pass. Y Av. borota- (Y 62.9, Vr 2.11, Vyt 64), Y Av. aborota (Yt 17.14); Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv.
Баігііеіе° (У 5.40), 3р1. YAv. bairiiente (V 3.29), SUBJ. 3pl. OAv. bairiianté (Y 32.15); Caus.: pres. IND.
3р1. YAv. hanbäraiieinti (Yt 6.1, rep.), INJ. 3sg. YAv. uzbäraiiat (V 19.19), SUBJ. 3sg. ? ҮАУ.
*uzbàraiiat (У 18.10), 1р1. YAv. ham.baraiiama (V 19.44 Ё), OPT. 3pl. YAv. uzbäraiion (Yt 8.58, Yt
14.50), Y Av. frabaraiion (V 9.39), Y Av. niZbaraiion (V 6.29, V 6.31, V 6.37), YAv. ham.bäraiion (V
4.44)
*OLD PERSIAN: bar- ‘to bear, lift, esteem’ || (+ *4-) ‘to perform’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to bring
back’ || (+ *pari-ä-) ‘to bring back, restore’ || (+ *para-) ‘to bear way, take away’ ||
(+ *fra-) ‘to offer, grant’ => Kent: 200a
Pres. them.: IND. 15р. paribaramiy <p-r-b-r-a-mi-i-y> (DNb 17), 35р. äbaratiy (+ а) <a-b-r-t-i-y> (DNb
25), 3р1. bara"tiy <b-r-t-y> (DB 5.22), <b-r-t-y> (DNa 42), impf. 1sg. abaram <a-b-r-m> (DB 1.22),
<a-[b]-r-m> (DB 4.66), 35р. abara <a-b-r> (DB 1.25, DB 1.55, DB 1.88, DB 1.94, etc.), <a-b-r> (2.34),
<a-[b]-[r]> (DB 3.87), <a-b-r> (DNa 50), 3pl. abara <a-b-r> (DPe 10), <[a]-[b]-r> (DSf 34), abarahan
<a-b-[r]-h> (DNa 19), ? <a-b-r-n> (XPh 17), med. 3pl. abara'tà <a-b-r-t-a> (DB 1.19), SUBJ. 25р.
paribarahy <p-r-i-b-r-a-h-y> (DB 4.78), paribarah" (+ pron. -dis) <p-r-i-b-r-a-h-°> (DB 4.74), IMPV. 25р.
paribara <p-r-i-b-r-a> (DB 4.72, DB 4.88), 35р. baratuv <b-r-tu-u-v> (DPd 14, DSk 5); Partic.: perf. pass.
"brta- (+ u- ‘good, well-’) «?-b-r-t-^» (DB 1.21, DB 4.66); Inf.: bartanaiy <b-r-t-[n]-[i]-y> (DNb 47);
Pass.: impf. IND. 3sg. abariya <a-b-[r]-i-y> (DSf 31), <a-[b]-[r]-i-y> DSf 35), <a-b-r-i-y> (DSf 36, DSf
40, DSf 45), <a-b-r-i-y> (DSf 38), < [a]-b-r-i-y> (DSf 43), 3р1. abariya" <a-b-r-i-y> (DSf 41, DSf 47)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP br-, BMP bl- (YBLWN-) ‘to carry, bear, take, endure’ || (+
*ара-) MMP ’pr-, MMP ’pwr-, BMP "pwl- /appur-/ (sec. stem) ‘to carry off, steal’ ||
(+ *a-) MMP "'wr-, BMP ’wwl- (YHYTYWN-) /awar- ‘to bring’ || (+ *pari-) BMP
plyw'l /parwär/ ‘citadel; circumvallation; suburb, surroundings’ || (+ *niz-) MMP
nzbwrd (pret. stem) ‘to humiliate’, BMP nzbwityhy /nizburdthi/ ‘humiliation,
abasement' || (+ *ш-а-) MMP wy’wr- ‘to talk, speak; to answer’ (Pth. ?) || (+ *ham-)
MMP hmb’r-, BMP hnb’I- /hambar-/ ‘to fill, collect’. Ф The etymology of Nyberg II:
28b (and accepted by Back 1978: 176 f.) for BMP ’pwl- /appur-/ is unacceptable.
The reconstruction *apa-par- (*par? ‘to go over, cross over’) is hardly possible, as
the preverb *apa- ‘off, away’ is semantically incongruous with the root *par?.
> DMMPP: 109 f., 50, 70a, 351a, 257a, 178a
8 *bar
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. MMP brwm, 3sg. MMP bryd, 1р1. MMP brym, 3р1. MMP brynd, etc. ||
(+ *ара-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP ’pwryd, ВМР "pwlyt /appuréd/, 1р1. ВМР "pwlym /appurém/, SUBJ.
lsg. MMP *’pr’n, 3sg. MMP ’pr’d; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP ’pwrd; Inf.: MMP *’pwrdn || (+ *à-) widely
attested: Pres.: IND. 25р. MMP "wryy, 3sg. MMP ’’wryd, etc. || (+ *ш-а-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP
wy’wryd, 3pl. MMP “wy’wrynd, IMPV. 2pl. MMP wy’wryd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP wy’wrd || (+
*ham-) Pres.: IND. 1р1. MMP hmb’rwm, MMP hmb’rym, 3р1. MMP hmb’rynd; Partic.: pres. pl. MMP
hmb’r’g’n
*PARTHIAN: br- ‘to carry, bear, bring’ || (+ *ā-) ”’wr- ‘to bring’ || (+ *pari-) IPth.
prybr ‘surroundings’ || (+ *ui-à-) wy’wr- ‘to talk, speak; to answer’ || (+ *ham-)
"mb'r- ‘to amass, collect? = Ghilain: 58, 57 | DMMPP: 109 f., 70a, 351a
Pres.: IND. 2sg. bryh, 35р. bryd, 3р1. brynd, SUBJ. 1sg. br’m, 2sg. br’h, 3sg. br’h, OPT. 3sg. "bryndyh,
IMPV. 2sg. br; Partic.: perf. pass. bwrd; Inf.: bwrdn || (+ *a-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. *’wryd; Partic.: perf. pass.
"wrd || (+ *ui-a-) Pres.: IND. 1р]. wy’wr’m, 3pl. wy’wrynd, 35р. wy’wr’, IMPV. 25р. wy’wr, 2pl.
wy ’wryd; Partic.: pres. wy’wr’g, perf. pass. wy’wrd || (+ *ham-) Partic.: pres. ’mb’rg ‘collector, gatherer’
*KHOTANESE: bar- ‘to carry’, (med.) ‘to ride’ || (+ *ati-) ttuvar- ‘to bring’ || (+
*para-) puror- ‘to take away’ || (+ *fra-) haur- ‘to give’, haura- ‘word’ || (+ *ni- or ?
*anu-) LKh. *nuvar- (nvid-, nud-) ‘to offer’ = SGS: 93 f., 39, 85, 155, 59
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. Br-, BSogd. Br-, CSogd. br-, MSogd. Br- ‘to bear, take, perform’ ||
(+ *apa-fra- ?) ? SSogd. ’pößyr (caus.) ‘to let give’ || (+ *a-) BSogd. "Gr CSogd.
"br, CSogd. "Dr ‘to carry’, MSogd. "Br ‘to carry’ || (+ *uz-) CSogd. ’zBr- ‘to cross
(river)’ || (+ *para-) SSogd. pr’Byr (pass.) ‘to be delivered’ || (+ *pari-) SSogd.
prB’yr, BSogd. prB’yr, CSogd. prbyr, MSogd. prB’yr (caus.) ‘to explain, expound,
relate’ || (+ *fra-) SSogd. ößr-, BSogd. öß’r-, CSogd. Obr-, MSogd. dBr- ‘to give’ || (+
*ш-) MSogd. yB’r- ‘to take care of || (+ *ш-а-) BSogd. wy’’Br, MSogd. wy Вг ‘to
speak, say’ || (+ *ham-) BSogd. ’nßrt "kw ‘in brief?
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 15р. SSogd. Br’m, 2sg. dur. CSogd. brysq, 3sg. BSogd. prt, Brt’, Brty, CSogd.
brty, MSogd. Brty, dur. BSogd. Brty ’skwn || (+ *ui-) Partic.: pres. MSogd. yB’ryny || (+ *ui-ä-) Pres.:
IND. 3sg. BSogd. wy’’Brt, BSogd. wy’ ’Brty; Impf.: IND. 35р. BSogd. wy’ Br, Partic.: pres. "wy’bryny,
CSogd. wy’brn’, CSogd. wy’brnyt pl. ‘speaking, capable of speech’
*CHORESMIAN: Вг- ‘to bring; to fast’ || (+ *ati-) cBr- ‘to lean on, put in, insert’ || (+
*а-) m/’B’ry- ‘to forgive’ || (+ *upa-) bBr- ‘to declare, speak; to describe’, (intens.)
bB’ry- ‘to explain, expound; to inform’ || (+ *ni-) m/nB’ry- ‘to treat (wrongly), get
(someone) into trouble’ = Samadi: 40, 49, 1, 13, 150, 86 f., 118
*BACTRIAN: Bap- ‘to bear, bring, take’, -Bapo poss. suff. || (+ *a-) оВоро ‘delivery’ ||
(+ *uz-) об(о)Вор- (обоВор-, eCBap-) ‘to bring forth, produce’ (supplet. aGyado,
s.v. *gam-) || (+ *para-) napoßap- ‘to bring forth, produce’ || (+ ham-)
anßapo-Bıpsadoyo, apBapo-BipoapAoyo ‘store-keeper’ = S-W, Bact.: 173, 178a,
216b, 179b
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP burdan/bar- ‘to carry off, take’, Bal. burt/bar- ‘to carry,
bring’, Kurd. birin/bi-, birdin/ba(r)-, biran/biré-, Anar. barte/bir, Awrom.
*bar 9
bardäy/bar-, Jow. bam-ba(r)t/a-ber-, Shamerz. -vórd-/berán- ‘to take, carry (away,
off)’, Awrom. berd/ber-, Gur. (Kand.) bärd-/-ir- (subj./impv. bär-) ‘to carry off’,
Zaz. berdis/ben-, (subj.) ber-, Abz. barda/bor-, ber-, Abyan. barda/bar-, Fariz.
-bärd-/-bär-, Yar. -Бага-/-Баг-, Ham. bärtan/ber-, Isfah. bärtän/bär-, Jow.
bam-ä:rt/a-ta:r-, Meim. bem-ba/a-ber-, Mah. bir-, Natan. -bord-/bor-, -bär-, Qohr.
barda/ber-, Varz. barte/ber- ‘to carry, bring (to)’, Nn. barte/bir- ‘to carry off, take
away’, Khuns. ber-, bir-/birt ‘to carry (away); to win (in games)’, Semn. bärd-/-bär
‘to carry away, forth’, Sang. -bart-/bänd-, (subj./impv.) -bär-, Soi -bär-, Sorkh.
-Bord-/ (supplet. bé-n-, be-nn- < *naiH!), Lasg. -bard-/ (supplet. pres. Isg. bi-n <
*naiH!) ‘to bring, carry (away, along)’ || (+ *2-) NP ävurdan/ä(va)r- ‘to bring’, Kurd.
(Sina) hawirdin/er-, Awrom. awirdáy/-ar- ‘to bring; to set to’, Abyan. агаап/ (subj.)
b-or-, Anar. -iyorto/iyor-, Bakht. avérdan, Fariz. -t-är-/-m-ärd-, Yar. -t-är-/-m-ärd-,
Gil. (Rsht.) avárdaen/zvár-, Gur. (Kand.) -awürd-, äwird-/-är-, Ham. artän/ar-, Isfah.
arän/ar-, Jow. bam-ä:rt/a-ta:r-, Meim. bem-t-/a-tar- (infl. caus. of *tarH! ?), Khuns.
ar-/art, Khr. bi-oword-, bi-owurd-, Mah. 4r-, Nn. yart/t-ar-, Natan. -ärd-/-är- ‘to
bring, fetch’, Semn. ävärd-/ bi-ar-‘to bring’, Shamerz. -ord-, urän-, Sorkh. -cerd-/
(supplet. a-vi-n-, a-ve-n- < *4- + *паіН!), Lasg. -ord-/ (supplet. ó-ví-n < *4- +
*паіН!), Sang. -jórt-/ (supplet. ä-vä-n- < *4- + *naiH!) ‘to bring, lead’ || (+ *fra-)
Kurd. (Kurm.) farwar(a) (f.) ‘favour; gift, present’ || (+ *ham-) NP anbar ‘ricks,
stacks of corn’
*NEIR: Oss. I. baryn/barst, D. barun/barst ‘to contemplate, measure’; to forgive’,
Pash. wr-/wral ‘to carry (something), Sh. var-/vud, Orosh. var-/vug, Sariq.
vor-/vewg, Yzgh. var-/vag, Yghn. var-/vurta, várta ‘to bring’, Wa. vər ‘load,
burden’ || (+ *ati-) Yghn. divar-, dévar-/déwar-/ (supplet. diyáta < *ati-gam-) ‘to
insert, introduce’ || (+ *à-) Yi. avor-/avor, M. aver-/aver- ‘to bring (something)? || (+
*para-) Yzgh. porvar-/*porvag ‘to drag across’, Khf. parfur ‘transfer of hay or
sheaves to the carrying frame’ || (+ *fra-) Oss. I. læværd, D. lavard (pret.) ‘gave’
(supplet. of deddyn, D. daeddun, s.v. *daH'), (orig. caus.) ? Sh. (Baj.) rivir-/rivirt ‘to
force a cow to give milk’, Oss. lavar ‘gift, present’, Yghn. tifar-, téfar-, tfar-/tiráfta,
térafta “о give’ (see Sogd.) || (+ *ni-) Yi. navor-/navar-, M. never- ‘to take out, draw
out’, Wa. navoir ‘provision (on the way)’ || (+ *niZ-) Yghn. Zivar-, Zévár-, Ziwár-/
(supplet. Ziyäta < *niz-gam-) ‘to bring, lead, drag, pull out’ || (+ *ui-) Oss. ivar
“punishment, prohibition’ (< *‘act of carrying away, confiscation’) || (+ *ham-) Oss.
І. embaryn/emberst ‘to understand, comprehend’, (old ppp.) І. zmbyrd, D.
amburd ‘meeting’
*MISC: Par. bar-/bur ‘to carry’ || (+ *ара-) Arm. (LW) арш ‘booty’ || (+ *aua-) ?
Orm. ur-uk ‘to hold, keep’ || (+ 4-) Par. ar-/awur ‘to bring’ || (+ *ni-) Orm.
nawär-/nawulök ‘to take out, draw out’ = nawar-/nawólók || (+ *ham-) Arm. (LW)
(h)ambar ‘store’, Arab. (LW) anbar ‘ricks, stacks; storehouse’
10 *barH
*SANSKRIT: bhar ‘to carry, bear’ (RV) = EWAia П: 246
© The Ir. root *bar has an impeccable IE etymology.
«PIE *b'er- ‘to bring, bear, carry, sim.’ — LIV: 76 f. | Pok.: 128
*IE COGNATES: Gr. фёро, Lat. fero, Olrish biru ‘I carry’, Welsh cymeraf ‘I take’,
Goth. bairan, ON Бега, OHG beran, OE beran ‘to bring, carry, bear’, OCS bero,
Russ. Беги, SCr. bérem ‘I gather, take’, Lith. beriu, Latv. beru ‘I scatter’, Toch. pär-
‘to carry, bring’, Arm. berem ‘I carry, bring’, Alb. bie ‘I carry, bring, lead’
*REFERENCES: КРЕТ. 79a f., 133b, 134b, 205a, 243b; КРЕП: 183, 178 Ё; Ivanow 1926: 419, 427; HFL I:
242a, 403a, 235a, 387b, 277a; EVP: 92; Christensen, Contributions I: 58, 151, 153, 255 f.; Christensen,
Contributions П: 49 ff., 111, 155; HFL II: 259, 234a, 547, 194a; Abrahamian 1936: 110, 107, 126 #;
Lambton 1938: 41a, 77a; Andreev — Pe&cereva: 343b f., 247b, 334a f., 370a Ё; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 238, 135
f., 141 £, 553; MacKenzie 1966: 90, 89; Abaev, Slovar' II: 35 £.; EVS: 84b, 59b f., 70a; Lecoq 1974: 62;
WIM I: 65 f.; Back 1978: 176 f., 246; DKS: 271, 278; Sims-Williams 1989: 260; Vahman — Asatrian
1991: 78; Werba 1997: 212 f.; Paul 1998: 292; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 385, 250; Cabolov 2001: 184,
349; Cheung 2002: 160, 194; Lecoq 2002: 120, 122, 125 (passim); ESIJa II: 84 ff.; Kiefer 2003: 202;
Korn 2005: 269 f., 354 (passim)
*barH ‘to move rapidly ?
*AVESTAN: YAv. baranti (Lsg.) ‘when it storms’ (V 8.4)
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pari-) BSogd. prByr- ‘to cross (arms, legs)’
Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. pryByr ‘he crossed (arms, legs)’; Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. prBrt- (in -p’ö
‘cross- legged’, -östt ‘with crossed arms’, SCE: 400), MSogd. prBrt- (in -öst ‘cross-armed’)
*CHORESMIAN: nv/Pr- ‘to tousle, card’, m/Brs- “о be tousled’ > Samadi: 40 f.
*NEIR: ? Oss. I. byrsyn/byrst, D. bursun/burst ‘to break; to intrude; to push, press on;
to overcome in a fight, fight’ || (+ *fra-) ? Khf. ravar, Rosh. ravar ‘white, saline
efflorescence on the ground’ || (+ *ham-) ? D. zmpursun/zmpurst ‘to crush; to
intrude’. Ç The stem vowel of the Oss. verbs (if related at all) is in need of an
explanation.
*SANSKRIT: bhar ‘to move rapidly to and fro, hurry, quiver’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 250
9 The inclusion of the modern Elr. forms cited here is doubtful. The Ir. forms with
the meaning ‘to boil’, quoted in ESIJa II: l.c. under the same entry *bar-, belong to
a separate root *bary’.
«PIE *b'erH» з- ‘to move rapidly’ = LIV: 81 | Pok.: 132 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /parh-/ ‘to rush, attack’, Lat. furo ‘I am in a fury?
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 282, 144 Ё; EVS: 70; Werba 1997: 308; ESIJa П: 106 ff.
*barj ‘to praise, honour’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. baraj- ‘to honour, welcome’. Ф A noun, probably instr. sg, baraja,
attested in YAv., 1s often connected to the verb boroj-, despite the fact that it is
translated as ‘desire’ (/arzog/) in the Pahlavi commentary. = Liste: 38
*barj 11
Pres. aja-: INJ. 1sg. YAv. borojaem (V 7.52), 35р. Y Av. berojaiiat (Yt 10.90), 3pl. YAv. borojaiion (Yt
10.90), SUBJ. 3pl. YAv. borojaiiánti (V 7.52), 3pl. YAv. borajaiian (Y 65.11); Perf. pass.: perf. pass.
boroxóa- (Y 34.9, Y 44.7, Y 51.17, etc.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP bwic- /burz-/ ‘to praise, honour, exalt’
Pres.: IND. 15р. BMP /bwlcym/ burzém, 3р1. BMP /bwlcynd/ burzend, IMPV. 2р1. BMP bwlcyt /burzéd/;
Partic.: perf. pass. BMP blcyt /burzid/, BMP bwlcytk /burzidag/; Inf.: BMP bwlcytn /burzidan/
*PARTHIAN: “bwrz- ‘to exalt, honour’ (< MP ?) = Ghilain: - | DMMPP: 118a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. *bwrzynd
*KHOTANESE: OKh. bulj- ‘to honour’. 9 The meaning of Khot. aurista, orista is not
‘desirous, eager, agreed’ (DKS: 47b), but rather *‘attented (by), intent (upon),
abhiyukta’ and may derive from *4-fras- ‘to inform’ (*fras/prs), on which see
Skjarve, SVK III: 37. > SGS: 102
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. Brys, BSogd. Brys ‘to congratulate, felicitate" || (+ *a-) SSogd.
’’Brync- ‘to refine’ ? © According to Gershevitch apud Sundermann 1985: 39, the
hapax verbal form ’’Brync- is connected to Pth. 'brng, *brnng ‘zeal’, which is
compared to Av. borog- The n-infix "changes defilement into refinement", which
ultimately yields the meaning ‘cultivation’. Pth. 'brng, 'brnng is rather from *Hranj.
|| In ESIJa П: 113, BSogd. "nBrytyk, CSogd. ’bryty ‘paralysed, cripple’ are classified
under this root, which is wrong. These Sogd. forms actually derive from the
(near-)homonymous root *braj ‘to break’.
Pres.: IND. 35р. SSogd. Brysty, 3р1. SSogd. Brys’nt, IMPV. 1р1. BSogd. Brys’ym || (+ *a-) Pres.: IND.
3pl. SSogd. ""Bryncynt {hapax}
*CHORESMIAN: 9 Chor. m/BZ- ‘to rejoice, become happy’, derived by Henning 1970:
12b from *barj, may rather go back to *bauj’ ‘to rejoice’.
9 There are no particular reasons to consider possible convergence or contamination
with the root *barz ‘to enlarge, make high’, which does not appear to have acquired
a more metaphorical connotation (other than *loud' of sound). According to Henning
1945: 487, fn. 2, the meaning of barog (i.e. *barj) in composition with *a- is ‘to like
to possess, to desire’, for which BSogd. ’’B’rxs’k, BSogd. ’’Brxs’kw ‘wish, desire,
lust’, Khot. aurista, orista, Pth. "wrjwg, MP /arzog/ (MMP ’(’)wrzwg, ВМР "Icwk)
‘desire, lust, NP агли ‘desire, wish’ are cited. This can be disputed, either for
semantic or for formal reasons. Semantically, the Sogd. (inchoative) formations are
perhaps more likely to contain the root *braHz ‘to shine, burn, set on fire’. Equally
semantically difficult to reconcile with ‘to praise, honour’ are the Pth. and Pers.
‘desire’ formations (v. *rauj^), on which see the cited lit. in Kellens 1974: 351 ff.,
and on the Khotanese forms above.
«PIE *b'erg"- ‘to honour, be attentive to (a guest)’ = LIV: 79 f. | Pok.: 145
ЈЕ COGNATES: OCS ne-brésti ‘to neglect’, Russ. beréé’ (beregü) ‘to take care of,
look after’, Goth. bairgan ‘to protect, shelter’, OE borgian ‘to give a pledge’, Engl.
to borrow, etc.
12 *barul (*brau)
*REFERENCES: Nyberg II: 51а; DKS: 298b f.; Gharib: 19, 106; ESIJa II: 111 ff.
*Баги! (*brau) ‘to brew, boil’
*NEIR: Sh. warv-/wirvd, Rosh. warv-/wirvd, Sariq. worv-/wirvd, Yzgh. wirv-/wirvd
‘to boil, be boiling’, M. wurw-/wurw-, Yi. urw-/urw- ‘to be boiling’
*MISC: Par. yarw- ‘to boil’
© The evidence for the Ir. continuation the IE root *b'eru- is confined to several
modern East Ir. languages. The ‘brew’ root has been mixed up with *bar- ‘to move
rapidly’ (*barH) in ESIJa II: l.c.
«PIE *b'eru- ‘to boil, brew’ > LIV: 81, 96 | Pok.: 144 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. fervere ‘to seethe’, Olrish berbaim, MWelsh berw- ‘to boil,
seethe’, Olrish bruth (m.), ON brood (n.), OE brod, Engl. brood, etc., ? OHG
briuwan, OE breowan, Engl. to brew, etc.
*REFERENCES: ПРГ I: 257a; IFL П: 192a; EVS: 92a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 421, s.v. yaks-; ESIJa П:
107 f.
*Баги? (*barHu ?) ‘to chew, swallow’
*AVESTAN: YAv. as.baouruua- '(place) where there is a lot to chew he to eat]’ (Yt
5.130, Yt 17.7), YAv. baoiriia- ‘chewable [of food]’ (Y 3.3)
*OLD PERSIAN: ? Gaubaruva <gubr"uv-> PN 'cattle-eater' = Kent: 182b
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *aua-) MMP ’wb’r-, BMP ’p’I- /öbär-/ (caus.) ‘to swallow’
c DMMPP: 65a f.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP ’p’lyt /obaréd/, 3р1. MMP ’wb’rynd, BMP ’wp’lynd /6barénd/; Partic.: perf. pass.
MMP ’wb’rd, BMP ’wp’It /öbärd/, MMP *’wb’ryhyst, Caus.: pres. IND. 3р1. MMP *’wb’rynd; Inf.: BMP
"wp Itn /obardan/
*NWIR: Bal. er-burt/er-bar- ‘to swallow’ (+ prev. er- ‘down’) || (+ *aua-) NP
auburdan/aubar- ‘to swallow unmasticated’, NP aubäridan (caus.) ‘to ingulf,
swallow, devour’, NP aubastan/aubar- ‘to devour, swallow’
*SANSKRIT: bharv ‘to chew, devour, eat’ (RV) = EWAia II: 252
9 The Pers. and Bal. forms quoted above may not contain *bar ‘to bring, carry’. The
semantic discrepancy between the Ir. continuations of *bar and the latter forms
rather suggest a different root. The sparsely attested root *baru’ appears to be
exclusively Ш., with no certain IE cognate forms.
*PIE — > LIV: - | Pok.: 133 f.
*REFERENCES: Klingenschmitt 1982: 231, n. 4; Werba 1997: 466; ESIJa II: 116; Shahbakhsh: s.v. érbar-
*barz! ‘to make high’
*AVESTAN: YAv. baraz- ‘to enlarge’, (Gpl.) barazimanam ‘heights’, YAv. barazant-
‘rising high, high, loud’ = Liste: 38
Caus.: pres. SUBJ. YAV. us ... barazaiieni (Yt 10.108)
*barz2 13
*OLD PERSIAN: barsnä (instr. sg. m.) <b-r-S-n-a> ‘height, depth’ (DSf 26 f.) = Kent:
200b
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP bsn, BMP bsn /basn/ ‘top, peak, height’, MMP b’l’y, BMP
b’I’d /balay/ ‘height’, MMP bwlnd, BMP bwind /buland/ ‘high’ = DMMPP: 111b,
103b, 117a
*PARTHIAN: bwrz ‘high, lofty’, bwrzynd ‘high, height’, bwrzyyft ‘height’
=> DMMPP: 118a
*KHOTANESE: OKh. balysga- ‘high’, OKh. bulysa- ‘long’
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. Brz’y, MSogd. Brzyy ‘long’, BSogd. Brzkw, MSogd. Brzqwyy
‘length’, CSogd. brzy ‘loud’
*CHORESMIAN: BZk ‘long’
*NWIR: NP bala ‘height’, NP buland ‘high, tall’, Bal. burz, Tal. barz, Kurd. barz,
Zaz. berz ‘high’, Kurd. (Kurm.) bilind, (Sor.) bitind ‘high, enormous’
*NEIR: Oss. beerzond ‘high, height’, Sh. vüyj (m.), (Baj.) vöyj (f.), Rosh. vüz, Bart.
vüz, Yzgh. voz, Yi. vän, Yghn. vann, Pash. пуа (Waz.) wiZd ‘long’, Sangl., Ishk.
voZdük ‘long; high (?)’. © Oss. I. æmbærzyn/æmbærzt, D. embzrzun/embarzt ‘to
cover’, cited in LIV: Le fn. ба, is unconnected, on account of the semantic
discrepancies. See *barz?.
*SANSKRIT: brhánt- ‘high’ (RV+). 0 The connection of brhánt- with the root barh ‘to
make strong, make great’ (RV+) is semantically difficult: it does not fit very well
with the generally attested ‘high, tall’. See further *barz”. > EWAia II: 212, 232
«PIE *b"erg"- ‘to become high’ = LIV: 78 f. | Pok.: 140 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. pär-ak-ta-ru ‘should raise himself’, Toch. pärk- ‘to rise (of the
sun)’, NHG Berg (m.) ‘mountain’
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 418a; GMS: par. 138, 999; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 254; EVS: 84a; DKS: 272b; Benzing
1983: 209 f.; Werba 1997: 209; Paul 1998: 292a; Cabolov 2001: 127, 177; NEVP: 8; Korn 2005: 97, 143,
355 (passim)
*barz? ‘to cover, cushion’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP b’Iyn /balen/ ‘cushion, pillow’ (MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 16). >
Nyberg II: 43 rather assigns the more poetic meaning ‘the crown of the head’,
comparing the Persian form to Av. barazan- ‘top’.
*KHOTANESE: ? vuda- ‘covered’. O The Khot. past participle can also derive from
*Huar ‘to cover’, which is not mentioned in DKS: l.c.
*CHORESMIAN: BZnyk ‘cushion’ (< *barzanaka-)
*NWIR: ? Tt. (Cha.) u-mi-verzene ‘he seats’ (< **he puts someone on a cushion’ ?) ||
(+ *ham-) Tt. (Cha.) amberaz ‘clothing’
*NEIR: Sh. viyj(6j) ‘pillow, head of a bed’, Wa. vorz(ik), Sangl. vözd, Yi. virzáné,
M. vizni ‘pillow’ (*brzanaka) || (+ *ni-) Oss. I. nyverzeen, D. niveerzen ‘bedside’ ||
14 *baudl
(+ *ш-) ? Oss. D. ivaerzun/ivarzt ‘to promise; to give hope’ (< *‘to cushion someone
against unpleasantness’ ?) || (+ *ham-) І. emberzyn/emberzt, D embarzun/
ambarzt ‘to cover’
*SANSKRIT: barh ‘to stretch, put under(neath)’ (homonymous with barh ‘to make
strong, make great’) || barhis- ‘straw, sacrificial straw, bed of kusa-grass’ (R V+). 9
The root barh with the meaning ‘to stretch, put under(neath)’ is attested in, notably,
the following RV-passages: 1.53.6, 5.61.5, 10.10.10. = EWAia II: 212 ff.
The generally accepted connection with Olrish bolgaim ‘I swell up’, ON bolginn
‘swollen’, etc., found in Pokorny: 125 f, LIV: 73 f., to which we may add Skt. barh
‘to make strong, make great’, is difficult to uphold semantically. It rather suggests
the existence of two separate, yet quite similar, roots: *b'elg/é- ‘to swell up’ and
*b'eld^-, which is continued in Пг. *barj"is-, etc. The latter root appears to have only
nominal IE correspondences outside IIr. The Oss. / Ved. verbs probably reflect an
old Пг. denominative of *barf'is-.
«PIE *b'elg"- ‘cushion’ > LIV: - | Pok.: 126
*IE COGNATES: Slov. blazina, SCr. blazina ‘pillow, cushion’, OPr. balsinis ‘cushion’,
Lith. bainas ‘saddle’
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 418a, 260; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 137 f., 554 f.; Yarshater 1969: 208, 105, 1210 f.
(passim); EVS: 83b f.; DKS: 389b f.; Benzing 1983: 210; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 380
*baud! ‘to feel, sense’
*AVESTAN: baod-, Y Av. baoö- ‘to feel, sense’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to concentrate on, heed’ ||
(+ *fra-) ‘to wake up’ — Liste: 39
Pres. {1} ja-: OPT. med. 3sg. YAv. büióiiaeta (Y 9.21), med. 1р1. YAv. büióiioimaióe (Y 9.21); Pres. {2}
them.: IND. med. 3sg. YAv. baodaite (Yt 17.6); Partic.: pres. {1} med. YAv. frabuidiiamna- (V 18.49),
pres. {2} OAv. райт... baodant- (Y 30.2), YAv. baodant- (Yt 19.69), perf. pass. YAv. busta- (Yt 17.9);
Caus.: pres. IND. 359. YAv. baoóaiieiti (Yt 10.90)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ВМР bwd /boy/ ‘perception, sense’ || (+ *pati-) MMP pyws-
(inch.) ‘to desire, long for’ = DMMPP: 291b
(+ *pati-) Pres.: pres. IND. 3pl. pywsynd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP pywst {unpubl.}
*PARTHIAN: bws- (inch.) ‘await, wait for, expect’ || (+ *pati-) pdbws- ‘to desire,
yearn’ || (+ *ham-) ’mbwy- ‘to kiss’ = Ghilain: 65, 80 | DMMPP: 118a, 269a, 39a
Pres.: IND. 35р. bwsyd, SUBJ. 1р1. bws’m, IMPV. 25р. bws || (+ *pati-) Inch.: pres. IND. 1sg. pdbws’m,
Ipl. pdbws’m, 2р1. pdbwsyd, 3pl. pdbwsynd, SUBJ. 1р1. pdbws m; Partic.: perf. pass. II "pdbws'd || (+
*ham-) Partic.: perf. pass. II "mbwy'd; Inf.: П "mbwy'd
*KHOTANESE: OKh. but- (buv-, bus-) ‘to perceive, know’ || (+ *ham-) LKh. hambus-
(etc.) ‘to agree, fit? = SGS: 101, 143
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) BSogd. ptByó-, CSogd. ptbyd- ‘to know, recognize,
understand’
*baud2 15
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ptßyöty, CSogd. ptbydty, 3р1. CSogd. ptbydnt, MSogd. ptyByö’nd
(GMS: $622), OPT. 3sg. ptByó y; Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. ptybyd, MSogd. ptyBy6 (Sogdica: 31), 3pl.
CSogd. ptybydnt, Fut.: IND. 2sg. CSogd. ptbydyq’; Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd. ptbstyt (pl.) ‘sensible,
notable’, BSogd. ptBystk
*NWIR: NP bösidan/bös-, Abyan. busoya/bus-, Khuns. bus-/busa ‘to kiss’, Ham.
busayän/bus- ‘to kiss, embrace’, NP bös(ah), Kurd. (Kurm.) bösa (m.), Qohr. busa,
Varz. bus ‘kiss’
*NEIR: (+ *ham-) Oss. I. zeembudyn, D. ambodun ‘to sense, feel’. 0 Pash. Iwast-/lwal-
‘to read’ is probably unrelated, cf. NEVP: 46. The reconstruction *ni-bauda-,
suggested in EVP: 41, is semantically unsatisfactory, on which see *HuadH.
*MISC: (+ *ham-) Arm. (LW) hamburem ‘to kiss’, Arm. (LW) hamboyr ‘kiss’ (<
Pth.)
*SANSKRIT: bodh ‘to wake, awaken; to perceive, notice, heed’ (RV+) = EWAia II:
233
© Rastorgueva — Edel’man, ESIJa П: 136 ff., reconstruct a separate, onomatopoetic
root *bau-: bu-, *ba-, *bä- ‘to kiss’ (cf. Pokorny: 103), which is probably
unnecessary. The Pth. form provides us with the clue to the origin of NP
bösidan/bös- (etc.), which appears to be an inchoative formation of *baud (as
reiterated by Weber 1970: 107 f.). The other forms cited in support of the root
*bau-: bu-, *ba-, *bà- are not compelling either. M. bay-/boy-, Yi. boh-/bohay-, Sh.
ba Cidöw ‘to kiss’ do not show the typical affricatisation of Plr. *b-.
«PIE *b"eud"- ‘to become attentive, be awake, perceive’ => LIV: 83 f. | Pok.: 150 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. x£$00 ‘I proclaim, summon’, Gr. леъӨорол (med.) ‘I learn,
hear’, Olrish ad-bond- ‘to proclaim, declare’, OCS bljusti ‘to take care, look after’,
Lith. budziu (budéti) ‘I wake up’, Lith. budrus ‘watchful’, Goth. ana-biudan ‘to
order’, faur-biudan, Engl. to for-bid, etc.
*REFERENCES: Abrahamian 1936: 111; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 140; WIM I: 66; DKS: 299a Ё; Werba 1997: 208
f.; Cabolov 2001: 208; Lecoq 2002: 126 (passim); ESIJa П: 138 ff.
*baud? ‘to smell’
*AVESTAN: YAv. *baoö- (bus-) ‘to smell’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to smell, have a smell’ || (+
*а-) caus. ‘to incense, suffuse with fragrance ?' || (+ *ham-) ham.baoó- ‘to smell’
= Liste: —
Partic.: med. (+ neg. a-) YAv. aham.baoóomna- ‘not smelling, incapable of using his sense of smell [said
of dogs]’) (V 13.35, V 13.37), perf. pass. YAv. hupo.busta- ‘well scented’ (Yt 17.9); Caus.: pres. SUBJ.
3р1. ҮАУ. upa.baoóaiian (V 7.14 f.), OPT. med. 3sg. YAv. a.baoóaiieta (V 9.32, V 19.24)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP bwyy-, BMP bwd- /böy-/ ‘to smell [intr.] = DMMPP:
119a
Partic.: pres. MMP bwyy’g ‘fragrant’ || (+ *ham-) Partic.: pres. MMP hwmbwy’g ‘smelling’; Inf.: BMP
hnbwdytn /hamboyidan/
16 *bauH
*PARTHIAN: bwy- ‘to be fragrant’? = Ghilain: 65 | DMMPP: 119a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. bwyyd
*KHOTANESE: ОКЪ. bü(d)- (buv-) ‘to be fragrant’ = SGS: 103
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. Bwé ‘to smell’ || (+ ? *pati-uz-) CSogd. pcbws, MSogd. ptzBws
“to smell’
(+ ? *pati-uz-) Pres.: IND./SUBJ. 3pl. MSogd. ptzBws’nd (Sogdica: 46); Inf.: pres. CSogd. pr pcbws,
MSogd. pcBwsyy (BBB: 38)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *4-) m/’bwzy- (denomin.) ‘to smell, sniff on = Samadi: 2
*NWIR: NP boy ‘smell, scent’, NP bostan ‘garden’, Bal. bod ‘smell, perfume’, Zaz.
boy (Ё), Kurd. bo (Ё) ‘smell’, (Sor.) bon ‘smell, stench’ || (+ *uz-) Bal. izbotk
‘lovage’
*NEIR: Oss. bud, D. boda ‘fragrance, incense, scent’, Yghn. vud, wud, wod ‘scent’ ||
(+ *ham-) Oss. I. embudyn, D. ambodun ‘to smell’
*MISC: Par. b(u)ham ‘smell’, Arm. (LW) boyr (вооа) smell, scent?
9 In view of the well-defined, semantic distribution ‘to feel, sense’/‘to smell’ it
seems necessary to assume two separate Ir. roots. But on the other hand, *baud? may
be ultimately an ancient specialisation of the root *baud!, cf. Engl. sense.
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 240a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 269, 140; DKS: 294b f.; Paul 1998: 293a; Cabolov 2001:
204, 206; ESIJa II: 138 ff.; Korn 2005: 185, 357 f.
*bauH ‘to be, become’
*AVESTAN: bauu- (bü-) ‘to be, become’ || (+ *pari-) ‘sich machen über; to get hold
of; to come to an end? — Liste: 39
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. bauuaiti (Y 10.6, Yt 5.129, Yt 8.14, etc.), YAv. pairi bauuaiti (V 14.17), 3pl.
Y Av. bauuainti (Yt 5.94, Yt 10.20, Yt 13.15, etc.), YAv. pairi.bauuainti (V 19.27), YAv. ham.bauuainti
(V 17.13, V 7.58), impf. 1sg. YAv. pairi.abaom (Yt 19.57, etc.), 3sg. YAv. abauuat, Y Av. pairi.abauuat
(Yt 19.64), INJ. 3sg. YAv. bauuat, 3du. YAv. bauuatom, 3р1. Y Av. baon (Yt 13.38, Yt 5.98), SUBJ. 1sg.
Y Av. bauuani, 25р. Y Av. bauuähi, 35р. Y Av. bauuät, 1р1. YAv. bauuama (Yt 5.58, Yt 5.73), 3pl. YAv.
bauuanti (Yt 8.36, Yt 8.9, FrW 4.3), YAv. bauuan; Aor. athem.: SUBJ. Isg. YAv. buua (V 18.29), 3sg.
OAv. b(a)uuaiti (Y 30.10), OAv. b(ajuuat (Y 28.11), YAv. buuat, 3pl. OAv. b(a)uuainti (Y 33.10, Y
45.7), YAv. bun, ОРТ. 2sg. YAv. buiia, 3sg. Y Av. buiiät, 1р1. OAv. buiiama (Y 41.4), YAv. buiiama (Y
70.4, Yt 10.75), 2р1. YAv. buiiata, 3pl. YAv. buiiaras (Ny 3.11), YAv. buiian (Y 55.2, Yt 16.3); Perf.:
IND. 35р. Y Av. buuauua (Yt 13.2, V 5.25), 3р1. YAv. babuuaro (Yt 13.150); Partic.: pres. bauuant- (Y
214, Vr 18.2, ЕК 62, etc.), fut. YAv. büsiiant-, aor. YAv. °b(a)uuant- (Y 38.3)
*OLD PERSIAN: bav- ‘to be, become’ = Kent: 200
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. bavatiy <b-v-t-i-y> (XPh 55 f.), 3р1. bava"tiy <b-v-t-i-y> (DNb 14), impf. 1sg.
abavam <a-b-v-m> (DB 1.28, DB 1.60, DB 1.72, etc.), <a-b-v-m> (XPf 36), 3sg. abava <a-b-v> (DB
1.32 ff., DB 1.40, DB 1.48), <a-b-v> (DB 2.16), <[a]-b-v> (DB 5.30), 3р1. abava" <a-b-v> (DB 1.76, DB
2.7, DB 3.78, etc.), <[a]-[b]-v> (DB 2.93), SUBJ. 3sg. bavatiy <b-v-a-[t]-i-y> (DNa 43, DNb 59),
<b-v-t-i-[y]> (DNa 45), ОРТ. 2sg. "big <[b]-[i]-[y]-a> (DB 4.69), 3sg. Буа <b-i-y-a> (DB 4.56, DB
4.58 f.), <b-i-y-a> (DB 4.74), <b-i-[y]-a> (DB 4.75), <b-i-y-a> (DB 4.78), <b-i-[y]-[a]> (DB 4.79)
*bauH 17
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP bw-, BMP bw- (YHWWN-) ‘to become’ || (+ *ham-) MMP
hmbwd- (pret. stem), BMP hmbw-, hm(YHWWN-) /hambaw-/ ‘to be together,
united, composed’, MMP hmbws-, BMP hanbws- /hambus-/ (inch.) ‘to come into
being’ = DMMPP: 112 ff., 178a
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 159. MMP Буут, Zeg. MMP bwyh, 3sg. MMP bwyd etc. || (+ *ham-)
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP hmbwd, BMP hmbwt /hambud/; Inch.: pres. IND. 3pl. BMP hanbwsynd
/hambüsend/
*PARTHIAN: bw- ‘to become’ = Ghilain: 67 | DMMPP: 112 ff.
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 15р. bw’m, Zeg. bwyh, 3sg. bwyd, etc.
*KHOTANESE: vä- (supplet. *Hah) ‘to be’ || (+ *pari-) LKh. parbav- ‘to overcome;
[intr.] to grow up’ || (+ *ham-) ? hamphv- (hamphu-) ‘to enfold, embrace’, hamphus-
(hamphu-) ‘to find, join (life)’ — SGS: 7, 75, 142
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. Bw-, BSogd. B(w)-, CSogd. b(w)-, MSogd. Bw-, MSogd. wp- ‘to
be, become, happen’
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 15р. BSogd. B’m, 3sg. SSogd. Bwt, BSogd. Bwt, BSogd. Bwtt, CSogd. bwt,
SSogd. But, dur. CSogd. bwtq, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: m/B- ‘to be, become; to suit, fit? = Samadi: 36
*BACTRIAN: Во- ‘to be, become’ = S-W, Bact.: 186b f.
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP budan/bas- ‘to be, become’, Bal. buag, Kurd. bun/bi-,
Zaz. biyayıs/ben-, Abyan. böyan, Awrom. bidy/b-, Fariz. bu-, Yar. bu-, Gz. bu-, Gur.
(Kand.) bian/ -u(w)-, (subj.) bü-, Ham. biän/ (supplet. h-), Isfah. bezän/ (supplet.
ei-), Jow. bu-/ba-b-, Khuns. b-/ (supplet. Eid), Bakht. bidan, bióan / bu(h-), bi, Mah.
bä-/bid-, Nn. bi-/b-, Semn. bu, -bic-, Soi böd-, büd-/bü, Tal. be ‘to be, become’,
Ham. där-bian/där-° ‘to be, be situated’, va-biän/(v)a-b- ‘to become’, Siv. bi-/bi,
Sorkh. boän ‘to be’
*NEIR: Oss. I. wyn, D. (w)un, Yzgh. vu-, vo-/vüta ‘to be’, Wa. (pret) vit-
‘happened’, Pash. wu ‘he was’, Sh. (Baj.) vi-/vud, Rosh. vaw-/vid, Sarig. vew-/vid,
Yzgh. v- ‘to be’ || (+ *pari-) Wa. porv(o)y-/pirvit-, parvat- ‘to seem; to achieve, to hit
the target’
*MISC: Par. bi ‘he was’, Orm. b-/bük, biyök ‘to be, become’ = b-/buk
*SANSKRIT: bhav ‘to become, happen, come into being’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 255
9 The root *bauH has an impeccable IE etymology and is widely attested in Iranian.
«PIE *b'euHs-/b'eH;u- ‘to be, become’ = LIV: 98 ff. | Pok.: 146 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. фоорол ‘I grow, become’, OLat. für ‘I have been’, Olrish boi,
MWelsh bu ‘was’, OCS byti, Lith. büti ‘to be, to become’, Engl. to be, etc.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 79b, 135a f., 205a f., 243b f.; KPF II: 185 f.; IIFL I: 238b, 389a; Christensen,
Contributions I: 166; Christensen, Contributions I: 43 ff., 51; IIFL II: 548; Abrahamian 1936: 110, 128,
112, 122; Lambton 1938: 78a; Andreev — Реёќегеуа: 346b ff., MacKenzie 1966: 91; EVS: 83b; Lecoq
1974: 62; DKS: 385a f., 218b; Vahman — Asatrian 1987: 74; WIM III: 101; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 115;
Werba 1997: 307 f; Paul 1998: 293a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 379, 278; Cabolov 2001: 212 f.; Cheung
18 *baujl
2002: 244; Lecoq 2002: 184 f. (passim); Kiefer 2003: 193; ESIJa II: 128 f£; Korn 2005: 77 f., 312, 357
(passim)
*bauj! ‘to bend’
*AVESTAN: (+ *api-) ? YAv. aipi-óDaoya- ‘bending from behind (?)’ (-d- < ?, Yt
15.45)
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ni-) OKh. nihujs- ‘to sink down, set’ || (+ *ham-) ha(m)bujs-
(hambus-) ‘to bow down’. Ф On ру. LKh. hamphajafia see Emmerick, SGS: 160.
= SGS: 58
*NWIR: Bal. bog ‘joint, knot’
*SANSKRIT: bhoj ‘to bend, curve’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 274
© The evidence for this root is limited in Ir.
«PIE *b"eug®”- ‘to bend, bow’ = LIV: 85 f. | Pok.: 152 f.
*IE COGNATES: Russ. bgat’, Ukr. bhaty ‘to bend’, Goth. biugan, OHG biogan, OE
bügan, Engl. to bow, OE bog, böh, Engl. bough, etc.
*REFERENCES: Bailey, Gs Minorsky: 67 Ё; DKS: 188a, 463a; Werba 1997: 212; ESIJa П: 147 ff.; Korn
2005: 80, 228, 357
*bauP ‘to release, free, open; to save, deliver’
*AVESTAN: YAv. büj- (bunj-) ‘to save, redeem’ = Liste: 39
Pres. {1} n-: IND. 3pl. YAv. bunjainti (Yt 14.46), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. (+ aja-!) bunjaiiät (V 7.71, Aog 57);
Pres. {2} them.: INJ. 3sg. YAv. büjat (Yt 4.3); Partic.: pres. aja- med. YAv. büjaiiamna- (Yt 1.17)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP bwz-, BMP bwc- /böz-/ ‘to free, to release’, MMP bwxs-
(inch.) ‘to be saved’ > DMMPP: 119a
Pres.: IND. 1sg. MMP bwzym, 3sg. MMP bwzyd, 3р1. MMP bwzynd, etc.
*PARTHIAN: bwj- ‘to free, liberate, save’, bwxs- (inch.) ‘to be saved’ = Ghilain: 51 |
DMMPP: 116a f.
Pres.: IND. 2sg. "bwjyh, 3р1. bwjynd, SUBJ. 15р. bwj’n, etc.
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pati-) ? LKh. paphüj- (paphv-) ‘to соПес = SGS: 71
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. Bwxs, MSogd. Bwxs (inch./intr.) ‘to be delivered, freed, get free’,
CSogd. bwc ‘to save’, MSogd. Bwe ‘to deliver, free’
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. Bwxsty, MSogd. Bwxs’m, SUBJ. 15р. BSogd. Bwxs’n, 35р.
MSogd. Bwxs’t, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: ? mj[Bwzy- ‘to drag, pull out, away’ (cf. Henning 1971: 11b)
= Samadi: 43
*BACTRIAN: Boy- (pret. stem) ‘to save’ = S-W, Bact.: 187a
*NWIR: Bal. bötk/böj- “о open’, butk/busk- (inch.) ‘to be released (from jail), be
fired (a gun), be emptied’ (see also *Hax8), Kurd. (Sor.) būžānawa/būžē- ‘to revive’,
? NP buzidan/buz- ‘to pluck off hair, wool’ (LW)
*NEIR: Oss. І. byğdæg, D. bugdzg ‘open (of space), not enclosed, laid bare’
*baxs 19
*SANSKRIT: ? Pali bhufijati ‘cleanses’ > EWAia П: 275
«PIE *b"eug- ‘to release, flee’ > LIV: 84 | Pok.: 152
*IE COGNATES: Gr. gevya, Lat. fugio ‘I flee’, Goth. us-baugjan ‘to wipe off
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 277; Bailey, Gs Minorsky: 67 f., Cabolov 2001: 214; ESIJa II: 145 Ё;
Shahbakhsh: s.v. busk-; Korn 2005: 86, 229 f., 357 (passim)
*bauj° “to enjoy, experience”
*KHOTANESE: Khot. bujsana- ‘feasting’ || (+ *ham-) OKh. hambus- ‘to enjoy’
=> SGS: 143
*CHORESMIAN: ? m/ž- ‘to rejoice, become happy’. Š According to Henning 1970:
12b this (hapax) verbal form is possibly from *barj ‘to praise, honour’, which is
semantically not quite satisfactory. Samadi, l.c. therefore cautiously suggests *barz
‘to enlarge, make high °’, which is, again, semantically somewhat imprecise. The
etymology suggested in ESIJa II: 150, which derives ßZ- from the formation
*buj-1a-, is perhaps more preferable. = Samadi: 47
*NEIR: Oss. I. byxsyn/byxst, D. buxsun/buxst (inch. ?) ‘to go through, tolerate, bear,
endure’
*SANSKRIT: bhoj ‘to enjoy; to make use of (RV+) = EWAia II: 275
The evidence for a root *bauj’ ‘to enjoy, experience’ is confined to three East Ir.
languages.
«PIE *b"eug- ‘to enjoy, experience; to make use of > LIV: 84 f. | Pok.: 153
*IE COGNATES: Lat. fungor ‘[positively] I enjoy, go through, experience, [negatively]
suffer, endure’, Arm. buci ‘fed, foddered’
«REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 283 Ё; Werba 1997: 211 Ё; ESIJa П: 149 f.
*baxS ‘to bestow, divide, apportion, have a share’
*AVESTAN: baxs- ‘to divide, have a share’ = Liste: 36f.
Pres. them.: IND. 2sg. YAv. baxsahe (Y 11.1), 3sg. YAv. baxSaiti, med. 3sg. YAv. baxSaite (Y 10.13),
3pl. YAv. baxsonti, med. 3р1. ? YAv. "baxsonte (V 8.100 f£), INJ. 3sg. YAv. baxsat (F 229), SUBJ. 1sg.
YAv. baxsäni (Yt 10.108), 3sg. ? YAv. "baxsüat (N 76), 3р1. YAv. baxsanti (Vyt 34, Vyt 46), OPT. 2pl.
Y Ау. ? baxsaeta (Net 8)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP bxs- ‘to divide, apportion’, BMP bhs- (HLKWN-) /baxs-/
‘to share, divide, bestow’, MMP bxsyh- (pass.) ‘to be divided’ || (+ *aua-) MMP
"wbxt (ppp.) ‘apportioned’ || (+ *ham-) MMP hmbxs- ‘to divide (up); distribute,
bestow’ = DMMPP: 119b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP bxsyd, SUBJ. Zeg. MMP bxs'd, 3р1. MMP "bxs^nd; Pass.: pres. IND. Zeg. MMP
*bxšyhyd, 3р1. MMP “’bxsyhynd; Partic.: pres. MMP bxš’g, perf. pass. BMP bht /baxt/, MMP bxsyhyst ||
(+*ham-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP hmbxsyd, MMP hmbxsyyd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP hmbxt
*PARTHIAN: bxš- ‘to divide, distribute, bestow’ = Ghilain: 59 | DMMPP: 119b
Pres.: IND. 35р. bxSyd, bxsyyd, 3р1. bxsynd; Partic.: perf. pass. bxt, bxtg
20 *bad
*KHOTANESE: buss- ‘to give, distribute’ = SGS: 103
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. Bxs-, BSogd. Bxš-, MSogd. BxS ‘to give, distribute’ || (+ *pati-)
SSogd. ptBxs- ‘to hand over’ || (+ *para- or *pari-) CSogd. prbx$ ‘to hand over,
deliver over’ || (+ *ham-) SSogd. ’nßxs, MSogd. “nBxš ‘to divide’
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. BSogd. Bxš m, 3sg. BSogd. BxSty, INJ. 15р. BxSyw, IMPV. 25р. BSogd.
Вх$?, Impf.: IND. 3sg. SSogd. Bxs’, BSogd. Bxs’; Fut.: IND. 15р. Bxs^m km, etc. || (+ *pati-) Impf.: IND.
35р. SSogd. ptyBxs’ || (+ *para- or *pari-) Pres.: IMPV. 25р. CSogd. prbyst, Partic.: pres. CSogd.
*prbxsny ‘betraying’, perf. pass. CSogd. prbyty (m.), CSogd. prbxsc (Ё) ‘delivered over’ || (+ *ham-)
Pres.: POT.-IMPV. 25р. SSogd. L’ "nBytw kwn’ ‘do not dare to impart (?)’; Impf.: IND. 3sg. MSogd.
mnßxs; Fut.: IND. 3pl. SSogd. "nBxsnt km Partic.: perf. pass. SSogd. ’nß’yt’k
*CHORESMIAN: BX- ‘to give, bestow; to share’ || (+ *ni-) m/nBx- ‘to share’
= Samadi: 43, 118
*BACTRIAN: Bay- (pret. stem) ‘to give away’ || (+ *ham-) орВоҳ- (pret. stem) ‘to
give away, distribute’ = S-W, Bact.: 184, 179b
*NWIR: NP baxsudan/baxSsay- ‘to grant, bestow’, Gur. (Kand.) bas ‘give !’, Ham.
baxSayan/baxs- ‘to give, distribute’, Kurd. (Sor.) bas ‘share, part’
*NEIR: Yzgh. vas-/vast ‘to sell’
*MISC: Orm. bas-/b(as)’ék ‘to give, grant’ = bax-/baxók ‘to offer, pardon’
© According to Schirmer — Kümmel, LIV: Le, the Ir. forms go back to a desid.
formation *b"(e)H>g-s’/,- ‘to wish to divide’ of *b'ag"- ‘to get a share’ (*baj). The
desid. formation has no further IE correspondences though.
*PIE — = LIV: 65 | Pok.: 107
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 390a; КРЕП: 183; Abrahamian 1936: 110; EVS: 86b; Cabolov 2001: 129; Kiefer
2003: 193; ESIJa II: 56 ff.
*bad ‘to press’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. аиш. Баба ‘due to pressure’ (Yt 10.134)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ ham-) ?’nb’zy- ‘to cause (milk) to curdle’. Ф The reconstruction
cautiously suggested by Henning 1971: 28b, viz. *apa- + *mädaia- (Bal. madag,
Wa. moó-, Kurd. mayin ‘to curdle’) is phonologically troublesome: we would rather
expect Chor. **(’)bm’zy-. Perhaps, the Chor. form ’nb’zy- is related to Skt. badh-
‘to press’ instead. The meaning of Chor. would thus derive from *‘to compress’.
= Samadi: 116
*NWIR: ? NP bastah ‘curdled’ (< *‘bound’ ?), Bal. bast, badit/bad- ‘to freeze (of
water), curdle (of yoghurt)’. © These forms are perhaps contaminated with *band
and/or mad’, on which see Shahbakhsh, s.v. bad-.
*SANSKRIT: Skt. badh ‘to press (away), oppose, repel’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 222
o Further Ir. correspondences are unknown, but according to ESIJa П: 159, Khot.
puvad- ‘to fear’ may be included. The long vowel in the Skt. and Av. forms is
peculiar and perhaps suggests a denominative origin: no corresponding verbal forms
*braHz 21
can be found in IE. It can also be noted that *bäd / Skt. badh rhymes with *nad / Skt.
nadh ‘to be distressed’.
«PIE *b’éd'- ‘pression, stress’ ? => LIV: 68 | Pok.: 114
*IE COGNATES: OCS béda, Lith. béda ‘distress, worry’, Lith. badas (m.) ‘sorrow’
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 465 f.; ESIJa II: 158 f.
*bisaz (*baiSaz) ‘to heal, cure’
*AVESTAN: YAv. bisaz- ‘to cure, heal’, also YAv. baesaza- ‘healing, curative’
= Liste: 38
Pres. ja-: SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. bisazani (V 22.6), 3sg. YAv. bisaziiat (V 7.40 f£), OPT. 25р. YAv. bisaziiois
(V 22.2, V 22.9)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP by3’z-, ВМР by3’z-, byš(')c- /bésaz-/, ВМР bys(’)zyn-
/besäzen-/ ‘to heal, cure’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP byS’zynyd; Partic.: pres. MMP bys’z’g’n (pl.) ‘healing’; Caus.: IND. 3sg. MMP
bys’zynyd, 3р1. BMP bys’zynynd /besazenend/, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP bys’zyn’d, 3р1. MMP bys’zyn’nd; Inf.:
caus. BMP byszynytn /besazenidan
*SOGDIAN: BSogd., MSogd. Byc ‘physician’ (GMS: §384)
*CHORESMIAN: ? m/rBsy- ‘to heal [intr.]’ (< *fra-bad-s-ja- ?) = Samadi: 169
*NWIR: NP pizisk (re-introduced), Kurd. (Kurm.) bizisk, (Sor.) pazisk, pizisk
‘doctor’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) bzisk ‘doctor’
*SANSKRIT: bhisáj- (m.) ‘healer, physician’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 264
© The denominative form bisaz derive from a noun *bis, which is continued in YAv.
bis- (6151$ framätö ‘skilled in medicine’, F 576), Y Av. paiti.bisi- ‘medicinal, healing’
(Y 10.18), cf. Klingenschmitt 1968: 171 ff. This root has no IE etymology and may
reflect an ancient cultural borrowing, on which see Lubotsky, Early Contacts: 310.
The forms with a long vowel in the first syllable reflect an ablauting (denominative)
variant: *baisaz.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 432; Cabolov 2001: 196
*braHz ‘to shine, set on fire, alight’
*AVESTAN: YAv. braz- ‘to shine’ — Liste: 40
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. brazaiti (Yt 10.143), INJ. med. 3pl. YAv. brazonta (Yt 5.129)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP br’z- ‘to shine’ (LW), ВМР БГА /bräh/ ‘splendour, beauty’
(genuinely Pers.) > DMMPP: 110a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP br’zyd, 3pl. MMP br’zynd, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP br’z’d; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP
br’zyst-
*PARTHIAN: br’z- ‘to shine, gleam’ || (+ *ui-) wybr’z- ‘to shine, be lit up’ = Ghilain:
59 | DMMPP: 110a
22 *braiH
Pres.: IND. br’zyd; Partic.: pres. br’z’g ‘shining’ || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. (?) “wybr’zyd; Partic.: perf.
pass. II wybr’z’d
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. fr’’z’’nt ‘shining’, BSogd. Br’’zyntk, MSogd. Br’zn(d)tyy
‘ablaze’ || (+ *a-) CSogd. *br’z ‘to be lit up, become angry’, ? CSogd. ’bryZ (caus.)
‘to light, set on fire’, BSogd. "D'rxs'k, BSogd. ’’Brxs’kw ‘wish, desire, lust’,
MSogd. ”’Brxsyy ‘desire, lust’, SSogd. ’’Brxs’kmync ‘lascivious’ (cf. Sims-Williams
1976: 49 f.)
(+ *4-) Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. ’br’z; Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd. ’br’zc (f.) ‘lit up, angry’, CSogd. ’br’ztr
(compar.) ‘angrier’; Caus.: pres. OPT. 3pl. CSogd. ’br<yZy>nt
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *4-) m/’br’z- ‘to burn, light up’, (caus.) m/’br’zy- ‘to lit (fire)’;
’br’z ‘flame’ (450.1) = Samadi: 1
*NWIR: NP barazidan/baraz- ‘to shine, beam’
*MISC: Огт. bras-/brastak ‘to burn [intr.]’ = brés-/bréSok, bróxtok
*SANSKRIT: bhräj ‘to shine, beam’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 279
«PIE *b'reH;é- ‘to shine’ = LIV: 92 | Pok.: 139 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lith. bréksti ‘to break [of day], dawn’, Pol. o-brzasknaé ‘to become
light’
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 389b f.; Werba 1997: 467; Kiefer 2003: 193; ESIJa II: 184 ff.
*braiH ‘to shave, shear, cut’
*AVESTAN: (+ *pari-) Y Av. pairi.bri- ‘to shave, shear’ = Liste: 40
MED.; Pres. them. nà-: IND. 3р1. YAv. pairi.brinonte (V 17.2), INJ. 25р. Y Av. pairi.brinagha (V 17.4)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP bryn-, BMP blyn- (PSKWN-) /brin-/ ‘to cut off, MMP
bwr-, BMP bwr- /bur-/ ‘to cut off, sever’ (secondary formation, cf. Hübschmann
1895: 28) = DMMPP: 111a, 117b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP brynyd || Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP bwrynd, IMPV. 2sg. MMP bwr, Partic.: perf. pass.
BMP blyt, BMP bwlytk /bridag/ (or /bur(r)idag/ ?), MMP bryd, Inf.: BMP /bridan/
*PARTHIAN: bryn- ‘to cut off — Ghilain: 111a |
Pres.: IND. 3pl. brynynd; Partic.: perf. pass. bryd
*KHOTANESE: OKh. barrai ‘sculptor
*CHORESMIAN: m/Bn- ‘to shave, shear’ > Samadi: 39
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP burridan/burr-, Zaz. birnayis/birnen- ‘to cut (off)', Bal.
bur(r)it/bur(r)- ‘to cut’ (< Pers. ?), Kurd. birin/bir-, (also Sor.) wirm/wir- “о cut
(off), shave’, Awrom. biriáy/bir- ‘to cut’, Abz. berida/berin-, Gur. (Kand) -ur-,
(impv. birauwä), Ham. beriyän/berin-, Isfah. birintän/birin-, Delij. bar-bini, Siv.
-bur-, Zaz. birn- ‘to cut’ (LW), Fariz. -bri-, Khuns. birn-, brin-/brina, (LW)
bur-/bura, burna, Natan. -beri-, Semn. -brin-, Qohr. birid/bir-, Soi birit/-birn- ‘to cut
(off)’, Tal. Быгып- ‘to shave’, Kurd. birin (Ё) ‘wound, injury’ (< *briH-nä-)
*NEIR: Oss. I. elvynyn/elvyd, D. aelvinun/elvid ‘to shave’, Yghn. virin-/virita ‘to
shear’, Ishk. varn-/vred ‘to shave, shear’, Wa. vrin-, vrun-/vrit ‘to shave, shear’,
*bra(1)j 23
Yghn. virin-, vérin-/virita ‘to shear off (wool)’, ? Yghn. viríc-, véríc-/virícta ‘to
shave, shear’ (-c- < ?) || (+ *apa-) Pash. būrai ‘one whose nose, lips, ... have been cut
off || (+ *a-) Oss. I. arviston ‘a mixture of hay and straw in pulverized form’
*SANSKRIT: bhri ‘to harm’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 282
0 The root *’bar- : br- postulated in ESIJa II: 108 ff. is incorrect.
«PIE *b'reiH- ‘to cut off (7) = LIV: 92 f. | Pok.: 166
*IE COGNATES: OCS briti, Russ. brit’ ‘to shave’, etc., Olrish bronnaid ‘injures,
damages’
*REFERENCES: КРЕТ. 205a, 243b; EVP: 16; КРЕП: 184; Christensen, Contributions I: 154, 256; IIFL II:
258b Е; Abrahamian 1936: 110, 128; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 72 Ё; Andreev — PeSéereva: 345b; MacKenzie
1966: 90; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 48 f.; EVS: 85; WIM I: 66; DKS: 278b; Safari 1373: 99; Werba 1997: 308;
Paul 1998: 293a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 381; Cabolov 2001: 189, 186; Lecoq 2002: 123 (passim);
Korn 2005: 133, 320, 354
*bra(i)j ‘to roast, bake’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP bryz- ‘to roast, bake’ (KPT: 119) = DMMPP: llla
Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP bryzynd
*PARTHIAN: brynz- ‘to roast, bake’, bry- ‘to burn [intr.]’ (< *brjia-, with disappear-
ance of the affricate ?) = DMMPP: 111а
Pres.: IND. 1sg. *brynz‘ym
*KHOTANESE: LKh. brrijs- ‘to roast’ || (+ *uz-) LKh. aysbrijs- ‘to roast? = SGS:
107, 16
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. "Br’xs- (inch.) ‘to be roasted’
Pres.: SUBJ. 1р1. MSogd. *Br’xs’’m (Sogdica: 39)
*CHORESMIAN: ryz- ‘to roast, bake’ > Samadi: 41
*NWIR: NP biristan ‘to roast’, biryan ‘roasted’, Bal. brétk/brej- ‘to roast, fry, parch’,
Kurd. (Kurm.) biräZtin, birastin, biristin, baristin/biraZ-, bireZ- ‘to bake [tr.]’, (Sor.)
birizan/birizé- ‘to bake, cook (tr./intr.)’, Awrom. birestáy/bireZ- ‘to roast’, Gur.
(Kand.) biriZian (intr./pass.)/ -riZ- (tr.) ‘to roast, bake’, (ppp.) Gz. biriste ‘roasted,
baked (through)’ || (+ *aua-, *ui-) Gil. vabist-, vavist-/vabij-, vavij- ‘to roast’
*NEIR: Yghn. viráy-/viráyta ‘to roast? (Andreev — Pescereva: 345b), Sariq.
virz-/virzd ‘to fry, parch, roast grain’ (*brj-ia-), Wa. vros-/vrost- ‘to bake, roast’, Yi.
vroc-/vrexc- ‘to roast’, (ppp.) Pash. writ ‘roasted’
*SANSKRIT: bhrajj ‘to fry, roast? (RV+) = EWAia II: 278
9 Most Ir. forms show i-vocalism in the root, which may be the result of vocalisation
of *rto irin the zero grade with subsequent introduction of -i- in the full grade.
«PIE *b"reg-/b'erg- ‘to roast’? > LIV: 92 f. | Pok.: 137
*IE COGNATES: Gr. gpvyo, Lat. frigo ‘I roast’, OLat. ferctum (n.) ‘a kind of
sacrificial cake’
24 *braj
*REFERENCES: EVP: 90; KPF II: 183; IIFL I: 389b f.; IIFL II: 259, 547; MacKenzie 1966: 90; EVS: 86a;
DKS: 314a, 7a; Kerimova: 254, 257; WIM П/2: 644; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 382; Werba 1997: 213 f.;
Cabolov 2001: 182 f.; Kiefer 2003: 193; ESIJa II: 169 ff.; Shahbakhsh: s.v. bréj-
*braj ‘to break’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ati-) ? tcabr(r)is- (intr./inch.) ‘to be scattered’, OKh. tcabalj-
(caus.) ‘to scatter’ || (+ *ui-ati-) ? LKh. güjsabris- ‘to be dispersed’, LKh. güjsaba’j-
(caus.) ‘to overcome; disperse’ — SGS: 40, 29
*SOGDIAN: (+ *aua-) BSogd. ’wBr’wytk ‘benumbed (with cold)’ || (+ *ham-) BSogd.
"nBrytk, BSogd. "npryty, CSogd. *bryty ‘paralysed, crippled’
*NEIR: Sh. viray-/viruxt, (Baj.) viraw-/virdyd, Rosh. viraw-, Bart. viraw-/virawd,
Yzgh. voraw-/voroXt, Sariq. varaXt ‘to break [intr.]’ (with inexplicable -y/w-), Yi.
vri-/vrir-, M. vrir-/vrisk’- ‘to break [tr.]’
9 The evidence for a root *braj ‘to break’ is relatively limited in Ir.
«PIE *b'reg- ‘to break’ > LIV: 91 f. | Pok.: 165
*IE COGNATES: Lat. frangö ‘I break’, Olrish braigim ‘I break wind’, Goth. brikan,
OE brecan, Engl. to break, etc.
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 155, 258b f.; EVS: 85a f.; DKS: 135 f.
*bram ‘to cry, weep’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ВМР bI’m-/bram-/ ‘to cry, weep’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP bl’mynd /braménd/; Partic.: pres. BMP bl'm n /bramän/
*PARTHIAN: brm- ‘to cry, weep’ = Ghilain: 56 | DMMPP: 110b f.
Pres.: IND. 1sg. brm’m, 1р1. brm’m, 3р1. brmynd; Partic.: perf. pass. II brm’d
*KHOTANESE: brem- (brraim-) ‘to cry, weep’ > SGS: 107
*NWIR: Well attested (but not in NP): Zaz. bermäyis/bermen-, Aft. burme, Abz.
bórómowa/bóróm-, Anar. ibreft/ibremb-, Gil. barme, Harz. beram, Jow. ba-rbaft-/
a-rbom- (with metath. -br- > -rb-), Khuns. burm-/buruft, Maz. barm-, Nn. biréfte/
biremb-, birémb-, Qohr. börat/börm-, Tal. bame, Tt. (Cha.) bermam/bermas, (Tak.)
berban/berbanast, (Ebr.) bebram/bebramast, (Esh.) berben/berbenest, Yzd. (Zor.)
bremodvün ‘to weep’ (why long -7- ?), Jow. borma, Meim. berma, Mah. burma,
Lasg. burma (in burma bajas ‘he wept’), Yzd. (Zor.) b(e)rema ‘weeping’, Sang.
borme ‘tears’
«PIE *b"rem- ‘to cry’ = LIV: 91 f. | Pok.: 142 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. fremö ‘I make a thud, mumble, moan’, MWelsh bref- ‘to roar’,
Pol. brzmie (brzmiec) ‘I sound, buzz, OE barmen, NHG barmen ‘to complain,
moan’, Erbarmen ‘pity’
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 84a, 145b f.; Ivanow 1926: 420; Christensen, Contributions I: 236; Christensen,
Contributions II: 63, 138b; Lambton 1938: 42b, 76b, 72a f.; GMS: §48, 53; Yarshater 1969: 182; WIM I:
*buHs 25
66; MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 19; DKS: 316a f.; Paul 1998: 292a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 102; Vahman —
Asatrian 2002: 25; Lecoq 2002: 122, 125, 132 (passim); ESIJa II: 172 £.
*bramH ? ‘to wander, roam’
*AVESTAN: YAv. bräs- ‘to wander, roam ?’ © The interpretation of hapax ҮАУ.
brasat in passage Yt 19.34 is extremely difficult, on which see Henning 1940: 509
(*bram- ‘to cry, weep’), Hintze 1994: 193f. (*bram- ‘to roam, wander’ = Skt.
bhram'-) and Kellens 1984: 104 (the identity of the root is not specified). Pirart
1992: 47, suggests to see it as the inchoative of bra, i.e. *barH “о move rapidly’,
also Humbach - Ichaporia 1998: 111. = Liste: 40
Pres. inch.: INJ. 3sg. YAv. brasat (Yt 19.34)
*SANSKRIT: bhram ‘to move to and fro unsteadily, flicker, blaze up’ (BrUp.+)
= EWAia II: 279
The existence of an Ir. root *bramH is uncertain. No certain IE cognates can be
mentioned, cf. LIV: 94 f.
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 416 f.; ESIJa II: 171 f.
*brans ‘to fall, collapse’
*KHOTANESE: ОКЪ. bras(s)- ‘to fall’ © SGS: 107
*NEIR: ? Oss. I. elvasyn/elvest, D. elvasun/elvest ‘to extract, take out; to pull on’.
© The comparison to OKh. bras(s)-, suggested by Benveniste, ELO: 35 f., and
accepted by Emmerick, SGS: Le and Bailey, DKS: Le, is troublesome, both
semantically and formally, cf. Abaev, l.c. For etymological reasons Benveniste
considers ‘to throw’ ("éjecter soudain, faire sortir d’une secousse, projeter hors de")
as the starting point, with no further justification. The appearance of -/- in inherited
forms is normally the result of palatalisation of *r or dissimilation of (®)г... r. In
addition, the Oss. vocalism -a-, which normally derives from Ir. *4, would be left
unexplained, too: full grade *-an- nor zero grade *-n- can possibly yield long *-a-.
*SANSKRIT: bhrams ‘to fall (down), drop’ (YV+) = EWAia II: 277
© The evidence for an Ir. root *brams is very meagre, being confined to Khotanese
bras(s)- and possibly Oss. zlvasyn/elvest.
*PIE — = LIV: 95 | Pok.: 168
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 131 f.; DKS: 313a; Werba 1997: 214; ESIJa II: 173
*buHS ‘to endeavour’
*AVESTAN: OAv. bus- ‘to endeavour, strive for’, OAv. bustis (pl.) ‘endeavours’ (Y
43.8). © On OAv. būštīš see Insler, Gathas: 236. Diff. Humbach 1959 I: 112
("Gedeihnisse"). — Liste: 39f.
Inf.: OAv. büzdiiai (Y 44.17)
*SANSKRIT: bhüs ‘to support, promote, be ready, busy’ > EWAia II: 270
26 *éail
0 The Av.-Skt. "root" is probably an old desiderative formation of *bauH /bhav, cf.
LIV: l.c. No further Ir. cognate forms are known.
«PIE desider. *b'uH;-s'/,- > LIV: 98 | Pok.: 146 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Lith. bus ‘will be’, RussCS bysest, bySost- ‘wéArA@v’
*REFERENCES: Gershevitch 1952b: 176; Humbach 1958a: 213, fn. 8; Werba 1997: 466 f.; De Vaan 2003:
299
©
*ëai! ‘to heap up, gather, collect’
*AVESTAN: Av. caii- ‘to heap up, gather’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to select, choose’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to
be put together [of paces]’ — Liste: 22
Pres. nu-: INJ. 3sg. OAv. vicinaot (Y 46.17), OPT. med. 35р. YAv. vicinaeta (V 16.2); Aor. athem.: INJ.
159. YAv. -саёт (Yt 13.11), med. 3р1. OAv. visiiata (Y 30.3, Y 30.6), SUBJ. 2р1. OAv. vicaiiada (Y
46.15); Aor. them.: INJ. 35р. ? YAv. -caiiat (Yt 13.28, ? P 56), med. ? YAv. hancaiiata (V 9.9), 3pl. ?
Y Av. -caiion (Yt 13.22), SUBJ. 3pl. YAv. caiian (N 1); Partic.: pres. cinuuant- (Y 46.10, Y 56.13); Inf.:
OAv. vicidiiai (Y 31.5, Y 49.6)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP cyn-, BMP cyn- /ёш-/ ‘to gather, collect; tend (fire) || (+
*pari-) MMP przyd (past stem) “о shut in, imprison; fix in, fasten in’ || (+ *ni-)
MMP псуп- ‘to pile up, heap together’ || (+ *ui-) MMP wcyd, ВМР woyt /wizid/
(past stem) ‘to choose” = DMMPP: 132, 283a, 240a, 337b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP cynyt /ётга/, 3р1. BMP cynynd /ёшёпа/, IMPV. 2р1. MMP cynyd-; Partic.: pres.
MMP cyn’g, perf. pass. MMP cyyd, BMP cytk /cidag/; Inf.: MMP cyydn; Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. MMP
cynyhyd || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP nycynyd, MMP “ncynyd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP ncyd
*PARTHIAN: cyn- ‘to gather, collect’ || (+ *ni-) ncyn- ‘to pile up, heap up together’ ||
(+ *ш-) wZyn- ‘to choose’ = Ghilain: 85 | DMMPP: 132a, 240a, 338
Pres.: IND. 3pl. cynynd || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. ncynyd || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 2sg. wycyn’h, 3sg.
wZynyd, Partic.: perf. pass. wjydg, wyzyd, wjyd
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pari-) pargyifia- ‘treasury, storeroom, enclosure’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) BSogd. pc’y ‘to profit’ || (+ *ш-) CSogd. wen-, MSogd. wcy-
‘to choose, select’
(+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. pc’yt || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IMPV. 2sg. CSogd. wycn’; Pret.: IND. 3sg.
MSogd. weytw ó rt; Partic.: perf. pass. wyctyt (pl.) ‘chosen’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *upa-) ben- ‘to collect (wood) and heap up’, (pass./intr.) b/pcy- ‘to
swell up, [intr.] blow up’ || (+ *ui-) m/wen- ‘to collect, gather’ || (+ *ham-) m/ncn-
‘to close’, (pass.) m/nen- ‘to be closed’. Q Concerning b/pcy-, the cautiously
suggested etymologies of MacKenzie III: 321 and Samadi (1.с.), *api-tusia- (*tauS
‘to (be) empty’, q.v.) and *pati-Orusia- (*OraHu ‘to nourish’, q.v.) respectively, are
both semantically and phonologically cumbersome. The Chor. form perhaps reflects
*čai2 27
pass. *upa-čija-, cf. Skt. upa-cit- (f.) ‘a particular disease, a kind of swelling disease’
(VS). || Samadi: 14, 148, 212, 120
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP čīdan/čīn- ‘to collect, gather’, cin (impv.) ‘pluck !’, Bal.
čit/čin- ‘to pick, gather’, Kurd. činīn/čin- (Kurm.) ‘to reap; to mow’, (Sor.) ‘to
gather, glean [ear of corn]’, Awrom. Cıniay/Cın- ‘to pluck’, (caus.) Kurd. (Kurm.)
candin/Cin-, (Sor.) candin/cén- ‘to sow, plant’, Gur. (Kand.) -cin- ‘to gather, reap,
pluck, heap’, Abz. cida/Cen-, Abyan. Cia/Cin-, Ard. ёепае/ёеп-, Khuns. ¢in-/ci ‘to
pluck, pick’, Jow. bam-tfi/a-tfin-, Meim. á:rem tfi:n/a:r etfi:n-, Nn. Ceye/Cin-, Natan.
čiä, Qohr. cida/cin-, Tr. Ciya/sn-, Varz. Cinde/éin- ‘to reap, gather’, Semn. -cinc- ‘to
gather, pluck’ || (+ *pari-) NP parcidan/parcin- ‘to beat down the point of a driven
nail so as to fix it; to rout’, Gur. (Kand.) párcin 'thorn-hedge', Bakht. parzin
‘bramble’ || (+ *ui-) NP guzidan/guzin-, Bal. gicint/gicin- ‘to choose, select, elect’
*NEIR: Sh. ci(y)-/cid, Rosh. cay-/cid, Bart. ciy-/cid, Sarig. cey-/cid ‘to reap, harvest’,
Yghn. Gin-/cita, ? Wa. Cip-, čbīp-/čopt ‘to collect, pick’, Yi. &ü-/Cüvd, M. jüv-/juvd
‘to pick, choose’ (< *ёіпџа- ?), M. Cin-/Einoy- ‘to build a wall’, cinv- ‘to collect; to
build’ || (+ *abi-) Wa. vjin-/vjit- ‘to cover with a roof’ || (+ *pari-) Yi. parzin
‘enclosure for sheep’, parZini ‘thorn-hedge’ || (+ *ni-) Yi. laZino ‘pile of firewood? ||
(+ *ш-) Sh. (Baj.) wijin-/wijid, Bart. wijin-/wijid ‘to release, sort out, cleanse,
remove’, Wa. wicin-/wicind- ‘to disperse, scatter grain’ || (+ *ham-) Sh. anjic ‘clay
jar for keeping nuts, dried apricots, etc.’ (*han-citi-ci-, EVS: 14b) || (+ *?) ? Yzgh.
расӣ ‘stubble-field’. 0 On Sh. ci(y)-/cid, etc., hardly likely EVS: 25a: *draja-/
*drita-. Perhaps, the Pamir forms are old borrowings from Persian (or another
Iranian language ?).
*SANSKRIT: cay ‘to gather, pile up ' (RV+) = EWAia I: 531
© The long -7- frequently found in Wlr. forms is analogical, cf. Hübschmann 1895:
137, perhaps from the infinitive of causive-denominative formations in dan. There
are no past stems with short 1 in Persian, for instance.
PIE *K"ei- ‘to pile up, to heap, make’ = LIV: 378 f. | Pok.: 637 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. xoiéo ‘I make, produce, compose’, OCS činiti ‘to arrange’
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 206a; KPF II: 190; Christensen, Contributions I: 257; Lambton 1938: 41b, 77b;
IFL П: 200b f., 518b, 240b, 225b Ё; Andreev — PeSéereva: 239a; MacKenzie 1966: 92; EVS: 25a, 89b,
52b, 14b, 116a; WIM I: 67; Werba 1997: 181 £; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 126, 379 f., 389; Cabolov
2001: 237, 228; Lecoq 2002: 120, 123, 125 (passim); ESIJa II: 205 f£; Shahbakhsh: s.v. gicin-; Korn
2005: 313, 371, 85, fn. 48, 395 (passim)
*&aË чо atone, pay penalty’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. ci- (caii-, kaii-, kae-) ‘to atone’ = Liste: 22
Pres. athem. red.: SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. cikaiiat (V 7.38, V 13.10, V 13.31, etc.), 3du. YAv. cikaiiato (F 48, F
50, F 117), 3р1. YAv. "cikaiion (V 15.12, V 15.22, V 14.40), IMPV. 2sg. Y Av. ба... cici (? ба... “cicidi,
28 *čai3
F 238); Partic.: pres. desid. med. YAv. aißi.cicisomna- (N 63), Caus.: pres. OPT. med. 3pl. YAv.
pairi.ākaiiaņta (Yt 10.122)
MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP cy- ‘to mourn, grieve, be troubled’, MMP kyn ‘hate,
malice, revenge’ > DMMPP: 131b, 219b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP cyyd, IMPV. 2pl. cyyd; Partic.: pres. MMP cy’g
*PARTHIAN: kyn ‘hate, malice, revenge? > DMMPP: 219b
*NWIR: Oss. D. kine, kena ‘revenge’
*NEIR: NP kén ‘anger, wrath’
*SANSKRIT: cay ‘to punish, take revenge’ (RV) = EWAia I: 532
0 The root *čař is usually not distinguished from *čai!, cf. Hoffmann — Forssman
1996: 205; AiW: 441. However, the distinction as made by Kellens (et al.) is
semantically justifiable.
PIE *K"ei- ‘to collect a debt, take revenge, punish’ > LIV: 595 f. | Pok.: 636
*IE COGNATES: Lyc. А ttiti, B kikiti ‘sentences (as payment, penalty)’, Gr. tivo ‘I
pay, settle (a score)’, тіуорол ‘to cause to pay, punish, avenge’, лоуў ‘blood-
money, punishment, revenge’
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 596; Nyberg II: 117b f.; Werba 1997: 182 f.
* Kai? “о see, observe, perceive’
*AVESTAN: OAv. cailas-ca (n.) ‘attention, respect’ (Y 45.5) || (+ *ш-) ҮАУ. (Gsg.m.)
vikaiehe ‘witness’ (F762, Klingenschmitt 1968: 246)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ui-) MMP gwg’y, BMP gwk’dy /gugay/ ‘witness, testifier’
=> DMMPP: 166b
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ui-) wyg’h ‘witness’ DMMPP: 352b
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ui-) bye ‘witness’ 0 From *ui-käjäuäh ?, with loss of intervocalic
*k, ЕП. shortening: *8í> *aj. = SGS: 336
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) ? SSogd. ptskwy- ‘to reply; explain’, Sogd. ptskwy ‘to
(re)turn’, BSogd. ptskwy-, CSogd. pcwqy- ‘to say (to a superior), entreat’, MSogd.
ptskwy ‘to speak, say’ || (+ *ui-) CSogd. wyc’w’, CSogd. wyc’wyt ‘martyr(s)’,
CSogd. wyc'wqy' (f.) ‘witness, martyrdom’
(+ *pati-) Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 159. SSogd. ptskwy’m, MSogd. ptskwy’m (ВВВ: 40), dur. CSogd.
pcqwy’msq, INJ. 1sg. SSogd. “ptskwyw, etc.
*BACTRIAN: С1- ‘to see, consider’ || (+ *ui-) owyaAg ‘witness’, ovyaAgavo (pl.)
‘witnesses’ = S-W, Bact.: 223b, 212b
*NEIR: Oss. I. cyt, D. cite ‘honour, oun", I. kad, D. kadæ ‘fame; honour, hommage"
|| (+ *ш-) Oss. D. igawun/igawd ‘to look sad’
*MISC: (+ *ui-) Arm. (LW) vkay ‘witness’
*SANSKRIT: cay ‘to perceive, to observe’ (RV+)
*PIE *K"ei- ‘to observe, be observant’? > LIV: 377 f. | Pok.: 636 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. тіо ‘I honour’, OCS ¿ajo ‘I expect, hope for’
*CaiH2 ? 29
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 327, 565, 541; Werba 1997: 182
*а1Н! ‘to sew’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *upa-) MMP ’bzyn- ‘to sew, tailor = DMMPP: 18b
(+ *upa-) Pres.: IND. 3р1. BMP ’bzynynd, IMPV. 2sg. MMP ’bzyn
*PARTHIAN: Pth. ’bjyn’gr ‘tailor’ > DMMPP: 18b
*KHOTANESE: ? OKh. cile (pl.) ‘dress’ (< Pkt. ?, cf. EVS: 23, s.v. cel) || (+ *a-)
acana- ‘thread’
*SOGDIAN: ? CSogd. Zum, MSogd. Zum (denomin.) ‘to sew’, CSogd. Swmgqy’
‘sewing’
Pres.: IND. 3pl. MSogd. swm’nd; Pret.: tr. IND. 3sg. MSogd. swmö’rt, Partic.: pres. MSogd. Swmnyy
‘tailor’, MSogd. swmyy ‘sewing’ (Sogdica: 16)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *upa-) bcn- ‘to mend, patch up (clothing)’. © Not related to ben-
‘to collect’, as suggested by Samadi, l.c. > Samadi: 14
*NWIR: Awrom. Саш (Ё), Siv. cán, cen(ne) ‘needle’ (hardly *saucan(1)a-) || (+ *a-)
NP äjıdan ‘to sew, stitch’ (LW), ? NP azin-/azidan (cf. Horn, GIPh. I/2: 128)
*NEIR: Yghn. Siy-/sita ‘to sew’ || (+ *pati-) ? Sh. pijén-/pijént, Bart. pajan-/pajint,
Sariq. pajin-/pajid ‘to thread, string’ (« "pati-kanaya- ?, EVS: 56a) || (+ *ham-)
Pash. ancóy, incdy (Ё), (Waz.) snay ‘woollen thread, yarn’, Yghn. icin
*SANSKRIT: ? cira- ‘strip, tatter, rag’ (TA+), cela- (n.) ‘clothes, garment’ (Gaut.+)
c EWAia I: 545
© For semantic (and formal) reasons it is unlikely that the above-mentioned Iranian
forms contain the root Sëai ‘to heap up, gather’. It must be admitted though that an
IE provenance for *čaiH! ‘to sew’ is doubtful. The root itself is perhaps exclusively
Ilr. (cf. Skt. cira-, cela-) and may be related to the second part of the (presumably)
compounded formation Skt. sü-ci- ‘needle’, YAv. sü-kä- (f.), Oss. I. su-zin, D. so-
3inz ‘needle’, etc. Persian *pec, BMP pyc-, NP pec-/pecidan ‘to twist, distort, bend,
wreathe, coil, wind in a serpentine form' (borrowed into modern dialects) is
probably unrelated, it derives from adverb *patica ‘back’ + ¿dan ‘to collect’,
Nyberg II: 160a f.
*PIE — > LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: KPF II: 189; Abrahamian 1936: 119; Lambton 1938: 41a, 77a; IIFL II: 279a; Andreev —
PeSéereva: 327b Ё; MacKenzie 1966: 92, 104; WIM I: 71;WIM II/1: 81; DKS: 1, 16; WIM III: 307;
МЕУР: 9.
*%aiH? ? чо rest, sit down’
*NWIR: Abz. češta/čīn-, Abyan. casta/Cin-, Anar. nigiste/ nig-, Fariz. há-cast-/hà-a-
cin-, Yar. há-cast-/há-a-cin-, Jow. bam-tfunoa/ha a-tfun-, Meim. ha: tfeft-, ha: tfaft-/
ha: a-tfi:n-, Kafr. nistemiin/ho-ningon-, Kasa ho-¿aštëmün/ (supplet. hó-a-nig- < *ni-
+ *kap/f ‘to (be)fall’ ?), Khuns. ¢in-/ées-, kis- ‘to sit down’, Nn. nigiste/nig-, Natan.
30 *&aiš (*kaiß)
ha-cin (supplet. ha-ni- & ha-n(e)sist-) ‘sit down", Qohr. &ista/ &in-, Tr. čašta/
(supplet. ng-), Von. ö-Cessan/ö-t-Ein- ‘to sit down’, Soi čīšt-/á-čīn- ‘to sit (down)’,
(sec. caus.) Kasa ho-cono'imün/hó-a-Con-, Qohr. j6-Cinédén/j6-va-cin-, Sang.
hü-cündetén/hü-Cün-, Sede nisten/nikön-, nikü-, Von. ö-Cündän/ö-t-ün- ‘to place,
make sit’. Ф The suppletive stems of Natan. hä-Cin are from from the pass. formation
*ni-daja- < *ni- + *daH? and *ni- + *had respectively.
0 Evidence for this root, which may be a variant of *&jaH!, is chiefly confined to the
modern dialects of Central Iran. The forms attested in these dialects may then derive
from a nasal pres. formation *Ci-naH-. Naturally, interference with the root *had ‘to
sit, be seated’ or its corresponding prefigated formation *ni-s/had ‘to sit down,
place’ (or another unidentified root ?) is to be expected. The k-forms point to influ-
ence from kin (kin) ‘backside’ or rather to the existence of a caus.-iter. formation
*kaiHaja- ?
PIE ? *K"(e)iH;- ‘to rest, be quiet, tranquil’ = LIV: 393 | Pok.: 638
*IE COGNATES: ? Lat. quiesco ‘I rest’, Lat. quiévi (pret.), Arm. han-geaw ‘rested’,
OCS po-éijo ‘I rest’, OCS po-kojo (caus.) ‘I calm (someone)
*REFERENCES: Zhukovskij I: 200a f.; Zhukovskij П: 346b f£; KPF I: 147, 249b f.; Ivanow 1926: 421;
Christensen, Contributions I: 173, 263; Lambton 1938: 41b, 78b; WIM I: 67, 70; Lecoq 2002: 122, 124,
127 (passim)
*čaiš (*kai8) ‘to assign, make known, teach’
*AVESTAN: ciS- ‘to assign’, tkaesa- ‘teaching’ || (+ *para-) ‘to make it understood’ ||
(+ *fra-) ‘to teach’ = Liste: 22 f.
Pres. n-: IND. 1sg. YAv. cinahmi (Y 12.1, Y 12.9), 35р. ҮАУ. cinasti (Y 19.12 ff., Y 20.1, Y 20.3, etc.),
1р1. OAv. cismahi (Y 35.5, Y 39.4, Y 41.1), med. 1pl. YAv. cismaide (Y 27.7, Vr 12.2, Vr 12.4), INJ.
3sg. OAv. cinas (Y 44.6), ОРТ. 3sg. Y Av. cisiiat (A 3.6), 3pl. YAv. vi^cisiian (V 8.2), IMPV. 25р. OAv.
сга (Y 44.16); Aor. {1} athem.: INJ. 1sg. OAv. cöisom (Y 46.18), 25р. OAv. cöis (Y 31.3, Y 47.5), 3sg.
OAv. cöist (Y 45.10, Y 50.3, 51.15), 2pl. OAv. ceuuista (Y 34.13), Y Av. cöista (P 25); Aor. {2} them.:
INJ. 3du. ? Y Av. fracaesaetom (Yt 8.38); Partic.: fut. med. ? YAv. caesomna- (Yt 19.93); Pass.: aor. INJ.
3sg. OAv. couuisi (Y 51.15). 0 On Y Av. caesomna-, compare for instance Humbach — Ichaporia: 167, but
Hintze 1994: 377 f.: *jaesomna-, see *jai.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP qys- ‘to teach’, BMP kys /kés/ ‘faith, religion’
c DMMPP: 222a
Pass.: pres. SUBJ. 3sg. MMP qysyh'd
*NWIR: NP kés ‘religion’
© Further (Dr. cognates are unknown.
PIE *K"eis- ‘to observe, see’ = LIV: 381 | Pok.: 637
*IE COGNATES: Olrish ad-cí ‘sees’, Gall. pissíiumí (fut.) ‘shall see
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 196; Nyberg II: 118a
a
*éak/g 31
*&ай/Ө ‘to remark, observe’
*AVESTAN: c(ö)it- ‘to remark, observe’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to recognise [Humbach II: 80;
Kellens — Pirart П: 241]; to mark [Insler, Gathas: 202]’ = Liste: 22
Pres. n-: INJ. 3sg. OAv. fracinas (Y 32.5), SUBJ. med. Ipl. ҮАУ. cina0amaide (Vr 12.4); Aor. athem.:
IND. med. 3sg. ? OAv. acistä (Inj. ?: a- < *ā-, Y 51.11), INJ. med. 3sg. OAv. cista (Y 51.5, cf. previous),
SUBJ. 35р. OAv. cöidat (Y 46.9), med. 3sg. OAv. cöidaite (Y 33.2); Perf.: IND. 1sg. YAv. "cika&0a (Yt
1.26), 3р1. ? OAv. ciköitoros (cf. Jasanoff 1997: 119 ff., Y 32.11); Partic.: perf. YAv. ciki@Bah-/ °ciciOus-
(V 18.67, V 18.69), ? ҮАУ. ciciOßä (rather verb. adj., Insler 1974: 232, Y 43.2)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP cyhyn- /Cihen-/ ‘to teach, make known, inform’ || (+ *ni-)
MMP ncyh- ‘to teach’ || (+ *ui-) MMP wcyh- ‘to teach’, ВМР woyh- /wizéh-/ ‘to
announce’ > DMMPP: 240a, 338a
Pass.: pres. IND. 1sg. BMP cyhywm /¢ihiyum/, pret. caus. 3sg. BMP cyhynyt /cihenid/ || (+ *ni-) Pres.:
IND. 3sg. MMP ncyhyd, ncyhyyd, 2pl. ncyhyd, SUBJ. 3pl. MMP ncyh’nd, OPT. 3sg. MMP ncyhyh,
IMPV. 2р1. MMP ncyhyd; Partic.: pres. MMP ncyh’g, perf. pass. MMP ncyst || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 15р.
BMP weyhym /wizihém/, 3sg. BMP weyhyt /wizéhéd/ ‘announces’, MMP wceyhyd; Partic.: pres. MMP
wcyh'g- ‘teacher’, perf. pass. MMP weyst-, wcyst
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ш-) wcyh- ‘to teach, clarify’ > Ghilain: 62 | DMMPP: 338a
(+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. wcyhynd, SUBJ. 25р. weyh’, IMPV. 2pl. weyhyd; Partic.: perf. pass. wcyh'd
*NEIR: Oss. D. cetun/citt ‘to keep an eye; to remind; to rebuke’, (old caus. ?) Oss. I.
(zr-)K’ityn ’to realize, come to one’s senses’ || (+ *abi-) Oss. I. ауда, D. evged
“bail, guarantor’ || (+ *us- ?) Oss. D. (zr-)esk’etun/zskitt ^to realize, come to one’s
senses’ || (+ *ui-) Oss. I. gityn, D. igetun/igitt ‘not able to do something, to be
indecisive, hesitant’
*SANSKRIT: cet ‘to perceive, take notice of ° (RV+) = EWAia I: 547
«PIE ? *(s)k"ei-t- ‘to perceive, observe’ = LIV: 382 | Pok.: 636 f.
*IE COGNATES: Latv. Skietu (šķist) ‘I mean’, Lith. skaitaü (skaityti) ‘I count, gather’,
OCS ёьё (čisti) ‘I count, read; to honour’
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 311, 634, 202, 520; Werba 1997: 183 f.; Kiimmel 2000: 179 f.; Cheung
2002: 37, 166
*čak/g ‘to strike, hit’
MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *pati-) BMP pcyn /pacén/ ‘copy, Durchschlag’
*SOGDIAN: cx- ‘to do battle, fight’ || (+ *a-) SSogd. ’’c’yt (pret. stem), SSogd. ’’c’xs
‘to grasp, grab’ (Sundermann 1984: 177)
Pres.: IND. 35р. CSogd. cxty, 3р1. CSogd. cxt; Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. cx’; Pret.: tr. 3pl. CSogd.
cx'd'rnt; Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd. cx’tyt (pl.) ‘having fought’ || (+ *a-) Partic.: perf. pass. SSogd. "'cyt
*NWIR: ? Gil. (Rsht) du-Coekastoen/du-Coek- ‘to be glued’, (sec. caus./tr.)
du-Coekaenoen/du-Coekoen- ‘to glue, stick together’, NP ¿ak ‘fissure, rupture, cleft,
crack’
*NEIR: Oss. I. cæğdyn/cağd, D. cae£dun/cagd ‘to shake (out); to strike the iron; to
play on an instrument, clock’ ? Yzgh. cok-/Cokt ‘to pound; to stamp, put on a pattern
32 *éam ?
[of tattoos]’, Wa. cuk-/Cukt- ‘to strike’ (LW ?), ? Sh. cuy, Rosh. coy ‘breaking,
tearing, ripping up’ (EVS: 23a: < **¢/@r/dr-agu- ?) || (+ *fra-) Oss. D.
rezegdun/rezaxt, (inch.) D. rezaxsun/rezaxst ‘to spread around, scatter’, Oss.
rezegd ‘heap’ || (+ *ui-) Oss. D. izæğdun/íizağd ‘to spread, scatter’, Oss. D. Z&gn&
‘tinder’
*MISC: (+ *pati-) Arm. patéén (LW), Hebr. ptsgn ‘copy’ (LW, Esther 3:14), Syr.
рагёарпа ‘copy’ (with sec. -r-, Benveniste 1934: 180 ff.)
© The root is no doubt expressive in origin. A second expressive/onomatopoetic root
is cited in ESIJa II: 211 f.: *éak ‘to drip; flow’. Most, if not all, Iranian forms seem
to point to borrowing from (New) Persian cakidan/Cak-, which evidently cannot go
back to РЇ.
*PIE— > LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Christensen, Contributions I: 62; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 298 f., 540 f.; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 363 f.;
Edel’man 1971: 62; Nyberg II: 147a; ESIJa II: 213 ff.
*éam ? ‘to walk’
*PARTHIAN: cm- ‘to walk, move to’ => Ghilain: 56, 72 | DMMPP: 125b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. cmyd, 3р1. cmynd, SUBJ. 25р. cm’h, 1р1. cm’m; Partic.: perf. pass. H cm’d; Inf.: cm’dn
*KHOTANESE: ? tcama- ‘leaping insect, either locust or grasshopper’
*NWIR: NP Camidan ‘to walk proudly’, Bal. Camit/Cam- ‘to shake, dance, prance,
dangle’
*MISC: Par. é(h)im-, ¢(h)em-/c(h)imi ‘to go, move, wander’, Par. &imö ‘walking,
gait’, Arm. (LW) ¿em ‘walk’
*SANSKRIT: camüra- ‘an antilope’ (Harav., Sis.) > EWAia Ш: 180 f.
9 This sparingly attested root does not have an IE origin and may be a blend of
*čar(H) and *gam! ? Rastorgueva — Edel’man (ESIJa П: 261 f.) cite a late Skt. form
camura- ‘an antilope’, which would be borrowed from an Iranian, possibly Parthian,
source. Skt. camura- is perhaps rather a so-called "substrate" word, as it
phonologically conforms to the category of forms with long middle vowel, e.g.
mayüra- ‘peacock’, on which see Lubotsky, Early Contacts:305 ff.
*PIE— > LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 246a; DKS: 139a; Shahbakhsh: s.v. ¿am-
*tap ‘to seize, attach, stick, strike’
*KHOTANESE: ? Khot. cev- ‘to get? — SGS: 34
*SOGDIAN: (+ *fra-) MSogd. Br’cp- ‘to press’ (cf. Sims-Williams, apud Sundermann
1981: 181b)
Impf.: IND. 3pl. MSogd. Br'cp nt (MKG: 593)
*CHORESMIAN: čp- ‘to attach to, contrive (a lie) against (someone)’ = Samadi: 58 f.
*éarH 33
*NWIR: NP capidan/cap-, Gur. (Kand.) ёараи$ап kär-, Khuns. Cap-/Cäpä ‘to plunder,
rob’ (LW), Bal. campit/Camp-, canpit/Canp- ‘to snatch’, NP cafsidan, Abz.
cawsowa/caws-, Nn. Cäsb-, Qohr. Caspada/éasp-, Tr. Cawsa(ya)/Caws- (inch.) ‘to
stick, adhere’, ? Anar. Capowger ‘robber, thief?
*NEIR: Oss. cevyn/cavd, D. cævun/cavd ‘to hit, strike’, Yghn. Cümf-/£ümfta ‘to push
(to)’, Sh. cäp-/cäpt ‘to feel, touch’, Oss. І. cefsyn/cefst, D. caefsun/caefst (inch.) ‘to
stick, glue’, M. cab-/cavd ‘to pluck’ || (+ *us-) Oss. I. sk’afyn/sk’eft, D. (z)sk’zfun
/(#)sk’aft (sk’avd) ‘to carry, drag (quickly); to grab’, Wa. skaf- ‘to slip, shift to’ || (+
*ni-) Oss. I. nysevyn/nyzavd, D. nizzvun/nizevd, (inch.) D. niz&vsun/niz&vst ‘to
touch (on)’, ? Sh. (Baj.) nijüv-/nijüvd ‘to pack up, put to bed’ || (+ *ham-) Oss. I.
anzavyn/znzavd, D. anzzevun/enzevd ‘to touch’. > The derivation of Wa. skaf-
from *us-kaf-, with prev. *us- ‘up’, is semantically implausible, cf. *us-kas’ ‘to
ascend, go up’ (*kas” ‘to fall’). || Sh. (Baj.) nijüv-/nijüvd from *ni-Cauba-, cf. Lat.
cubare, etc. ??, EVS, l.c.
© This root may have an IE etymology. The connection with Gr. kat, Lat. capere,
etc. (cf. IEW, l.c.) 1s semantically very attractive. IE "a" would not palatalize the
preceding velar in (Dir. though: Ir. *č- in *¿ap- is from *éak/g- ?
*PIE ? *k(e)H»p- ( *kap-) ‘to grab, stick to’? = LIV: 344 f. | Pok.: 527 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. karnıo ‘I grab; I snap, swallow’, Lat. capio ‘I take’, Goth. hafjan
‘to lift’, haftjan ‘to stick, attach’, (ppp.) -hafts ‘stuck with’, NHG haften ‘to stick to’,
haben, Engl. to have, etc.
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 98 f£; KPF II: 212; Andreev — PeSéereva: 242a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 306, 294,
159; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 194 f.; EVS: 23b, 48b; WIM I: 67; Abaev, Slovar’ HI: 121 f.; Lecoq 2002: 122,
125, 129, 607b (passim); ESIJa П: 221 ff.; Shahbakhsh: s.v. Camp-
*CarH ‘to come and go, wander’
*AVESTAN: car- ‘to come and go’ || (+ *para-) ‘to pass over’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to go to and
fro’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to walk around’ — Liste: 21f.
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. äcaraiti (Yt 8.8, Yt 8.46, Yt 10.112, Yt 10.137), YAv. fracaraiti (Yt 18.3 f.),
med. ? Y Av. fracaraite (Yt 10.112), 3du. YAv. caratö (V 13.49), med. ? YAv. “fracaraéte (Yt 10.112),
Y Av. fracaröide (Y 9.5), 2р1. med. YAv. fracara0Be (Yt 13.34), 3pl. YAv. caronti (N 52), INJ. 3р1. med.
Y Av. fracaronta (V 2.11, V 2.15, V 2.19), SUBJ. 1р1. ? OAv. сагат (Y 44.17), med. Y Av. fracaräne (Y
9.17), 3sg. YAv. carat (Y 9.24), OPT. 3sg. med. YAv. fracaraeta (Yt 13.107), 3du. med. YAv.
vicaraiiatom (N 79), IMPV. 25р. med. YAv. ham.caran‘ha (Yt 17.60), 3pl. YAv. vicarontu (Yt 13.156);
Partic.: pres. YAv. para.caront- (Y 62.8). 0 A different interpretation for OAV. caraiti and carani is given
by Kellens — Pirart 1990: 229. On the correction of Y Av. fracaraite to “fracaraéte see Klingenschmitt
1972: 91, n. 1. YAv. fracaröide is originally 2du. med., on which see Kellens 1984: 212 f.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP cr- ‘to pasture, graze’ || (+ *para-) MMP przyr- ‘to keep
away from’, MMP prc’r- (caus.) ‘to refrain, withhold, keep back’ || (+ *ui-) ? BMP
wcl- /wizar-/ ‘to get through’, MMP we’r-, BMP wc /wizär-/ (caus.) ‘to separate,
34 *éarH
divide’. © BMP wel- /wizar-/ is deduced from the reading in KAP ii,28, which
Nyberg 1974 II: 210 interprets as vicarét, being derived from a verb BMP wcy-
/wizar-/, is uncertain. BMP wc'l- /wizar-/ with the meaning ‘to fulfil, (accomplish,
perform)’ may have a different origin: < *ш-Каг-. = DMMPP: 126a, 283b, 278a,
351b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP crynd || (+ *para-) Pres.: OPT. 3sg. MMP hyb przyryd; Caus.: pres. 3pl. MMP
“pre’rynd || (+ *ui-) Caus. ?: pres. IND. 1sg. BMP we’lym /wizarém/, BMP we’lyh /wizare/, 3sg. MMP
we’ryd, BMP wc yt /wizared/, 3р1. BMP we’lynd /wizarend/, IMPV. 2sg. MMP we’r-; Partic.: perf. pass.
MMP wyc’rd, BMP we’lt /wizard/; Inf.: caus. ВМР ус іп /wizärdan/
*PARTHIAN: сг- ‘to pasture, graze’ || (+ *para-) prc r- (caus.) ‘to withhold, keep back’
|| (+ *ш-) wyc’r- ‘to perform, accomplish = Ghilain: 57, 73 f. | DMMPP: 126a,
278a, 351b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. crynd || (+ *para-) Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. pre’ryd, SUBJ. 2sg. pre’r’h, 3sg. “pre’r’h || (+
*yi-) Pres.: IND. 2sg. MMP wyc’ryy, 3sg. we’ryd, wyc’ryd
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ati-) ? LKh. ttäjser- ‘to surpass’. 0 Cf. DKS: 122a. Khot. car- ‘to
go on a course’ (DKS: 99b) is probably not genuine: < BSkt. = SGS: 38: ‘to
dispraise(?)’
*NWIR: NP Caridan ‘to graze, pasture’, Bal. cart/Car- ‘to graze, feed’, car(r)it/Car(r)-
‘to turn, move’, Carag “pasture, grazing’, Kurd. (Kurm.) čērīn/čēr-, Zaz. Cérayis/
ceren-, Tal. čarde, Abz. Cerowa/cer-, Khuns. ёіг-, Ham. čärayän/čär-, Siv. čar- ‘to
pasture’, NP Caränidan/Carän-, Meim. bem-tfernä/a-tfern-, Qohr. cerna/ cern-, Tr.
cernä/Cern- (caus.) ‘to graze’, Zaz. Carnayis/Carnen- ‘to lead around, let walk around’
|| (+ *ui-) NP guzardan/guzar- ‘to accomplish [work, job, etc.], perform [e.g. prayer];
to pay; to explain, interpret’, Kurd. (Kurm.) bzartin/bzér-, (Sor.) bzardin/bZér- ‘to
select, distinguish’. 0 NP guzardan/guzar- with the meaning ‘to fulfil, (accomplish,
perform)’ may have a different origin: < *ui-kar-. || Kurd. (Kurm.) bZartin/bZer-,
(Sor.) bZardin/bZer- are not connected with Oss. І. evzaryn/evzerst, D. evzarun/
&vzurst ‘to pick out, choose; to separate [etc.]" (v. *yar(H)'), pace Cabolov, l.c.
*NEIR: Oss. I. ceryn/card, D. cærun/card ‘to live’, Oss. I. аг-сагуп/аг-сага, D ær-
carun/er-card (caus.) ‘to give life, revive’, Pash. caredol ‘to graze’. Ф These verbal
forms are unrelated to Oss. I. angaryn/enzerst, D. enzarun/enzarst (caus.) ‘to
kindle, light a fire’, cited by Abaev, Le: 158 f. They rather contain the root *gar’ ‘to
heat’.
*SANSKRIT: car ‘to move, walk, go, wander, travel’ (RV+), > Also in Wai. caräy ‘to
pasture’ = EWAia I: 534 f.
PIE *K"elH;- ‘to move, turn, wander; to pasture; to settle and cultivate’ 0 This verb
seems to describe several stages of the Indo-European way of living, viz. nomadism,
followed by pastoralism and (semi-)sedentary agriculturalism. = LIV: 386 ff. |
Pok.: 639
*Cas2 35
*IE COGNATES: Gr. méA0p01 ‘I move [intr.]’, Zero (aor.) ‘was, were, happened’,
Lat. colo (caus.) ‘I till, cultivate, inhabit’, Olrish bua-chail (m) ‘cowherd, bouvier
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 204; EVP: 17; Abrahamian 1936: 111; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 303, 291, 158 f.;
Werba 1997: 286 f.; Paul 1998: 293; Cabolov 2001: 253, 214 f.; Lecoq 2002: 125, 591 (passim); ESIJa II:
227 ff.; Korn 2005: 84, 133, 319, 370 (passim)
*кд «to teach, show’
*AVESTAN: Ү Ау. са$- ‘to teach, show’ = Liste: 22
MED.; Pres. athem.: IND. 3sg. YAv. caste (N 17), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. casäite (Fr.); Partic.: pres. ҮАУ.
casana- (Y 13.3)
“MIDDLE PERSIAN: ВМР cé /¿8š-/ ‘to teach’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP c’syt /cased/, IMPV. 2р1. BMP c’syt /caséd/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP с? /Cast/;
Inf.: caus. BMP c’stn /¿aštan/
*PARTHIAN: c’S- ‘to teach" = DMMPP: 124a
Pres.: IND. 2pl. c’syd
*KHOTANESE: OKh. kät’- ‘to think; protect’ || (+ *aua-) vaj(s)äs- (vaj(s)is-) ‘to
perceive, see’ || (+ *pati-) OKh. päjsas- ‘to look at’ || (+ *ni-) nijsas- ‘to show’ || (+
*ham-) OKh. hamjsas- ‘to be about to; intend to’ > SGS: 22, 117, 82, 53, 139
*CHORESMIAN: mj/c’ty- (denomin.) ‘to convey secretly, disclose in secret’, c'tyk
‘riddle’ || (+ *ni-) ’nc’h- ‘to show’, ? m/ncs(y)- ‘to look at’. o Henning 1958: 111
derives Chor. m/ncsy- from *ni-CaSia- (corresponding to ’nc’h- ‘to show’), "wie Itr.
zu Tr. (oder Kaus.)". Samadi objects to this derivation as we would rather expect the
outcome *m[ncs-, cf. byws- ‘to become silent’ < *apa-gaus(a)ia-. Also, m/ncsy- has
a direct object (-’h ‘him’) as well. Her objections may be circumvented, if -y- in the
impf. form mncsyd-’h is the secondary, "unstable" y (NB: the geminate sign is
optional!). Of course, the (old) caus. formations can also correspond to "normal"
transitive formations as well. > Samadi: 48, 118 f., 121
*BACTRIAN: (+ *ham-) ? av&nbayo ‘will, wish’ > S-W, Bact.: 180a
*NWIR: Gur. čāšīáīn/-čāšy- ‘to be accustomed to, adept at’
*NEIR: (+ *ni-) Yi. nisáZ-/nisaZi-, M. nijas-/nijast- ‘to show’
*SANSKRIT: caks ‘to shine, appear; observe, see’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 523
© This common Пг. root is probably originally an IE redupl. formation of *k”eK-, Ir.
*kas', cf. LIV, ibid.
*PIE ? *k"e-k"K- 0 Thus Lubotsky. Differently Lippe, LIV, Le: desid. *k”ek-s-.
c» LIV: 383 ff. (fn. 12 f£) | Pok.: 638
*REFERENCES: KPF II: 178; IFL: II: 233b; Werba 1997: 426 Ё; ESIJa II: 235 ff.
*а? ‘to drip; to drink, eat ?’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP c’xs- (redupl.) ‘to let taste’, MMP c’snyg ‘taste’, BMP c’st
/cast/ ‘meal’ > DMMPP: 125a, 124a
36 *éat ?
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP c’xsyd
*PARTHIAN: c’Snyg ‘taste’ > DMMPP: 124a
*KHOTANESE: (+ *aua-) OKh. vatcis- (vatcäs-) ‘to besprinkle’. ó The reconstruction
hesitantly suggested by Emmerick (SGS: 117), viz. *aua-scasa- as an s-extension of
IE *skek-, is best to be discarded as other Iranian correspondences rather presuppose
the existence of Ir. *cas-, which was hinted at by Bailey (DKS: 373). > SGS: 117
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. cs’nt, BSogd. cs’nty, CSogd. cSnt ‘drink’ || (+ *pati-) CSogd.
peš- ‘to drink’, BSogd. ptcs-, BSogd. "pc's-, MSogd. pcs- ‘to taste’
(+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’pe’sty, 2р1. ? MSogd. pcst’h, SUBJ. 1sg. CSogd. рс п; Inf.: BSogd.
ptes’t
*CHORESMIAN: С$- ‘to drop’ = Samadi: 52
*NWIR: NP čašīdan/čaš-, borrowed into Bal. cas(S)it/Cas(S)- ‘to taste, sip’, Abyan.
Cast/Cas- ‘to taste, savour’, NP cast ‘noon; breakfast’, Gz. Cast ‘noon’
*NEIR: Pash. cagal ‘to drink’, ? Pash. cac-eg- ‘to drip’ || (+ *pati-) Yghn.
p’cas-/p’cästa ‘to taste, try’. © On Pash. cac-eg-: "... srasc, caus. srascaya- ‘to drip’
would have given PS. *Xac-. Poss. contaminated by Prs. cakidan", МЕУР: 17; EVP:
16 £.
*MISC: Arm. (LW) ¿aš ‘breakfast’, ¿ašak ‘taste’
*SANSKRIT: cas ‘to eat’ (Dha.), casaka- ‘drinking vessel’ (class.) > EWAia III: 183f.
9 The root is exclusively Iranian: the Skt. forms are late and no doubt loanwords
from Iranian. The attempt of Rastorgueva — Edel’man, ESIJa II: ibid., to link it to
*kas! ‘to look, appear’ and *čaš! ‘to teach, show’ meets semantic difficulties.
Starting from ‘to see, be shown’ the assumed shift to ‘to try’ is not very likely, but
more importantly, the original meaning of *ёа$ is perhaps rather ‘to drip, sprinkle,
drink’, if we also consider the Khotanese and Choresmian forms. The latter forms
are left out in this entry of ESIJa II.
*PIE— > LIV: —| Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Hübschmann 1895: 51; КРЕТ: 81a f., 141b f.; EVP: 18; Andreev — PeSéereva: 305a; DKS:
101a, 137b; WIM II/2: 648; Lecoq 2002: 574a; ESIJa П: 235 ff.; Korn 2005: 114
*&at ? ‘to tremble, shake’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP cn-, BMP cnd- /cand-/ (with n-infix ?) “о tremble, shake
[intr.], MMP cnyh- (caus.) ‘to shake [tr.] = DMMPP: 126a
Pres.: IND. 35р. BMP cndyt /canded/, 3р1. BMP cndynd /candend/, SUBJ. 3р1. MMP cn'nd; Caus.: pres.
IND. 3pl. MMP “cnynynd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP cnyst; Pass.: pres. IND. 3р1. MMP *cnyhynd
*PARTHIAN: “cnd- ‘to tremble, shake’ > DMMPP: 126a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. "cndyd
*NWIR: NP Candis ‘severe tremor’, Delij. čandeš ‘tremble, larzis’, also borrowed in
Bal. Candag ‘to shake’
*&aHl 37
*NEIR: ? Pash. candal ‘to clean by shaking’ (LW ?), ? Yi. Cad-/Cast ‘to fall, stumble’.
© On Yi. cad-/East: "Scarcely connected with Phl. Psalter cnd- ‘to shake’...", IIFL П:
201a.
*MISC: ? Orm. cwan-*ék ‘to shake out dust from clothes’ = cwan-/cwanók
© In ESIJa II: 219, a root *ёапа-/ёаа- ‘to shake, swing; to be swinging, rocking’ is
constructed and connected to Skt. skand 'to leap, to spring, to fall off', which
derives from IE *skend- ‘to leap, jump’, Lat. scando ‘I rise’. Both the meaning and
form of *čand-/čad- do not agree with the Skt. root very well though. A more
plausible etymology is a connection with Lat. quatiö, etc., despite the difficulties
surrounding the reconstruction of the PIE root.
PIE *(s)k"eH;t- ‘to shake’ ? ó Perhaps not *(s)kueH;t-, as reconstructed in LIV, l.c.
c» LIV: 563 f. | Pok.: 632, 957 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. quatio, -cutiö ‘I shake, winnow’, Gr. nf (aor.) ‘scattered’,
Germ., OE scudan ‘to shake’, OHG scunten ‘to incite, drive’, etc., CS skytati se ‘to
wander, roam’
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 271; IIFL I: 391b f.; Safari 1373: 148; Kiefer 2003: 194
*Caud ‘to urge to, impel’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ui-) BMP wewd- /wizöy-/ (or /wizoh-/ ?) ‘to examine,
investigate’
Partic.: perf. pass. BMP wewst /wizost/; Inf.: BMP wewstn /wizöstan/
*NWIR: NP cust ‘quick, brisk, active’ || (+ *?) NP pizohidan/pizoh- ‘to investigate’
(LW)
*NEIR: Oss. I. cudyn/cudt, D. codun/cudt ‘to be shaky’
*SANSKRIT: cod ‘to impel, to excite, to incite’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 551
«PIE *(s)keud- ‘to shoot, impel’ = LIV: 560 | Pok.: 955 f., 636
*IE COGNATES: OE sceotan ‘to sling, to thrust’, NHG schießen, Engl. to shoot, etc.,
(without s-) OCS kydati ‘to throw’
«REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 316; Werba 1997: 347; ESIJa П: 248
*ЧаН! ‘to be calm, glad, rest
*AVESTAN: 3(ii)à- ‘to be calm, glad, rest" > Liste: 70
Pres. athem.: IND. 3sg. YAv. Siieiti (Yt 14.48), ? YAv. Säiienti/e (Y 16.7), 3pl. YAv. Siieinti, ? ҮАУ.
Saiienti/e (Y 16.7), SUBJ. Ipl. YAv. šiiama (Y 58.3); Partic.: perf. pass. OAv. Siiata- (Y 51.8). © ҮАУ.
Saiienti/e and Saiienti/e are "Gathicized" forms, cf. De Vaan 2003: 148.
*OLD PERSIAN: S(i)yata- ‘peaceful, happy (on earth)’ <8-i-y-a-t>, $(i)yati- ‘welfare,
peace (on earth), happiness (after death)’ <8-i-y-a-t-i-°>
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP $0, BMP $ /sad/ ‘glad, happy’. 0 MMP 3’yh- means ‘to
be king, rule’ rather than ‘to make happy, glad’, v. DMMPP: l.c. > DMMPP: 315a,
313a
38 *&aH2
*PARTHIAN: $’d ‘glad, happy’ = Ghilain: 99 |
*KHOTANESE: tsata- ‘rich, happy’
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. уху, SSogd. štxw, CSogd. §’twx- ‘happy, joyful’ || (+ *pati-)
CSogd. pts’dty’ (Е) ‘rest, gratification’, CSogd. pts’dy ‘at rest’ || (+ *ham-) SSogd.
"nc()y, BSogd. ’nc’(’)y, CSogd. ’nc’y ‘to rest, dwell, cease’
(+ *ham-) Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’nc’yt, CSogd. ’ncyt, 3р1. BSogd. ’nc’y’nt, SUBJ.
159. MSogd. *’nc’yn etc.
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ham-) hncy- ‘to rest, relax’, (caus.) hnc’wy- ‘to let (it) rest’. ©
MacKenzie's derivation of Chor. hncy- from *han-Ciäia- (III: 318) is questioned by
Samadi, as *hanciaja- would rather yield hns’y- in Chor. Perhaps this is solved by
assuming dissimilatory loss of the first * (cf. Sims-Williams 1989: 261). The appar-
ent shortening of the long vowel *а may be due to its position in front of * (a well-
known, though irregular, development attested in many Elr. languages). The pres-
ence of the long stem vowel *a in the Oss. and (especially) BSogd. reflexes may
then be explained as analogically restored from the past participle. The Sogd. forms
derive from the same preform *han-cjaja-: "Benveniste was probably wrong to
assume that *cy gives Sogd. š internally as well as initially" (Sims-Williams, Lei
Note that initial *cy (i.e. Së would give š, cf. Sw- ‘to go’ < *Ciau-. The labial -w-
found in the Chor. caus. formation hnc’wy- ‘to let (it) rest’ is peculiar: analogous to
pery- ‘to become warm’, caus. pcr’wy- (Samadi, l.c.). > Samadi: 91
*NWIR: NP sad ‘cheerful, exulting, glad, happy; much, full’
*NEIR: Oss. cadag ‘quiet, slow’ (rather from *éam ?) || (+ *ham-) Oss. I. апсајуп/
aencad, D. aencajun/aencad ‘to rest, repose’
*MISC: Toch. (LW) A sat, B sate ‘rich’ (< Khot.), Arm. (LW) sat ‘many’ (< Wr.)
«PIE *K"jeH,- ‘to rest, be quiet, tranquil’ > LIV: 393 | Pok.: 638
*IE COGNATES: Lat. quiesco ‘I rest’, Lat. quiévi, Arm. han-geaw ‘rested’, OCS
po-éijo “1 rest’, po-kojo (caus.) ‘I calm (someone)'
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 285 f., 151; DKS: 146a f.; ESIJa II: 268 ff.
*Чан? ‘to move, throw, [euphem.] relieve oneself?
*AVESTAN: Y Av. Sama ‘defecation, excrement’ (F 201, Klingenschmitt 1968: 73 f.) ||
(+ *fra-) Y Av. ба... š8- ‘to defecate’ = Liste: 70
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. ? YAv. isaiti (V 5.2); Partic.: pres. med. YAv. fra ... Saimna- (N 37). 0 YAV. isaiti
is corrupt, cf. Kellens 1984: 209, fn. 1.
*SOGDIAN: (+ *apa-) ? CSogd. ps’y ‘to throw, cast (down), MSogd. ps^y ‘to throw’
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. ps’yt, SUBJ. 1sg. CSogd. ps’yn, IMPV. 25р. CSogd. ps’y, MSogd.
ps’y (BBB: 68, ad 544), etc.
*NWIR: NP 335 ‘urine, pee’, Qohr. sasid/sas- ‘to urinate’ || (+ *a-) Tt. (Esh.) 4si/
asind-, (Tak.) ašin/ašind ‘to throw’
*Cjam 39
*NEIR: ? Yi. Cai-/Caid- ‘to sprinkle’, (Zarubin) ёӧу-/ёёу- ‘to sow, scatter’, ? Khf.
Sawö-/xa”d ‘to defecate’, ? Wa. cas-/Cast ‘to take away, remove’
«PIE *ki(e)H>- ‘to set in motion, move [especially of bodily functions}? = LIV: 346 |
Pok.: 538 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. ciére ‘to set in motion, stir up; to move (the bowels), cause the
discharge of (secretions, etc.)’
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 200a; Yarshater 1969: 182 f.; EVS: 116b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 139
("unclear"); Lecoq 2002: 320, 654b
*ЧаН?/&Н ‘to freeze"
*CHORESMIAN: т/су- ‘to freeze’ = Samadi: 55
*NWIR: NP ca(hjidan/cay-, Zaz. čī- ‘to become cold’, Sang. ёеу- ‘to freeze’, Maz. ca
‘cold’, Abyan. Coyemun ‘a cold’
*NEIR: Yghn. si-, Yi. Ciy-/Cuy- (Zarubin) ‘to freeze’ || (+ *us- ?) Sh. (Baj.) Xici(y)-/
Xicod, Rosh. xicay-/Xicüd, Bart. Xici-/Xicod, Orosh. Xisay-/Xicod, Sariq. Xicey-/
Xicud, Yzgh. Siy-/Sed ‘to freeze’ || (+ *pati-) Yi. pcio 'frostbitten'
*MISC: Orm. сак ‘cold’
0 On *&iaH’/eiH < (?) PIE *Ki-, cf. *jiauH ‘to chew’ < PIE *gieuH-, see Rasmussen
1989: 114, no. 5. The variant *saiH/siH may derive from the variant *K(e)iH-. The
Skt. connection sya-, cited in EWAia II: 660 f. is poorly attested. The usual meaning
given for this root is ‘to congeal, coagulate, freeze, sim.’, but this is only true of a
few passages with the present syayati (A.L.). A different interpretation (‘to fall
down [of rain, etc.]’) seems preferable for the present Sryáte, see Kulikov, Vedic
-ya-presents, s.v. chapt. III, si ‘fall’ (forthc.).
«PIE? > LIV: 331 f. | Pok.: —
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 204, 235b; Andreev — PeSéereva: 326b; EVS: 100b; Lecoq 2002: 574b
* аш ‘to swallow’
*AVESTAN: YAv. (“)Sam- ‘to swallow’ = Liste: 69
Ү Ау. (*)Samat (P 8)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *à-) MMP ’sm- ‘to swallow’ = DMMPP: 54b
Partic.: pres. pl. MMP ’sm’g’n, pass. perf. 'smyhyst
*PARTHIAN: (+ *upa-) "b3^m- ‘о swallow, consume’ = DMMPP: 14b
Partic.: pres. "bs^mg, perf. pass. ’bs’m’d; Inf.: ’bs’m’dn
*KHOTANESE: LKh. tsam- ‘to swallow’ © SGS: 41
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. š m to swallow’ || (+ *a-) BSogd. "ëm ‘to drink; swallow’
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. §’m’th; Partic.: pres. ? SSogd. §’mn’y 'devouring ?' || (+ *a-) Pres.: IND. 35р.
BSogd. ’’5’mth
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *upa-) bs’m- ‘to drink’ — Samadi: 24
40 *čjau
*NWIR: ? NP čamīdan ‘to drink wine’, NP ¿am ‘eating and drinking’ (LW ?), Zaz.
Simitis/Simen- ‘to drink’ || (+ *а-) NP asamidan ‘to drink’
*NEIR: Oss. I. cymyn/cymd, D. cumun/cund ‘to sip [tea, coffee, soup], gulp’, Pash.
šum- ‘to drink, gulp’, Yi. sam-/Samd, M. som-/Samd ‘to drink’
*MISC: Orm. šam- ‘to sip’
*SANSKRIT: cam! ‘to sip, rinse’ (Br.+) > EWAia I: 530
© The root must be reconstructed with initial *Ci-, on the basis of the Khotanese and
Avestan evidence. This outcome, however, cannot be formally reconciled with Skt.
cam'- (or other IE cognates). Ir. *&iam- has probably been influenced onomato-
poetically (cf. EWAia, l.c.).
«PIE *k”em- ‘to gulp, sip? > LIV: 389 f. | Pok.: 530
*IE COGNATES: Arm. k‘amem ‘I squeeze out, sieve’, Gr. étepev ‘milked, squeezed
out, NueAyev’ (Hes.), NIcel. hvóma ‘to gulp, swill down’
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 407b; IIFL II: 252a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 321 f.; DKS: 146; Werba 1997: 286; Paul
1998: 314a; Cheung 2002: 126, 176; ESIJa II: 260 f.; NEVP: 79
* ап ‘to move, go’
*AVESTAN: S(ii)auu- (Sauu-, $0-) ‘to move, go’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to come to’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to
set, go forth’ || (+ *ui-) caus. ‘to set apart’? = Liste: 70
Pres. {1} (a)them.: IND. (med.?) 3sg./pl. OAv. Sauuaité (Y 29.3), SUBJ. med. 159. OAv. Siiauuai (Y
33.8), IMPV. 2sg. YAv. *frašauua (V 2.10, V 2.18); Pres. {2} s-: IND. 3sg. YAv. fraSusaiti (V 5.2, VdPZ
18.14), 3pl. YAv. frasüsonti (Yt 13.65), med. 3р1. YAv. frasüsonte (Yt 13.42), INJ. 3sg. ()Süsat, SUBJ.
lsg. YAv. frasusani (Yt 17.57 Е), IMPV. 2sg. YAv. frasusa (Yt 17.60); Perf.: OPT. lsg. YAv. fra
Susuiiam (Yt 8.11), 3sg. YAv. *frašušuiiat (Yt 11.5); Partic.: pres. YAv. Sauuant-, caus. ҮАУ.
fra.$äuuaiiant- (N 103), med. YAv. frasauuaiiamna- (Vr 12.2), perf. pass. YAv. "frasüta- (Vr 12.2); Inf.:
YAv. “aiBisuiti (N 4); Caus.: IND. Zeg. YAv. frasauuaiieiti (Yt 10.36, N 103), 3р1. YAv. visauuaiieinti (V
2.31 Е), INJ. 3sg. YAv. visauuaiiat (V 2.11), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. "frasauuaiiat (V 16.7), OPT. 2sg. ҮАУ.
*frasauuaiiois (Yt 1.24), 3sg. YAv. vi Sauuaiidit (V 8.75 f). 0 OAv. Sauuaité is rather infinitive ?: "The
form Savaité cannot be 3pl. pres. because of the subj. form in the following yahmai Jima. Ind. and subj.
cannot stand in parallel in relative clauses of such future value, only modal forms or inf.", Insler, Gathas:
149
*OLD PERSIAN: S(1)yav- ‘to set, go forth’ = Kent: 211a
Pres. them.: impf. IND. 15р. as(i)yavam <a-8-i-y-v-m> (DB 1.84, DB 1.91, DB 2.3, etc.), 3sg. asiyava
<а-$-1-у-у> (DB 1.80,DB 2.17, DB 2.22, etc.), «a-s-i-y-v» (XPf 33 Ё), 3pl. asiyava" «a-&-i-y-v» (DB
1.76)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP sw-, BMP swb- (‘ZLWN-) /Saw-/ ‘to go>? = DMMPP:
319b f.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP Swyd, 2р1. MMP Swyd, 3р1. MMP Swynd, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP Sw’d, 3pl. MMP
Su па, IMPV. Zeg. MMP sw, 2pl. MMP swyd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP swd; Inf.: MMP swdn
*PARTHIAN: Sw- ‘to go’ || (+ *fra-) frs’w- (old caus.) ‘to send (off/forth)’ = Ghilain:
67, 77, 49 | DMMPP: 319b f., 156b f.
*Ciau 41
Pres.: IND. 25р. šwy, šwyh, Swyy, 35р. šwyd, 3pl. šwynd, SUBJ. 2sg. šw'h, 1р1. šw'm, ОРТ. 3sg. hyb
*šwyd, IMPV. 2sg. Sw, 2р1. šwyd; Partic.: perf. pass. šwd; Inf.: šwdn || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. fršwynd,
SUBJ. 1sg. frs’w’n, 25р. frs’w’h, frs’w’, 3sg. frs’w’h, IMPV. 25р. frs’w; Partic.: perf. pass. frswd
*KHOTANESE: tsu- (tsi-), Tumsh. ccha- ‘to go’ || (+ *ati-) OKh. *ttätsu- (ttátsa-) ‘to
cross’ || (+ *aua-) OKh. vatsei- (vatsu-) ‘to go down’, Tumsh. vatsy- || (+ *pati-)
patäts- ‘to give up, abandon’ || (+ *fra-) ? hats- ‘to come out’ || (+ *nis-) OKh.
naltsu- (naltsei-) ‘to go out? > SGS: 42, 38, 118, 67, 49
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. Su - BSogd. Sw-, CSogd. sw-, MSogd. šw- ‘to go, walk, move’
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 15р. BSogd. sw’’m, 25р. dur. CSogd. Swysq, dur. BSogd. sw’m "om, 25р.
BSogd. sw’y, dur. BSogd. sw’’y ’skwn, BSogd. sw’y 'skwn, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *abi-) m/fsw- ‘to become reddish (of cheeks), blush’ || (+ *ui-a-)
y’sw- ‘to go away to; to pass; to defect to; to flow’. Ф According to MacKenzie
1990: 104, the initial y- of Chor. y’sw- is spontaneous, which is, in my opinion,
rather a gratuitous explanation. > Samadi: 71, 255 f.
*BACTRIAN: роо- ‘to go’, ? paor- (caus.) ‘to use, spend’ = S-W, Bact.: 234b
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP sudan/sav- ‘to become; [obs.] go’, Bal. Sut-/ (supplet.
raw-) ‘to go’, Kurd. (Kurm.) cun, ёпут (ё1-), (Sor.) ¿ün (či-) ‘to go, leave’, Zaz.
Siyayis/Sin-, Abyan. šó/š-, Anar. Si/S-, Ard. $0/5-, Awrom. šiáy (only pret.), Fariz.
-St-/-$-, Yar. -Sö-/Si-, Gz. $-/So(1), Gil. (Rsht.) Soan/s- ‘to go’, Mah. š-/š(Dt-, Khuns.
č-, (supplet. &i-/um) ‘to (be)come’, (LW ?) š-/št ‘to go, walk’, Ham. Siydn/s-, Isfah.
S(ev)-/Sezán, Jow. Jo -fu-/a-f-, Khr. be-$i-/da-$-, Meim. be-foj-/a-f-, Nn. $i/S-,
Natan. -$1-/-8-, Qohr. $6/s-, Semn. -Si(€-), -Sä-/-S-, Sang. -Süj-/Sun-, Shamerz. -Si(n)-/
Süm-, Siv. 5-/S1, Soi St-/S-, Sorkh. -šo/ (1sg.) sin, Lasg. -50/ (1sg.) Sin ‘to go’, Ham.
bär-Siayän/bär-e-5- ‘to flee, run’, (sec. caus.) Abyan. Stia/Stin-, Abz. Süta/Sün- ‘to
lead’, Fariz. -uni- / -(S)uni-, Yar. -Sün-/-3-uni- ‘to bring (someone)’, Lasg. 6-vi-n/
(supplet. -ord- < *à- + *bar'), Yar. -$i- ‘to bring, carry (someone) || (+ *upa- ?) Tal.
pese ‘to go in, on, up’
*NEIR: Oss. I. cewyn/cyd, D. czewun/cud, Yghn. sau-/Säuta, (supplet. éta) ‘to go’,
Sh. saw-/stid, Rosh. saw-/sawd, Bart. saw-/sud, Sariq. so-/sit, süt ‘to go, become’,
Yi. (supplet. pres. oy-) sui, M. (supplet. pres. äy-) Soy, Yzgh. (supplet. pres. bad-)
Sod-, Pash. šwəl ‘to happen, occur’, Wa. caw- (supplet. tayd-) ‘to leave, depart || (+
*pati-) Oss. D. fecawun/fecud ‘to pass, drive by’
*MISC: Par. čh-/čhī ‘to go, become’, Par. chó ‘going, walking’, Огт. caw-/cawök,
caw-/c’ék ‘to go’ = c(aw)-/c(aw)ók, Огт. caw-/caw’ék (caus.) ‘to cause to go’
*SANSKRIT: cyav ‘(to start) to move, to set out’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 552 f.
© An Ir. proto-form *siau- (vel sim.) is often found in (older) handbooks, but the
Ossetic and Khotanese evidence clearly points to an reconstruction *cjau, with
initial affricate.
42 *dab
*PIE *kjeu- ‘to move, go’. Ф Rather with initial labiovelar *k"jeu- on account of
notably Arm. c'ogan with palatal č‘ (cf. lowc'e- < *löukie- ‘to set fire’), according
to Lipp, as cited by Kiimmel. The Armenian reflexes, however, are not compelling,
as it is conceivable that the different treatment depends on the position of the
consonant group, not unlike the treatment in Khotanese. Besides, the "proof" of
Arm. lowc‘e- from *löukie- is rather circumstantial. The Albanian form syen ‘looks
into; attacks’, also cited in favour of a reconstruction with a labio-velar, may not be
included considering the differences in meaning. > LIV: 3944 f. | Pok.: 538 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. oeoa ‘I am in violent motion, walk, rush (to)', Arm. ¢‘ogan
“they went?
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 81b, 207a, 246a f.; Ivanow 1926: 422, 427; IIFL I: 244b f., 391a; Christensen,
Contributions I: 66, 154, 163, 259 f.; IIFL II: 195, 250a; Christensen, Contributions II: 56 f., 115, 159;
Abrahamian 1936: 121, 109, 135; Lambton 1938: 40b, 76b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 307, 469; Andreev —
PeSéereva: 326a; MacKenzie 1966: 109; EVS: 76b; Lecoq 1974: 60; WIM I: 66, 72; WIM II/1: 82 f.;
DKS: 147a f., 449b; WIM III: 116; Werba 1997: 184 f.; Paul 1998: 314b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 139;
Cabolov 2001: 246 f.; Lecoq 2002: 185 f., 196 f., 200, 204 (passim); ESIJa II: 262 ff.; Kiefer 2003: 194;
Korn 2005: 128, 386 (passim)
D
*dab ‘to deceive’
*AVESTAN: dab- ‘to deceive’ — Liste: 27
Pres. nu-: INJ. 2р1. OAv. dobonaota (Y 325); Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. OAv. dabaiieiti (Y 43.6), INJ. 35р.
OAv. aipi.dabauuaiiat (Y 31.17); Inf.: desid. OAv. diBZdiiai (Y 45.4)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *fra-) BMP pldp- /fréb-/ ‘to deceive’ || (+ *ui-) MMP wyyb-,
MMP wyd(y)b- ‘to deceive, delude’, MMP wyps- (inch.) ‘to be deceived’,
(denomin., sec. caus.) BMP wyd’p’nyn- /wiyabén-/, wyd’p’n’n- /wiyaban-/ ‘to
deceive, seduce’ > DMMPP: 351a f.
(+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP pldpyt /frébéd/, 3pl. BMP pldpynd /frébénd/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP
pldptk /fréftag/ || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 359. MMP wyybyd, 3р1. MMP wyybynd, MMP *wybynd, SUBJ.
3sg. MMP wyb’d, 3pl. ? MMP "wyb'nd; Partic.: pres. MMP wyyb'g, perf. pass. MMP wyptg, MMP
wyftg, MMP wyptg, MMP wypt, wypt, муй, муй, caus. BMP wyd’p’nynyt /wiyabénid/; Inf.: caus. BMP
wyd’p’n’nytn /wiyabanidan/; Inch./Pass.: pres. IND. 35р. wypsyd, SUBJ. 3р1. MMP *wyps’nd
*PARTHIAN: db ‘trick, deception’ || (+ *ui-) wdyfs- (orig. inch.) ‘to be deceived’
c Ghilain: 81 | DMMPP: 136b, 339b f.
(+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. “wdyfsynd; Partic.: perf. pass. wdyftg, (pl.) wdyftg’n, wdyft
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ui-) LKh. bev- ‘to deceive, injure’ = SGS: —
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pari-) CSogd. prdbn ‘deceit’ || (+ *ui-) CSogd. wyd’b ‘harm’, CSogd.
wyd'bqyn ‘harmed’
*daHl 43
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pari-) prößs- ‘to be deceived’, prö’ßy- (caus.) ‘to deceive’
= Samadi: 151
*NWIR: (+ *fra-) NP faréftan/faréb- ‘to deceive’
*NEIR: Oss. І. davyn/davd, D. davun/davd ‘to steal’, Wa. ӧыу(ы)у-/боуоуй,
ӧым(ы)у-/бомоуа ‘to steal’, also berw-/bowd ‘to deceive’
*SANSKRIT: dabh ‘to deceive’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 694 f.
«PIE *d"eb"- ‘to deceive, harm (someone), belittle, lessen’ > LIV: 132 f. | Pok.: 240
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /tepnu-/ ‘to decrease, to humble’
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 521; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 348; DKS: 304b; Werba 1997: 193 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij
1999: 112, 168; ESIJa II: 274 ff.
*daH! чо give’
*AVESTAN: dă- (6a-) ‘to bestow, place upon’ || (+ *abi-) *beigeben, beilegen’ || (+
*3-) ada- ‘to give, pay back, return the favour (sim.), [med.] to receive [Panaino,
Tist.: 109]? (occasional, late shortening of initial 4-, De Vaan 2003: 135) || (+ *para-)
‘to give away’ || (+ *pari-) ‘to pass, hand over’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to bestow’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to
divide, share to’ | Liste: 29
Pres. {1} ает. red.: IND. 15р. YAv. dadami, med. OAv. dade (Y 28.4), YAv. dai8e (Y 11.17), 2sg.
Y Av. daöähi (Yt 10.30), 3sg. OAv. dadaiti (Y 33.14), Y Av. daóaiti (N 84), med. OAv. daste (Y 34.1),
Y Av. daste, Y Av. adaste (Yt 8.14), 1р1. OAv. dadomahi? (Y 35.5, Y 39.4), OAv. dadamahi (Y 41.1),
Y Av. dadomahi(?) (Vr 8.2, Vr 11.21, A 3.6), YAv. danmahi (Y 68.1), 1р1. med. dadomaide (Y 35.9, Y
41.3, etc.), 3pl. OAv. райт dadaiti (Y 46.1), ? Y Av. *daóaiti (Yt 10.3), INJ. 1sg. YAv. дадат, 25р. OAv.
dada (Y 31.9, Y 31.11, Y 44.15, Y 46.7), 3sg. OAv. dadät (Y 30.7, Y 30.11, Y 31.21, ete., YAv. daöät,
3pl. OAv. ni dadat (Y 32.14), SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. da0ani, 2sg. Y Av. para.da00 (V 18.28), 3sg. OAv. dadat
(Y 27.13, Y 29.9), Y Av. da@at, YAv. para.dadat (V 18.28), 1р1. YAv. “Чабата, 3р1. OAv. dadon (Y
30.8), YAv. dadon, med. 3р1. OAv. dadente (Y 31.14), OPT. 15р. med. (?) ҮАУ. аде (Yt 5.130, Yt
10.80), YAv. fradaidiia (V 18.52), med. Y Av. *dai0isa (V), 3sg. OAv. daidit (Y 28.2, Y 43.14, Y 43.16, Y
46.2), YAv. daióiiat, YAv. para.daidiiät (A 3.7 f£), Y Av. para.daiöiiät (V 19.27), med. OAv. daiditä
(43.12, 46.18), YAv. °dai@ita, 3du. Y Av. daióitom, 3р1. YAv. daiOiiaras, Y Av. °daidiian, IMPV. 250.
Y Av. dazdi, med. 2sg. OAv. dasuuä (Y 33.12), 3sg. OAv. dadatü (Y 53.8), 2pl. YAv. dasta (Y 68.21),
med. 2р1. OAv. -dazdüm (Y 53.5); Pres. {2} them. red.: IND. 3sg. YAv. "data (V 4.3 £), med. 35р.
Y Av. dadaite (Yt 19.11, Yt 19.89, Vyt 50), med. 3pl. YAv. *da6onte (V 8.100 f£), INJ. 1sg. YAv. da0om,
3sg. YAv. dadat, 3pl. YAv. da0on, SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. *da0aiti, ОРТ. 3pl. Y Av. *°da@aiion (V 7.74); Aor.
{1} athem.: INJ. 2sg. OAv. dà (Y 28.6 £., Y 31.3, Y 34.15, etc.), med. 2sg. OAv. dänhä (Y 44.18), 3sg.
OAv. dat (Y 37.1, Y 44.3, Y 45.4, etc.), med. 3sg. ? OAv. data (Y 44.20), med. 1pl. OAv. duuaidi (Y
29.5), 2pl. OAv. data (29.2, ? Y 31.5, Y 33.1), 3pl. OAv. dan (Y 45.10, ? Y 47.1, Y 49.4), SUBJ. med.
Isg. OAv. -dané (Y 44.9), 2sg. OAv. dāhī (Y 53.9), med. 2sg. OAv. danhe (Y 36.1), 3sg. OAv. daitr (Y
44.19), OAv. dat, med. 3sg. OAv. daite (Y 44.19, VdPZ 8.10), YAv. daite (Yt 17.15), 1pl. OAv. dama (Y
34.3), med. 2pl. OAv. daduiie (Y 46.15), 3pl. OAv. dainti (Y 32.15), (Inj.?) OAv. dan (Y 47.1), med. 3pl.
OAv. danté (Y 48.11), OPT. Isg. OAv. diiam (Y 44.14), med. Isg. OAv. à diia (Y 43.8), 2sg. Y Av. daiia,
med. 2sg. OAv. disa (Y 43.7), 3sg. OAv. d(a)iiat (Y 43.10, Y 45.9), med. 2pl. YAv. daiiata, IMPV. 2sg.
OAv. daidi (Y 28.6 f., Y 40.3, Y 51.2, etc.), med. Zeg OAv. dähuuä (Y 50.2), 3sg. OAv. datü (Y 51.17),
2р1. OAv. data (Y 29.10, Y 34.6, Y 43.13); Aor. {2} s-: IMPV. med. 2pl. OAv. -danhö.düm (Y 45.1);
44 *daHl
Perf.: IND. 2sg. OAv. fradada0a (Y 40.1), YAv. dada0a (Y 71.10), 35р. Y Av. dada (Y 12.7), Y Av. dada,
med. 3sg. YAv. daióe, YAv. daiüe (Y 0.4, Y 11.17), 3pl. YAv. daóaro (Yt 19.6), OPT. 1sg. YAv.
daidiiam (Yt 8.52), 3р1. YAv. “daidin (Yt 13.12); Partic.: pres. {1} YAv. daóant-, Y Av. °dadant-, med.
pres. {1} YAv. da0anai, fut. YAv. uzdahiiamna- (Vr 9.1, Vr 9.3), pres. desid. ? OAv. vidisomna- (Y
51.1), aor. {1} OAv. dant- (Y 32.4), pf. OAv. daduuäh- (Y 58.6), YAv. daöuuäh-, Y Av. da0us-, med.
perf. YAv. dadäna- (Y 9.31), perf. pass. data- (V13.1), YAv. viöäta- (Y 57.21, Yt 10.44); Inf: pres. OAv.
dazdiiai (Y 35.4, Y 44.1), ? YAv. daste (Vr 15.1), aor. {1} OAv. daidiiai (Y 31.5, Y 44.8, Y 51.20), OAv.
dauuoi (Y 44.14, ? Y 51.9); Pass.: pres. SUBJ. 3sg. daiiat, aor. IMPV. 3sg. OAv. dam (Y 44.16), ? OAv.
vi дат (Y 32.6); Caus.: pres. IND. med. 3sg. OAv. daiiete (Y 31.11)
*OLD PERSIAN: dā- ‘to give’ = Kent: 188b
Pres. athem. red.: IMPV. 2sg. dadatuv ‘may he give’ <d-d-a-tu-u-[v]> (DPd 23), <d-d-a-tu-u-v> (DNa 55,
XPh 60)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP dy-, BMP dh- (YHBWN-) /dah-/ ‘to give? = DMMPP:
148a f.
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP dyyd, MMP dt, 1р1. MMP аууш, 3р1. MMP dyynd, SUBJ. 15р.
MMP “dyy’’n, MMP dyy’n, Zeg. MMP dyy’h, 3sg. MMP dyy’d, MMP dy’d, 1р1. MMP dy’m, etc.
*PARTHIAN: dh- to give’ = Ghilain: 78 | DMMPP: 137a f.
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. swgnd dh’m ‘J let (thee) swear, saugand midiham’, 2sg. dhyh, 3sg. dhyd,
1р1. dh’m (‘st’wySn) ‘we (will ?) give (praise)’, 3pl. dhynd, SUBJ. 15р. dh’n, etc.
*KHOTANESE: (+ *para-) parath- (piräth-) ‘sell’ = SGS: 72 f.
*SOGDIAN: (+ *para-) SSogd. pr'ó, BSogd. pr'yó, CSogd. pry@ ‘to sell’, BSogd.
pr’yö (caus.) ‘to make (it) sell’
Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. pr’yöty, OPT. 3sg. CSogd. pry@y; Fut.: SUBJ. 15р. SSogd. L’ pr’yö’nk’m ‘I
won't sell’; Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. pr’’öt, BSogd. pr’öt, Caus.: pres. IMPV. 2sg. BSogd. pr’yö; Pass.:
pret. intr. OPT. 3sg. SSogd. pr'ót Bw’y
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *para-) p’rö- ‘to sell’ = Samadi: 137
*BACTRIAN: àa- ‘to give, assign, grant, allot, assign’ || (+ *para-) napaña- ‘to sell’
=> S-W, Bact.: 200b f., 216b
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP dädan/dih- ‘to give’, Bal. dat/dey-, Kurd. da(n),
dayin/di-, da-, Zaz. dayis/dan-, Anar. ham’-do/impv.) ha-di, Abyan. doya/d-, Abz.
dowa/d-, Ard. dähe/d-, Awrom. däy/-da-, Natan. ha-da/ha-d-, Tal. doye, Gil. daan
‘to give’, (Rsht.) fa-doen/fa-d- ‘to give back (the freedom)’, Fariz. -dáa/-d(á)-, Yar.
-dä/-d(ä)-, Gur. (Kand.) dan-/ (subj.) dau, Ham. he-dayän/he-i-d-, Isfah. dadän/ (?
supplet. tu-), Jow. bam-da/di-, Meim. há:m dä:/hä: ad Khuns. d-/da, Mah. d-/da,
Nn. da/ (? supplet. OCL Qohr. däda/d-, Semn. ай7-/-аат, Sang. hä-detün/din-,
Shamerz. hä-dan/deen-, Soi -da/hoad-, Sorkh. hä-dahän/hä-dän-, Lasg. (1sg. pret.)
ä-dejn, (3sg.) das/ (1sg.) ä-din ‘to give’, (pass. Kurd. (Sul) dirán, Awrom.
diriay/diria- ‘to be given’
*NEIR: Oss. daeddyn/ (supplet. Iavaerd), D. deddun/ (laevard) ‘to give’, Wa. dat- ‘to
give’ (pret. supplet. of rand-, *HraH) || (+ *para-) Pash. prolal, Sh. paröäd-/parööd,
*daH2 45
Rosh. paröäd-/paröüd, Khf. paröäd-/paröüd, Bart. par(a)óad-/paróod, Yi. plär-/prist,
M. polör-/parist-, Y ghn. pirónt-/pirónta- ‘to sell’
*MISC: Par. dah-/dä ‘to give’ || (+ *para-) Orm. pray-/prak/, pra-/prawak ‘to sell’ =
pray-/prak || (+ *fra-) Orm. sir-/Sük, Siyök ‘to give’ = -$-, -Sér-/Suk
*SANSKRIT: dà ‘to give, present, offer’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 713 f.
Ó In many cases, it is difficult to distinguish the verbal forms of *daH! ‘to give’ and
*daH? ‘to place, put’. In the case of Av. the context often allows both meanings, i.e.
‘to place something on someone’ equates ‘to give something to someone’ (hence
Kellens — Pirart II: 256, s.v. 'dä "placer, donner"). Only in a few instances, it is
possible to assign one of the roots with some certainty, notably OAv. dazdé (Y 30.4)
and dazda (Y 27.13) must be from *daH?, as -zd- in these forms can only be the
result of Bartholomae’s Law: IE *-d"H-t- > Ir. *-zd- > Av. -zd- It does not,
however, necessarily follow that the corresponding (YAv.) forms with -st- contain
the root *daH! though, as this can reflect the result of analogical replacement.
*PIE *deH;- ‘to give’ = LIV: 105 ff. | Pok.: 223 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /da-/ ‘to take’, Gr. ёіёори ‘I give, grant’, Lat. dare, OCS dati,
Lith. düoti ‘to give’, etc.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 80b, 138a f., 206a f., 245a; Ivanow 1926: 420; IFL I: 248a, 404b f., 408a Ё;
Christensen, Contributions I: 64, 160, 258; KPF II: 194 f.; IIFL II: 237b; Christensen, Contributions II:
54, 113 f., 158; Abrahamian 1936: 114, 128; Lambton 1938: 42a, 77b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 350 f.; Andreev
— Pe&éereva: 307a; MacKenzie 1966: 94, 93; EVS: 57b; Lecoq 1974: 60; WIM I: 67; DKS: 215b f.;
Werba 1997: 292 f; Paul 1998: 294b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 166; Cabolov 2001: 295; Lecoq 2002:
121, 124, 126 (passim); Kiefer 2003: 204, 206; ESIJa II: 433 ff.; Korn 2005: 245, 270, 320
*daH? чо place, put’
*AVESTAN: see *daH! || (+ *à-) ‘to put, place in, on’ || (+ *uz-) ‘to erect’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to
put down, lay’ = Liste: 29
See *daH! || Pres. {1} athem. red.: IND. 3sg. YAv. nida0aite (Yt 17.6), med. OAv. dazdé (Y 30.4), impf.
3pl. YAv. adadat (Y 19.12), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. nidaóat (H 2.15), INJ. 3sg. med. OAv. dazda (Y 27.13),
Y Av. uzdasta (Yt 10.90, V 3.2, V 15.21, etc.), ОРТ. 2sg. YAv. nidai6is (V 19.23); Partic.: aor. athem.
Y Av. adas (Y 46.5), fut. YAv. uzdahiiamna- (Vr 9.1, Vr 9.3); Pass.: pres. IND. 3pl. ? YAv. nióaiieinti (V
3.9), INJ. Zeg Y Av. nióaiiat (Yt 12.17), ОРТ. 3sg. med. Y Av. nióaiiaeta (V 16.2)
*OLD PERSIAN: dā- ‘to put, make, create’ = Kent: 188b
Pres. athem. red.: impf. IND. 3sg. adada <a-d-d-a> (DPd 3, DNb 1 £, DSe 3 £); Aor. athem.: IND. 3sg.
ada <a-d-a> (DNa 2 ff., De 3 ff., XPa 1 ff., etc.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP dh- (usually YHBWN-) /dah-/ ‘to put, place, deposit;
create; to prepare’, BMP dhsn /dahisn/ ‘creation’, MMP d’d ‘law, justice; scriptures
with legal content’ || (+ *ni-) MMP nyh- (BMP HNHTWN-) ‘to lay, put down’ || (+
*ui-) BMP wyd’n /wiyan/ ‘tent’, MMP wy’nm’n ‘nomad, iss’. 0 On the
meanings of BMP dh- (YHBWN-) /dah-/, see Nyberg П: 60. The spelling dh- is very
46 *daH3
rare, the Aramaic representation is by far the most frequent, which is also the case
with the formation in *ni-. = DMMPP: 133b, 252b, 351a
(+ *ni-) Partic.: pres. MMP nyh’dg
*PARTHIAN: Ф ‘law, justice; scriptures with legal content’, ? “dhysn ‘giving ?,
creation ?’ {hapax, reading uncertain} || (+ *ui-) “wd’n ‘tent’, wd’n-"m’n’n ‘tent-
dwellers, nomads’ > DMMPP: 133b, 138a, 339a
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) CSogd. pd’ty ‘iniquity’ || (+ *ui-) CSogd. wy’n (Ё) ‘tent’ (<
MP)
*CHORESMIAN: Ó dk ‘justice’, 6’m ‘world’, ö’nc (Ё) ‘nest, lair, den (vel sim.)’
*NWIR: Zaz. dayis/dan- ‘[+ -ra] to put on (clothes)’, Meim. vof doj-/vof a-d- ‘to stay,
halt’ || (+ *ni-) NP nihadan/nih-, Kurd. (Sor.) da-nan/da-né- ‘to lay, put down’, Zaz.
nayis/nan-, Awrom. niay/nia-, Abz. nowa/n-, Abyan. noya/n-, Gz. n-/na, ena, Gil.
nce(h)an-/nceh-, Gur. (Kand.) niya-/-niya-, Isfah. nanän/n-, Jow. bam-na/a-n-, Khuns.
n-/nà, Mah. nähä, Nn. nay-/n-, Natan. na/n-, Qohr. nada/n-, Semn. nändä-, Siv. n(é)-/
në ‘to place, put (down)’ (-h- < *-0- !) || (+ *ui-) Bal. gidan, NP kiyan (misread for
*giyan), Bakht. bahun ‘black goat's hair tent’. © The MP verb /dah-/ ‘to put; create,
etc.’ has disappeared in NP. || Bakht. bahun has intervocalic -h- < Ir. *-d- (probably
via *-ó- > *-0-) a relatively frequent development, which is shared with Kurdish
and other Iranian languages. See further Vahman — Asatrian 1987: ibid.
*NEIR: (+ *а-) ? Wa. yod-, yoó-/yoOt- ‘to put, place’, Pash. aláng (m.), alánga (Е)
‘wall’ || (+ *pati-) ? Wa. patwn ‘repair’ (Lorimer) || (+ *ui-) Oss. I. “dajyn/°dad, D.
idajun/idad ‘to begin’ || (+ *ham-) Pash. dalai ‘heap, corn-stack’
*MISC: (+ *ni-) Orm. niw-/nyök ‘to put down, place’ || (+ *ui-) Arm. (LW) угап
‘tent’ (< Pth.)
*SANSKRIT: dha ‘to put, to place’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 783
The ‘hit, beat’ forms, Chor. dh- (Samadi: 60 f.), Sh. di(y)-/ööd (etc., EVS: 30 f.),
Wa. di-/doyt (Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 145 Ё), etc. point to a different root: *daH$ ?
«PIE *d'eH,- ‘to put, place’ > LIV: 136 ff. | Pok.: 235 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /dai-/ ‘to put, to direct, to give (a name)’, Gr. тїӨтнї ‘I put
down, place, ground, create’, Lat. #-сї ‘I have made’, OCS dën, OLith. demi, Arm.
dnem ‘I put’, OHG tuon, Engl. to do, etc.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 84a, 147a f., 209b; IIFL I: 403a; KPF II: 225; Christensen, Contributions I: 72;
IIFL II: 553b, 535b; Abrahamian 1936: 131; Lambton 1938: 40a, 78b; Morgenstierne 1942: 263; Abaev,
Slovar’ I: 539; MacKenzie 1966: 104; WIM I: 71; WIM II/1: 80; Benzing 1983: 247 ff.; Vahman —
Asatrian 1987: 69 f.; WIM III: 113; Werba 1997: 298 f.; Paul 1998: 294b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 429,
459; Cabolov 2001: 296; Lecoq 2002: 121, 124, 128, 130 (passim); ESIJa II: 420 f£; NEVP: 8; Korn
2005: 98, 395
*daHË ‘to divide, distribute"
*AVESTAN: OAv. d(a)ii- ‘to divide, distribute’ = Liste: 30
*daH5 47
Pres. them.: SUBJ. med. 1sg. OAv. d(a)iiai (Y 29.8)
*SANSKRIT: dà, day ‘to divide, distribute’ (RV) = EWAia I: 717, 700
9 Further Ir. cognate forms are unknown.
*PIE ? *аеН,- ‘to divide’ = LIV: 103 f. | Pok.: 175 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. datéopa ‘I distribute’, Alb. dava ‘I divided’
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 297; ESIJa II: 438 f.
*daH ‘to bind’
*AVESTAN: OAv. da- ‘to bind’ © Liste: 30
Pres. ja-: IMPV. med. 3sg. OAv. ni diiatam (Y 48.7)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP d mg, BMP d’m /dam/ ‘trap? > DMMPP: 134b
*PARTHIAN: d’mg ‘trap? = DMMPP: 134b
*KHOTANESE: dama- ‘bond’, dima- ‘tie, knot’
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. 6’m’, CSogd. d’m, MSogd. ó'm' ‘net’
*CHORESMIAN: 6’myk ‘trap, snare’ || (+ *ham-) ’nd’ny ‘bonds, shackles’ (Cheung
2002: 161, s.v. aendon)
*NWIR: NP dam ‘net’
*NEIR: Pash. Juma (f.) “snare, noose’ || (+ *ui-) M. wil- ‘to open’ (Zarubin), Yi.
wuldi, M. wulöi ‘open’
*SANSKRIT: dà ‘to bind’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 716
«PIE *deH;- ‘to bind’ = LIV: 102 | Pok.: 183
*IE COGNATES: Gr. ёёо ‘I bind’, Gr. (Myc.) de-de-me-no (partic. med.) ‘bound’,
Arm. tic‘ ‘diadem’
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 117; IIFL: 261b; GMS: $973, 1265; MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 24; DKS: 156b,
159a; Benzing 1983: 248; Gharib: 134a; Werba 1997: 294; NEVP: 43; ESIJa II: 444 f.
*daH ‘to suck, suckle’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP d’yg, BMP d’yk /dayag/ ‘(wet-)nurse’? > DMMPP: 136a
*KHOTANESE: dinu- ‘cow’
*NWIR: NP dayah '(wet-)nurse', Awrom. däyana (f) ‘wet-nurse, foster-mother',
Kurd. (Kurm.) da(yk), (Sor.) dayk, Gur. da(ya), Lor. da(ya), Siv. doua, Tal. daya
*mother
*NEIR: Oss. I. daejyn/dad, D. dejun/dad, Yghn. diy-/díta ‘to suck, suckle’
*SANSKRIT: dhä-, дһау ‘to suck, suckle’ (RV+) > EWAia I: 775
«PIE *d'eH,-i- ‘to suck, suckle’ => LIV: 138 f. | Pok.: 241 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. On-An (f.) ‘mother’s breast’, Arm. diem, OCS dojo, Latv. déju ‘I
suck, suckle’, etc.
*REFERENCES: Andreev — PeSéereva: 247b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 351; MacKenzie 1966: 94; DKS: 159a;
WIM III: 310; Werba 1997: 299; Cabolov 2001: 291; ESIJa II: 445 f.
48 *daH6 ?
*daH° ? ‘to beat, hit, strike’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ш-) ? BSogd. wyó s, CSogd. wyd’s, MSogd. wyó s ‘to be amazed,
marvel’ (< *‘to be struck’ ?) || (+*ham-) ? CSogd. md’s, MSogd. ’nö’s ‘to marvel,
be amazed’. > The Gr. forms, доо ‘miracle, marvel’, Өёо ‘show, look, sight’,
Oc&pBos ‘surprise, marvel, fright’, тофоу are quoted by Sims-Williams1985: 60 ad
17 as possible (IE) cognates.
(+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 2pl. BSogd. wyós'yó; Impf.: IND. 3sg. wyd’s, 3pl. BSogd. wyö’s’nt, CSogd.
wyd’snt, CSogd. "wyd’s’nt, MSogd. *wy6’(s)’nt || (+ *ham-) Impf.: IND. 3р1. CSogd. md’snt; Partic.: perf.
pass. (dir. pl.) CSogd. ’d’tyt, MSogd. ’nö’st’k
*CHORESMIAN: dh- ‘to hit, strike’ = Samadi: 60
*NWIR: Kurd. dan/di-, (Sor.) dan/da- ‘to beat, hit; to play (an instrument)’, ? Bal.
diht/dih- ‘to strike, beat’, da dahi0/dah- ‘to get, touch’, Zaz. dayis/dan- ‘[+ -ro] ‘to
beat, hit’. © The Bal. verbs are mentioned in Shahbakhsh (s.vv.), who envisages a
connection with Bal. dhakk(a) ‘blow, stroke, big bang’ < Lah. dhakka ‘push’. It
cannot be excluded though the Bal. verbs are inherited.
*NEIR: Sh. ói(y)-/ó0d, Khf. óay-óüd (m.), dod (Е), Rosh. óay-óüd (m.), dod (f.), Bart.
óay-/óod, Sariq. dey-/dewg ‘to strike, hit [intr.]; to fall down [of precipitation,
sediments]; to come, find oneself (in), Yzgh. óiy-/óed ‘to rain’, (caus./tr.) Sh.
öily)-/ööd, Khf. ói(y)-, Rosh. dé(y)-/dét, Bart. óe(y)-/óet ‘to beat, strike, chase, let
loose’, Sariq. 68-/öet ‘to drive’, Yzgh. day-/Sed, Wa. di-/dayt, Yghn. déh-/déhta ‘to
beat, strike’ || (+ *ham-) (LW ?) Yi. daha-/ (supplet. Zi- < "jata-, *јап), M. dö-/
(supplet. Zi- < *jata-, *fan) ‘to beat, strike, place’
*MISC: Par. deh-, Огт. de(h)- ‘to beat, hit = ? -d-/-dók, ald-/aldók ‘to close (the
door, book)’
*SANSKRIT: Ó Note also Dard. dadhati (CDIAL: 6145).
0 The forms above seem to suggest a separate root *daH? ‘to beat, hit, strike’ in Ir.,
which is perhaps expressive in origin, cf. Engl. thud, tick, tap, etc.
*PIE — — LIV: - | Pok.: 249
*REFERENCES: Morgenstierne 1932: 125; IFL: II: 205a Ё; Andreev — PeSéereva: 245b Ё; EVS: 32b f.,
30b f., 32b f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 145 f.; Cabolov 2001: 296; Kiefer 2003: 194; ESIJa II: 441 ff.
*daiH! ‘to look, see’
*AVESTAN: d(a)i- (ба1-) ‘to look, see’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to see off || (+ *a-) ‘to look, see
to’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to to look on’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to meet (with one’s eye)’ || (+ ш-) ‘to let
one’s eyes wander’ = Liste: 30
Pres. {1} athem. red.: IND. 3sg. YAv. dióaiti (Y 33.14), Y Av. adióaiti (Yt Yt 10.15), INJ. 15р. YAv. auua
óióaem (Vyt 43), 3р1. OAv. daidiiat (Y 44.10), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. dióat (Yt 19.94); Pres. {2} them. red.:
INJ. YAv. daidiiama (Vyt 43), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. paiti.daidiat (V 16.2), ОРТ. 25р. YAv. paiti daióiiois
(Vyt 50), IMPV. 2sg. YAv. "upa.daióiia (Yt 17.15); Perf.: IND. 3sg. YAv. adióaiia (Y 62.8); Partic.: pres.
{1} YAv. daióiiant- (Yt 10.45), perf. Y Av. vidióuuah- (Yt 14.13)
*daiHl 49
*OLD PERSIAN: di- ‘to see’ — Kent: 191а
Pres. athem.: IMPV. 2sg. didiy <di-i-di-i-y> (DNa 41, DNb 57)
«MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP dyd, BMP dyt (HZYTWN-) /did/ (pret. stem) “о see’ || (+
*(a-)abi-) MMP ’ywyn, BMP 'dwyn /ewen/ ‘manner, custom, form’ || (+ *a-) ?
MMP ’ywyng ‘mirror ?’ (contaminated with MMP ’ywyng ‘manner, kind, fashion’
?) || (+ *pati-) IMP pyt’k, pty’k, MMP pyd’g, BMP pyt’k /paydäg/ ‘visible, obvious,
revealed’ (< Pth.). O The etymology of MP /paydag/, NP padid, payda has been
controversial. Horn 1893: 78 compared it with Av. paitiiank- ‘turned towards’,
which was doubted by Hübschmann 1895: 360 f., but accepted by Nyberg II: 149. It
can hardly come from *pati-ka@a- or *pati-y-ä-kas-, which were reconstructed by
Back 1978: 252 and resolutely rejected by MacKenzie 1982: 290. This enigmatic
form can be resolved if we assume that it was originally a Parthian form: we may
now envisage a connection with the root *daiH'. The Parthian form would go back
to *pati-diHä-ka-, which became subsequently *paddyag > *padyag. The
inscriptional Middle Persian form pty’k bears witness to this stage. The form pyd’g
in Pth. appears to be the result of epenthesis, /paydag/, which in turn could have
been borrowed again in MP. The NP form padid no doubt derives from Parthian:
ppp. *pati-diHta- ‘appeared, seen against’. > DMMPP: 149a, 82a, 289a
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP dyd, BMP dyt /did/
*PARTHIAN: dyd (pret. stem) ‘to see’ || (+ "(a-Jabi-) "bdyyn, *bdyn ‘custom(ary),
habit; manner, way’ || (+ *a-) ’dyng, "dyng ‘mirror’ || (+ *pati-) pyd’g ‘visible,
obvious, revealed" = Ghilain: 84, 96 | DMMPP: 149a, 9b, 26a, 289a
Partic.: perf. pass. dyd; Inf.: dydn ‘to see; [subst.] appearance’
*KHOTANESE: dai- ‘to see, look’, (mid.) ‘to appear’, dyafi- (caus.) ‘to make appear,
reveal’ || (+ bays- < ?) baysdai- ‘to look at, observe’ || (+ *apa-, *pati) püy- ‘to look’
|| (+ *aua-) üy- (vüy-) ‘to survey’ || (+ *4-) OKh. äyä-, LKh. avi-, ayi- ‘to be reflec-
ted, seen, appear’ || (+ *uz-) OKh. uysdai- ‘to look up (at) = SGS: 45, 47, 95, 85,
19, 9, 16
*SOGDIAN: (+ *a-) BSogd. ’’dyn’k, BSogd. ’’6’yn’k ‘mirror’ || (+ *ui-) BSogd.
wyö’y- ‘to disappear, be distinguished’ || (+ *ham-) BSogd. ’nö’yk, CSogd. 'dyq?
‘custom, habit, manner’, MSogd. ’nö’yk, MSogd. ’nö’ykh ‘appearance’
(+ *ш-) Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. wyö’yt, 3р1. BSogd. wyóy nt, OPT. 3sg. BSogd. wydy’y; Inf.: BSogd.
wyóy y, pret. BSogd. wyöy’t
*CHORESMIAN: бу- (pret. stem) ‘to see’ © Samadi: 224
*BACTRIAN: M- (supplet. pres. otv-) ‘to see’ || (+ *(a-Jabi-) aBddivo ‘custom’
c» S-W, Bact.: 201b, 173a
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP didan / (supplet. bin-), Bal. dit, ói(0)/ (supplet. gind- <
*yaid’, Korn, Le: 79, fn. 26), Kurd. ditin, (also Sor.) din (supplet. bin-), Zaz. ditis/
(supplet. vinen-), Abyan. dia/ (supplet. vin-), Abz. dida/ (supplet. vin-), Awrom.
50 *daiH2
diáy/ (supplet. win-) ‘to see’, (also) diay/dia- ‘to look [intr.]’, Gil. (Rsht.) deoen/din-
(with analog. d-), Gur. (Kand.) di-/ (supplet. -in-, (subj.) vin-), Ham. diyän/ (supplet.
vin-), Jow. bam-di/ (supplet. ai:n-), Meim. dian/ (supplet. a-vin-), Mah. -dī/ (supplet.
-vin) ‘to see’, Nn. di-/ (supplet. vin-), Natan. -di-/ (supplet. vin-), Qohr. dida/
(supplet. vün-, yin-), Semn. -di(&)-/ (supplet. m-éin-) Sang. -dia/ (supplet. vin-),
Shamerz. bä-dimän/ (supplet. vin-), Siv. dien, Soi di(d)-/ (supplet. ä-ün-, ä-ün-),
Sorkh. ba&-dian/ (supplet. vin-), Lasg. ba&-di-/ (supplet. vin-) “о see’, (ppp.) Bal.
dista ‘seen’ || (+ *(a-)abi-) NP äyın ‘rite, custom; common law; mode, form, manner’
(initial long à- points to *ä-abi-daiH' ?) || (+ *2-) NP äyinah, Bal. adén(k) ‘mirror’ ||
(+ *pati-) NP padid ‘visible’, payda ‘visible, apparent, evident’ (old LW)
*NEIR: Pash. Па/ (supplet. pres. st. win-) ‘to see’ || (+ *a-) Oss. I. ajdæn, D. ajdane,
M. äina, Yi. äino ‘mirror’
*MISC: (+ *(a-)abi-) Arm. (LW) awren-k* ‘institution, the Law’, Syr. (LW) b-avden
“similar to’ (< Pth.)
*SANSKRIT: dhay ‘to look (at), to perceive’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 777
9 As with many Iranian roots containing *d(-), a variant with the voiceless corres-
pondence is attested as well: Bakht. te (pl. tia), Bal. telog (> Brah. tela) ‘eye’. Most
Middle and New Iranian forms have a suppletive paradigm: the pret. stem contains
*daiH', whereas the pres. stem is formed with the root *uai(H)n. An IE etymology
for this Пг. root is uncertain, in the absence of any credible cognates. Only Alb. di
‘knows’ can be cited in LIV: Le, which is hardly encouraging. Gr. ofa / сбра
“sign, mark’ is unrelated.
«PIE? © LIV: 141 f. | Pok.: 243
*REFERENCES: КРЕТ. 81a, 139b f., 206b f., 245b f.; EVP: 36; KPF II: 199; Christensen, Contributions I:
65, 259; Christensen, Contributions II: 55 f., 114 f., 159; Abrahamian 1936: 111; Lambton 1938: 42a,
77b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 41; MacKenzie 1966: 94; Lecoq 1974: 60; DKS: 19a f.; Rossi 1979: 54; Vahman —
Asatrian 1987: 140; Werba 1997: 299 f.; Paul 1998: 296a; Cabolov 2001: 321 f.; Cheung 2002: 150;
Lecoq 2002: 121, 123, 125 (passim); МЕУР: 88; ESIJa II: 291 Ё; Korn 2005: 79, 314, 375 (passim)
*daiH? ‘to shine, radiate; to light a fire’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? ВМР dyk /dég/ ‘pot, vessel’ (etym. uncertain) || (+ *pati-) MMP
pdyd (ppp.) ‘kindled’ (< Pth.) = DMMPP: 272b
*PARTHIAN: (+ *pati-) pdyn- ‘to kindle’. © Probably not from the root *Haid, as
assumed by Ghilain, Le = Ghilain: 84 | DMMPP: 272b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. pdynyd; Partic.: perf. pass. pdyd, pdydg
*KHOTANESE: (+ *uz-) uysdis- ‘to set alight, make burn’ (cf. Canevascini: § 172.2.)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pati-) pzn- ‘to light a fire, kindle’. 0 Samadi derives the Chor.
formation pzn- from *pa-dina-, with prev. *pa-, whose existence in Ir. was already
doubted by Henning 1965: 246, fn. 29. The preverb may be *pati-. > Samadi: 166f.
*NWIR: ? NP deg, dig ‘pot, kettle’ (etym. uncertain)
*daisl 51
*NEIR: (+ *pati-) Sh. pidis-/pidid, Rosh. paóays-/paóid, Bart. paóis-/paóed, Yzgh.
padoys-/padad ‘to catch fire’, (tr) Sh. pidin-/pidid, Rosh. paóin-/paóid, Bart.
paóin-/paóid, Sarig. paóin-/paóid, Yzgh. paday-/padayd ‘to light a fire’, Yzgh.
paóu/üs ‘fire-brand’. 0 Wa. pióis-/pióon- ‘to burn, flame up’, cited by Morgenstierne
(EVS: 55a) is wrong, see *daj.
*SANSKRIT: day ‘to shine, to radiate’ (RV+) > EWAia I: 701
«PIE *deiH>- ‘to shine, light up’ © LIV: 108 | Pok.: 183 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. 5€at0 ‘shone’, Sëdo ‘I flash, shine’, ON teitr ‘cheerful’. © The
nasal (present) formation, as attested in several Iranian languages, may have an
exact Greek (Pindar) correspondence дубо, whence the formation may be already
of IE date: *di-n-eH;-.
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 132; Hübschmann 1895: 65; MacKenzie IV: 529; EVS: 55a; Nyberg II: 61;
DKS: 208a; Narten 1987: 149 ff.; Werba 1997: 295; SVK III: 29; ESIJa II: 288 ff.
*dais! ‘to show’
*AVESTAN: daés- ‘to show’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to show’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to be told, be shown,
(?) contemplate’ — Liste: 30
Pass.: pres. SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. disiiat; Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. YAv. daesaiieinti (Yt 13.53, Yt 13.55), INJ.
lsg. YAv. fradaesaem (V 2.2), 2sg. Y Av. daesaiio (V 5.14), 35р. Y Av. daösaiiat (Yt 11.14), 3pl. YAv.
daesaiion (Yt 13.57), SUBJ. 159. YAv. daösaiieni (P 37), 35р. YAv. daesaiiat (Vyt 32), 1р1. ҮАУ.
ааёѕайата (Vyt 32), OPT. 25р. Y Av. fradaesaiiois (Yt 14.46), IMPV. med. 2sg. YAv. handaésaiian‘ha
(Yt 19.48, Yt 19.50), 2р1. YAv. "daesaiiata (Y 8.3); Aor. s-: INJ. 2sg. OAv. dais (Y 43.10), SUBJ. 15р.
OAv. doisa (Y 51.2), IMPV. 2sg. OAv. doisi (Y 33.13); Intens.: pres. INJ. Zeg OAv. daedoist (Y 51.17)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *uz- BMP ’wzdys /uzdés/ ‘idol’, MMP (pl) ’wzdys’n
‘images, icons; idols’ (LW) || (+ *ham-) MMP hndys-, ВМР hndys- /handés-/ ‘to
think, contemplate’ > DMMPP: 77a, 180b
(+ *ham-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP "hyndysyd, ВМР hndysyt /handesed/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP hndysyt
/handésid/; Inf.: BMP hndyšytn /handesidan/
*PARTHIAN: (+ *apa- or ? *abi-) *bdys- ‘to show’, IPth. ’wpdys- ‘to issue (order),
order, command’ || (+ *a-) ’dysg ‘sign’ || (+ *uz-) ’wzdys’n ‘images, icons; idols’ ||
(+ *ham-) ’ndys- ‘to think, contemplate, commemorate’ = Ghilain: 90, 61 |
DMMPP: 152a, 77a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. dysyd || (+ *ара- or ? *abi-) Pres.: IND. 3sg.’bdysyd, 1р1. IPth. ’wpdysywm, 3pl. MMP
“’bdysyd, SUBJ. 15р. ’bdys’n, 2sg. ’bdys’, ’bdys’h, IMPV. 25р. *bdys; Partic.: perf. pass. IPth. ’wpdst ||
(+ *ham-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. ’ndysyd, 3р1. ’ndysynd, SUBJ. 3sg. *’ndys’h, IMPV. 25р. ’ndy3; Partic.: perf.
pass. П ’ndys’d
*KHOTANESE: dis- ‘to confess’ = SGS: 46
*SOGDIAN: (+ *apa-) BSogd. pö’ys ‘to show’ || (+ *uz-) MSogd. ’yzt’ys-kt’k
‘idol-house’ (LW) || (+ *fra-) CSogd. füys ‘vision’ (C2, Sims-Williams 1983: 50) ||
(+ *ham-) CSogd. ’ndys- (pass./intr.) ‘to seem’, CSogd. ’ndys (caus./tr.) ‘to show’
52 *dais2 ?
(+ *apa-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. pö’yst (Vim. 1, Vim. 3, Vim. 5 f.); Caus.: pres. OPT. 3sg. MSogd.
po’ys’y (МКС 526) || (+ *ham-) Partic.: pres. CSogd. "ndysyq ‘appearing’ (C5 8V.8); Caus.: pret. IND.
3sg. CSogd. "ndysd'rt (C5 16V.18)
*CHORESMIAN: m/dys- ‘to give a sign’ (+ *ni- ?) || (+ *apa-) b’öys ‘command, order’
|| (+ *pati-) pcys(y)- ‘to make similar; interpret’ > Samadi: 68, 149
*BACTRIAN: (+ *ш-) ? осто ‘disappeared ?° = S-W, Bact.: 213a
*NWIR: (+ *apa-) NP (dal), A ‘instruction’ (cited by Ivanow 1923: 367)
*NEIR: Oss. dis, D. des ‘amazement’ || (+ *apa-, not *upa-) Oss. I. evdisyn/zvdyst,
D. zvdesun/zvdist ‘to show’ || (+ *abi-, not *apa- ?) Sh. (Baj.) divés-, Rosh.
divis-/divixt ‘to show’ (d-v- < *óv- < *B-6, hence: *abi-dais ?) || (+ *fra-) Oss. D.
redesun/reedist ‘to show the signs of premature births [of animals]’ || (+ *ham-) Wa.
dis-/dist ‘to know, understand, to be able’
*SANSKRIT: des ‘to show, to point out’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 744
© This root has an impeccable IE etymology.
«PIE *deik- ‘to show, point out; to announce’ — LIV: 108 f. | Pok.: 188 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. Öeikvunı ‘I show’, NHG zeigen, Lat. dicere ‘to utter, say,
proclaim’, Goth. ga-teihan ‘to announce, proclaim’, ON téa ‘to show, present’, OE
téon ‘to proclaim, announce’, see also *dais?
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 363, 198 f.; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 361; EVS: 30a; DKS: 160a; Werba 1997:
194 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 147; Cheung 2002: 165; ESIJa II: 301 ff.
*dais? ? ‘to throw’
*KHOTANESE: LKh. dis- ‘to throw’ || (+ *uz-) uysdis- ‘to cast? © SGS: 46
9 Clear evidence for this root is confined to a single language. For Khot. diss- a new
etymology, different from Bailey's (apud SGS: l.c.), was suggested by Tichy 1979:
l.c. She compared the Khot. form to Gr. &ö1Kov ‘I threw’, yielding an IE root *deik-
‘to throw’, homonymous with IE *deik- ‘to show, point out’. The equation is
semantically difficult to prove though, not in the least, as this putative root *deik- ‘to
throw’ leaves so little or no unambigous traces in (Dlr. / IE. Perhaps, this may be
inferred from the semantic range exhibited by Lat. dicere ‘to say’, Goth. gateihan ‘to
announce, proclaim’, and especially Gr. ёікт ‘law, custom, justice’, Lat. indicare,
OE téon, tion ‘to accuse’ (Ernout — Meillet: 255). These rather judicial meanings
might be specialisations of ‘to throw’, cf. Engl. to throw in, out of court.
«PIE? > LIV: 109 | Pok.: —
*REFERENCES: Henning 1935: 121; WIM I: 71; Tichy 1979: 217 ff.; DKS: 159b f., 39a; SVK I: 56; WIM
IV1: 81; WIM III: 113; ESIJa П: 306
*daiz (*dais) ‘to build, form’
*AVESTAN: (+ *uz-) YAv. uzdaéz- (uzdis-) ‘to heap (up)’ || (+ *pari-) YAv.
pairi.daéz- ‘to build, fence (around)’ = Liste: 30 f.
*daj 53
Pres. athem.: INJ. med. 3sg. YAv. uzdista (V 15.36); Caus.: pres. SUBJ. 3р1. YAv. pairi.daezaiian (V
3.18, V 5.49); Partic.: perf. pass. YAv. uzdista- (V 7.54)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP dys-, BMP dys- /des-/ ‘to build, create? > DMMPP: 152a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP dysyd, BMP dysyt /déséd/, 3р1. MMP dysynd, SUBJ. 15р. MMP dys’n, 3sg. MMP
dys’d; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP dysyd, BMP dysyt /désid/, II MMP dys’d; Inf.: MMP dysydn, BMP
dysytn /désidan/
*PARTHIAN: dys- (IPth. BNY-) ‘to shape, form, build’ || (+ *ham-) ? ’ndys- ‘to heap
together’ = Ghilain: 94 | DMMPP: 152a
Pres.: IND. 35р. dysyd, SUBJ. 25р. dys’h; Partic.: perf. pass. dyst, dyst; Inf.: dystn || (+ *ham-) Partic.:
perf. pass. "ndyst
*KHOTANESE: däs- ‘to heap up’ = SGS: —
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. óš-, CSogd. dys ‘to build’ || (+ *pari-) MSogd. próys ‘to build’
Partic.: pres. CSogd. dysnyt (pl.), perf. pass. BSogd. öst’y; Pass.: pperf. intr. IND. 3sg. BSogd. dst’y xy ||
(+ *pari-) Inf.: MSogd. pröys (BBB: 33)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pari-) prdys- ‘to repair (wall)’, pröyzk ‘garden’ > Samadi: 152
*NWIR: (+ *pari-) NP palez ‘garden’
*NEIR: (+ *pari-) Oss. I. fzeldisyn/fzeldyst, D. faeldesun/feldist ‘to make; to dedicate
to the deceased’ || (+ *ham-) I. aendizyn, D. zndezun ‘to weld (metal); to recover
(from an illness)’, Yi. diz-/dizd-, M. diz-/dizd- ‘to bury’, Sariq. indist (ppp.) ‘stack’
*MISC: Widely borrowed: (+ *pari-) Gr. тор@®бе1сос ‘garden, paradise’ (< Olr.),
Arm. (LW) partéz ‘garden’ (< WIr.), Arab. (LW) faliz (< NP), etc.
*SANSKRIT: deh ‘to anoint, smear, plaster; to accumulate’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 746
9 Rather than postulating a separate root *dais ‘to build’ it is better to assign the
Chor., Sogd. and Oss. forms to the well-established root *daiz. As it is the case in
many roots, the aberrant final root consonant is the result of internal sandhi (e.g. via
assimilation of voice to the past partic. *-ta-, or 35р. *-ta, *-tai).
«PIE *d'eig"- ‘to knead, plaster’ = LIV: 140 f. | Pok.: 244 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. fingo ‘I form’, Arm. dizanem ‘I heap’, Lith. ZiedZiü (Ziésti) ‘I
form, clay’ (with assim.), Goth. digand- (pres.) ‘kneading’, Gr. teixog (n.) ‘wall’,
Goth. daigs, Engl. dough, etc.
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 63; IIFL II: 207b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 156; EVS: 14b; DKS: 39, 160a; Benzing
1983: 527; Werba 1997: 195; Cheung 2002: 184; ESIJa II: 311 ff.
*daj ‘to burn’
*AVESTAN: YAv. daZ- ‘to burn’ (on daZ- < *daji- see Martinez 1999: 130) || (+
*apa-) ‘to damage by burning’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to burn’. > Av. daZ-, with -Z-, derives
from a ja-formation *daj-ia-, on which see Martínez op.cit. = Liste: 27
Pres. ja: IND. 3sg. YAv. daZaiti (Y 71.8), YAv. handazaiti (V 5.9), INJ. 3sg. YAv. daZat (F 548), YAv.
apa.daZat (V 15.4), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. apa.dazat (FrK 22)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP dc- /daz-/ ‘to burn’ = DMMPP: 146
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP асу! /dazéd/, 3р1. BMP dcynd /dazend/
54 *damb
*PARTHIAN: (+ *aua-) ? ’wdjn ‘rigor, harshness’ > Ghilain: 51 | DMMPP: 66b
*KHOTANESE: dajs- (days-) ‘burn’, dis- ‘to make it burn’ (SVK I: 56) || (+ *pati-)
padas- (padajs-) ‘to burn [tr.]’, OKh. padis- (pandis-) ‘to catch fire’, dag- (das-) ‘to
ripen’ || (+ *ham-) handaj- (handis-) ‘to be ripened’, (caus.) Khot. hamdaj- (handaj-)
‘to ripen’ = SGS: 43, 68, 70, 140
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. 6xs- (inch.) ‘to ripen’, SSogd. öy’’n PN, SSogd. öy’n ‘ardent,
fierce’. © MSogd. öx5- “о give pain, hurt’, which is often cited (e.g. Gharib 1995:
147, no. 3719), does not exist. The sole attestation in Henning, Sogdica: 48, line 2, is
based on the educated guess of Henning himself: a partially restored (óxš)ny
(|M2608 R.2 |) would translate (postulated) MMP [dxsg] = ‘sign, mark’.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. öxsty
*NWIR: Zaz. dezayis/dezen- ‘to hurt’, Bal. dajit/daj- ‘to bite, sting’, NP dag ‘hot;
brand, mark(ing)’, NP diZan ‘violent’ (< Pth.), Bal. daxt/ *diZ- ‘to brand’, Bakht.
day bidan ‘to be fried, broiled’. © The attestation of Bal. *diz- is uncertain, on which
see Korn 2005: 194, 374.
*NEIR: Sariq. óizd/óiz- ‘to be ill’, Yghn. (impers.) daxs(-)/daxsta ‘it hurts’ || (+
*pati-) Wa. pidic-, pidic-/piön-, pidn-, pidiyn- “о catch fire, be ignited’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) daZan ‘violent, wild’
*SANSKRIT: dah ‘to burn’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 712
«PIE Sieg. ‘to burn’ = LIV: 133 f. | Pok.: 240 f.
*IE COGNATES: OCS Zego, Lith. deen ‘I burn’, Toch. tsäk- ‘to burn’, Lat. foveo
(iter.-caus.) ‘I make warm’
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 533b; EVS: 33a; DKS: 150b; Vahman — Asatrian 1987: 80; Gharib: 139b, 140a;
Werba 1997: 194; Paul 1998: 295a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 261; ESIJa II: 279 ff.; Shahbakhsh: s.v. daj-
*damb ‘to strike’
*CHORESMIAN: ónby- ‘to strike’ || (+ *fra-) hößy- ‘to become weak, to flag’
c» Samadi: 66 f., 89
*NEIR: ? Sangl. domb-, Yi. lib-/libai- ‘to card wool’ || (+ *upa-) ? Pash. blosédol ‘to
afflict, touch, graze, abrade’, (Waz.) blavsédal ‘to catch, trip, stumble’, Yghn.
bedap-/bedäpta ‘to cover’, Sh. bidafc-/biduvd ‘to be closed’, Sh. bióemb-/bióemt
(caus.) ‘to close, cover the eyes’ || (+ *pati-) Sh. (Baj.) pióafc-/pióuvd, Rosh.
paöäfs-/padävd, Yzgh. pióafs-/pióovd ‘to stick, adhere, begin, etc.’, Sariq.
pióefc-/pióevd ‘to rise, ascend’, Sh. pidémb-/pidémt, Yzgh. pitafan-/pitafant ‘to
make stick’, Sariq. padafson- (caus.) ‘to raise’ || (+ *ni-) Sh. nidafc-/nidtuvd, Rosh.
nióafs-/nióavd, Sariq. nadefc-/nadevd ‘to stick, adhere, clasp’, Sh. nióemb-/nióemt,
Sariq. naóim- ‘to make stick’, Sariq. na(r)óambon- ‘to fasten’, Wa. nodofs-/nodofst-,
nadats-/nadatst- ‘to stick to’ || (+ *ham-) Yi. dof/dofi, M. dvf-/dvft ‘to clasp, seize’.
Many Pamir forms seem to be influenced by the root *daub ‘to strike, hit, pick ?’.
*damH3 55
*SANSKRIT: dambh ‘to slay, destroy’ = EWAia I: 699 f.
Connections outside Ur. are uncertain. — LIV: 144 | Pok.: 233, 240
*REFERENCES: EVP: 15; IFL II: 390a, 222a, 205a; Andreev — Реёќегеуа: 230b; EVS: 47a f., 54b; Werba
1997: 463; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 24; ESIJa II: 398 ff.
*damH ‘to build’
*KHOTANESE: LKh. *dim- (did-) ‘to create’ || (+ *aua-) LKh. vadim- ‘to make’ || (+
*pati-) padim- ‘to make’ => SGS: 46, 69, 118
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ui-) wz m (Ё) ‘building’ || (+ *ham-) m/ndm(y)- ‘to be solid,
solidly built’, m/nd’my- (caus.) ‘to make solid, steady’ = Samadi: 122
*NEIR: (+ *ui-) Sh. wióüm, Khf. wióom, Orosh. wióóm, Sariq. waóem, Yzgh. wadem
‘ceiling’
*SANSKRIT: dám- ‘house’ (RV) = EWAia I: 697
«PIE *demH»- ‘to build, construct’ > LIV: 114 f. | Pok.: 198 f.
*IE COGNATES: Luw. (pret.) /tamata/ ‘built’ (also pres. /tamiha/ ?), Gr. ёёро ‘I
build’, Gr. óépog ‘build, stature’, (Dor) ved-8uatog ‘newly built’, (perf.)
ӧёдротол, Toch. tsäm- ‘to grow; [caus.] to cause to grow, promote’, Goth. ga-timan,
NHG geziemen ‘to be suitable’ (etc.)
«REFERENCES: EVS: 88b; DKS: 152a; Werba 1997: 292; ESIJa II: 322 f.
*damH ‘to tame’
*KHOTANESE: *dim- (dan-, dan-) ‘to tame’ = SGS: 45
*CHORESMIAN: ömy- ‘to tame’, öms- (pass./sec. inch.) ‘to be tamed’ © Samadi: 66
*NEIR: Oss. I. domyn/domd, D. demun/dend ‘to tame’ || (+ *aua-) Oss. I.
udzssyn/udest, D. odaensun/odenst (inch./intr.) ‘to suffer, bear, forego, let go’
*SANSKRIT: dam’ ‘to control, restrain (oneself), overpower, tame, subdue’ (RV+)
c» EWAia I: 698
«PIE *demH»- ‘to tame’ => LIV: 116 f. | Pok.: 199 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. da-ma-as-zi ‘presses, oppresses’, Gr. AOuvm ‘I tame, subdue’,
Lat. domäre ‘to tame, overpower’, Olrish damnaim ‘I bind, overpower’, NHG
zähmen, Engl. to tame, etc.
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 365; Slovar’ IV: 8; DKS: 151b f.; Werba 1997: 292; ESIJa II: 321 f.
*damH? ‘to blow, breathe; to swell’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. daómainiia- ‘blowing up (intr.)’ (V 14.5, V 18.73)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP dm- {no attested forms ?}, BMP dm- /dam-/ ‘to breathe’
c DMMPP: 138a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP dmydy /damé/, 3pl. BMP dmynd /daménd/; Inf.: BMP dptn /daftan/
56 *danh
*PARTHIAN: dm- ‘to blow, breathe’ || (+ *a-) "dm's- ‘to swell up’ || (+ *ham-) ’ndm-
‘to sigh; to bleat (of sheep)’ = Ghilain: 56 | DMMPP: 138a, 24b, 44b f.
Pres.: IND. 3pl. “dmynd, IMPV. 2pl. dmyyd || (+ *a-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. *’dm’syd, 3р1. *’dm’synd || (+
*ham-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. *’ndmyd, 1р1. ’ndm’m ‘we sigh’, 3pl. 'ndmynd ‘they bleat’
*KHOTANESE: dam- ‘to blow’ || (+ *uz-) uysdem- (uysdaim-) ‘to cool; extinguish’ ||
(+ *pati-) LKh. *padem- (padam-) ‘to blow’, padama- ‘wind’ || (+ *nis-) LKh.
nasdem- (nasda’m-) ‘to blow out, extinguish’ > SGS: 43 f., 16, 69, 51
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. öm’s ‘to swell’, BSogd. 6m’k, BSogd. öm’kh ‘breath’ || (+ *fra-)
CSogd. füm'ty ‘insufflated’ (cf. Schwartz 1967: 57)
Pres.: SUBJ. BSogd. óm's't (P7.61)
*CHORESMIAN: m/ém’s- ‘to become fat, strong’ = Samadi: 65
*NWIR: NP damidan/dam- ‘to blow; to breathe; to blossom; to appear (as the dawn)’,
Khuns. dum- ‘to pump in, give (air)’, Kurd. (Sor.) таѕап/таѕё- ‘to swell up, inflate
[intr.]’, Zaz. mäsäyis ‘to swell up, become fat’, Awrom. mäsay/mäs- ‘to swell’, Gil.
(Rsht.) dämeestoen ‘to breathe’ || (+ *а-) NP amas-, Kurd. (Sor.) 4masan-/amasé-,
awsan-/awse- (inch.) ‘to swell up’ (LW ?)
*NEIR: ? Oss. I. dymyn/dymd, dymst, D. dumun/dund ‘to blow (up); to smoke’, Oss.
I. dymsyn/dymst, D. dunsun/dunst (inch.) ‘to swell (up)’, Yghn. dam-/damta ‘to
dawn; to bud [of flowers]; to rise [of boiling water]? (< NP ?), M. lamdiya (ppp.)
‘swollen’ || (+ *ham-) Pash. dūmai ‘a cold, catarrh’. ç The Oss. forms, which have
*u as stem vowel, may either derive or show influence from nominal *duma- (Skt.
аһата-) ‘smoke’, v. Cheung 2002: 24 f.
*SANSKRIT: dham ‘to blow, play a windinstrument, fan the fire’ (RV+) > EWAia I:
775
«PIE *d'meH- ‘to blow’ > LIV: 153 | Pok.: 247 f.
*IE COGNATES: OCS дъто, ORuss. demu ‘I blow’, SCr. düti ‘to blow’, Lith. dom
‘to blow (also of wind)’
*REFERENCES: Christensen, Contributions I: 65; IIFL II: 223b; Morgenstierne 1942: 263; Andreev —
PeSéereva: 243a Ё; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 382 Ё; MacKenzie 1966: 102; WIM I: 68; DKS: 152a; Werba 1997:
297; Cabolov 2001: 77; ESIJa II: 316 ff.
*danh ‘to teach, instruct’
*AVESTAN: OAv. danh- ‘to teach, instruct’? => Liste: 30
Pres. athem. red.: IND. med. Isg. OAv. didainhé (Y 43.11), INJ. 3sg. OAv. didas (Y 49.9)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP dstn ‘powerful, able’. Ф Semantic extension from dast
‘hand’ ? = DMMPP: 142b
*PARTHIAN: dst ‘able, capable’ = DMMPP: 142b
*NWIR: NP dast ‘powerful, strength’, NP dastur ‘rule; priest, religious authority (of
the Zoroastrians)’
*darl 57
*SANSKRIT: dams ‘to show or teach wonderful skills, perform wise, wondrous deeds’
(RV) > EWAia I: 688
«PIE *dens- ‘to become skilful; to instruct, teach’ => LIV: 118 f. | Pok.: 201 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. 615&0K@ ‘I learn’, Hitt. /dassu-/ ‘strong’
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 193; ESIJa II: 327 f.
*dans ‘to bite’
*AVESTAN: YAv. tiZi.dastra- ‘with a sharp set of teeth’ (Yt 10.127)
*NWIR: ? Bal. dajit/daj- ‘to bite, sting’. 0 With -j- from j30-/jä- ‘to chew’, s. *jiauH ?
The derivation from the root *daj ‘to burn’, mentioned by Shahbakhsh: s.v., is
semantically unsatisfactory, especially since there is a genuine Bal. continuation.
*NEIR: Wa. dus ‘wasp’
*SANSKRIT: dams ‘to bite’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 688
9 Further Ir. cognates are unknown.
*PIE *denk- ‘to bite’ — LIV: 117 f. | Pok.: 201
*IE COGNATES: Gr. дбкуо ‘I bite’, NHG Zange, Engl. tongs
*REFERENCES: DKS: 163b; Werba 1997: 193; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 165; ESIJa II: 328 f.
*dar! *to hold, keep; [intr.] to dwell
*AVESTAN: dar- ‘to hold, keep’ || (+ *aua-) caus. ‘to hold to, apply to’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to
support’ = Liste: 27f.
Aor. athem.: INJ. med. 3sg. OAv. dorotä (Y 44.4), OPT. med. 3sg. OAv. dritä (Y 46.5); Aor. {2} s-: INJ.
3sg. OAv. darast (Y 43.13), ? dorast (Y 49.2); Perf.: IND. 3sg. YAv. dadara (Yt 13.67), med. 3sg. OAv.
dadré (Y 51.8); Partic.: pres. caus. YAv. "viöäraiiamna- (H 2.7), perf. med. YAv. daöräna- (Vr 2.5), pass.
Y Av. dorata- (Y 10.17); Inf.: aor. OAv. deroidiiai (Y 43.1); Caus.: pres. IND. 2sg. YAv. däraiichi (Y
11.3), 3sg. Y Av. vióaraiieiti (Yt 10.28, Yt 10.48, Yt 14.36, etc.), med. 35р. YAv. "paiti daraiiete (FrW
4.3), 3р1. Y Av. daraiieinti (Yt 7.3, Ny 3.5), INJ. 1sg. vidaraém (Yt 13.2, etc.), 2sg. OAv. daraiio (Y 32.1),
3sg. däraiiat (Y 31.7, etc.), 3pl. YAv. viöäraiion (Y 23.1, Y 67.1, Yt 13.22), SUBJ. med. 3sg. ҮАУ.
*däraiiäite (FrW 4.3), ОРТ. 2sg. Y Av. vióaraiiois (Yt 14.44), 3sg. Y Av. “fra.daraiidit (N 67), IMPV. med.
2р1. YAv. ашпа ... daraiiaópom (Vr 15.1, Vr 15.4 £); Desid.: pres. INJ. med. 3sg. OAv. didarosata (Y
46.7)
*OLD PERSIAN: dar- ‘to dwell’, dar- ‘to hold’ || (+ *ui-) ? vidarna- PN <vi-i-d-r-n>
(DB 2.19, DB 2.21, DB 4.84) || (+ *ham-) hamadar- ‘to get hold of, obtain’ © Kent:
189a f.
Aor. s-: IND. med. 159. adarsiy <a-d-r-8-i-y> (DPe 8); Pass.: impf. IND. 3sg. adariya <a-d-a-r-i-y> (DB
2.75, DB 2.90); Caus.: pres. IND. darayamiy <d-a-r-y-a-mi-i-y> (DB 1.26, DNb 14, AsH 11, etc.),
<d-a-r-y-a-mi-i-y> (DPh 4), <d-a-r-y-a-mi-i-y> (AmH 5), 3sg. darayatiy <d-a-r-y-t-i-y> (DNd 2), 3pl.
daraya'tiy <d-a-r-y-t-i-y> (XPh 23), <d-a-r-y-t-i-y> (XPh 24), impf. med. lsg. hamadarayaiy
<h-[m]-d-a-r-y-i-[y]> (DB 1.26), 3sg. adäraya, adaraiya <a-d-a-r-i-y> (DNa 22)
58 *darl
MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP d'r-, BMP d’I- (YHSNN-) /ааг-/ ‘to hold, keep’ || (+
*ham-) ? MMP hn’r- ‘to keep one’s eye on’ (-m/n-d- > MMP -n-n- <-п->)
c DMMPP: 135b f.
Pres.: IND. 1sg. MMP d'rym, 3sg. MMP d’ryd, BMP d’lyt /dared/, 3р1. MMP d’rynd, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP
d’r’d, 3р1. MMP d’r’nd’, OPT. 35р. ? MMP d’ryh; Inf.: BMP d’stn /daštan/; Part.: perf. pass. MMP d’st,
ВМР d'st /dast/ || (+ *ham-) Pres.: SUBJ. 1р1. MMP hn’rwm, OPT. 3sg. MMP “hn’ryh, ІМРУ. 2sg. MMP
hn'r, 2pl. MMP hn’ryd; Part.: perf. pass. MMP hn’rd
*PARTHIAN: d'r- ‘to hold, keep’ = Ghilain: 74 | DMMPP: 135a f.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. d’ryd, 3р1. d’rynd, SUBJ. 25р. d’r’h, 1р1. d’r’m, 3р1. d’r’nd, IMPV. 2sg. d'r Partic.: perf.
pass. dyrd; Inf.: dyrdn
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pati-) OKh. pader- ‘to maintain’ || (+ *ham-) hamdar- ‘to care for’
c SGS: 69, 141
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. ó'r, BSogd. Air CSogd. ат, MSogd. ar ‘to have, hold, keep’
(also aux.) || (+ *pati-) CSogd. pd’r ‘to support, sustain’, MSogd. póó r ‘to keep’ || (+
*pari- or *para-, *fra-) ? SSogd. prör- ‘to endeavour’ || (+ *ui-) BSogd. wyó yr,
MSogd. wöyr ‘to arrange, adjust’
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 15р. SSogd., BSogd. ó'r'm, SSogd., BSogd. ö’rm, SSogd. *ö’r’m, dur.
CSogd. d’rmsq, 3sg. SSogd. 7} BSogd., CSogd., SSogd. ті, dur. CSogd. d’rtq, 1р1. SSogd. 6’r’ymn,
CSogd. d’rym, dur. CSogd. d'rymsq, etc. || (+ *pati-) Partic.: pres. CSogd. pd’rny ° (m.) ‘sustaining,
bishop’, MSogd. pöö’rnyt, perf. pass. CSogd. pd’rty || (+ *pari- or *para-, *fra-) Pres.: ОРТ. 25р. SSogd.
prory, 2pl. SSogd. pröryö || (+ *ui-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. wyö’yr’t, IMPV. 2pl. BSogd. wö’yrö’;
Partic.: perf. pass. MSogd. wórtyy, MSogd. wórtyy; Pass.: pres. SUBJ. 3sg. MSogd. wörtyy wß’t, dur.
MSogd. wörtyy ’skw’t ‘should be arranged’ (cf. GMS: §857)
*CHORESMIAN: ó'ry- “о hold, have’ || (+ *ui-) wöry- ‘to lean on’ = Samadi: 62, 212
*BACTRIAN: Anp- ‘to have, hold, keep, etc.” = S-W, Bact.: 201a
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP dastan/dar-, Bal. аагар, Tt. (Cha., Esh., Xia.) dir/dard,
Abz. darda/där-, Abyan. darda/dar-, Anar. darte/dar-, Gil. (Rsht.) dasteen/där-, Fariz.
dard-/dar-, Yar. dard-/dar-, Ham. dartän/dar-, Isfah. dartän/dar-, Khuns. dar-/dart,
Mah. dar-/dard-, Meim. dä:rd-/dä:r-, Nn. därte/där-, Natan. därd-/dar-, Qohr.
darda/dar-, Semn. dárd-/dar-, Sang. -därt-/dän-, Lasg. -därt-/dän-, Shamerz. dást-/
dám-, (impv.) dër. Soi da/dar-, dër. Sorkh. därd-/ (impv. 2sg.) dar, (pres.) dán-,
Lasg. dard-/(impv. 2sg.) dar, (pres.) dän- ‘to have, hold’, Isfah. ve-dartän/vedar- ‘to
hold back, constraint || (+ *ham-) ? Kurd. (North.) hinartin/hiner-, (Central)
(ha)nardin/ner- ‘to send’ (connected to *Hnar ?), Gur. (Kand.) nimdir-/-ámdür- “о
stay, remain, wait’
*NEIR: Oss. I. daryn/dard, D. darun/dard, Pash. laral, Sh. óár-/óü(y)d, Rosh. dér-/dért,
Bart. d6r-/Sug, Sariq. dor-/Sewg, Yi. lär-/lät, M. lör-/let, Sangl. dir-/dul, Yghn.
dor-/dörta, Wa. быг-/дога, (LW ?) аыг-/аога ‘to have, keep’ || (+ *apa-) Oss. I.
evdelyn/evdeeld, D. avdelun/evdald ‘to be indolent, unemployed, free (of work)’
|| (+ *aua- ?) Sariq. wador-/wadord ‘to grasp, seize’, Wa. weld(s1)r-/wodort-,
wodord- ‘to keep, take’ || (+ *pati-) Yzgh. paöir-/paöug ‘to hold back, restrain one-
*dar2 59
self’, Oss. I. fidar, D. fedar ‘strong, strength; guarantor’, Sariq. pador ‘apparatus for
churning butter’ || (+ *pari-) Yzgh. paröar-/paröard, poróar-/poróard ‘to hold (the
head of a child)’, Rosh. paróer (m.) ‘small stone-wall built on a slope, forming a flat
platform or terrace’ || (+ *fra-) Oss. D. ladarun/ladzrd ‘to understand, acknow-
ledge’
*MISC: Orm. dar- = dar-/do rnók, dörnok, dornok, Par. der- ‘to have, own’
*SANSKRIT: dhar ‘to hold, keep, preserve’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 778
9 In many Ir. languages the suppletive past stem has been imported from *darz.
«PIE *d'er- ‘to hold’ > LIV: 145 f. | Pok.: 252 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /dar-/ ‘to hold, to say (?)’, Lat. firmus ‘firm, steady’, Lith. derü
‘I am good for’
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 80b f., 138b f., 206b, 245b; KPF II: 182; Ivanow 1926: 420; EVP: 38; IIFL I: 250b,
393a; Christensen, Contributions I: 64, 160 f., 258; Christensen, Contributions II: 54 £., 114, 158; IIFL II:
223b f., 548; Abrahamian 1936: 112, 129, 133; Lambton 1938: 42a; Andreev — PeSéereva: 248b; Abaev,
Slovar’ I: 345 f., 195 f., 470; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 18; Yarshater 1969: 183; EVS: 31b, 58a, 89a, 55a; Lecoq
1974: 62; WIM I: 67; Werba 1997: 200; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 167, 402; Cheung 2002: 165; Lecoq
2002: 121, 123, 125 (passim); Kiefer 2003: 195; ESIJa II: 332 ff.; Korn 2005: 320, 372
*dar? ‘to tear, split’
*AVESTAN: YAv. dar- ‘to tear’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to tear down’ || (+ *pari-) ‘to tear off by
twisting’ (or rather ‘to let (the ears) burst’, Praust 2000: 438, fn. 40) || (+ *nis-) ‘to
tear, take ош” = Liste: 28
Pres. na-: IND. 3pl. YAv. dorononti (V 19.28); Partic.: pres. Y Av. auua.doronant- (V 18.19, V 18.22),
perf. pass. YAv. dorota- (Yt 10.125, V 7.35); Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. YAv. pairi.daraiieinti (Yt 14.56);
Intens.: pres. OPT. 350. YAv. niZdaro.dairiiat (V 18.38, rep.). © According to Praust, l.c: 438, the nasal
pres. formation may have analogically arisen after the (unattested) Ir. correspondence of Skt. smati
‘breaks, shatters’ (Ir. *sarH°). This nasal formation must be of Pir. origin as it is widely attested in many
Ir. languages. Moreover, it is most likely to be Рг. already, cf. opt. 3sg. drniyat (SB).
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP dl- (SDKWN-) /darr-/ ‘to tear, cut’, BMP dlyn- /darren-/ ‘to
tear
Partic.: perf. pass. BMP ditk /dardag/, caus. BMP dlynyt /darrenid/
*KHOTANESE: dar(r)a- ‘split’, ? dar- ‘to rub, scrape’ || (+ *ui-) ? LKh. bir- ‘to be
broken’ — SGS: 100
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ара-) b’ör- ‘to pluck out (of hair, feathers), shake out (leaves)? ||
(+ *ati-) (?) &'óry- ‘to stitch, sew with large stitches’ = Samadi: 16 f., 57
*NWIR: NP darridan, Bal. dirt/din-, dir(r)- ‘to tear up’, Kurd. dirin/dir- ‘to be torn’,
dirandin/dirin- (caus.), Zaz. dira ‘to tear off, cut off’, Awrom. diriáy/dir- ‘to tear’,
Gur. (Kand.) айтап (ppp.) ‘carved up, in pieces’, -därr- ‘to tear off, smash, carve
up’, Jow. bam-der-/a-der- ‘to tear off’, Khuns. dir-/dira, Siv. deria ‘to be torn’,
(caus.) Khuns. dirn-/dirna, Siv. der-/däränd, Tal. darniye ‘to tear [tr.]’, NP dar
60 *darb (*darf)
‘ravine’ (also borrowed in Kurd. dar(a)), Bal. dar, Siv. darri ‘gorge’ (LW ?), Zaz.
dara ‘river’, Khuns. dirre, derre *mountain-brook*
*NEIR: Sariq. бег, Yzgh. dur, Wa. биг ‘ravine’ || (+ *ham-) ? Pash. dára (f.) ‘split,
crack, etc.’ ("very doubtful", NEVP: 23)
*MISC: Par. durr-/durri ‘to cut grain’, Orm. dir-/dilak ‘to reap’
*SANSKRIT: dar ‘to tear, split? (R V+). Ф The set-variants are secondary, on which see
Praust, Le: 427. = EWAia I: 701
«PIE *der- ‘to tear, split? = LIV: 119 f. | Pok.: 206 ff.
ТЕ COGNATES: Gr. óépo ‘I skin’, OCS дьай, Lith. dirti (diriu) ‘to tear’, Goth.
dis-tairan ‘to tear up’, Engl. to tear, etc.
*REFERENCES: ПЕГ I: 251a, 393a; KPF II: 198; IFL П: 521b; Lambton 1938: 77b; MacKenzie 1966: 93;
EVS: 31b; WIM I: 67, 350; DKS: 152b, 287a; SVK I: 54 f., WIM III: 104, 309; Werba 1997: 351 f.; Paul
1998: 295b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 165; Praust 2000: 425 ff.; Cabolov 2001: 314 f., 273; Shahbakhsh:
s.v. dirr-:dirrt/dirrit; Korn 2005: 133, 145, 319, 373 f.
*darb (*darf) ‘to join, tie, sew (together)’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. drofóa- ‘bundle of muscles’ (Yt 13.11)
*KHOTANESE: ? LKh. paha-drauvi ‘embroidered’ (KT2 18,11a)
*NWIR: Kurd. (Kurm.) dirun, dirütin/dirü-, (Sor.) dirun/diru- ‘to sew’, ? Кі.
dur-/duruft “о sew’, NP dirafs, darafs, (?) Zaz. dirawti, Semn. deret, Sorkh. deret,
Lasg. deret, Sangl. darat ‘awl’, Siv. deru ‘sewing’. 0 Kurd. (Kurm.) dirün, etc. are
different from (Kurm.) dirun, dirutin/diru-, (Sor.) dirunawa/diru- ‘to reap, mow’:
*drauH.
*NEIR: Wa. drov-/drovd, drav-/dravd, d(o)rovd ‘to sew’, Sh. dif, Sariq. def, Yzgh. óüf
*needle-hole', Sariq. баб ‘hemming’ (< *darfüra- ?) || (+ *ham-) Ishk. andorv-/
andorvd, Sh. ancav-/ancüvd, Rosh. incav-/incivd, Bart. incav-/incévd, Sariq. inciv-/
incivd, Yzgh. ancav-/ancuvd ‘to sew’, Yzgh. ancavn ‘needle’
*MISC: Par. durf ‘awl’ || (+ *ham-) Orm. undərəw- = undraw-/undrawók, Par. andarf-
‘to sew’
*SANSKRIT: darbh ‘to tie together, join, tie in a bundle’ (SB) > EWAia I: 703 f.
9 A separate root *drab-, drap-, with the meanings to sew, join, cut’ < IE *drep- ‘to
cut off, Gr. dpéna, etc.) is postulated in ESIJa: 345 f£, on which see *drap. The
nominal formation Y Av. drafSa- ‘banner’, etc. would contain this root according to
the authors, but perhaps, it rather contains *drap.
«PIE *derb"- ‘to bind together, braid’ > LIV: 121 | Pok.: 211 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lith. dirbti ‘to work’, BIRuss. dórob ‘basket, box’, OE tearflian ‘to
roll’
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 250b, 234a, 387; IIFL II: 520; EVS: 30b, 14a; DKS: 226; WIM 1988: 309; Werba
1997: 197; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 150 f.; Cabolov 2001: 313; Kiefer 2003: 192
*dars 61
*darH ‘to have pain’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP drd, BMP dr /dard/ ‘pain, illness’ || (+ *a-) MMP ’y’rd-,
BMP ’d’It- /ayard-/ (iter.) ‘to suffer; to be distressed, tormented’, MMP ’y’rdysn
‘distress, torment’ (with -d- from /dard/ ?) || (+ *ui-) ? MMP w(y)d'r- ‘to suffer,
endure’ (with restored -d- from /dard/ ?). ® Rastorgueva — Edel'man, ESIJa I: 215 f.
connect MMP ’y’rd-, BMP ’d’It- /ayard-/ to Skt. ага ‘to scatter’, which 15
semantically difficult. = DMMPP: 138a, 80a, 339a
(+ *à-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP ’d’Ityt /ayarded/, 3р1. MMP *’y’rdynd, SUBJ. 3р1. MMP ’y’rd’nd; Partic.:
perf. pass. MMP ’y’rdyd || (+ *ш-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP wyd’ryd, 3р1. MMP wyd’rynd; Partic.: perf.
pass. MMP wd’st
*PARTHIAN: drd ‘pain || (+ *ui-) w(y)d’r- ‘to suffer, endure’ = DMMPP: 139a, 339a
Pres.: IND. 2sg. wyd’ryh, 3pl. wd’rynd; Partic.: perf. pass. wyd’r’d
*CHORESMIAN: Ord ‘pain’
*NWIR: NP dard ‘pain, affliction’, widely borrowed, e.g. Abyan. dard, Abz. dard, Nn.
dard, Qohr. dard, Zaz. derd ‘pain’
© The Ir. forms above are probably etymologically related to the forms of *dar?:
*darH would go back to an old eH;-formation of *dar?.
«PIE *dl-eH;- ‘to suffer, be in pain’ (< ‘to be in a state of tearing, breaking’). 0 The
suffix *(е)Н, is a well-known IE suffix indicating the state or mood in which the
subject finds itself, cf. Gr. ёрбут ‘was in a state of fury’ (*man), OCS bzde ‘was
awake’ (*baud'), Lat. albeö ‘I am white’ (albus ‘white’), etc. > LIV: 114 f. | Pok.:
194 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. doleo ‘I suffer pain, be in pain’ (with restored do? from dolor
‘pain’), Latv. delit ‘to torment’, Gr. 66Aet ‘is malicious, kaxovpyet’ (Hes.), Gr.
@pevo-5aArj¢ (Aesch.) ‘ruining, afficting the mind ?; with ruined, afflicted mind,
mapa@opos ?'. 0 Formations in *(e)H; are frequently attested beside *i°/, pres.
stems, hence Latv. delit and Gr. daAAeı.
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 122; Benzing 1983: 258; Paul 1998: 295a; Lecoq 2002: 575a, 592a, 628a,
644b (passim); ESIJa II: 342 f.
*dars ‘to see’
*AVESTAN: daras- ‘to see’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to see, erschauen’ || (+ *fra-(a-)-) ҮАУ.
fradorasra- ‘transparent’ (cf. Gershevitch 1967: 218) = Liste: 28
Aor. athem.: IND. 1sg. OAv. viiadarəsəm (Y 45.8), INJ. 15р. OAv. darosom (Y 43.5), SUBJ. Isg. OAv.
darosani (Y 28.5), 3sg. Y Av. darasat (F 14), 1р1. YAv. darosama (Y 60.12, rep.); Perf.: IND. 1sg. ҮАУ.
dadorasa (Y 9.1, Vyt 57, H 2.10). 0 On the lengthening of (aug.) -a- (after -ii-) see De Vaan 2003: 34 f.
*KHOTANESE: dirsujsina- ‘wishing to see’
*NWIR: (+ *ham-) Tt. (Chal andas/andar-, (Tak.) andast/andar-, (Esh.) undard/
undard ‘to see’
*NEIR: M. lisk’-, Yi. lišč- ‘saw’ (pret. supplet. of win-)
62 *darsl
*MISC: Par. dhör, dhur ‘saw’
*SANSKRIT: dars ‘to look’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 706
«PIE *derk- ‘to look at? = LIV: 122 | Pok.: 213
*IE COGNATES: Gr. d€pKopc ‘I see, look’
*REFERENCES: IFL I: 249a; IIFL П: 262a; Yarshater 1969: 187 f. (passim); DKS: 159b; Werba 1997:
197; ESIJa II: 352 f.
* dar’! ‘to dare’
*AVESTAN: (+ *upa-) Y Av. upadaras- ‘to dare’ — Liste: 28
Pres. nu-: IND. 3pl. YAv. upadarosnuuainti (Yt 8.44)
*OLD PERSIAN: dars- ‘to dare’ — Kent: 190b
Pres. nu-: impf. IND. 3sg. adarsnaus <a-d-r-8-n-u-8> (DB 1.53)
*KHOTANESE: darv- ‘to dare’ = SGS: 44
*NWIR: Bal. durrit/durr- ‘to take courage’
*SANSKRIT: dhars ‘to venture, be bold, audacious’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 780
«PIE *d'ers- ‘to attack, venture, dare, be bold, audacious’ > LIV: 147 | Pok.: 259
*IE COGNATES: Gr. Өросъс ‘bold’, Gr. Өбрсос (n.) ‘boldness, courage’, Lith. dristi
‘to venture’, Goth. ga-daursan ‘to venture’, OE dear(r), Engl. to dare, etc.
*REFERENCES: DKS: 153a f.; Werba 1997: 353; ESIJa II: 355 f.; Shahbakhsh: s.v. durr-
*dar&? ? ‘to crush’
*NEIR: Wa. ÖBIX-/60Xt- ‘to grind’, dasn, dasnak ‘grindstone’, Sariq. dex-t ‘to crumble,
be scattered’, Sariq. diXn, óüXn ‘stone mortar?
*SANSKRIT: drsád- (f.) ‘stone, mortar’ (RV) = EWAia I: 741 f.
© Prima facie, the root appears to be Ur. On the other hand, considering the very
limited geographical distribution, it is more likely though that we are dealing with a
regional borrowing or substrate word. There are no good IE cognate forms. Cf.
EWaAia Т: 742: "Die Verbindung mit gr. ёелрас̧ ... ‘Anhöhe, Bergrücken' ist wohl
aufzugeben". A connection with *dar? ‘to split, tear’, suggested in ESIJa II: 354 f., is
semantically implausible. Even the Ur. status of *dar# may be doubted. Insler 1999:
163 f. connects Skt. drsad- to Av. zarsuua- ‘stone’ (Yt 10.39, V).
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: EVS: 32b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 168 f., 166
*darz ‘to attach, fasten; to load; to sew’
*AVESTAN: daraz- ‘to attach’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to fasten’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to bind together’. >
According to Pirart, Kellens — Pirart I: 232, OAv. dorost (Y 49.2) might belong to
*darz, being INJ. 3sg. of an athem. aor. — Liste: 28
Pres. -aja-: IND. 35р. YAv. (4-)darazaiieiti (Yt 10.48, Yt 14.63, N 99, Yt 8.55), 3pl. YAv. han.daroZanti
(? "han.darozaiieinti) (N 101), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. -doraziiaiti ("-dorozaiiaiti) (N 94), 3pl. ? ҮАУ.
*darz 63
*nidarozaiianti (У 6.47), med. Y Av. nidarozaiiánte (V 6.47), OPT. 3sg. YAv. àdarozaiioit (Yt 8.55), 3р1.
Y Av. nidarozaiion (V 6.46), YAv. handarozaiion (V 9.49), med. Y Av. nidarozaiianta (V 6.47), IMPV.
2р1. med. Y Av. nidarozaiiaóom (Yt 1.27); Desid.: pres. INJ. 2sg. OAv. didoroZo (Y 44.15)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ham-) BMP hndlcyn- /handarzén-/ ‘to advise’, "ndrz ‘order,
command’ (LW) = DMMPP: 46b
Pass.: pres. IND. 2sg. BMP hndlcynyt (HWH)wyh /handarzenid hé/
*PARTHIAN: drz- ‘to fasten; to pitch (a tent); to load’ || (+ *apa-) "bdrz- ‘to untie,
unload’ || (+ *ham-) ’ndys- (pret. stem) ‘to tie (up), ’ndrz ‘order, command’. o Cf.
Boyce 1952: 446, fn. 3: "’ndyst is here to be taken as ‘tie’ < *handrsta-". = Ghilain:
52 | DMMPP: 142a, 9b, 46, 47a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. drznd, drzynd (M2 II Ri,14); Partic.: perf. pass. II drz’d || (+ *apa-) Pres.: IND. 3sg.
"bdrzyd, 3р1. "bdrzynd; Inf.: *bdyštn || (+ *ham-) Partic.: perf. pass. "ndyst
*KHOTANESE: dals- (dárs-) ‘to make firm, fasten; load’ || (+ *ui-) ? bya(1)s- ‘to stride’
(denomin. ?) = SGS: 44, 105
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. óry- (pret. stem) ‘to hold’ || (+ *abi-) BSogd. Bö’yz- ‘to cover,
wrap’ || (+ *aua-) BSogd. ’wö’yz, CSogd. ’wdyZ ‘to strangle’ (Schwartz 1971: 412b)
Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. ôryt’; Inf.: pret. BSogd. óryty || (+ *abi-) Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. Bö’yzt,
SUBJ. 25р. BSogd. B6’yz’; Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. Bö’ystk
*CHORESMIAN: б2у- ‘to (up)load’ || (+ *aua-) wóZy- ‘to strangle’, (sec. pass.)
wörs(y)- ‘to be strangled’ || (+ *ham-) ndZy- ‘to bind, chain’, "ndZ ‘foot chain’
= Samadi: 68, 213, 212, 124 f.
*BACTRIAN: AapCo ‘subject to restrictions’ = S-W, Bact.: 200b
*NWIR: Zaz. derzäyis, derzen- ‘to sew’, Khuns. derz- ‘to mend’, Abz. dasta/derz-,
Abyan. dasta/darz-, Anar. wer-mi-dest/ (impv.) wer-ders, Isfah. dasdän/därz-, Delij.
ba-darzi, Gz. dastmün/darzón-, Kafr. destemün/derzön-, Qohr. dasta/darz-, Sede
dastén/dazan-, Siv. derz-, dirz-/dist, Tr. dasta/darz- ‘to sew’, NP darzan ‘needle’
(LW), Tal. darz ‘sheaf? || (+ *pari-) NP padarzah ‘a wrapper in which clothes are
folded up’ (LW) || (+ *ham-) NP andarz ‘testament, admonition, counsel; relation’
*NEIR: Yi. lárzë M. lórzoy, Wa. deirz-/deZd ‘to take, seize’, ? Pash. leg- ‘to send,
dispatch’, Sariq. óerz-/óaxt ‘to load’, Yi. lárzé, M. lorziy ‘sheaf of corn’, Wa. Öbırzg,
darzg, darzn ‘sheaf’, darc ‘cord, thread’ || (+ *apa-) ? Oss. I. evdarzyn/zevdzrzt, D.
evdirzun/evdirzt ‘to rub in; to irritate the skin’ || (+ *abi-) Yghn. bédéZ-, bidiz-/
bédéZta ‘to wrap (in), cover’ || (+ *upa-) Pash. blézdal ‘to swaddle’ || (+ *pati-) Sh.
pióüyj (m.), Khf. piöüwj ‘cords or thick threads of goat's wool’ || (+ *pari-) Yi.
polarz-/palisé-, M. polörz- ‘to wrap up (a bundle) || (+ *ni-) Sh. nióuyj ‘woollen yarn
prepared for weaving’
*MISC: Par. derz-/derzi ‘to take on one’s back’, Огт. daž-ēk ‘to load’ || (+ *pari-) ?
Orm. palast ‘to wring, fold’
*SANSKRIT: darh ‘to fix, make firm, make strong’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 706 f.
“PIE *d'erg"- (*d'reg^-) ‘to hold, fasten’ ? > LIV: 126 | Pok.: 213, 254
64 *das] ?
*IE COGNATES: Gr. ёро ссоцол ‘I grasp’, OCS dreZati ‘hold, possess’, Russ. derzat’,
SCr. drZati ‘hold, keep’, etc.
*REFERENCES: Zhukovskij II: 219; Ivanow 1926: 420; EVP: 42, 15; IIFL I: 251a, 393b; IIFL II: 237b,
224b; Abrahamian 1936: 129; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 197; Andreev — PeSéereva: 230b; EVS: 32a, 47b, 54b;
WIM I: 67; WIM III: 104; Werba 1997: 198; Gharib: 100b; Paul 1998: 295a; Safari 1373: 98; Steblin-
Kamenskij 1999: 143, 168; Cheung 2002: 165; Lecoq 2002: 121, 123, 125, 128 (passim); NEVP: 42 f.;
ESIJa П: 365 ff.
*das! ? ‘to honour’
*AVESTAN: OAv. dasama- (m.) ‘honouring, worship’ (Y 28.9), YAv. parö.dasma-
PN (lit. ‘whose worship is superior’ ?) (Yt 13.125), YAv. dasta- (ppp.) ‘worshipped,
praised’ (Yt 13.125)
*KHOTANESE: ? ІК. däs- ‘to receive with honour’ (< BSkt. ?). 0 The etymology
quoted here is from DKS: Le The Khot. forms show a suspiciously close semantical
and formal agreement with the Skt root: borrowing from a Sanskrit source should
certainly not be excluded, cf. ESIJa II: 374 f. © SGS: 45
*SANSKRIT: das ‘to present, express worship, offer for worship, sacrifice ° (RV+)
= EWAia I: 722
0 The evidence for *das! is rather meagre, being largely confined to Av.
«PIE *dek- ‘to take, accept (with decorum)’ ? = LIV: 109 ff. | Pok.: 189 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /dakki/ ‘equals’, Gr. ёёҳӨол ‘to take in the hand’, Gr. бёкоңол,
d£xonon “о take up, accept’, Lat. decet ‘it is proper, fitting’, Lat. dignus ‘worthy,
deserving, meriting’, Olrish dech ‘the best’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 157; Werba 1997: 194; De Vaan 2003: 92
*das? ? ‘to heap, amass ?; arrange ?’
*AVESTAN: ? Y Av. dasto.ratu- ‘enduring ?; bestowing ?’ (P 34), YAv. sparo.dasta-
(Yt 13.35), Y Av. spara.dasta- “heaped up with good things ?'. 0 See Bailey 1967:
373; Hintze 1994: 278 f. The interpretation of the Avestan forms is troublesome:
rather related to *das! ?
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ham-) MMP hnds- ‘to cease, stop’ DMMPP: 180b
Pres.: SUBJ. 3pl. MMP hnds’nd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ham-) ’nd’s- ‘to leave, abandon’ = Ghilain: 68 | DMMPP: 44b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. "nd'syd, 15р. ’nd’s’n, 1р1]. ’nd’s’m, IMPV. 25р. "nd's, 2р1. "nd's; Partic.: perf. pass. П
"nd's'd; Inf.: ’nd’s’d
*KHOTANESE: däss- ‘to complete, finish’ = SGS: 45
*NWIR: (+ *ham-) NP handasi ‘mathematics, geometry’
*NEIR: ? Oss. D. dasun/dast ‘to heap up, lay the foundation; to build’ (or rather inch.
*das(s)- < IE *dmH)-sk- ?, v. *damH!)
*MISC: Arm. (LW) dasel ‘to arrange (a crowd, people)’, das ‘order, arrangement?
*dau2 65
The meanings of the forms, brought together here, are somewhat difficult to recon-
cile: it is conceivable that not all of them are cognate. In any case, an JE origin can-
not be shown for the postulated Ir. root *das”.
*PIE— > LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 347; DKS: 157b f.; De Vaan 2003: 92
*dau! *to speak, chat'
*AVESTAN: Y Av. däuu- (dao-) ‘to mumble’ = Liste: 31
MED.; Pres. them: IND. impf. 3sg. YAv. adauuata (Yt 3.14, V 19.6, V 19.8), 3pl. YAv. adaunta (V
19.45, V 19.47), INJ. 3sg. YAv. dauuata (Y 9.24, Yt 17.19, V 19.1, etc.), 3pl. YAv. daunta (V 19.45, V
19.47); Partic.: pres. YAv. daomna- (Yt 19.47, Yt 19.57, Yt 19.60 £, Yt 19.63)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP dw- /daw-/ ‘to speak [daevic]' (< Av. ?)
Partic.: perf. pass. BMP dwyt /dawid/
*NWIR: Kurd. (Sor.) duwan/dü-, diwan/diwé- ‘to speak, talk’, Awrom. duay/du- ‘to
talk (nonsense, too much) [intr.]’, donay/don- ‘to talk to [tr.]'
*NEIR: Khf. war-óaw-/war-óawt, Sariq. war-dew-/war-dewd ‘to mumble, babble,
mutter, rave’, Sh. (Baj.) war-óawax ‘babbling, prattle? (war- < ?) || (+ *para- ?) Sh.
paröäw-/paröüd, Rosh. parö&w-/parö&wd, Bart. paróaw-/paróud, paróawd, Sariq.
paröew-/paröid ‘to imitate, mimic’ || (+ *ui-) Oss. D. idewun ‘to question’, Oss. I.
dewccag, D. idewccag ‘questionable’. Ф Probably unconnected is Pash. /-/1-, lod-,
low- ‘to utter, give (evidence)’, quoted in ESIJa II: 386 £, cf. NEVP: 42: "The
derivation from Av ‘du ‘to speak (daevic)’ ... is misplaced. MK]".
*MISC: ? Par. dhéw-/dhéwi ‘to call together, seek, search’
9 The origin of this root is unknown.
*PIE— > LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 249a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 540; MacKenzie 1966: 93 Ё; EVS: 91a, 58a; Cabolov
2001: 333
*dau? ‘to run’
MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP dw-, BMP dw(b)- (LHTWN-) /daw-/ ‘to run’ = DMMPP:
143b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP dwyynd, MMP dwynd; Partic.: pres. MMP dww’n, BMP dwb’n /dawan/
*NWIR: NP davidan/dav-, Kurd. dawin/daw-, Gil. (Rsht.) dovastoen/dov-, Siv.
doui-/douiya “to run’, (sec. caus.) Gil. (Rsht.) davancen/davan- ‘to cause to run’,
Kurd. (Sor.) daw ‘run’ (LW ?), NP dok, Khuns. dek, dik ‘spindle’ || (+ *ham-) Anar.
hendefte/hendewn-, Nn. endefte/endewn- (sec. caus.) ‘to send’
*NEIR: Oss. I. dawyn/dawd, D. dawun/dawd ‘to spawn’, Yghn. dau-/dáuta ‘to run’,
(caus.) ? Yi. lou-/lowai ‘to graze’ || (+ *abi-) Wa. vidaw- ‘to ride’ || (+ *upa- ?) Wa.
pióówg (in pióowg woc- ‘to become apparent, noticeable, to appear’) || (+ *ni-) Wa.
nióó(w)g ‘branch of a river?
66 *dau3 ?
*MISC: Par. daw- (?), dhaw-/dah- ‘to run’ (LW ?), ? Par. daw- ‘to be straight’
*SANSKRIT: dhav ‘to walk, to hurry, to flow’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 789
© This Пг. root has a cognate in Gr. only ?
«PIE *d'eu- ‘to move, go’ > LIV: 147 f. | Pok.: 260, 262
*IE COGNATES: Gr. 8€ ‘I walk’, 8005 ‘quick’
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 143a; IIFL I: 249a, 251b; Christensen, Contributions I: 65; IIFL II: 547, 222a;
Andreev — PeSéereva: 245a Ё; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 349; WIM I: 349; WIM Ш: 104; Werba 1997: 200;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 244, 459; Cabolov 2001: 284; Lecoq 2002: 131, 133; ESIJa II: 384 ff.
*dau? ? ‘to be skilful’
*AVESTAN: OAv. dauu- ‘to be skilful’ — Liste: 31
Partic.: pres. OAv. dauuant- (Y 31.10)
© The existence of *dau ‘to be skilful’ is doubtful, the Avestan evidence is question-
able, on which see further Kellens — Pirart 1991: 67; Humbach 1992 (2): 67.
*PIE — = LIV: — | Pok.:
*daub ‘to strike, hit, pick ?”
*SOGDIAN: (+ *a- MSogd. '"ówp ‘joining’ || (+ *upa-) SSogd. pöwßs, BSogd.
po’wBs, MSogd. pöwßs, MSogd. pówts ‘to be attached, adhered, stick to [intr.]’
(+ *upa-) Impf.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. pöwßs’, Fut.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. pö’wßsty kim Partic.: pres. SSogd.
pówBsyn °, MSogd. pöwfsyynyy; Inf.: pres. BSogd. powBsy
*NEIR: Sh. (Baj.) óüv-/óüvd ‘to pick, gather, collect’ || (+ *a-) Bart. aóüv-/aóüvd,
Rosh. adiv-/adivd ‘to pick, gather, collect’ || (+ *upa-) Yghn. büdüfs-, bodüfs-/
büdüfta ‘to stick to’ || (+ *fra-) ? Oss. I. redyvsyn/redyvst, D. reduvsun/reduvst ‘to
be torn off (of skin), get grazed’, Oss. I. reduvyn/redyvd, D. redovun/reeduvd
(caus.) ‘to tear off, graze (the skin)’
9 Only in East Iranian languages is there evidence for a root *daub: regional borrow-
ing ? There are no (certain) IE cognate forms. A connection with *damb, hinted at in
ESIJa Il: l.c., is formally impossible.
*PIE — => LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Andreev — PeSéereva: 233b; ELO: 41; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 361 Ё; EVS: 32b; ESIJa II: 398ff.
*dauč! (*dauj ?) ‘to milk, traire (< **to draw’ ?)’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? BMP dws- /dös-/ (inch.) ‘to milk’ (Nyberg II: 65a)
*CHORESMIAN: óws- (inch.) ‘to milk’ = Samadi: 67
*NWIR: NP dog 'butter-milk, whey; a dairy drink of diluted yoghurt and water’,
Kurd. (Kurm.) daw (m.), (Sor.) do, Tal. dü, Kash. dü ‘butter-milk’
*NEIR: Oss. I. ducyn/dygd, D. docun/dogd, Sh. öüj-, (Baj.) óüz-/óuyd, Rosh.
6uz-/dawd, duzd, Sariq. dewz-/dewd, Yi. lüz-/lüyd-, Wa. dic-/Soyn- ‘to milk’, Sh.
óüy (Е), Bart. óoy, Yzgh. day ‘buttermilk’ (< *dauga-, EVS: 30b), Pash. Iwayza
*dauHl 67
‘cow in milk’ (< *dauga-zä-, EVP: 40 f.) ? Pash. salwäya ‘bucket for drawing water
from a well’ (< *usa-dauga-, EVS: 31a) || (+ *pari-) Yzgh. pardis- (inch.) ‘to give
milk’ || (+ *ш-) Sh. wióüj-/wióuyd ‘to peel, strip, skin, pluck, cleanse (nuts, peas)
from husk and pods’ (< archaic *‘to draw’ ?)
*MISC: Par. duc- ‘to milk’
*SANSKRIT: dogh ‘to milk’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 747 f.
© Both *daué and *dauxš are problematic: they may have either a different origin or
show (mutual) influence of another root: *dauc may have acquired the specialized
meaning ‘to milk’ from ‘to draw’, as hinted by Morgenstierne (EVS, ibid.), whence
from IE *deuk- ‘to draw’. Or is *dauc merely contaminated with this IE root ?
Nominal variants with voiced velar *-g are also attested in Iranian. As for *dauxs-,
-§ has not been accounted for sofar. The Skt. correspondence dogh- is usually
connected with Gr. tuyxavo ‘to reach the goal’, Goth. daug ‘it was good for, es
taugte', NHG taugen, etc., despite the apparent semantic difficulties (cf. EWAia,
l.c.). Perhaps the Skt. stative duhé ‘(cow) gives milk’ may be the starting point: > ‘is
useful’, i.e. ‘sie taugt’ ? (Lubotsky)
“PIE ? *d'eug"- ‘to prepare’ = LIV: 153 | Pok.: 271
*IE COGNATES: Gr. eum ‘I prepare’, Goth. (pret.) daug ‘was useful’, NHG taugen.
*REFERENCES: EVP: l.c.; IFL Т: 247b; IFL II: 225b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 371 Ё; EVS: 30b f., 40 f., 88b;
Werba 1997: 196 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 163; Cabolov 2001: 284; ESIJa II: 405 ff.
*дац@ ‘to sew’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP dwc- /döz-/ ‘to sew’
*KHOTANESE: ? dusta- ‘stung’ (rather *dans)
*NWIR: NP doxtan/doz-, Bal. dotk/doc-, Tt. (Cha., Esh., etc.) dut/duj- ‘to sew’
9 The root is exclusively (West) Iranian, it is probably a borrowing from a substrate
language. The Ossetic forms I. avduzyn, D. &vdozun ‘to fasten with a noose, bolt;
to squeeze', cited by Abaev (Slovar I: 200) do not belong here, on account of the
meaning and form.
*PIE — > LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 129; Yarshater 1969; 184, 186; MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 27; DKS: 163b; ESIJa II:
409 f.; Korn 2005: 79, 313, 375 (passim)
*dauH! ‘to burn’
*OLD PERSIAN: ? Oav- ‘to burn’ (Steve 1975: 8 ff.)
Impf.: 3sg. adavä' «a-0-v-a» (A’Sa)
*KHOTANESE: OKh. thus- ‘to kindle’ || (+ *pati-) padv- (padu-) ‘to dim, smoke;
perfume; burn’ || (+ *pari- ?) OKh. pathai- (pathu-) ‘to burn up’ || (+ *ni-) nado ‘fire’
(Z 24.500) || (+ *ham-) OKh. hamthuta- (past stem) ‘burnt’. Ò The retroflex t in
68 *dauH2
Khot. pathu- is odd: it may point to the presence of the preverb *pari-. © SGS: 43,
66, 68
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) MSogd. pröwty ‘entflammt’, MSogd. prö’w ‘flame’ || (+ *para-
or *pari-) CSogd. pr0w- ‘to burn, singe’
(+ *para- or *pari-) Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd. prOwty ‘burned, singed’
*CHORESMIAN: Ow- (intr.) ‘to burn’, 0^wy- (tr./caus.) ‘to burn’ || (+ *upa-) bOw- ‘to
burn (in anxiety)’, 0^w ‘fire, Brand’ = Samadi: 208, 207, 28
*NEIR: (?) Pash. téyal ‘to roast’ (rather *tap ?), Sh. 0aw-/0ud (f. баа), 0áw-/Qud
(caus.), Rosh. 0rw-/0ud (f. баа), Hew-t (caus.), Bart. 0rw-/0ud (f. баа), Sariq. Oe w-/
Өїа, dawon-d (caus.), Yzgh. tax”-t, tox" an- (caus.) ‘to burn’, Wa. 0aw-/0ət- ‘to burn
[intr.]’, Wa. Өш ‘warm, hot’ || (+ *a-) Pash. alwoy-, alwey- ‘to scorch, singe, parch,
roast’ (Cheung 2004: 128) || (+ *(u)pari- ?) ? Sh. pirðäwak xir ‘light cloud, the sun
now appearing, now being hidden’ ||
*MISC: Par. thi- ‘to burn’, (ppp.) Par. thói ‘burnt’, (caus.) Par. théw ‘to light, burn
[tr.]’
*SANSKRIT: dav ‘to kindle, to burn’ (AV+) = EWAia I: 707
9 The initial 0- found in many forms is puzzling. The appearance of this 0- is mainly
(?) confined to Elr. languages. The interpretation of OP (абауя by Steve, ibid., is
disputed by Werba 2006: Le, who would rather emend it to “abauca (i.e. from the
root *sau&'). Other cases of this "dental alternation" 0/0 can be found within the
paradigm of *daH! ‘to give’ and in the substantives YAv. @anuuaro, @anuuan- ‘bow’,
OP u-@anuvan-iya- ‘a good marksman’ (0- from *@anj ?) vs. Skt. dhänus- ‘bow’
(RV+), Ir. *Өагџа (i.e. Oss. I. tiw, D. tew, Sangl. téw, Ishk. sew, Pash. lewor) vs. Skt.
devár- ‘husband’s brother’ (R V+), cf. EVS, l.c. NP dud, Bal. dot Kurd. dü(d), Wa.
dit, Sh. dud, Ishk. did ‘smoke’ (etc.) belong to a different root: (nominal only ?)
*du(H)-, Khot. dumä ‘smoke’, IE *d'euH;-, Skt. dhümá- (m.), Lat. fumus ‘smoke’,
Hitt. /tuhhui/ ‘fumes, smoke’, etc.
«PIE *deH;u- ‘to burn, be(come) on fire ?? = LIV: 104 | Pok.: 179 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. dato ‘I kindle’, (per£) 5€5na ‘blazed, burnt’, Gr. önıog
"*burning', Olrish dóid ‘sings, burns’, Olrish condud ‘firewood’, OHG zuscen ‘to
burn’
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 293a f.; EVP: 84; IIFL II: 451, 546; GMS: §573; EVS: 82a, 83a, 59b; DKS: 202 f.,
452b; Werba 1997: 350 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 374; ESIJa II: 387 ff.; Werba 2006: 265 ff.
* dauH? ‘to smear, rub (on)’
*AVESTAN: (+ *fra-) YAv. fradauu- ‘to be rubbed off with’ = Liste: 31
MED .; Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. “fradauuaite (V 5.24), INJ. 3sg. YAv. fraóauuata (V 9.29)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *8-) MMP *’rwdg ‘pollution, dir" > DMMPP: 53a
*dauxs 69
*KHOTANESE: (?) LKh. du- ‘to strike, beat; clean’ (also from *daub ?) || (+ *uz-)
LKh. uysdu- ‘to remove’ = SGS: 44 f., 15
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. ó w ‘to smear, plaster’ || (+ *ham-) BSogd. ’nö’w, MSogd. ’nöw
‘to smear, anoint’
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. 6’w’t; Inf.: BSogd. ö’w’y || (+ *ham-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. "nd'wt; Inf.:
BSogd. ’nö’w’y, pret. MSogd. ’nöwt
*CHORESMIAN: m/6’w- ‘to rub in, smear’ || (+ *apa-) bö’w- ‘to polish’ = Samadi: 63
f., 16
*NWIR: ? Gil. (Rsht.) vaseen/vasin- (sec. inch.-caus. ?) ‘to rub’ || (+ *à-) NP
aludan/alay- ‘to soil, pollute, stain’, Khuns. ali (ppp.) ‘stained, soiled’ || (+ *uz-) NP
zadudan/zaday- ‘to polish, clean’ || (+ *ham-) NP andudan/anday- ‘to smear,
(re)cover, attach’, Tt. (Xia.) m-andevmun ‘we plaster’, b-andev(n) ‘plaster!’. o The
original meaning of NP 4ludan/alay- appears to be ‘to smear’, v. Horn 1893: 10. The
formation is influenced by the antonym (M)MP p’rw-, NP palüdan ‘to filter’, on
which see *harz.
*NEIR: Oss. I. dawyn/dawd, D. dawun/dawd ‘to smooth, polish’, Yghn. dou-/dóuta
‘to plaster’, Wa. ôbrw-/ôowd ‘to rub, smear’ || (+ *uz-) Pash. zdoyol ‘to rub, grind,
polish’ (< Pers. ?) || (+ *fra-) Oss. I. raedyjyn/reedyd, D. raedujun/reedud ‘to err, to sin
against’ || (+ *ham-) Yi. da-/davd- ‘to smear’
*SANSKRIT: ? dhav ‘to shake, stir? (RV+) > EWAia I: 782 f.
Ó It is difficult to reconcile the Ir. root and Skt. dhav ‘to shake, stir’ (as assigned in
EW4Aia, l.c.) semantically. They may rather suggest a different etymology. Skt. does
have a good IE etymology (ON dyja ‘to shake’, Gr. Өоуёо ‘to storm, to move fast’),
whereas IE cognates cannot be cited in support of Ir. *dauH! ‘to smear, rub (on)’. It
is more likely a "Reimbildung", cf. *sauH!. A.L. points out though that in Vedic
there are, from the same root, some (synchronically separate) present forms that are
much closer in meaning to the Ir. ones: pres. 3sg. à dhavati (RV+), pass. 3du.
sam-dhavyete (KS), pass. partic. ä-dhüyamäna- (TS^) ‘to rinse, clean, rub, polish’.
These forms are rather unrelated to dhav’ and may therefore be the genuine Skt.
correspondences of Ir. *dauH'.
*PIE — — LIV: 149 f. | Pok.: 261
*REFERENCES: EVP: 101; Christensen, Contributions I: 74 f.; HFL II: 204b; Andreev — PeSéereva: 248b Ё;
Abaev, Slovar’ I: 349; Yarshater 1969: 211, 216; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 362 f.; WIM I: 342; DKS: 171a, 6b;
Werba 1997: 352 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 168; NEVP: 101; ESIJa II: 380 ff.
*dauxš ‘to suck, suckle, milk’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP dws- /dös-/ ‘to milk’
Pres.: IND. 3р1. BMP dwsynd /dosend/; Partic.: pass. perf. BMP dwht /doxt/, BMP dwsyt /dosid/
*SOGDIAN: ? BSogd. ówš- ‘to peck, nibble’ (š needs an explanation)
BPres.: IND. 3pl. BSogd. öws’nt (SCE 400)
70 *daxS
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ati-) čx- ‘to suck (milk)’, (caus.) Ew’xy- ‘to breastfeed (baby)’
= Samadi: 59
*NWIR: NP doxtan/dos-, Bal. dosag, Kurd. (Kurm.) dötin/605-, (Sor.) dosin/dos-,
Zaz. dotis, dosnayis, Abyan., Abz. döta/düs-, Ard. dotte/dos-, Anar., Nn. dote/dos-,
Gil. dustan, Tal. düse, Khuns. dus-/dusa, Varz. dote/dos-, Qohr. dóta/dus-, Tr. döta/
dös-, Shamerz. bedostan, Lasg. bedusaon, Sorkh. bedüston, Semn. bedüsiyon, Sang.
bedüs diyetan ‘to milk’, Bakht. dun ‘milking, process of milking’ ( *dauxsna- ?)
*NEIR: Pash. Iwas-/lwasal ‘to milk’, Sangl. des-/doyd, Ishk. des-/dest ‘to milk’ || (+
*ati-) ? Yzgh. cax-/coxt ‘to milk’
0 This root is a so-formation of IE *d'eug"- ‘to prepare’. See *daud!.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 41; IIFL II: 391b; WIM I: 68; Vahman — Asatrian 1991: 92 f.; Paul 1998: 296a;
Cabolov 2001: 329; Lecoq 2002: 121, 123, 125 (passim)
*daxš ‘to show, teach, reveal, mark’
*AVESTAN: daxs- ‘to instruct, show’, daxsta- (orig. ppp., n.) ‘sign, revelation [BMP
/daxsag/]; menstruation [= BMP /dastan/]’ (Y 34.6, Y 51.9, V, etc.), ? OAv. daxsära-
(m.) ‘mark, sign’ (Y 43.7) || (+ *fra-) ‘to instruct, teach’, also YAv. fradaxStar-
‘teacher’ — Liste: 27
Pres. {1} them.: INJ. 3sg. OAv. daxsat (Y 43.15); Pres. {2} aia-: OPT. med. 3sg. YAv. aóaxsaiiaeta (Y
12.5), IMPV. 25р. OAv. «fra»daxsaiia (Y 33.13)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP dxsg, ВМР dhsk /daxsag/ ‘sign, mark, characteristic;
memory’ (Nyberg II: 61b), BMP dst’n /dastan/ ‘menstruation; menstruous’ (Cantera
2004: 307) = DMMPP: 148a
*NEIR: NP dastan ‘a menstruating woman’, ? NP daxs ‘start, commencement of
work; dark and gloomy’. Ф The meaning, “Geschäft, Mühe’ assigned to NP daxs by
Horn 1893: 120 (and subsequently adopted in e.g. EWAia I: 690 s.v. daks) does not
exist. The two main meanings generally found in lexicographical works are (cit.
Dehkhoda, s.v.): 1. "It is the commencement of work. One says, ће daxs is to you, it
means the first business is with you (Dictionary of Asadi). It is the start and
commencement (Jahangiri)..." and 2. "dark and gloomy (Jahangiri)...". (... (¿ Sot»).
25) lol jel (sul Sa). aus b ¿Llasa ud el Cowl ыз Zén Ae, WEL US on £ Lael T.
and ... (4 Solge). Aas 2,5 2.). Daxs with the meaning ‘start, commencement of
work’ may be connected to MP /daxsag/, the meaning deriving from ‘start-sign’,
whereas daxs ‘dark and gloomy’ is perhaps related to *daj, from *'burnt, charred’ ?
© The evidence for and the meaning assigned to Ir. *dax$ largely rest on the inter-
pretation of the Avestan daxs- forms. Although there is general agreement on the
broad meaning, the Avestan forms have been interpreted in several ways with the
etymology assigned accordingly. According to Insler 1962: 55 the Avestan root
daxs- has secondarily developed from the past participle of the root daés- ‘to show’
*(d)banz1 71
(dais'), with *dixsta- > daxsta-. However, Schlerath 1962: 514 points out that this
development (which does not appear to be regular, cf. Y Av. frapixsta-) should have
taken place very early, as this supposedly abstracted root is already found in the
Gathas: daxsat. Humbach 1959 II: 52 (repeated Humbach 1990 II: 144) equates
OAv. daxsat with Skt. daks ‘to make right, be able [vel sim.]’: "macht es ... recht".
This equation can be doubted though, since the Pahlavi translation does mention
/daxSag/, which does not agree semantically well with Skt. daks
PIE *dek"s- ‘to show’. Ф The generally accepted comparison of Hitt. /tekkussij‘/,-/
to Av. daxs- is disputed by Rieken 1999: 210 f., who rather relates Hitt. /tekkuss-/ to
/tekri-/ *defilement', Gr. тёкрор ‘sign’. As kindly pointed out by A. Kloekhorst
(personal communication), this is unlikely and unnecessary. Hitt. /tekri-/ may rather
mean ‘deposition’ and for the interpretation of Hitt. /tekkuss-/ as a secondary
enlarged -u-s-formation from the root *tek- one has to postulate some arbitrary
developments. If we do uphold the Av.-Hitt. comparison, the Hitt. forms provide
proof that the velar of the IE root *dek"s- must have been labialized. > LIV: 112 |
Pok.: 189
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /tekkussiy’/,-/ ‘to show, present oneself"
*REFERENCES: Andreev — PeSéereva: 245b; ESIJa II: 283 f.
*(d)banz! ‘to be(come) thick, dense’
*AVESTAN: OAv. bazuuant- ‘thick, dense’ (Y 40.3), YAv. bazah- ‘thickness,
denseness’
*KHOTANESE: baysga- ‘thick, deep; many, large’
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. 6B’nz, BSogd. 6B’nz ‘wide, coarse’, MSogd. 6B’nzq’wyy
‘thickness, density’ (GMS: §999)
*NWIR: NP dabz ‘thick, coarse (as cloth)’, Bal. baz ‘thick, coarse’, Zaz. vezdin ‘oily,
greasy’
*NEIR: Oss. I. b&zgin, D. bezgin ‘thick, dense’, Sariq. divez, Yzgh. dovuz (LW ?:
wuzd) ‘thick, fat’, Sh. divask (Lentz), Orosh. devaskak ‘calf of the leg’ (Zarubin),
Yi. livzin ‘felt’ || (+ *pati-) Sh. (Baj.) pidvaxt ‘pressed (a gift) on’
*SANSKRIT: bamh ‘to thicken, become thick, dense’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 204 f.
9 In some Ir. languges an initial dental can be noticed. It is unclear whether this
should also be reconstructed for Plr.: secondary ? There is no evidence for this
dental in IE. See also the next lemma.
«PIE *b"eng"- ‘to become/make dense, thick’ > LIV: 76 | Pok.: 127 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. лоҳос (n.) ‘thickness, density’, ON bingr ‘heap’, Latv. biezs
‘thick’
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 225b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 258, 257; EVS: 30a, 53b, 96a; DKS: 270; Werba 1997:
208; Paul 1998: 317a; ESIJa II: 83 f., 496 ff.; De Vaan 2003: 458; Korn 2005: 210, 355
72 *(d)banz2
*(d)banz ‘to be helpful, supportive, fit’
*AVESTAN: dobaz- (baz-) ‘to support’, OAv. dobazah- ‘support’ (Y 47.6). © The
BMP translation of dobaz- (baz-) is ayaromandih kardan ‘to help’. The meaning ‘to
solidify, consolidate’ (‘festigen’), assigned in Humbach 1959 I: 55, EWAia II: Le,
LIV, l.c. and other works, is conjectured solely in order to "facilitate" the connection
with Skt. bamh. = Liste: 38
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. OAv. dabazaiti(Y 44.6), Y Av. bazaiti (V 13.9), 3du. YAv. "bazato (V 13.9)
*PARTHIAN: bz- ‘to receive help’ = Ghilain: 52 | DMMPP: 123a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. bzynd
*KHOTANESE: LKh. bas- ‘to be suitable’ = SGS: 94
*NEIR: Oss. I. baezzyn/beezt, beezzyd, D. bæzzun/bæzt ‘to suit, fit, be fit for, taugen’
© On semantic grounds the Avestan root dabaz- (baz-) should be separated from Skt.
bamh ‘to thicken, become thick, dense’, according to Benveniste, ELO: 21. Skt.
bamh would have other, semantically more precise Ir. correspondences, on which
see *(d)banz’. Av. dabaz- (baz-), on the other hand, is cognate with the forms above.
An IE origin would not be found for these forms though. *(d)banz might still be
originally etymologically identical to *(d)banz', if we assume that *(d)banz’ has
undergone the following semantic development: *(d)banz! ‘to make thick’ > ‘to
make strong, sturdy’ > pass. ‘to be made strong, sturdy’ > *(d)banz ‘to be made
suitable, fit’ (cf. Oss., Khot.) > ‘to be helpful, supportive’ ? (A.L.)
*PIE— > LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 258; DKS: 270; Werba 1997: 208; Kellens — Pirart III: 262; ESIJa II: 83
f., 496 ff.
*diHp ‘to shine, light up’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP dyb ‘(good) fortune, luck’, ? BMP dyp’hl /débahr/ ‘anger;
arrest, custody’ (< Pth.) || (+ *2-) MMP "wb ‘conflagration, fire? > DMMPP: 148b,
6b
*PARTHIAN: dyb ‘(good) fortune, luck’, ? dybhr ‘anger’ (cf. Engl. incense)
c DMMPP: 148b
*SOGDIAN: (+ *abi-) ? BSogd. ’Bö’yp’, Bóyp ‘radiance, brilliance’ (7B? < *abi- ?) ||
(+ *fra-) CSogd. frOyp- ‘to flash, lighten’, CSogd. ftyp- ‘to shine’ || (+ *ui-) BSogd.
wyö’ynp’h, CSogd. wydymp’ (Ё) ‘lightning’ (with sec. -m- ?)
(+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 35р. CSogd. frOypt {hapax}
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *abi-) m[Bzp- ‘to shine, light up’, m/Bzpy- (caus.) ‘to make light’
c» Samadi: 46
*NEIR: Oss. І. zrt-tivyn/ert-tyvd, D. zrt-tevun/ert-tivd ‘to shine, sparkle, glow’
(with ært- ‘fire’), Yi. livden, M. livden ‘fire-place’ (*dip(a)-däna-, not *daiga-däna-
?) || (+ *abi-) Yi. véliwo ‘lightning’ (not *ш-) || (+ *ham-) ? M. dif-/dift- ‘to catch
fire’ (or < *ham- + *tap ?)
*(d)man 73
*MISC: Arm. (LW) dipah ‘arrest; guard-room’
*SANSKRIT: dip ‘to shine, light op, flame’ (A V+), dipay° (caus.) ‘to set fire, kindle’
(RV) > EWAia I: 728
© Ir. *diHp is of Пг. origin. The Skt. correspondence dip is usually interpreted as a
secondary root, abstracted from the causative p-formation арау, cf. Jamison 1983:
164. However, this explanation can hardly apply to the corresponding Iranian "root",
since such causatives formed with a suff. *-p- do not exist in Ir. It rather suggests
that dip- is older than the "causative" dipay?, which should therefore be taken as а
denominative-factitive formation, cf. Thumb I: 403 f. This "root" would go back to
an old IIr. noun *diHpa- ‘light, shining, incandescence’, which is continued by
MMP, Pth. dyb and possibly (late) Skt. dipa- ‘lamp’.
*PIE— > LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 225a, 205a, 258a; GMS: §972; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 181 f.; Schwartz 1967: 56 f.;
Gharib: 18, 420; ESIJa II: 299 f.
* diHu ‘to endeavour’
*AVESTAN: (+ *à-) OAv. adiuu- ‘to endeavour’ = Liste: 30
Pres. ja-: IND. 3р1. OAv. adiuuiieintr (Y 44.13)
*NEIR: (+ *ham-) ? Oss. D. zendewun/endiwd ‘to dare, be bold’
*SANSKRIT: div ‘to play dice, gamble’. © With laryngeal metathesis, from Пг.
*diauH-, according to Werba 1997: 350. = EWAia I: 729 f.
© Further Ir. correspondences are unknown. This Пг. root has no certain IE cognates.
According to Rassmussen 1989: 110 ff., 116 ff. the IE preform of the IIr. root is
*dieuH;- ‘to play dice’, from which Gr. kivövvög ‘danger’ (< *kuno-djüno-
‘dog-throw’, i.e. the worst throw in a game of dice ?) would also derive. This is a
rather fanciful conjecture.
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 156; Beekes 1988: 206; Cheung 2002: 160 f.
*(d)man ‘to remain, dwell’
*AVESTAN: YAv. män- (man-) ‘to remain, dwell’ = Liste: 42f.
Caus.(/Iter.): pres. SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. manaiiät (Dk 113), OPT. 3pl. YAv. upa.manaiion, IMPV. 2sg. YAv.
auui *manaiia (Yt 16.2). 0 On a possible OAv. mänaii° see Humbach 1991 II: 206.
*OLD PERSIAN: män- ‘to remain, dwell’ = Kent: 202
Caus.(/Iter.): impf. IND. 3sg. amänaya <a-m-a-n-y> (DB 2.48, 2.63), amänaiya <a-m-a-n-i-y> (DB 2.28)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: 1. MMP m’n-, also BMP KTLWN- /män-/ ‘to stay, remain’ || 2.
MMP m’n-, m’’n-, BMP m’n- /man-/ ‘to live, dwell’. © Apparently, in BMP a
graphic-semantic distinction is kept between “man- ‘to live, dwell in’ (written as
m’n-), whereas 'män- ‘stay, remain’ is represented by KTLWN-, cf. MacKenzie,
Pahl.: 53 f. (adopted in DMMPP: l.c.). This distinction is not necessarily old though,
74 *(d)man
as the noun män (written as m’n) is also attested in BMP. This män could thus have
given rise to a new denominative ”män- in MP.
1. Pres.: IND. 2sg. MMP m’nyh, MMP m’nyd, SUBJ. 2sg. MMP m’n’y, 3pl. MMP m’n’nd { MacKenzie
1980: 46}; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP m’nd || 2. Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP "mind, BMP m’nyt /manéd/, 3р1.
MMP m’nynd; Partic.: pres. MMP m’n’g, *m’nynd, perf. pass. BMP m nd /mand/, MMP m’nd
*PARTHIAN: 1. m’n- ‘to stay, remain’ || 2. m’n-, m’’n- ‘to live, dwell’ = Ghilain:
60, 71 | DMMPP: 225
Pres.: IND. 3sg. m’nyd, m’nyyd, 3р1. m’nynd, SUBJ. 2sg. m’n’’h, m’n’h, 1pl. m’n’m; Partic.: pres.
m’nynd || 2. Pres.: IND. 25р. m’nyyh, 3sg. m’nyd, m’nyyd, 3р1. m’’nynd, m’nyynd; Partic.: pres. П
m'nyndg, (pl.) m’nynd’n
*KHOTANESE: тай- ‘to remain’ = SGS: 109
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. myn, BSogd. m(’)yn, CSogd. myn, MSogd. myn ‘to stay, remain,
dwell, be’
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. m’ynt, BSogd. mynt, 1р1. dur. CSogd. mynym-sqwn, 3р1. BSogd.
myn'nt, CSogd. туш, SUBJ. 15р. SSogd. туп пу, BSogd., MSogd. myn’n, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: т ’ny- ‘to live, dwell’ = Samadi: 109
*NWIR: NP mändan/män- ‘to remain, await; to stay, dwell’, (orig. ppp.) mändah
‘tired’, Bal. manay ‘to become tired’, Kurd. man, mayin/min-, (Sor.) man/men- ‘to
remain, dwell’, Zaz. mendis/mänen-, Awrom. manáy/man-, Fariz. mundä, -mand-/
-mand-, Gz. mün-/münä, Gil. (Rsht.) mancestoen/man-, Gur. (Kand) män-/-män-,
Ham. mondän/mon-, Isfah. mundän/ve-mun-, Jow. ba-mend-/a-mun-, a-mon-,
Khuns. mun-/mund, Natan. -münd, Qohr. ba-münd, Semn. -mund, Siv. män-/mänd,
Soi ba-mün ‘to remain’
*NEIR: Sh. mén-/mént, Rosh. mén-/mént- ‘to remain’, Yghn. mon-, mofi-/monta,
mun-/munta ‘to send (?); to remain’
*SANSKRIT: ? man- ‘to wait for; to remain’ (RV; cf. Renou, EVP 14: 126) = EWAia
II: 306 f.
9 Two formally and semantically very similar forms have coalesced to this root: the
nominal root *dmäna- ‘house, dwelling’ has blended with the verb *man ‘to remain,
wait’. Theoretically it is possible to derive most (if not all) forms above from a
corresponding caus.-iter. formation *manaja- of *man ‘to remain, wait’, as attested
in Av. and OP. However, this formation cannot be found in Skt. or IE. Hence, this
formation in Ir. may in fact represent the denominative formation of *dmäna-:
*dmanaja-. *dmanaja- has subsequently lost the initial *d- regularly or, in the case
of Av., analogically.
«PIE *men- ‘to remain, dwell’ = LIV: 437 | Pok.: 729
*IE COGNATES: Gr. рёуо, Lat. maneo, Arm. mnam ‘I remain’
*REFERENCES: Zhukovskij I: 22, 192; KPF I: 209b, 249b; KPF II: 223; Christensen, Contributions I: 75,
173, 263; Abrahamian 1936: 117, 131; Lambton 1938: 77a; Andreev — PeSéereva: 287a Ё; MacKenzie
*dram 75
1966: 102; EVS: 44b; WIM I: 71; DKS: 327b; WIM IV1: 80; WIM III: 112; Paul 1998: 305b; Cabolov
2001: 639
*drafS ? ‘to "behave" like a banner, fly up, shine, tremble ?'
*AVESTAN: YAv. drafsa- ‘banner’ (Y 10.14, Y 57.25, Yt 1.11, etc.)
“MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP /draf3-/ ‘to shine, tremble’, MMP аг, BMP difš /draf3/
‘banner’
*PARTHIAN: drfš- ‘to shine’, drfš ‘banner’. ó Cf. Ghilain, l.c.: "est sans doute aussi
un denominatif". = Ghilain: 91 | DMMPP: 139a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. drfšyd
*KHOTANESE: dr(r)āh- ‘to fly (up)’. 9 The etymology of Bailey (cited in SGS: Le,
DKS: 168a; EWAia I: 703) is difficult: Skt. darp (drapayati) ‘to be confused, mad’.
The meaning ‘to stumble’ previously assigned to darp is no longer justified, on
which see Hoffmann 1965: 14, fn. 8. = SGS: 48
*NWIR: NP datz ‘flag, banner; lightning; splendour’ (widely borrowed in e.g.) Bal.
drapsit/draps- ‘to shine, tremble’, Kurd. (Sor.) diraws ‘flag’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) draws ‘flag, banner’
*SANSKRIT: 139a = EWAia I: 754, 758
9 The postulation of a verbal Pir, *drap on the basis of Khotanese evidence (cf.
Emmerick 1966: 613 ff.) may be doubted: the Khot. forms perhaps derive from
nominal *drafs/sa- ‘flag, banner’ ?, cf. MP drafs, NP dirafs (> dirafsidan ‘to shine;
tremble’), BSogd. ’rö’(y)sp, Pth. drfš ‘banner’ (> Pth. drfs- ‘to shine’), Skt. drapsá-
(m.) ‘flag, banner’. But note also the (Gallo-)Romance forms, Ital. drappo, French
drapeau, draper (< Gall. drappus ‘(piece of) cloth’), and Lith. dräpana ‘dress’
(KEWA, II: 77). Nevertheless, these nominal forms may still go back to an IE verbal
root: *drep- ‘to cut, tear off (a piece)’, Gr. ёӧрёло ‘I cut off’, SCr. dipnuti, Slov.
drpljem (drpati) ‘to tear’.
«PIE? > LIV: 128 f. | Pok.: 211
*REFERENCES: Bailey 1954: 147; MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 27; DKS: 168a; Cabolov 2001: 309; Shahbakhsh:
s.v. draps-
*dram ‘to run’
*AVESTAN: (+ *ham-) YAv. handramana- ‘(place of) convergence’ (Yt 11.6, N 53)
*KHOTANESE: OKh. drem- ‘to drive away’ || (+ *ham-) LKh. hamdrama- ‘ranging
place, wilderness’ © SGS: 48
*SOGDIAN: ? CSogd. Z't- (pret. stem) “to discuss’ (diff. origin ?)
Pass.: pret.. IND. 3sg. dur. CSogd. Z'tyt byq m'tnt ‘were being discussed’
*NWIR: ? Pash. drümedol ‘to go’ = drum- ‘to go (away), depart, set out’. © "Most
likely « *ati-ram-, with early syncope", NEVP: 23.
*SANSKRIT: dram ‘to walk, to roam about ' (Up.*) = EWAia I: 755
76 *dra(n)j
«PIE *drem- ‘to run’ = LIV: 128 | Pok.: 204 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. öpeuo “I run’
«REFERENCES: DKS: 166; Werba 1997: 352; ESIJa II: 470 f.
*dra(n)j ‘to fix, fasten, hold’
*AVESTAN: dronj- (draZ-) ‘to fix, fasten, hold’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to encompass’ = Liste:
32
MED. (exc. Caus./?Intens.); Pres. ja-: IND. 25р. YAv. draZahe (V 19.4), 3sg. YAv. draZete (Yt 5.11),
Caus.: pres. IND. 35р. YAv. dronjaiieiti (N 11), 3pl. YAv. dronjaiieinti (V), SUBJ. 35р. YAv. dronjaiiat
(Y 19.6), 3pl. YAv. dronjaiian (V 4.45), OPT. 2sg. YAv. dronjaiiöis (Yt 13.20, V 9.12, V 9.27 £., etc.);
Partic.: pres. YAv. draZimna-, Y Av. draZomna- (Yt 10.96), pres. caus. YAv. dronjaiiant-, perf. pass. YAv.
handraxta- (Yt 13.2); Desid.: pres. IND. 2pl. OAv. didrayZo.duiie (Y 48.7); Intens.: pres. IND. 3sg. ?
Y Av. dadraxti, OPT. 2sg. YAv. dadrajois (N 12). 0 Y Av. dadraxti is cited in the MP translation of V
4.10.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *aua-) MMP "wdrnz- ‘to condemn’ = DMMPP: 66b
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. MMP ’wdrnz’d; Partic.: perf. pass. П MMP ’wdrnzyd-
*PARTHIAN: drxs- (inch.) ‘to endure’ || (+ *abi-) "bdrynj- ‘to be sure, secure; to
assure, make certain’ || (+ *ni-) nydrynj- ‘to keep down, subdue’ || (+ *ham-)
"ndrynj- ‘to condemn, defeat’. © "ndrynj- is semantically comparable to ’ndrz ‘order,
command’ (*ham- + *darz). = Ghilain: 51 | DMMPP: 141a, 96, 252b, 46a f.
Pres.: SUBJ. 25р. drxs’h || (+ *abi-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. ’bdrynjyd, IMPV. 2pl. "bdrynjyd || (+ *ni-) Pres.:
IND. 3pl. “nydrynjynd; Partic.: perf. pass. nydrxt || (+ *ham-) Partic.: perf. pass. "ndrxt ‘condemned’,
*ndrxtg’n (pl.) ‘the condemned (persons)’, П "ndrynj'd
*KHOTANESE: drys- (därys-) ‘to hold’ || (+ *ham-) hamdrri(s)- ‘to hold together’,
LKh. hamdrra(m)j- (caus./intens.) ‘to keep’ > SGS: 46, 141
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. óry- (pret. stem) ‘to hold’, MSogd. jxs- (inch./intr.) ‘to be kept? ||
(+ *pati-) CSogd. ptZnq ‘pledge’ (*pati-dranga-, Schwartz 1967: 112) || (+ *ш-)
MSogd. wjxs- ‘to be separated’
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. MSogd. jxs’t, Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. Art": Inf.: pret. BSogd. óryty || (+ *ui-) Inch.:
pres. IND. 3sg. MSogd. wjxstyyh (BBB: 50)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *aua-) wröncy- ‘to bequeath’ = Samadi: 217
*NWIR: Bal. draht, dratk, dranjit, tranjit/dranj-, tranj- ‘to hang up’
*NEIR: (+ *аџа-) Wa. wardon3-/wardeyn-, vordonz-/vordoyn- (etc.) ‘to press down’ ||
(+ *ui-) Yzgh. worciO-/worcüst ‘to be untied’, Yzgh. worcand- (caus.) ‘to untie’
*SANSKRIT: (+ *aua) ? BSkt. avadranga- ‘earnest money’ (cited by Schwartz 1967:
112) > EWAia: —
«PIE *dreg"- ‘to hold, fasten’ > LIV: 126 | Pok.: 254
*IE COGNATES: Gr. ёра ccopoa ‘I hold (with the hand)’, OCS drsZe ‘I hold’, Olrish
dringid ‘he climbs, mounts’, MWelsh dringo ‘to climb’
*REFERENCES: EVS: 117b; DKS: 164a; Gharib: 141b f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 396; ESIJa II: 454 Ё;
Shahbakhsh: s.v. dranj-
*drau2 77
*drap ‘to wear, put on clothes’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? BMP drp- /drab-/ ‘to wear’ (cf. DKS: 119b, s.v. dausvera
‘covering (?)’)
Pres.: IND. 3pl. BMP drpynd /drabénd/
*PARTHIAN: drb- ‘to put (clothes) > DMMPP: 139a
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. drb’h
*SANSKRIT: dräpi- (m.) ‘mantle, garment’ (RV, AV) = EWAia I: 758
9 Further connections within (Dir. are uncertain. The meaning of the Ir. verbal forms
above suggests a denominative origin, going back to a noun *drapa- ‘a piece of cut
cloth’ ~ Skt. dräpi-. The well-attested ‘flag’ forms, Y Av. drafSa- ‘banner’, etc. may
also be related to this noun. The nouns *drapa- / Skt. drapi- are nominal derivatives
of IE *drep- ‘to cut off’, cf. Gr. ópéno ‘I cut off’.
«PIE *drepo- (alternating with *dropo- ?) ‘piece of cut cloth’ = LIV: 128 f. | Pok.:
211, s.v.
*IE COGNATES: Lith. drápana (f.) ‘clothing, cloth, underwear’, drábanas ‘rags’, Latv.
drébe ‘frock’, Cz. zdraby ‘rags’, "Illyr." *drap(p)- (^ Gallo-Romance drappus
‘(piece of) cloth’ > Ital. drappo, Fr. drapeau, draper)
*REFERENCES: ESIJa II: 347 f.
*drau! *to call on'
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? MMP dr’y- ‘to shriek, call, cry out’, BMP dl (d)y- /drayi-/ ‘to
howl, talk (daevic)’ (Schwartz, l.c.). 0 The Persian forms can also derive from *zrad
(= Skt. Маа ‘to sound"), cf. EWAiall: 823. = DMMPP: 138b f.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP dr’yd, BMP dl’yt /drayéd/, 3pl. MMP “dr’ynd, BMP /drayéd/, MMP dr’yyd;
Partic.: pres. ВМР аа? /drayan/, perf. pass. MMP dr’yst, BMP dl’yt /drayid/; Inf.: BMP dl’dytn
/drayidan/
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. ór^w ‘rumour, report’, CSogd. Zw (m.) ‘news, rumour’
*NWIR: ? NP darayidan ‘to speak aloud, call’ (alternatively < *zräd)
*NEIR: Oss. I. ardawyn/ardyd, D. ardawun/ardud ‘to file complaint (against some-
one)’. Ф No less than three roots have coalesced in this Ossetic verb, which has pre-
served all three meanings, on which see also *drau’, *drau’.
«PIE *d'reu- ‘to call, proclaim’ = LIV: 155 | Pok.: 255
*IE COGNATES: Gr. Өрёорол “I call out, announce’
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 62; ELO: 59 f.; Schwartz, Gs Henning: 385 fn.2; Nyberg П: 66a f.;
Gharib: 141a; ESIJa II: 463 f.
*drau? ‘to run’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. drauu- ‘to run (?) [daevic]; lead astray’ = Liste: 32
Partic.: pres. med. ? YAv. dramne (V 13.8), perf. pass. YAv. aesmo.drüta- ‘infuriated’ (Yt 1.18); Caus.:
pres. SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. dräuuaiiät (Y 57.25). 0 YAv. dramne < *draomna- ?, Kellens 1984: 103, 106, fn.
13. || YAv. aesmo.drüta- has lengthened -ü-, De Vaan 2003: 285.
78 *drau3
*KHOTANESE: drrave ‘swift’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *abi-) m/Bzrw- ‘to flood, flow’, m/Bzr’wy- (caus.) ‘to cause to
flood’ 2 Samadi: 47
*NEIR: Oss. I. ardawyn/ardyd, D. ardawun/ardud ‘to drive, instigate, impel, incite to’
*SANSKRIT: drav ‘to run’ (RV) = EWAia I: 755 f.
«PIE *dreu- ‘to run’ = LIV: 129 | Pok.: 205
«REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 62; DKS: 168a; ESIJa П: 462 f.
*drau ‘to lead astray, delude’
*AVESTAN: ? Y Av. drauu- ‘to run (?) [daevic]; lead astray ?° = Liste: 32
Partic.: pres. med. ? YAv. dramne (< *draomna- ?) (V 13.8); Caus.: pres. SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. drauuaiiat (Y
57.25)
*PARTHIAN: dr’w- ‘to seduce, delude’. O The meaning ‘to cry, lament’, given by
Henning (Andreas — Henning 1934: 42, line 22) and accepted by Ghilain, is to be
discarded, on which see Henning apud Boyce 1954: 186b. = Ghilain: 77 | DMMPP:
138b
Pres.: IND. 35р. dr’wyd, 3р1. dr'wynd
*KHOTANESE: drrau- ‘deception’
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. "rdyw- ‘to seduce, lead astray’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. ’rdywt
*CHORESMIAN: "rD'wn (pl.) ‘demons’
*NEIR: (+ *à-) Oss. I. ardawyn/ardyd, D. ardawun/ardud ‘to snitch’
*SANSKRIT: varuna-dhrut- ‘deceiving Varuna’ (RV 10.61.4), dhrüti- ‘deception’. ©
The forms, including Vedic and Middle/Modern Indo-Aryan, cited by Mayrhofer,
l.c., are semantically difficult to reconcile: they rather point to two different roots
dhvar ‘to injure’, dhura ‘with violence’, etc. (= Hitt. /duuarne-/ ‘to break’) and dhrav
(= Ir. *drau’), Pkt. dhutta- (m.) ‘villain, rogue’. > EWAia I: 802, s.v. dhvar
© This root should be separated from *drau^ ‘to run’ (?), on which see Schwartz
1966: 118 ff. (with an etymology provided).
«PIE *d"reu- ‘to deceive’ = LIV: 156 | Pok.: 277
*IE COGNATES: Lat. fraus ‘deception’, Umb. frosetum ' fraudatum’
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar' I: 62; Hoffmann, Aufsátze: 757; Benzing 1983: 78; SVK I: 57 f.; ESIJa II:
465
*draub ? ‘to scratch, peel off ?'
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. zwB’k, BSogd. zwB’kh, CSogd. Zwb’ ‘shell, husk, outer layer’ ||
(+ *fra-) BSogd. ’BS’wnp- ‘to skin, decorticate’ (Gershevitch 1970: 304; Schwartz
1971: 412)
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. *BS’wnpt (SCE 235), 3р1. BSogd. Bš'wnp nt (SCE 219)
*drauH 79
*CHORESMIAN: ? m/rößs- (pass./inch.) “о be skinned’, m/rönb- (tr./caus.) ‘to skin,
decorticate’? = Samadi: 169
*NEIR: ? Oss. I. raeduvyn/redyvd, D. raedovun/reduvd ‘to tear (off), ? Wa. агыр-/
dropt ‘to tear, scratch; to comb’. > If Oss. reduvyn, etc. does contain *draub, we
will need to assume some sort of phonological loss of the *-r-: *fra-draub- >
pre-Oss. *ra-röauß- > POss. raedov- (т... r dissimilation). An alternative etymology is
perhaps a connection to *daub ‘to strike, pick’, which is semantically less attractive
though. || Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 151 derives the Wa. form from IE *dröp- ‘to cut
off’, Russ. drapat’ (obs.) ‘to scratch’ Gr. ópémo ‘to cut off’, etc. See *drap.
9 The Chor. and Sogd. cognate forms are similar in meaning, whereas the Oss. and
Wa. verbs are set with semantic and phonological problems.
«PIE ? *d’reub"- ‘to scratch (off) > LIV: 156 | Pok.: 275
*IE COGNATES: Gr. ópónco ‘I scratch the cheeks (as a sign of mourning)’, Өролто ‘I
rub off, soften’
«REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ П: 361 Ё; Sims-Williams 1983: 50; Gharib: 467b, 20b
*drauH ‘to cut (down), mow, reap’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP dwr- (BMP HsDLWN-) ‘to reap, mow’ = DMMPP: 139a,
145b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP dwrynd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP dr‘wd
*KHOTANESE: LKh. drv- ‘to bite, cut? > SGS: —
*CHORESMIAN: дгу- ‘to mow’ = Samadi: 67
*NWIR: NP durüdan/dirav- ‘to cut, mow, reap’, Kurd. (Kurm.) dirün, dirutin/diru-,
(Sor.) dirünawa/dirü- ‘to reap, mow’, Kurd. (Sina) dirawan, (LW) Awrom. dirawan
‘hired reaper’, Tal. dave ‘to reap, mow’, Abyan. dórün, Abz. doro, Ard. duro, Nn.
durow, Gz. dürün, Qohr. derün, Semn. derow, Shamerz. deru, Tr. deran, Varz. deron
*harvest?
*NEIR: Pash. Iwawol ‘to reap’, Yi. lorí-/lorei-, M. läri-/luriy-, Ishk. dbray-/dbred,
Sangl. deráy- ‘to reap’, Wa. draw-/drot- ‘to reap; to mow, cut’, Pash. lau, law (LW ?,
< IAr.), Wa. d(o)reiw(n), Yghn. dirówa, M. loráwa, Yi. Іогбуо, Sh. cow, Bart. caw
‘harvesting, reaping’
*MISC: Orm. dir-, Par. durr- ‘to reap; to mow’, Orm. drau ‘harvest, reaping’ (< Pers.)
*SANSKRIT: drav ‘to cut down’ (RV), ‘to harm, damage’ (JB) > EWAia I: 756
© This root is attested in Пг. only, it might be an enlarged root of IE *der- ‘to tear,
split’ (*dar?), or at least contaminated with it.
*PIE — = LIV: 129 | Pok.: 208 f.
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 224a, 520; MacKenzie 1966: 93; DKS: 171a; WIM II/2: 659; Werba 1997: 297;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 149, 156; Cabolov 2001: 313 £; Lecoq 2002: 575, 593, 616 (passim); ESIJa II:
457 ff.
80 *drau(H)s ?
*drau(H)S ? ‘to make a mark, brand’
*AVESTAN: ? Y Av. draosa- ‘a certain punishment for a sinful deed’ (V 3.41), ҮАУ.
drusta- (ppp.) ‘physically hurt, damaged ?' (but “branded, stigmatized’, Humbach —
Ichaporia: 74)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP dlws- /drös-/ ‘to brand’, ? MMP drwsg ‘something cut off
or ‘desolation’ ? = DMMPP: 140b
*NWIR: NP dirös ‘it is called the mark and sign, a synonym of mark’, Bal. dros
‘earmark’ (< Pers. ?) 0 Dehkhoda: 9390 assigns a multitude of meanings to NP dirös
(#352) among which the following are relevant: “$12 sle... 20155 h olis sehr”.
*NEIR: Pash. darwag (m.) ‘earmark, distinguishing mark in the ears of cattle’
(МЕУР: 23) ? Oss. І. erduzyn/erdyst, D. aerdozun/zerdust ‘to neuter, castrate’. © The
Oss. forms may actually be borrowed from a Balto-Slavic language (e.g. Lith. dróZti
‘to cut, carve’), cf. Cheung 2002: 162.
*MISC: Arm. (LW) drosm ‘a mark cut or burnt in’
Q The evidence for the root *drauš is somewhat ambiguous, particularly,
establishing the meaning of YAv. draosa- proves to be difficult, being fraught with
problems, on which see Bartholomae, WZKM 27: 352 f. On the other hand, Bailey,
l.c., compares it to the Arm. LW drosm ‘a mark cut or burnt in’, to which he also
adds the Persian forms. If we accept his analysis, the root may go back to an
ingressive s-formation of a root *dreuH-, which is attested in IIr. only (*drauH):
*dreuH-so- ?
«PIE? e LIV: – | Pok.:
REFERENCES: AiW: 770, 782; Bailey 1931: 594 Ё; MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 28; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 402 f.;
Nyberg II: 67a
*drauj ‘to lie, deceive’
*AVESTAN: druj- (druZ-) ‘to lie, deceive’ (on Z- < *ji- see Martínez 1999: 127 f.) || +
*abi-) ‘to deceive, lie to someone’ || (+ *a-) “id.” > Liste: 32
Pres. ja-: IND. med. 3sg. YAv. druZaite (N 84), 3pl. YAv. druzinti (Yt 10.45), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. druzat
(Yt 10.108), 3pl. YAv. “aißi.druZänti (Yt 5.90); Partic.: pres. OAv. “ädrujiiant- (31.15), YAv. druZint- (Yt
8.5, Yt 10.107), perf. pass. Y Av. anadruxta- ‘not-cheated, indeceivable' (Yt 10.23, Yt 10.26, FrW 9.1)
*OLD PERSIAN: d(u)ruj- ‘to lie, deceive’ = Kent: 191b
Pres. ja-: impf. IND. 3sg. ad(u)rujiya <[a]-du-u-ru-u-ji-i-y> (DB 1.39), <a-du-u-ru-u-ji-i-y> (DB 1.78,
DB 3.80, DB 4.13, 4.18, etc), <[a]-[du]-u-ru-u-ji-i-y> (DB 4.8), <a-du-u-ru-u-ji-i-y> (DB 4.10),
«[a]-du-[u]-[ru]-[u]-[ji]-i-y^ (DB 4.16), <a-du-[u]-ru-u-ji-i-y> (4.21, DB 4.21) (etc.), 3р1. ad(u)rujiyasa"
<a-du-u-ru-u-ji-i-y-S> (DB 4.34); Partic.: perf. pass. d(u)ruxta- <du-u-ru-u-x-t-m> (DB 4.44),
<du-u-ru-u-x-t-m> (DB 4.49), «[du]-[u]-[ru]-[u]-[x]-t-» DNb 52, 55), (adv.) d(u)ruxtam ‘falsely’
<[du]-[u]-[ru]-[u]-[x]--m> (DB 3.89)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP drwz-, ВМР dlwc- /dröz-/ ‘to deceive, break (contract)’
c DMMPP: 14la
*duai ? 81
Pres.: IND. 35р. (?) MMP drwzyd, BMP dlwoyt /drozed/, 3р1. BMP dlwcynd /drözend/, SUBJ. 3р1. MMP
drwz’nd, IMPV. 2р1. BMP diwcyt /drozed/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP diht /druxt/
*PARTHIAN: drwj- ‘to Пе” = Ghilain: 95 | DMMPP: 140b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. drwjynd; Partic.: perf. pass. drwxt-myhr ‘who breaches a contract’
*KHOTANESE: drruja- ‘falsehood’
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. órymh (f), CSogd. žym- (Е), MSogd. jym’ ‘lie, falsehood’,
BSogd. örym’s’k, CSogd. Zym’syt (pl.) ‘liars’
*BACTRIAN: dpoyo, pwyo ‘falsehood, deceit’, öpwyonıyo ‘false’ = S-W, Bact.:
190a, b
*NWIR: NP durög, Bal. d(a)rog, Kurd. (Kurm.) daraw (f.), (Sor.) diro, Abyan. dor,
Abz. durü, Ard. duru, Khuns. duru, Nn. duru, Qohr. derü, Tal. dü, Kash. dürü ‘lie’
*MISC: Огт. drist, daresi ‘lie(s)’, Arm. (LW) drzem ‘I lie’
*SANSKRIT: drogh ‘to deceive, deceit? (RV+) = EWAia I: 760
«PIE *d’reug"- ‘to deceive, deceit? > LIV: 157 | Pok.: 276
*IE COGNATES: OHG triugan, OE driogan ‘to deceit’
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 393a; WIM I: 351; Nyberg II: 66b; DKS: 168b; Werba 1997: 199; Cabolov 2001:
274; Lecoq 2002: 575b, 593a, 616a (passim); ESIJa II: 466 ff.; Korn 2005: 205, 373
*drauš ? ‘to grind’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP dlwst /drust/ ‘harsh, rough, severe’, ? MMP drwsg
‘something cut off or ’desolation’ ? = DMMPP: 140b
*NWIR: Bal. drus(i)t/drus- ‘to grind, mill’, NP durust ‘raw, rough, huge’, borrowed
into Kurd. dirist ‘rough’, Qohr. dürüst ‘big, huge’, etc. || (+ *ш-) Bal.
gadrusit/gadrus- ‘to snarl, gnash, grind the teeth’
© In ESIJa П: l.c., a root *draus is reconstructed, with the meanings ‘to break in
pieces’ (‘pasapo6natp’) and ‘to mutilate, to inflict physical injury’ (‘yBeunrs;
наносить физическую травму’). The differences in meaning displayed by Av.,
MP, on one side and notably, Bal., on the other side, are difficult to reconcile
though; they may rather suggest a different origin, on which see also *drau(H)&. The
cited connection with Gr. Өрооо ‘I break in pieces, ground’. Өроостос ‘brittle,
broken’, Goth. drau(h)snos ‘kAdopata, wixıa’, Lith. drüzgas ‘crumb, piece’
(Pokorny: 275 f.) is morphologically difficult.
PIE ?
REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 122 f; Morgenstierne 1973: 154; Lecoq 2002: 645b; ESIJa П: 468 Ё;
Shahbakhsh: s.v. drus-, gadrus-
*duai ? ‘to fall down’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *fra-) hößy- ‘to become faint, feeble’. Ф The etymologies
mentioned in Benzing 1983: 308, *fra-dabja- ‘to be struck’ (*damb), and suggested
82 *duais
by Samadi, Lc. *fra-drbia- (*darb) ‘to be relaxed, untied’, are less likely.
= Samadi: 89
*NEIR: Yghn. déwi, divi, déwé-/déwita ‘to fall, roll off’, Pash. Iwedol/Iwez- ‘to fall’
© The evidence for an Ir. root *duai ‘to fall, faint’ is limited to a few ЕП. languages.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 40; Andreev — PeSéereva: 246b; МЕУР: 46
*duaiš ‘to hate’
*AVESTAN: daibis- (tbis-) ‘to hate’. 0 On OAv. daibisiiant-, Y Av. tbisiiant- see
Kellens 1987: 9 f£; Lubotsky 1989: 112, fn. 6. = Liste: 31f.
Pres. athem.: IND. 3р1. OAv. daibisonti (Y 32.1), IMPV. med. 2sg. YAv. (them.!) tbisar'ha; Perf.: IND.
lsg. YAv. diduuaesa (Y 1.21 £), 1р1. YAv. diduuisma (Y 68.1); Caus.: IND. 3sg. Y Av. tbaesaiieiti (V
18.61), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. tbaesaiiat (Yt 3.14 f£). tbisag'ha is cited in the MP translation of V 7.52.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP bys-, BMP bys- /bes-/ ‘to hurt, torment’, ВМР bysyn- (sec.
caus.) ‘to hurt’ || (+ *para-, *pari-) MMP prbys- ‘to be harmed, afflicted’. Ф The
semantic shift from ‘to hate’ to ‘hurt, torment’ is not entirely evident: perhaps the
verbs are contaminated with the *rai$ forms ?
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP bysyd, BMP bysyt /besed/, 2р1. MMP bysyd, 3р1. MMP bysynd; Partic.: perf. pass.
BMP bysyt /besid/, caus. 3sg. BMP bysynyt /besenid/; Inf.: BMP bysytn /besidan/; Pass.: pres. IND. 35р.
BMP bysyt (YHWWN)yt /besid bawéd/, 3р1. BMP bysyhynd /bésihénd/ || (+ *para-, *pari-) Pres.: SUBJ.
3pl. MMP prbys’nd
*KHOTANESE: duis- ‘to hate’ 2 SGS: —
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. óByš ‘to hurt’, BSogd. 6B’ys ‘hostility’
Pres.: IND. 1sg. MSogd. ößysm (BBB: 32); Partic.: pres. MSogd. ößysnyy (BBB: 32)
*CHORESMIAN: m/ößsy- ‘to envy’ = Samadi: 64 f.
*SANSKRIT: dves ‘to hate’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 770
© The verbal root appears to be exclusively IIr.: it is perhaps nominal in origin,
being derived from *duei- ‘two’, cf. MHG zwist, NHG Zwist, Du. twist ‘quarrel’,
Engl. twist (< *duis ‘in two’?).
«PIE? > LIV: 131 | Pok.: 227 f.
*REFERENCES: DKS: 160b; Werba 1997: 199; NEVP: 94; ESIJa II: 492 ff.
* duaj ‘to flutter, flap (like banners)’
*AVESTAN: (+ *fra-) Y Av. fraößöZ- ‘to flutter away, forth’ || (+ *ui-) YAv. vidBoz-
‘to flutter to and fro’ = Liste: 31
Pres. them.: INJ. 3pl. YAv. aößöZon ... vióoZen ... fraóBoZon (Yt 14.45). 0 Y Av. aóBoZon can probably
be emended to 'aófoZon without too many difficulties, thus making the chain of verbs symmetrical to the
parallel chain: amarozon ... vimarozon ... framarozon (*Hmarz).
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ш-) BSogd. wyófxs- (intr/inch.) ‘unfold’, BSogd. wyöß’y
‘explanation; chapter’, BSogd. wyöß’ycy ‘eloquent’, MSogd. wyöß’y ‘sermon,
homily’, MSogd. wyöß’ycty (pl.) ‘preachers’
*duar 83
(+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. wyófxsty; Impf.: IND. 35р. SSogd. wyöß’ys (in Karabalgasun 22,
Weber 1970: 214)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *upa-) bößxs- ‘to be spread, scattered’, böß’zy- (caus.) ‘to spread,
scatter’ = Samadi: 16
*NEIR: ? Sh. divüsk (f.), (Baj.) divask (f.), Yzgh. doyüfc ‘snake’
*SANSKRIT: ? dhvajá- (m.) ‘banner, flag, standard’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 800
© An IE origin for this apparently Пг. root cannot be ascertained: only the Germanic
forms, OHG tuoh, MHG tuoch, NHG Tuch, OSax. dok, MLG dok, OFr. -dok
‘cloth’, might be considered, as suggested by Mayrhofer, EWAia, l.c. It is quite
striking that initial *du? is shared with the semantically similar roots *duanH and
*duar: these "roots" are perhaps extended formations of *dau? (Skt. dhàv) ‘to run’,
which may have risen in Пт. (differently *duar ?).
*REFERENCES: EVS: 30a, 113b f.; DKS: 165a; ESIJa II: 490 f.; De Vaan 2003: 442; Boutkan — Siebinga:
74
*duanH ‘to fume, fly up; throw’
*AVESTAN: YAv. duuan- ‘to fume, fly up’ || (+ *apa-) ‘to fly away’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to
fly up to’ || (+ *uz-) ‘to fly up (in the air)’ || + *fra-) ‘to fly to’ = Liste: 31
Pres. inch.: IND. 35р. YAv. apa.duuasaiti (V 8.16 f£), YAv. upa.duuasaiti (V 3.14, V 7.1 ff., V 7.24,
etc.), YAv. fra ° duuasaiti (V 5.28 ff.); Caus.: pres. INJ. 3sg. YAv. uzduuanaiiat (Yt 5.61)
*SOGDIAN: ? BSogd. afin BSogd. óB” ny, CSogd. db’n- (f. ?) ‘flame’
*CHORESMIAN: m/öß’ny- ‘to twirl, whirl? > Samadi: 64
*NEIR: Pash. I(a)wan-/lust, (Wan.) lun- ‘to winnow’, Yghn. devayn-,
diwáyn-/déváynta, Yi. loban-/lobad-, M. lovon-/loved-, Sh. diven-/divent, Rosh.
devin-, Yzgh. óovan-/óovud ‘to winnow, swing’, Wa. bsin-/bond-, bot- ‘to throw,
winnow’
*MISC: Orm. ban-/banök, Батек ‘to throw, put’ = ban-/banók
*SANSKRIT: dhvar’ ‘to smoke’ (RV) > EWAia I: 801
© The root is IIr., further IE cognate forms are not known. = LIV: 159 | Pok.: 266
*REFERENCES: IFL I: 389b; EVP: 41; IFL П: 222a; Andreev — PeSéereva: 246a Ё; EVS: 29b; Skjærvø
1985: 66 ff.; Gharib: 136b f.; Werba 1997: 300; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 112; NEVP: 46; Kiefer 2003:
193; ESIJa II: 494 ff.
*duar ‘to run’
*AVESTAN: duuär- ‘to run’ || (+ *apa-) ‘to run off, away’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to run into, on’
|| + *pari-) ‘to run around’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to approach, engage’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to hasten’
(Kellens 1984: 114, 118, fn. 2) || (+ *nis-) ‘to run down on’ || (+ *ham-) ‘concurrere’
c» Liste: 31
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. duuaraiti (Yt 8.54, V 18.16, V 18.24), YAv. niZduuaraiti (Yt 8.21), 3pl.
Y Av. duuaronti (Y 57.18, Yt 11.10), YAv. handuuarenti (V 3.7), impf. med. 3pl. YAv. aduuaronta (V
84 *fan
19.45, У 19.47), INJ. 35р. ? YAv. "niduuarat (Yt 19.34), YAv. pairi.duuarat (У 19.1), med. 3pl. OAv.
hönduuärontä (Y 30.6), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. duuarat (Yt 3.17), 3р1. YAv. duuaranti (Yt 17.25), ҮАУ.
fraduuaran (Yt 11.6), IMPV. 2sg. YAv. upa.duuara (V 19.1), YAv. apa duuära (V 8.21, SrB 3), 2pl. ҮАУ.
apa.duuarata (Yt 3.7 ff.); Partic.: pres. YAv. duuarant- (Yt 8.54)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP dw’r-, BMP dwb/’I- /dwar-/ ‘to run, move (daevic)’
=> DMMPP: 144a
Pres.: IND. 2sg. MMP "dw'ryh, 3sg. BMP dwb’lyt /dwared/, 2pl. MMP *dw’ryd, 3р1. MMP dw’rynd,
ВМР dwb’lynd /dwarénd/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP dwb’Ist /dwarist/; Inf.: ВМР dwb’Istn /dwaristan/
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ni-) nydf’r- ‘to hasten, hurry’ = Ghilain: 74 | DMMPP: 252b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. nydf’ryd, nydf’ryyd, 1р1. nydf’r’m, 3р1. nydf’rynd, SUBJ. 2sg. nydf’r’, IMPV. 2pl.
nydf'ryd; Partic.: pres. “nydfwrdg ‘hastening’, perf. pass. nydfwrd ‘quick’, (comp.) “nydfwrdystr
‘quicker’
SANSKRIT: ? vfka-dvaras- ‘running like a wolf ?’ (RV 2.30.4). Ф The interpretation
is uncertain. > EWAia I: 763 f.
0 Metathesized from Ur. *drau (> Ir. *drau?) ?, cf. Kellens 1984: 108, n. 11. It is also
conceivable that it has been contaminated with *@yar/tur, cf. ESIJa II: 499. But see
also Schwartz 1992: 408 ff.
*PIE — = LIV: 131 | Pok.: —
*REFERENCES: Griepentrog: 149 f.; Werba 1997: 429
F
*fan ‘to move, pass (time ?)’
*AVESTAN: (+ *à-) Y Av. afonta- ‘time, period’ (Yt 13.9)
*KHOTANESE: (+ *aua-) ? Khot. vahan- (vahin-) ‘to disappear’, OKh. vahafi- (caus.)
‘to make disappear’ || (+ us-) OKh. usphan- ‘to be happy’ || (+ *pati-) OKh. paphan-
(paphin-) ‘to rejoice’, paphafi- (caus.) ‘to make happy’ || (+ *fra-) LKh. haphan- ‘to
move, quiver’ || (+ *ni-) LKh. *niphan- (naphan-) ‘to rejoice’ || (+ *nis-) OKh.
nasphan- ‘to come out’ || (+ *ш-) LKh. gvahan- ‘to hustle’ (Emmerick, SVK I: 41 f.)
c SGS: 122, 18, 70 f., 147, 54, 52
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *aua-) "win ‘then’
*NEIR: Yzgh. fin-/füd ‘to descend, come down’, (caus.) Yzgh. fondan- ‘to bring
down’ || (+ *a-) Oss. I. afon, D. afonz ‘time, period’ || (+ *us-) Sh. (Baj.) sifan-/
sifid, Rosh. sifan-/sifod, Bart. sifan-/siföd ‘to rise’, Sh. sifen-/sifent, Rosh. sifen-/
sifent ‘to ascend’ || (+ *nis-) Sh. naxfiü-/naxfid, Rosh. nawfen-, Sariq. nalfon- ‘to
pull out’ (etc.)
*SANSKRIT: ? phan ‘to jump’ (RV) || Pkt. phanda (m.) ‘a small movement’ (ph < *sp,
*ph). © phan has a "spontaneous" retroflex п. = EWAia II: 199 f.
*fast ? 85
9 The evidence for the root *fan appears to be confined mainly to East Iranian. The
root is perhaps a borrowing from a "substrate" source, comparable to similar verbs
of motion: *san and *&an. The connection with Skt. phan is unclear and needs to be
clarified.
*REFERENCES: Christensen, Contributions II: 57 f.; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 31; Gershevitch, Mithra: 172, 322;
ELO: 75, fn. 5; EVS: 33a, 72b, 51b f.; DKS: 259b; Benzing 1983: 106 f.; Kellens, Anusantatyai: 127 ff.;
Werba 1997: 358 f.; Cheung 2002: 149
*far! 2 ‘to eat
*KHOTANESE: (?) phude ‘food’
*NWIR: Siv. far-, Khr. for- ‘to eat’, NP (Tadj.) furt, for ‘gulp’, Gz. fart ‘sip, gulp [of
drinking]’. © These forms may not necessarily derive from *huar- (with "Median"
*hu- > f-), pace WIM III: 58 ff., as we have similar forms with initial f- in Elr.
languages as well.
*NEIR: Sh. fur-/furt, Khf. fur-/furt, Rosh. fur-/furt, Orosh. fur-/furd, Sariq. fir-/fird,
fur-/furd, Ishk. for-, Wa. far-/fard-, feir-/feird ‘to eat with a spoon’ || (+ *pati-) Wa.
patfar-/patfard- ‘to swallow’
9 The root appears to be exclusively Iranian.
*REFERENCES: EVS: 63a; DKS: 262b; WIM II/2: 664; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 174, 281
*far? ? ‘to speak’
*KHOTANESE: LKh. pher- (denomin.) ‘to speak’, pharä- ‘speech, language’ (SVK II:
100) = SGS: 91
*NEIR: (+ *pati-) Sh. patfar, (Baj.) pidfar ‘cursed, damned’, Rosh. patfar ‘mourning
feast (of co-villagers and kinsmen)’ (hardly *pati-ati-bar-, pace Morgenstierne,
EVS: l.c.), Wa. patfär, potfár ‘funeral repast’
9 The evidence for an Ir. root *far ‘to speak’ (only EIr.) is limited, with may suggest
a regional origin. The IE etymology, cited by Bailey, DKS: l.c. for Khot. phara, Gr.
&n£U ‘threat, boast’, Goth. spill, Engl. spell, Toch. AB pällä- (pres.) ‘to praise’,
Latv. pélt ‘to slander, calumniate’, etc. (Pokorny: 985) is without merit.
*REFERENCES: EVS: 63a; DKS: 260a f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 259
* fast ? ‘to flutter, move ?'
*KHOTANESE: phast- ‘to flutter’, OKh. phast- (caus.) ‘to make flutter’ || (+ *fra-)
OKh. haphast- ‘to flutter’? = SGS: 90, 147
*SOGDIAN: ? CSogd. fst- ‘to thrust away’
Pres.: IMPV. 25р. CSogd. Gr {hapax}
© The Khotanese / Sogdian forms are isolated and are perhaps denominative in
origin, on which see Sims-Williams 1983: 49. The underlying nominal stem may be
86 *fiahu
found in BSogd. Bst-ywnp-, CSogd. fst-xwmp- ‘to propel, repel’, also Yghn. cumf-
‘to push’ ?
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: DKS: 261a; Sims-Williams 1985: 98; SVK II: 100
*fiahu ‘to hail’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. fiiaghu- ‘to hail’, YAv. fiiaghu- ‘hail’ (Yt 5.120, 8.33) = Liste: 35
Pres. them.: IND. med. 3pl. YAv. fiiaghuntae? (Yt 5.120); Partic.: pres. YAv. fiiaghuuant- (Yt 16.10). 0
Perhaps the pres. stem is a thematic denominative formation (rather than a stem in *ua-, Kellens, Lei
More on the interpretation of this stem see Martinez 2000: 339 ff.
© The Avestan verb is an isolated formation. No further (DIr. cognates are known. It
goes possibly back to the substantive YAv. fiianhu-. It could be related to *paiš
(Kuiper 1934: 236), but *ffah would exhibit an unusual ablaut grade though, similar
to *huah.The genuine Пг. continuation of ‘hail’ is attested in Skt. and several Ir.
languages: Skt. hrádüni- (Е), BSogd. zyón, Yi. Zilo, Bashk. dorayén (Gershevitch
1962: 81).
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: AIW: 973; Kellens 1984: 162 fn. 2.
*fraHd ‘to increase’
*AVESTAN: frad- (fräö-) ‘to increase’ = Liste: 35f.
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. fradati- (Yt 6.1, A 4.6, Ny 1.11, Vyt 15), med. 3pl. OAv. fradanté (Y 43.6),
INJ. 3sg. OAv. frädat (Y 46.13), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. fräöäiti (Y 65.7, Yt 10.142, P 23), YAv. fradat (Yt
13.95), med. 3sg. YAv. fradataé ° (Yt 13.68), OPT. med. 2sg. YAv. fraóaesa (Y 10.4), 3sg. OAv. fradoit
(Y 44.10); Partic.: pres. YAv. fradant- (V 21.1), med. YAv. fraóomna- (V 4.2), caus. YAv. fraóaiiamna-
(Yt 15.52); Inf.: OAv. frädanhe (Y 44.20); Caus.: pres. IND. med. 3pl. YAv. fraóaiiente (Yt 10.14), INJ.
3sg. Y Av. fraóaiiat (Yt 8.7), SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. fraóaiieni (V 2.5), 3sg. YAv. fraóaiiat (Y 62.5, Y 68.5),
IMPV. 2sg. Y Av. fraóaiia (V 2.4)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ Zur) MMP wypr’y-, wyfr’y- ‘to be furthered, promoted’
c DMMPP: 352b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP wypr’yd, 2sg. ? MMP wypr’y’h; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP wpr’yhyst, Pass.: pres.
SUBJ. 3sg. MMP wypr’yh’d, MMP *wypr’y’d
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ш-) wypr’y- ‘to further, promote’, wyfr’ysn ‘promotion’ = Ghilain:
60 | DMMPP: 352b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. wyfr’ynd
*CHORESMIAN: $’zy- ‘to increase’ = Samadi: 189
This root, an apparently old da-stem of *рагН!, has an exact Gr. correspondence,
which was already recognized by Johansson 1917: 73 n. 1.
«PIE pres. stem *pleH,-d'e/o- ‘to fill’ > LIV: 482 f. | Pok.: 798 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. 11100 ‘I fill up’
*fraiH 87
*fraiH ‘to rejoice, ? to atone, [med.] please’
*AVESTAN: fiT- (frii-) ‘to rejoice, please’ || (+ *a-) ‘to bless’ = Liste: 36
Pres. {1} na-: IND. 1sg. YAv. afrinami (Y 11.15, Y 52.1, Y 52.8, etc.), 1р1. OAv. friianmahi (Y 38.4),
3р1. YAv. afrinonti (Yt 13.51), SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. afrinani (V 22.5), med. 1sg. OAv. frinai (Y 49.12), 3sg.
Y Av. frmät (Yt 13.50), IMPV. 3р1. YAv. äfrinontu (Yt 13.157); Pres. {2} them. па-: IND. 3sg. YAv. à
frmaiti (Y 62.9),1pl. YAv. frinamahi (Yt 12.3, Yt 12.5, V 20.5); Partic.: pres. {2} med. OAv. frinomna-
(Y 29.5)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *4-) MMP ’fryn-, BMP "plyn- /afrin-/, MMP "fwr-, ’pwr-,
BMP Gul /afur-/ ‘to create; bless’ || (+ *ni-) BMP nplytk /nifridag/ (ppp.) ‘cursed’,
BMP nplyn /nifrin/ ‘curse’. 0 MMP ’fwr-, 'pwr-, BMP "pwl- /afur-/ are later forms,
deriving from the past participle /afrid/, Henning 1933: 200. = DMMPP: 27a f.
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. MMP ’fryn’m, MMP ’pwrym, 1р1. MMP ’pwrym, MMP *’pwrwm, 3р1.
MMP ’pwrynd, etc.
*PARTHIAN: бур ‘dear, beloved’ || (+ *a-) "fryn- ‘to bless’ || (+ *ni-) nfryd- (pret.
stem) ‘to curse’ = Ghilain: 84 | DMMPP: 158b f., 27a f., 240a
Pres.: IND. Ipl. "fryn'm, 3р1. "friynynd, SUBJ. lsg. ’fryn’m, 2sg. ’fryn’h, 1р1. ’fryn’m, IMPV. 2pl.
"frynyd; Partic.: perf. pass. "fryd, "frydg
*KHOTANESE: briya- ‘beloved, dear, treasured’ || (+ *a-) ävun- ‘to approve’. 0
briyanda ‘beloved’, in DKS: 315b, should be interpreted as two transparent words:
acc. sg. m. bri ‘dear’ and inj. 3sg. yanda ‘makes’, SVK I: 100 f. Another entry, the
hapax form phrrinä ‘love, friendliness’, DKS: 263b, is unconnected as well: it rather
means ‘message’ and "is clearly a loanword from Tibetan (h)phrin ‘message’.",
SVK Т: 81. || SGS: 11 f.
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. pry-, CSogd. fry-, MSogd. fry- ‘dear’, SSogd. Brywk (m.) ‘praise
(?), joy (?)’ || + *a-) BSogd. ’’pryn, CSogd. ‘уп, MSogd. "un, MSogd. "Bryn ‘to
praise’ || (+ *us-) CSogd. sfryn, SSogd. sBryt-, MSogd. sfryt- ‘to create’ || (+ *pati-)
BSogd. ptßr’yn ‘to bless back’, MSogd. ptfryn ‘to send greetings’ || (+ *ni-) BSogd.
nBryc (Ё), MSogd., CSogd. nfryty (ppp.) ‘accursed’
(+ *а-) Impf.: IND. 35р. SSogd. "Bryn; Partic.: perf. pass. SSogd. ’’Bryt’k, (comp.) CSogd. ’frytystr
‘more blessed’ || (+ *us-) Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. syfryn, MSogd. syfryn (Cosmog.: 307); Partic.: pres.
CSogd. sfrynn ° (m.) ‘creator’, perf. pass. CSogd. sfryt- ‘created’; Pass.: pres. SUBJ. 3р1. MSogd. sfrytyt
wß’nd ‘will be created’, pret. IND. 3sg. SSogd. sBryty L’ “kty ‘was not created’ || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND.
2р1. dur. MSogd “ptfrynd’sk; Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. pt’yBr’yn, (med. ?) dur. MSogd. "ptfryd'sk
*CHORESMIAN: ? fn- ‘to sing’ (< *to praise, please with a song’ ?), Bry’k “honoured,
esteemed’ || (+ *upa-) bfn- ‘to create’, bfy- (denomin. ?) ‘to please’ © Samadi: 69
*NWIR: (+ *а-) NP 4faridan/afarin- ‘to create’ || (+ *ni-) NP nifrin, Nn. nifrin ‘curse’
*NEIR: Oss. I. lymzn, D. limæn, nimzl ‘friend, lover’, Pash. wrin ‘open, happy,
sincere’ || (+ *4-) Oss. arfze ‘blessings’
*SANSKRIT: pray ‘to please, be pleased, enjoy, satisfy’ > EWAia II: 181
«PIE *preiH- ‘to please, be pleased, enjoy’ = LIV: 490 | Pok.: 844
88 *frait/0
*IE COGNATES: OCS préjo ‘I take care’, OHG friten ‘to look after’, NHG Friede
‘peace’, frei, Engl. free, etc.
*REFERENCES: GMS: $1253, 1259; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 63 Ё; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 54 Ё; Nyberg II: 138a;
DKS: 314b f., 26a; Benzing 1983: 202; Sims-Williams 1985: Gharib: 157b, 295a; Werba 1997: 305;
Cheung 2002: 64, 152, 201 f.; Lecoq 2002: 634; NEVP: 90
* frait/0 ‘to decompose, rot
*AVESTAN: Y Av. fri0- ‘to decompose’ = Liste: 36
Pres. ja-: IND. 3sg. YAv. fridieiti-ca (V 6.28); Partic.: pres. YAv. a-fridiiant- ‘imperishable’ (Yt 19.11,
Yt 19.19, Yt 19.23, Yt 19.89)
*NEIR: Q Pash. wröst (m.), wrastá (f.) ‘rotten, decayed (of wood, matting, etc.)’ is
unconnected (cf. NEVP: 91), rather from *Hraud (Cheung 2004: 129).
*MISC: Огт. sri-buk ‘rotten, stinking’
*SANSKRIT: mret ‘to decay, decompose’ (SB) > EWAia II: 387 £.
© Тһе root *frait/0 is probably related to Skt. mret. The Iranian form with f- may
then be the result of contamination with the semantically close root *pauH, cf. Av.
puiieitica fridiieitica (ће body) rots and decays’ (V 6.28) and SB 9.5.2.14. püyet ...
mrityet (Kellens 1984: 14, n. 8; EWAia, l.c.). An IE provenance for this Пг. root
cannot be established, perhaps it is another "Reimbildung", viz. with *rai0!.
*PIE LIV: - | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 409b; EVP: 90; Werba 1997: 220
*fras/prs ‘to ask, inquire’
*AVESTAN: fras- (paras-) ‘to ask, inquire’, YAv. frasna- ‘question’ || (+ *4-) Чо be
advised [med.]’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to ask, interrogate (someone)’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to consult;
to be consulted, contemplate [med.]’. 0 On the analysis of YAv. °frasäne see
Klingenschmitt 1982: 62; Humbach 1956: 68. = Liste: 35
Pres. inch: IND. 15р. OAv. porosa (Y 31.14 ff., Y 43.10, Y 44.1 ff, etc.), med. 150. YAv. porose (Yt
12.1), 2sg. YAv. parasahi (H 2.17, H 2.35, Vyt 63), med. 3sg. parasaité (Y 31.12, X3 Yt 14.47), med. 3sg.
OAv. parasaété (Y 31.13), 3р1. YAv. fra porosonti (N 61 £), med. 3pl. YAv. һат.рәгәѕәпіе (V 19.3),
impf. (med. ?) 1sg. ? YAv. "aporosom (or "aporose) (V 2.2), (med. ?) 2sg. ? YAv. “aparasd (or
"aporosagha) (V 2.1), 3sg. Y Av. aparasat (V), INJ. 2sg. poroso, 3sg. porosat, med. 3sg. Y Av. paiti porosata
(V 9.43, V 9.45), SUBJ. med. 1sg. porasai (Y 44.12), med. 2sg. YAv. pərəsañhe (Yt 10.2), 3sg. YAv.
porasat (У 18.6), med. Zeg. Ү Ау. "porosäite (V 15.14), med. 3р1. YAv. porosánte (P 44), OPT. med. 3du.
Y Av. aporosaiiatom (Y 12.5 f.), IMPV. 25р. OAv. porosä (Y 43.10), med. 2sg. Y Av. porosary'ha (V); Pres.
{2} anja-: IND. 35р. Y Av. porosaniieiti (Yt 8.15, Yt 8.17, Yt 8.19); Aor. s-: INJ. med. 1sg. OAv. frasi (Y
44.8, Y 45.6), med. 3sg. OAv. frastä (Y 49.2, Y 47.3), ? OAv. afrasta (Y 51.11), SUBJ. med. 15р. ? ҮАУ.
afrasane (У 3.27), IMPV. med. 25р. OAv. (°)forasuua (Y 53.3); Partic.: pres. {1} OAv. porosant- (Y
51.5), med. OAv. porosemna- (Y 30.6)
*OLD PERSIAN: prs- ‘to ask; punish’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to read, recite’ = Kent: 198a
Pres. inch.: IND. 159. prsamiy <p-r-s-a-mi-y> (DNb 19), impf. 15р. aprsam <a-p-r-s-m> (DB 1.22, DB
4.67), SUBJ. 2sg. patiprsahy <p-t-i-p-r-s-a-h-y> (DB 4.42), 3sg. patiprsatiy <p-t-i-p-r-s-a-t-i-y> (DB
*fras/prs 89
4.48>), IMPV. 25р. prsa <p-r-s-a> (DB 4.38, DB 4.69); Partic.: perf. pass. (+ *hu- ‘good, well’) °frasta-
«?-f-r-$-t-^» (DB 1.22, DB 4.66, DB 4.38, DB 4.69); Pass.: pres. OPT. 3sg. fra0iyais <f-r-0-i-y-i-8S> (DNb
21), aor. IND. 35р. patiyafrasiya <p-t-i-y-f-r-0-i-y> (DB 4.91)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP pwrs-, BMP pwrs- /purs-/ ‘to ask’ || (+ *a-) MMP ’fr’h,
MMP ’’pr’h, BMP ’pl’s /afräh/ ‘teaching(s), instruction, doctrine’ || (+ *pati-) MMP
phypwrs-, phybwrs-, IMP ptpwrs-, ptpwls- ‘to read (aloud), recite’, ? MMP
p’dypr’h, BMP p’tpl’s /padifrah/ ‘punishment, retribution’ || (+ *ham-) BMP
hmpwrs- /hampurs-/ ‘to consult, take counsel = DMMPP: 287a, 26b, 275b258b
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. BMP pwrsym /pursém/, 25р. BMP pwrsyh /purse/, 3sg. MMP pwrsyd,
BMP pwrsyt /purséd/, 3р1. MMP pwrsynd, 3р1. BMP pwrsynd /pursénd/, etc. || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 1sg.
MMP "phypwrsym, 35р. IMP ptpwrsyt, SUBJ. 3sg. IMP ptpwis’t, IMP "ptpwrsyt, IMPV. 2sg. MMP
phypwrs, 2pl. MMP phypwrsyd, MMP phybwrsyd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP phypwrsyd || (+ *ham-)
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP hmpwrsyt /hampursed/
*PARTHIAN: pwrs- ‘to ask’ || (+ *a-) ? *’fr’s ‘teachings, instruction’ {hapax} || (+
*pati-) pdbwrs- ‘to read, recite’ || (+ *ui-) wyfr’s- ‘to teach, show’ = Ghilain: 69, 79
| DMMPP: 287a, 26b, 269a, 352a f.
Pres.: IND. 2sg. pwrsyh, 3sg. pwrsyd, 3pl. pwrsynd, SUBJ. pwrs’h, 2pl. pwrs’’d, IMPV. 2pl. pwrsyd,
OPT. pwrsyndyh; Partic.: perf. pass. П pwrs'd, ? *pwrsyd; Inf.: pwrs'dn|| (+ *pati-) Pres.: SUBJ. 2sg.
*pdbwrs'h, IMPV. 2р1. pdbwrsyd; Partic.: perf. pass. П pdbwrs'd; Inf.: *pdbwrs’dn || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND.
lsg. wfr's'm, 35р. "wyfr’syd, 3р1. wyfr’synd, IMPV. 2pl. wfr'syd; Partic.: perf. pass. wyfr’st, Inf.:
wyfr’stn
*KHOTANESE: puls- ‘to ask’ || (+ *4-) (caus.) auräss (oras-, auras-) ‘to inform’ || (+
*pati-) Khot. pus- (pus-) ‘to read’ = SGS: 85, 20
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. p’rs-, SSogd. ’ps-, BSogd. ’prs-, CSogd. ps-, MSogd. ps- ‘to ask’
|| (+ *a-) BSogd. ’’p’rs ‘to ask for, take leave’ || (+ *pati-) BSogd. ptBs-, CSogd.
ptfs-, MSogd. ptfs- ‘to read’ || (+ *ui-) BSogd. wp’rs, CSogd. wprs, ’wprs, MSogd.
wprs ‘question’
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 2sg. BSogd. ’prs’y, BSogd. ’ps’y, 3sg. BSogd. ’prsty, INJ. 1sg. BSogd.
*prs’w, SUBJ. 35р. CSogd. ps’t, OPT. 2/3sg. BSogd. ’prsy, BSogd. ’prs’y, 2р1. SSogd. prsyöy, 3р1.
CSogd. руш, etc. || (+ *a-) Pret.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’’prs || (+ *pati-) Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg.
BSogd. ptfsty, 1р1. dur. CSogd. "ptfsymsq, 2pl. CSogd. ptfs0’sq, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. ptßs’t, 3р1. BSogd.
ptBs’nt, BSogd. ptßs’n, OPT. 3sg. BSogd. ptps’y, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: m/bS- ‘to ask’ || (+ *ham-) ’nbS- ‘to ask’ = Samadi: 162, 117
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP pursidan/purs-, Kurd. (Kurm.) pirsin/pirs-, (Sor.) pirsin/
pirs- (< Kurm. ?), Zaz. persayis/persen-, Abyan. parsoya/pars-, Awrom. parsay/
pars-, Gz. pärs-/pärsä, Gur. (Kand.) pärs-/-pärs-, Ham. va-pärsayän/va-pärs-, Isfah.
pärsän/pärs-, Meim. vam parsa/va: a-pers-, (LW) Khuns. purs-/pursä, Nn. рагѕауе/
pars-, Qohr. parsada/pars-, Semn. pärs-, Siv. purs-/pursi, Soi pars-, Tr. parsaya/pars-
‘to ask’
90 *fraul
*NEIR: Ishk. f(s)ras-/f(e)rüt-, Sh. (Baj.) peXc-/peXst-, Rosh. paws-/pawst, Sariq.
pars-/parst, Yzgh. pis-/pist, Yi. p(o)rs-/pist-, M. purs-/pist-, Pash. pust(ed)ol, Wa.
pors-/porst- ‘to ask?
*MISC: (+ *pati-) Arm. (LW) patuhas ‘punishment’
*SANSKRIT: pras ‘to ask’ (RV+) > EWAia П: 183
© This root has an impeccable etymology.
«PIE *prek- ‘to ask’ => LIV: 490 f. | Pok.: 821 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. posco ‘I demand, to ask’, Toch. A prak- B prek-, Goth.
fraihnan, OCS prositi, Lith. prasyti ‘to ask’, etc.
*REFERENCES: КРЕ I: 135b f., 205b, 244a; Ivanow 1926: 421; KPF II: 188; IIFL II: 239b, 534b;
Abrahamian 1936: 123, 131; Lambton 1938: 41a; MacKenzie 1966: 104; EVS: 64b; WIM I: 71; WIM
ПЛ: 81; WIM III: 114; Werba 1997: 391 f.; Cabolov 1997: 74; Paul 1998: 308a; Steblin-Kamenskij
1999: 277; Lecoq 2002: 121, 126, 129 (passim)
*frau! ‘to fly’
*AVESTAN: YAv. frauu- ‘to fly off || (+ *us-) ‘to ascend, fly up’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to fly
hither and thither’. © It is certainly not inconceivable that in some passages the
meaning ‘to flow (to, up to, etc.), vel sim.’ (i.e. *frau?) is more suitable. > Liste: 36
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. frafrauuaiti (Y 9.32), SUBJ. med. 3pl. YAv. us.frauuante (Yt 8.40), OPT.
3sg. YAv. fräuuöit (Y 19.80); Caus.: pres. IND. 15р. YAv. frafrauuaiiami (V 5.18), 3sg. YAv. frauuaiieiti
(V 5.37), med. 3pl. YAv. fräuuaiiente (Yt 13.70), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. frafräuuaiiähi (V 5.16)
*SANSKRIT: prav ‘to jump, leap’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 195
Q Further Ir. connections are uncertain. Sogd. ptfr'w and Chor. pcr’wy ‘to
remember' are probably unrelated. As for the IE provenance, the old Slavo-
Germanic connections cited in Pokorny: 845 f. (OSax. fra, OHG frao, fro 'strenuus,
alacer, NHG froh ‘cheerful’, OE frogga, Engl. frog, Russ. pryt’ ‘run’, prytkij
‘quick, hasty’, etc.), are difficult to assess. Mayrhofer, EWAia П: 195 f., considers
Skt. prav ‘to jump, leap’ and plav ‘to float (in air or water), swim, glide’ perhaps
originally identical.
«PIE? c» LIV: 493 | Pok.: 845 f.
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 208
*frau? ‘to flow’
*NEIR: Sh. firäw-, (Baj.) firäw-/firüd, Rosh. firew-/firewt, Yzgh. foraw-/forawd ‘to
wash, rinse’ || (+ *pati- ?) Oss. I. fejlawyn/fajlyd, D. felawun/felud ‘to move, go in
waves’ || (+ *pari-) Wa. psir(bI)w-/porowd- (> ? Sariq. parew-/parud ‘to wash,
rinse’), (?) Ishk. parafur- ‘to rinse’
MISC: (+ *ui-) Orm. yusaw-/yusawök, yus'aw-/yus'awék ‘to wash’ =
gusaw-/gusawök
*SANSKRIT: plav ‘to float (in air or water), swim, glide’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 194
*fSan 91
Ó The root *frau? is attested (most clearly) in some modern East Ir. languages only.
See also *frau!.
«PIE *pleu- ‘to flow, float, wash, swim’ = LIV: 487 f. | Pok.: 835 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. ëm ‘I sail, swim’, Lat. pluit ‘it is raining’, OCS pluti ‘to flow,
to sail’, Lith. pláuti ‘to rinse, to wash off’, OHG flouwen ‘to rinse, to wash’, Engl. to
flow, etc.
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 396b; IIFL II: 534a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 432; EVS: 34a, 57a; Werba 1997: 208;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 285; Kiefer 2003: 198
* frau? ? ‘to remember’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) ? BSogd. ptBr’w- ‘to think’, CSogd. ptfr’w-, MSogd. ptfr’w-
“to remind, remember’
Pres.: OPT. 3sg. BSogd. ptßr’w’y, POT.-SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. ptßr’w’t wn’’t, IMPV. 2pl. MSogd. ptfr'wó
(BBB: 51); Partic.: pres. BSogd. ptBr’wyn’y
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pati-) pcr’wy- ‘to remember’ = Samadi: 144 f.
© This root is reconstructed on the basis of Sogdian and Choresmian. Henning 1950:
433 compares the Chor. forms with the Sogdian ones, deriving both of them from
*pati-fräuaia- (*frau'). The assumed common shift in meaning of ‘to fly against’ to
‘to remember’ is difficult though, as signalled by Samadi, l.c. Her own, alternative
reconstruction, *pati-srauaja- (*srau), would not explain the Sogd. forms, which are
surely related to pcr’wy-, though.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
* frauO ‘to snore, snort’
*AVESTAN: YAv. frao0- ‘to snore, snort’, YAv. rauuö.fraodman- ‘rapidly snorting’
(Yt 8.2, Yt 17.12). 0 See most recently Panaino, Tist. I: 90. The variant rauuo.-
fraoÜoman-, with anaptyctic -a-, is due to а "lapsus of the transmission" (De Vaan
2003: 535). — Liste: 36
Partic.: pres. them. fraodat- (Yt 5.130)
*NWIR: Nn. forosna ‘sneeze’
*SANSKRIT: proth ‘to pant, snort’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 192
9 No other Ir. cognate forms, except for Nn. forosna, of YAv. frao0- are known. An
IE provenance for this II. root cannot be ascertained. The comparison to ON fraud
(n.), froda (f.) ‘foam, saliva’, OE 4-fréodan, Engl. to froth (Pokorny: 810; LIV: 494)
is semantically not very attractive.
PIE ?
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 305; Lecoq 2002: 629b
* ап ‘to drag, tear, split 2"
*AVESTAN: (+ *ui-) Y Av. vi fsan- ‘to dislocate (7) = Liste: 36
92 *fšarl
Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. YAv. vi fšānaiieiņti (Yt 14.56)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP 8’nk /sanag/ ‘comb; pitchfork; shoulder-blade’
*KHOTANESE: ? OKh. ksäna- ‘shoulder’ || (+ *ui-) LKh. ben’- ‘to split, tear’ = SGS:
103
*SOGDIAN: (+ *upa-) ? MSogd. psyn ‘to trap’ (Sims-Williams 1984: 51, fin. 5) || +
*pati-) BSogd. ’ps’nkty (pl.) ‘instruments of torture’, CSogd. pteng, peng, CSogd.
*ptsnq ‘cross’
(+ *upa-) Impf.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. p’Syyn, MSogd. p'syn
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *fra-) sfs’ny- ‘to whet, polish’ = Samadi: 191
*NWIR: Zaz. 4-Sanayis ‘to scrape (with the feet)’, Bashk. šen- ‘to separate, tear
asunder’ (Gershevitch, apud SGS: l.c.), NP sanah ‘comb’
*NEIR: ? Pash. Sanal ‘to ransack, explore, search, sound, peer, pry into’ (< *‘to grope
for’ ?), ? Oss. I. efsonz, D æfsoj ‘yoke’ (diff. Abaev, Slovar’ I: 484 f.: < *span-ti,
OE spannan, Engl. to span, etc.)
*SANSKRIT: (vi)ksan ‘to card [of wool]’ (AVP) = EWAia II: 423
9 The initial *f of the Iranian root is peculiar, if it is connected to Skt. (vi)ksan and
Gr. &oívo: does it point to an IE root *pksen- (or *pKsen-) ? If this is indeed the
case, then we may consider an etymological relation with the IE ‘shear, comb’
forms, *реК- (cf. *pa&).
«PIE *ksen- ( *pksen-, *pKsen- ?) ‘to card wool’ = LIV: 371 f. | Pok.: 585 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. &oívo ‘I card wool, comb’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 75; DKS: 67a; Werba 1997: 426; Paul 1998: 291b; NEVP: 79
* far! ‘to shame, be ashamed’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. fSarama- ‘shame’ (V 15.9 ff.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP 3^rs-, ВМР s’Is- /särs-/ (origin. inch.) ‘to be ashamed’
c DMMPP: 315a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP $’rsynd, SUBJ. 3р1. BMP 3’Is’ndy /sarsand/
*PARTHIAN: Sff- (origin. inch.) ‘to be ashamed’ = Ghilain: 80 | DMMPP: 315b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. Sfrsyd, IMPV. 2pl. 'sfrsyd
*KHOTANESE: ksär- (kser-) ‘to be ashamed’ = SGS: 24 f.
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. 875, CSogd. Sfrs (inch.) ‘to be ashamed, feel shame’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’sß’rst, OPT. 3pl. CSogd. Sfrsynt, Fut.: IND. 1sg. CSogd. sfrsmq’, 3р1. CSogd.
“Sfrsntq’
*NWIR: NP šarm ‘shame’
*NEIR: Oss. І. æfsærm, æfsarm, D. zfsar(m) ‘shame’
*MISC: Slav. (LW), OCS samt ‘shame’, Russ. sram ‘disgrace’, etc.
© The root (with its nominal derivative *fSarma-) is exclusively Iranian.
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 482 f.; DKS: 67a, 68a
*gaHl 93
* far? ? ‘to prepare and press an intoxicating drink ?'
*AVESTAN: ? OAv. fsaratu- ‘joy, enjoyment’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ара-) BMP ’ps’I- /apsar-/ ‘to press (out)
Inf.: BMP ’ps’Itn /afsardan/
*KHOTANESE: ? OKh. ssarr- ‘to exhilarate’ || (+ *a-) OKh. "asarr- ‘to exhilarate’
c» SGS: 129 f.
*NWIR: NP fišurdan/fišar-, afšurdan/afšar-, Kurd. $е/ап, Awrom. šeláy/šel- ‘to press,
squash, knead, massage’ (< Kurd. ?), fisaray/fisar- ‘to press’ (< NP ?), Gur. (Kand.)
Süárd- ‘to press’, Soi fäsär- ‘to press, push’, NP afsurah ‘pressed (fruit) juice’, Gz.
afsurre ‘liquid essences’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) ösarak, Arab. (LW) afSaraj ‘juice’
*SANSKRIT: psáras- (n.) ‘enjoyment, joy’ (RV) = EWAia II: 198
9 An IE origin is unknown: the root appears to be exclusively Пг.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 247a; КРЕП: 207; DKS: 407b f.; WIM II/2: 634
G
*gah ‘to gorge’
*AVESTAN: YAv. gah- ‘to gorge’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to digest’ || (+ *nis-) ‘to devour’
c» Liste: 20
Pres. them.: IND. 3pl. YAv. ganhonti (V 7.55), YAv. niZgaghonti (V 17.3); Partic.: pres. YAv. niganhant-
(Y 10.15), perf. YAv. jaxsuuäh- (F 15). 0 LIV: 198 fn. 4 also includes OAv. a-yZaonuuamna-
‘indigestible ?' (Y 28.3), which is phonologically difficult.
*CHORESMIAN: ys ‘tooth’ || (+ *apa-) by’h- ‘to bite’ (MacKenzie 1975: 392)
c» Samadi: 17 f.
*NEIR: Pash. yas ‘tooth’, Wa. yas, Yzgh. yaX ‘mouth, muzzle’
*MISC: Orm. gas ‘tooth’, (pl.) gis ‘teeth’
*SANSKRIT: ghas ‘to eat, devour’ (RV+) > EWAia I: 514
9 Plausible IE cognate forms are wanting.
«PIE? => LIV: 198 | Pok.: 452
"REFERENCES: EVP: 28 Ё; EVS: 37b, s.v. yäv; Werba 1997: 179 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 187
*раН! ‘to go, move’
*AVESTAN: (?) OAv. gä- ‘to go to, move (?)’ = Liste: 20
Aor. athem.: INJ./SUBJ. 3sg. OAv. gat (Y 46.6)
*KHOTANESE: jsä- ‘to go’ || (+ *ui-) LKh. bijsa- ‘to depart’. Ф The palatal Js? in these
forms is probably from 9ѕет, *gam!. = SGS: 37, 95
*SANSKRIT: gà ‘to step, stride’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 482
94 *gaH2
«PIE *g"eH,- ‘to go, stride’ = LIV: 205 | Pok.: 463 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. £ Bmv (aor.) ‘was ready to go’, Gr. Bra (n.) ‘step, rostrum’, Arm.
eki ‘went’ (sec. 1), Lith. (dial.) góti ‘to go’, at-góti ‘to arrive’, Latv. gaju ‘I go’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 114b f.; Werba 1997: 282 f.
*gaH? ‘to have sexual intercourse, coire’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP (SLYT(W)N-) /gäy-/, inf. g’tn /gadan/ ‘to copulate, unite
with’
*CHORESMIAN: m/yy- ‘to have sexual intercourse’ — Samadi: 83
*NWIR: NP gädan (obs.), gayidan/gay-, Bal. gät/gä(y)-, Kurd. gayin, Awrom.
gay/-ga-, Gz. gain-/gaina, Khuns. g-/gà ‘to have sexual intercourse’
*NEIR: Pash. yay-/yowol, Oss. I. qæjyn, D. qæjun, Wa. Ysıy-/yoyd, Sh. yav-/yevd,
Rosh. yav-/yevd, Bart. yav-/yivd, Sariq. yeyv-/yevd, Yzgh. yay-/yed, yid ‘to have
sexual intercourse’. © The Pash. and Pamir forms appear to show a partial
contamination with the root *Hiab.
*MISC: Par. geh- ‘coire’
Ó The root *gaH is probably etymologically related to *gaH!, cf. YAv. upaétom
*(having) sexual intercourse’ (*Hai): it has largely replaced the old IE “иеге? root
*Hiab.
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 197; ПЕГ I: 253a; HFL II: 524a; EVS: 37b; MacKenzie 1966: 96; MacKenzie,
Pahlavi: 34; WIM I: 68; WIM II/1: 76; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 191; Bielmeier 1993: 13; Cheung 2002:
213; Korn 2005: 318, 395
*gaH ‘to sing, call’
*AVESTAN: YAv. pairi.ga.vacah- ‘who sings the words around’ (Y 57.20), YAv.
barazi.gädra- ‘singing high’ (Yt 10.89), Y Av. fragädra- (n.) ‘Absingen’, Y Av. ga0a-
‘song, gatha’
*KHOTANESE: gaha- ‘verse’
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. Z'y, MSogd. j’y ‘to speak, talk’ (Schwartz, l.c.)
Pres.: IND. 250. dur. CSogd. Zysq, 3р1. MSogd. j’ynd, dur. CSogd. Z'yntqn, SUBJ./OPT. 3sg. CSogd.
Z’yt, 3р1. (dur. ?) CSogd. "Z'ynt; Fut.: SUBJ. Leg. CSogd. Z’ynq’; Partic.: pres. CSogd. Z’yq ‘talking’
*NWIR: (+ *apa-) ? NP afgan ‘lamentation, groaning, cries for help’
*NEIR: Yghn. Zoy-/Zóyta ‘to read, sing; to study’, Yzgh. yay-/yayd ‘to call’, Yi.
žāy-/išt-, M. Zay-/St- ‘to say, speak’
*SANSKRIT: га ‘to sing’ (RV+) © EWAia I: 482
© The MIr. (verbal) forms, Pth. ng’y-, etc. are rather from *Jad.
«PIE *¢™ eH-(i-) ‘to sing" > LIV: 183 | Pok.: 355
*IE COGNATES: ORuss. gajati ‘to croak [ravens]’, Lith. giedöti ‘to sing’
*REFERENCES: IFL П: 277a; Morgenstierne 1942: 263; Andreev — Peščereva: 370b; Schwartz, Gs
Henning: 387, fn. 10; EVS: 38b; DKS: 82b; Werba 1997: 283
*gaHu 95
*gaHu ‘to need, be faulty, wanting; to want, desire’
*AVESTAN: ? OAv. gau- ‘to commit a sin; to promote (?)’ (cf. Humbach 1974: 199)
c» Liste: —
Aor. -s-: Inj. 3sg. ? OAv. gäus (Y 32.8)
*PARTHIAN: gw’nyg ‘needed, desired (?) || (+ *fra-) prg’w- ‘to lack, owe’
= Ghilain: 76 | DMMPP: 166b, 278b
Pres.: IND. 2pl. pry’wyd, 3р1. prg’wynd; Partic.: perf. pass. *prgwdg
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ham-) LKh. hagav- ‘to long’ = SGS: 144
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. yw-, BSogd. yw- ‘to be wanting, at fault’, CSogd. yw- ‘to be
necessary’
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. SSogd. ywt ‘needs, is necessary’, BSogd. ywt, BSogd. y’wty, dur. CSogd.
ywtsq, 3р1. dur. CSogd. ywntq, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: yw- 'to need, be necessary, wanting; to fail, to commit a fault; to
miss, етт” = Samadi: 81
*BACTRIAN: yaoo- ‘to be necessary, ought’, yaooavo, yaoavo ‘fault, misdeed; need,
obligation’ > S-W, Bact.: 188b
*NWIR: Fariz. -gi-, -(j)i-/-ga, Yar. -gi/-g4 ‘must’, Gur. (Kand.) -oü, (1sg.) äm
Khuns. gu-/gua ‘must; [also] to want’, Tt. (Cha.) gav/gavas, (Tak.) go/gost, (Ebr.)
gow/gast, Abz. gä/-ye, Abyan. gä/-ge, Fariz. -gä/-gi-, Jow. ma-ga/ma-gi:, Meim. am-
gä:/amgi:, Qohr. gä-/ -T, Semn. mä-giäf-/mä-g-, Siv. (-)gä-/(-)gäs- ‘to want’, Varz.
gu, ga/-gu, Yar. -ga/-gi, Isfah. (supplet. xastän, xah- < *xyaz)/gu- ‘to want, wish’,
Soi aga/ai (3sg./impers.) ‘it is fitting, wanting (?), one must, il faut’, gi-, -ga/m-ai ‘to
want, desire’, (?) Mah. -gü (in äm-gü ‘I want, wish’, etc.)
*NEIR: Oss. I. gewyn/g.yd, D. gewun/gud ‘to be in need of something, lack’, Sh.
Ziwj, Rosh. Zrwj, Khf. Zu(w)j, Bart. Zówj, Orosh. Züvj, Yzgh. yu ‘willing, agreeable
to’, Yghn. yau-/yauta ‘to be necessary, obligatory’ || (+ *apa-) Oss. avgaw ‘that
which is a pity to spend on, waste, destroy’ || (+ *abi-) Oss. I. ivg,yjyn, D. evgujun/
evgud ‘to pass, go by; to miss (the target)’ || (+ *a-) Oss. I. aS, yjyn/ag,yd, D. agujun/
agud ‘to have the bad habit, esp. to come constantly as uninvited guest [= Russ.
повадиться|, have certain quirks; to become angry’ || (+ *ui-) Oss. I. qawyn/qoyd,
D. igawun/igud ‘to consume, spend; to cause damage, losses’
On the IE & Lat. etymology see Eichner 1995: 67, fn. 8. (Ir. connection: Xavier
Tremblay, Symposium Graz 2002).
«PIE *g'eHou- ‘to be faulty, at fault, lacking, insufficient’ (7) = LIV: — | Pok.:
*IE COGNATES: OLat. hauelod ‘insufficient, false’, Lat. hau(d) ‘not’, Olrish gáu, gó
‘something not true, lie’, Welsh gau ‘lie’, ? Gr. хорос ‘chaos, primordial space’ (<
*'void")
*REFERENCES: KPF II: 192 f.; Christensen, Contributions I: 152, 158; Abrahamian 1936: 134; Abaev,
Slovar’ I: 555, 202, 144, 38; Andreev — PeSéereva: 257a Ё; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 271 Ё; Yarshater 1969:
182; EVS: 111b; WIMI: 69; DKS: 439a, 155; Lecoq 2002: 189 (passim); Cheung 2002: 194, 161
96 *gaHz
*gaHz ‘to run, start’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *a-) SSogd. "vis BSogd.’’y’z, CSogd. ’y’z, MSogd.’’y’z ‘to begin’ ||
(+ *fra-) BSogd. Br’y’z, BSogd. Bry’z, BSogd. fr’’y’z, BSogd. pry’z ‘to begin’
(+ *а-) Well attested: Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. "y zt, CSogd. ’y’zt, BSogd. "y zty, 3р1. BSogd. ’’y’z’nt,
CSogd. ’y’znt, INJ. 1sg. BSogd. ’’y’zw, SUBJ. 35р. BSogd. ’’y’z’t, etc. || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 3pl.
BSogd. Br’y’z’nt, BSogd. Bry’z’nt, 3pl. BSogd. pry’z’nt; Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. fr’’y’z, BSogd. pr’y’z,
BSogd. pr’’y’z, 3р1. BSogd. pr’y’z’nt, BSogd. pr”’y’z’nt, Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. pr’’y’zt
*CHORESMIAN: y’z- ‘to go, run’, ? m/y’zy- (caus.) ‘to rush to, lash out at (someone)’
|| + *a-) m/^y z- ‘to begin’ || (+ *ш-) wyr- ‘to flee’? = Samadi: 75 f., 214
*NWIR: (+ *а-) NP a£az ‘beginning’ (< Sogd., cf. Henning 1939: 98)
*NEIR: Sh. Zoz-/Zàáxt, Rosh. Zoz-/Zext, Bart. Zoz-/Zext, Sariq. Zuz-/Zuxt, Yzgh.
yaz-/yext-, Sangl. yuz-/yuzd, Ishk. yoz-/yozd, M. yaz-, Yi. yaz- ‘to run’, ? Oss. I.
qazyn/qazt, D. gazun/gazt ‘to play, joke, enjoy (a game)’
*SANSKRIT: gah ‘to enter (into the water), wade’ = EWAia I: 486
© The semantic divergences may be explained from original *‘to enter into the
water’. In the Sogdo-Persian form the initial action is emphasised, whereas in the
Pamir languages the meaning has shifted to the movement itself. The Ossetic forms
have acquired a more frivolous sense.
«PIE *g"®eH>g"- ‘to wade’ > LIV: 183 | Pok.: 465
*IE COGNATES: Slov. gaziti ‘to wade’, SCr. gaziti ‘to step, wade’
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 214a, 395; EVS: 111b; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 276 f.; Werba 1997: 459
*gaip/b ? ‘to spin (thread)
*KHOTANESE: ? gai’h- ‘to twist, spin’ (in hapax gai’he ‘he twists, spins [transl. BSkt.
karatti]’, Bailey, КТШ: 123 f., ad 72) © SGS: —
*NWIR: NP gévah ‘shoe made of cotton’, borrowed in Abyan. geva, Abz. geva
‘sandal’, Ard. gtie, Bakht. géva, Gz. gtiwe, etc.
*NEIR: Sh. (Baj.) Zeb-/Zivd, Rosh. Zib-/Zivd, Bart. Zib-/Zipt, Sariq. Zeyb-/Zevd, Yzgh.
yib-/yibt, Yi. yi(w)-, M. yrw-/yivd- ‘to spin’, ? Pash. yaibá ‘cotton (геад) (-ai- <
N), ? Oss. I. qiw, D. £ew ‘tendon’ (-w < ?) || + *uz-) Yi. zıye-/zıyivd-, M.
ziyiv-/ziyfvd- ‘to twist’, ? Yi. zoyü( v)-/zayuvd- ‘to walk about, fly’ || (+ *ui- ?) Sh.
wizatc-/wizivd, (Baj.) wiZifc-, Rosh. wiZafs-, Sariq. waZefs-/waZevd, Yzgh. ү afs-,
Yi. co-yü-/Co-yuvd ‘to return?
9 Evidence for this root is solely found in modern Pamir languages (possibly also in
Khot.) as verb and in West Ir. as noun. According to Morgenstierne, EVS: 96 the
Pamir forms go back to IE *gei-b"-, for which Pokorny 354 gives as continuations:
Lat. gibber ‘humpbacked’, gibbus ‘bulging’, Norw. (dial.) keiv ‘wrong, twisted’,
keiva ‘left hand’, keiv(a) ‘gauche person’, Latv. gibstu (gibt) ‘I sink, bend; I become
dizzy’, Lith. geibti ‘to become weak, decrepit’. The Ir. forms refer exclusively to the
*galz ? 97
spinning process, which does not agree semantically with the other IE forms. These
IE forms may rather mean originally ‘something bent, curved’ (diff. origin Lith.
geibti, cf. Fraenkel II: 143). Bailey, DKS: 90b, 84 also relates Khot. gai’he to ggisai
‘grass’ (Av. gaésa- ‘hair’, BMP /gés/ ‘curls, locks’, etc.), which would have a
different "increment". All these incremented forms cannot be traced back to IE nor
to a "simplex" root *gai-. Rather, the impression is that we are dealing with
borrowings from a non-IE substrate language.
*PIE— > LIV: — | Pok.: 354
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 211b, 201b, 275a; Morgenstierne 1942: 263; Fraenkel II: 143; Abaev, Slovar’ II:
305 f.; EVS: 110a, 96a f., WIM II: 671; DKS: 90b; Vahman — Asatrian 1987: 89; Lecoq 2002: 576b,
594a, 616b
*gaiz ? *to disturb, stir, incite, excite ?'
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ni-) BMP nkyc- /nigez-/ ‘to expound’ || (+ *ham-) BMP
hngyc- /hangéz-/ ‘to arouse, stimulate, stir up’, BMP hngycyn- /hangézén-/ (sec.
caus.) ‘to resuscitate’
(+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP nkycyt /nigézéd/; Inf.: BMP nkyhtn /nigextan/ || (+ *ham-) Pres.: IND. 3pl.
BMP hngycynd /hangézénd/; Caus.: IND. 3sg. BMP hngycynyt /hangézénéd/
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ham-) ? BSogd. ’nyyznykh ‘emetic, un (remède) excitant
(Benveniste, TPS: 232 ad 5). Š This technical term is found in a medical Buddhist
text twice (P 19.5, P 19.11).
*NWIR: NP gej, Kurd. gEZ confused, astonished’ (with suff.) Bakht. gez ‘mad’, ?
Meim. darem gianä/dar a-gizn- ‘to clear, explain, elucidate’ || (+ *ham-) NP
angextan/angez- ‘to stir up, incite’
*NEIR: Oss. І. qyzyn/qyzt, D. gizun/gizt ‘to threaten; to behave hostile, be male-
volent; to start to rain’ || (+ *ham-) Oss. I. ænqizyn/ænqyzt, D. engezun/engizt ‘to
be in a state of fermentation; to ferment’ (sec. prefixation). 0 Oss. I. angizyn, D.
angezun has a secondarily attached æn- (< (*ham-): if the prefixation was old, it
would have become I. **zngizyn, D. **angezun. Formally this secondary forma-
tion would derive from the "simplex" I. qyzyn, D. £izun, whose meanings are dif-
ficult to reconcile with I. engizyn, D. aengezun. The only way to do so would be if
we start from an older meaning such as *‘to disturb, be stirring’, which could have
developed into either *‘to cause disturbance, stir up trouble, strife’ (whence ‘to act
in a hostile, malevolent way’) or it could have referred to the weather, cf. Engl.
storm (cognate with to stir).
*PIE ? 0 Apparently quoting from Lidén KZ 61: 1ff., Pokorny, l.c. only mentions the
Oss. verbs as Ir. cognates, which would go back to an IE root *geig- 'stechen,
beißen’. Not only is the reconstruction *geig-, with two unaspirated voiced stops,
phonologically impossible for PIE, also the inclusion of the Oss. forms can be
98 *gaml
doubted, if their meanings have risen only secondarily. Considering the other Iranian
cognates of the Oss. forms, we have to rule out any relationship with the IE forms
cited by Pokorny as cognates: Arm. kcanem ‘to bite, sting’, kc-u ‘bitter, rancid’,
Olrish ger ‘sharp, sour’, Lith. giZti ‘to become sour [of milk, soup]’, Lith. gaiZti ‘to
become rancid’, Alb. gjizë ‘cheese’. = LIV: — | Pok.: 356
«REFERENCES: Lambton 1938: 42a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 165; Slovar’ II: 336; Vahman — Asatrian 1991: 95
*gam! *to come"
*AVESTAN: gam- ‘to come’ || (+ *apa-) ‘to go away, leave’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to come at’ ||
(+ *aua-) ‘to go, come down to’ || (+ *a-) ‘to come’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to come to, attain’ ||
(+ *uz-) ‘to rise; to mature, become an adult (of children)’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to go/come
to, approach; to return, go/come back’ || (+ *para-(ä-)) ‘to depart, leave’ || (+ *pari-)
‘to go around, into, reach, approach’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to come to, reach’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to
come off, down’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to come together, assemble, convene’ = Liste: 18f.
Pres. inch.: IND. 35р. ҮАУ. jasaiti (Y 8.4, Yt 10.24, Yt 10.46, etc.), ajasaiti (Aog. 51), YAv. us.jasaiti (Yt
10.50), ҮАУ. paiti.jasaiti (V 13.1, Yt 10.69), Y Av. para.jasaiti (Yt 10.101), YAv. frajasaiti (Vd 5.8 £.),
Y Av. fra.jasaiti (N 46 ff., N 104), Y Av. nijasaiti (V 5.8 f.), Y Av. han.jasaiti (N 42), 1р1. med. OAv. райт
Jjasamaidé (Y 36.1, Y 36.3 ff., Y 39.5), 3р1. act. YAv. uzjasonti (V 1.14), YAv. han.jasonti (V 2.12 ff., V
2.16, V 19.27), med. YAv. YAv. han.jasante (N 62), INJ. 250. OAv. jaso (Y 43.6, Y 43.12), Y Av. apa.-
Jasö (H 2.16), 3sg. OAV. jasat (Y 30.7, Y 51.15), ҮАУ. apa.jasat (V 2.23), OAv. upä.jasat (Y 30.6), OAv.
pairi.jasat (Y 43.7, Y 43.9, Y 43.11, etc.), ҮАУ. apa.jasat (V 2.23), 3du. YAv. jasatom (Yt 19.82), med.
OAv. jasaétam (Y 30.4), 3р1. YAv. jason (Yt 13.1, Yt 13.19, V 1.14), 3pl. med. YAv. "hanjasonta (Y
2.8x, V 2.8), SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. jasani (Yt 12.4), YAv. nijasani (Yt 15.28), med. OAv. jasai (Y 28.2, Y
51.22), OAv. pairijasäi (Y 50.8), 25р. YAv. auua.jasähi (V 19.18), med. Y Av. jasai (Vyt 22), 3sg. YAv.
jasaiti (Yt 4.1, Yt 12.6, Yt 13.20), YAv. jasat (Yt 19.11, Yt 19.89, V 5.45, etc.), YAv. apa ... jasat (V
7.39), Y Av. "a.jasat (N 19), ҮАУ. ajasat (Yt 14.2, Yt 14.7, Yt 14.9, etc.), YAv. uzjasat (V 15.15), YAv.
frajasat (Vd 15.23), Y Av. nijasaiti (ViD 19), Y Av. nijasat (V 5.45), Y Av. vijasaiti (Yt 13.44, Yt 13.94),
Y Av. vijasat (Yt 10.89), med. ? Y Av. han.jasäite (N 42.43C), 34и. Y Av. paiti.jasato (V 9.54 f., V 9.57, V
13.53 ff.), 3р1. YAv. jasanti (Yt 8.29, Yt 8.61, Yt 13.70, Yt 14.53), ҮАУ. jasan (V.44 f), YAv. uz-jasan
(V 15.21), YAv. frajasan (V 6.26, V 6.46, V 8.73), YAv. han.jasänti (N 65), med. YAv. hanjasante (Yt
14.43, V 7.44, VdPZ 7.44), OPT. 3sg. Y Av. jasoit (Y 46.8), YAv. upa.jasöit (V 6.27), Y Av. frajasoit
(ViD 17), 1р1. YAv. jasaéma (Yt 10.69, Yt 10.98, Yt 10.135), IMPV. 2sg. Y Av. jasa (Y 72.9, Yt 1.33, Yt
3.19, etc.), 2pl. OAv. à jasata (Y 28.3), 3pl. YAv. jasontu (Y 10.14, Y 65.6); Aor. {1} athem.: INJ. 3sg.
OAv. "a jon (Y 48.10), OAv. uz jan (Y 46.12), 3р1. OAv. aibi.gomon (Y 46.11), SUBJ. Isg. OAv. jima (Y
29.3), 3sg. OAv. jamaiti/jimaiti (Y 30.8, Y 48.2), OAv. jimat (Y 43.4, Y 46.3, Y 48.11), OAv. ajimat (Y
43.12, Y 44.1, Y 48.11), 3du. med. OAv. jamaete (Y 44.15), 1р1. YAv. jimama (Vyt 32), 3р1. OAv.
upā.jimən (Y 45.5), OPT. 2sg. OAv. paiti.jamiià (Y 36.11), Zeg. OAv. aibijamiiat (Y 43.3), OAv.
vijomiiat (Y 44.11), YAv. jamiiat (Y 7.24, Y 8.1, Y 57.3, etc.), 1р1. OAv. jamiiama (Y 40.3), YAv.
jamiiama (Y 60.12, Y 71.30, Hb 5), OAv. upà.jamiiama (Y 40.2), 3pl. Y Av. jamiiaros (Y 60.2, X3 A
1.2), YAv. jamiian (Y 60.4), IMPV. 2sg. OAv. gaidi (Y 49.1), 3sg. OAv. jantü (Y 44.16, Y 54.1); Aor.
{2} s-: SUBJ. 3sg. OAv. jonghati? (Y 31.14), OPT. 35р. Y Av. paiti.jaghoit (N 81), IMPV. 3pl. YAv.
Janhontu (V 2.22); Aor. {3} them.: INJ. 3sg. ? YAv. fraymat (Yt 5.62); Perf.: SUBJ. 3sg. ? Y Av. aibi
Jaymat (Yt 19.12), OPT. 1sg. YAv. jaymiiam (Yt 8.11); Partic.: pres. YAv. jasant- (Y 55.4, Y 60.11, Y
*gaml 99
71.29, etc.), YAv. auua.jasant- (Yt 10.8), YAv. uzjasent- (Yt 8.36), perf. YAv. jaymus- (Y 22.22 f., Y
24.8, Y 25.3, etc.), perf. pass. YAv. gata- (Y 11.3, Y 52.6, Y 8.6, Yt 19.42); Inf.: (?) aor. {1} OAv.
gat.tovgat.te (Y 43.1, Y 51.10), ҮАУ. apagatde (Yt 13.55); Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. jamaiieiti (Yt
17.20), 3pl. YAv. nijamaiieinti (Yt 17.59), ОРТ. 35р. "uzjamaiioit (V 14.16). > Kellens’ interpretation of
Y Av. aibi jaymat (perf. subj., adopted here) differs from Jackson 1892: nr. 619; Bartholomae (GIPh I, i:
89, 198) and Hintze 1994: 122 (pperf. ind.) and Hoffmann — Forssman 1996: 237 (perf. inj.).
*OLD PERSIAN: *gam- ‘to go’ (not attestested as simplex) || (+ *aua-) ‘to go down,
fall down’ || (+ 4-) ‘to come’ || (+ *рага-а-) ‘to go forth’ || (+ *ham-)‘to come
together, assemble’ — Kent: 183a
Pres. athem.: OPT. 3sg. ajamiya < a-j-mi-i-y-a> (DPd 19); Partic.: perf. pass. ? avagmata- <[a]-[v]-[g]-
[m]-[t]-a> (DSe 46), parägmatä <p-r-a-g-m-t-a> (DNa 44), ha" gmatà <h-g-m-t-a> (DB 2.32, DB 2.38, DB
2.43, etc.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP md, BMP mt- /mad-/ (pret. stem) ‘to come’, MMP z’m- ‘to
lead’, MMP z’myn- ‘to send’, BMP z’myn- /zamén-/ (caus.) ‘to lead, send’ || (+ *4-)
MMP ’md- (pret. stem) ‘to come’ || (+ *pati-) MMP pyg’m, BMP pyt’m, pgt’m
/pay(g)am/ (?) ‘message’ || (+ *pati-uz-) ? BMP pz’m- /pazzam-/ ‘to mature, ripen
[intr.]’, BMP pz’myn- /pazzamen-/ (sec. caus.) ‘to cause to mature, ripen’ || (+ *fra-)
BMP plc'm- /frazam-/ ‘to finish, be perfected’, MMP prz’m ‘end, conclusion’ || (+
*ham-) MMP hnz’m-, BMP hnc’m- /hanjam-/ ‘to finish, fulfil = DMMPP: 227b,
379b, 289b, 283a, 182a
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP md; Inf.: MMP mdn, BMP mtn /madan/; Caus.: pres. SUBJ. 3pl. MMP *z’m’nd,
partic. MMP z’m’g; Caus. II: pres. IND. 2sg. MMP *z’mynyh, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP *z’myn’d, 3pl. MMP
z’myn’nd, IMPV. 2sg. MMP z’myn; Partic.: perf. pass. caus. MMP z’pt; Pass.: pret. IND. 3sg. MMP z’pt,
3р1. MMP z’pt hynd || (+ *à-) Pret.: IND. 15р. MMP ’mdym, 259. MMP ’mdyy; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP
"md || (+ *pati-uz-) Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. BMP pz’mynyt /pazzamened/, SUBJ. 3р1. BMP pz’m’nd
/pazzamand/; Inf.: caus. BMP pz’ptn, sec. caus. BMP pz’mynytn /pazzamenidan/ || (+ *fra-) Pret.: IND.
35р. BMP plpt /frazafi/ || (+ *ham-) Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. MMP hnz’mynd, SUBJ. 25р. MMP hnz’m’y,
1р1. MMP *hnz’m’m; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP hnz’pt
*PARTHIAN: gd (pret. stem) “о go, come’, j’m- (caus.) ‘to lead’ || (+ *a-) ‘ра ‘to
come’ || (+ *upa-) *bg’m- (caus.) ‘to grant’ || (+ *uz-) ‘zgd (pret. stem) ‘to gone
away, departed; gone forth, emanated’, ‘zg’m ‘way out, exit (of the soul from the
body at death), escape’ || (+ *pati-) pdg’m ‘message’ || (+ *ham-) hnj’m- (caus.) “to
complete, fulfil’, "ned ‘complete; happy’ = Ghilain: 47 f., 10, 72, 48 | DMMPP:
162a f., 197b, 10a, 101b, 269a, 182a
Partic.: perf. pass. gd, caus. П j’m’d; Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. j’myd, SUBJ. 25р. j’m’, IMPV. 25р. j’m,
J m-, 2pl. MMP j’myd || (+ *a-) Pret.: IND. 25р. ’gdyy, 35р. ’gd || (+ *upa-) Caus.: pres. IMPV. 2sg. ?
’bg’m || (+ *uz-) Partic.: perf. pass. ‘zgd; Inf.: 'zgdn || (+ *ham-) Partic.: perf. pass. "ngd, caus. hnj’m’d,
hynj'm'd; Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. *’nj’mynd, SUBJ. 1sg. hnj’m’m
*KHOTANESE: (+ *а-) OKh. 4- (suppletive perf. of OKh. his-) || (+ *pari-) paljsem-
‘to go about, be engaged in’ || (+ *niz-) OKh. naljson- (caus.) ‘to finish’ || (+ *ham-)
LKh. hajsim- (hajsem-) ‘to send’, hamjsim- (hamjsäm-) ‘to go (together)’, (caus.)
hamjsem- ‘to gather’ > SGS: 153, 76, 144, 49, 139
100 *gaml
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ati-) BSogd. tyt- (supplet. stem of BSogd. tys-, MSogd. tys- ‘to
enter’, s.v. *Hai) || (+ *a-) (supplet.) SSogd. ’’yt-, BSogd. ’’yt-, MSogd. ’’yt- ‘to
come’, BSogd. ’’yt’k ‘came’ || (+ *uz-) BSogd. wzy m ‘absolutely, certainly’ || (+
*pati-) SSogd. pty’m (m.), BSogd. pty’m, CSogd. pty’m ‘message’, CSogd.
pty’mbry- (m.) ‘apostle’ || (+ *para-(a-)-) BSogd. pr’’yt- (supplet. of pr’ys-, s.v.
*Hai) || (+ *fra-) SSogd. Вт, CSogd. f$’m (caus.) ‘to send’ || (+ *ni-) CSogd.
nym ‘time, moment, hour’ || (^ *ui-) CSogd. "wy’myt (pl. m), “wy’myty
‘strangers’, wy’m-n’fc (m.) ‘foreigner’, ‘foreign’, “wy’m-n’fcy’ (Ё) ‘foreignness’ ||
(+ *ham-) BSogd. ’nytk, "nyty, CSogd. (Asg.) *’ytw, CSogd. ’y’c (Е), MSogd.
"nyt'k^ MSogd. ’nytch (f.) ‘entire, whole’, CSogd. ’nemn, (obl.) CSogd. °пстпу
‘church’, MSogd. "njmn, "ncmn. © On /69 of SSogd. "Bs^m, CSogd. f3^m, cf. Sims-
Williams 1983: 50: "The importance of the derivation of Sogd. f3^m- from *fra-
jama- is that it removes the principal witness to the O. Iran. base *sam- ‘to send’
postulated by Henning, Sogdica, 23-4. ... O. Iran. *Sam- ‘to send’ should therefore
be discarded from the etymologist's vocabulary.".
(+ *ati-) Well attested: Pres.: POT. intr. CSogd. tyt’ bntsq; Pret.: 2sg. BSogd. tyt’ys CSogd. tytys (Weber
1970: 206), 3pl. MSogd. tyt’nd; Perf.: IND. 1sg. BSogd. tytk "ym (cf. GMS: $847), etc. || (+ *a-) Well
attested: Pres.: POT. 25р. dur. SSogd. L’ *”’yt Byskwn ‘you cannot come’; Pret.: intr. IND. 1sg. SSogd.
”ytym, 3sg. SSogd. "yt ‘came’, SSogd. L’? "yt ‘he didn't come’, etc. || (+ *para-(a-)-) Well attested:
Pret.: intr. IND. 3sg. SSogd., BSogd. pr’’yt, CSogd., MSogd. pr’yt, etc. || (+ *fra-) Well attested: Caus.:
pres. IMPV. 2sg. SSogd. ’B5’m, impf. IND. 15р. CSogd. f's"mw, 3sg. SSogd. B's^m, CSogd. f’s’m, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: z’my- (caus.) ‘to bring, present’ || (+ *ati-) cyd- (supplet. forms of
су-) || (+ *a-) m['z^my- (caus.) ‘to bring’ || (+ *fra-) fry’mk ‘adult’ || (+ *ni-) m/nys-
‘to arrive’, m/ny’sy- (new caus.) ‘to bring, present’ = Samadi: 261, 55, 10, 124 f.
*BACTRIAN: бороуо ‘time’ || (+ *à-) aya- (orig. caus.) ‘to bring’ || (+ *uz-) “vGyapo
‘produce’ || (+ *pati-) nıdoyano-Bapyo ‘ambassador’ > S-W, Bact.: 176b f., 178a
*NWIR: NP zaman ‘time’, Kurd. (Kurm.) сау (Ё) ‘time, moment’, NP gam ‘step,
pace’, Kurd. (Kurm.) gav ‘step’ (< NP ?) || (+ *a-) Widely attested: NP атааап/
(suppet. äy-) ‘to come’, Kurd. hatin/ (supplet. &-) ‘to arrive’, Bal. atk/ (supplet. ay-),
Zaz. amiyayis/ (supplet. yen-), Abyan. ammayan, Anar. yumy-/ (supplet. ei, ey-),
Awrom. amáy/ (suppet. a-), Fariz. -ma-/ (supplet. -t-), Yar. -mi-, ma, -me-/ (supplet.
-j-), Gz. ümé, ümä/ (supplet. ry-), Gil. (Rsht.) amon-/ (suppet. aj-), Ham. omiän/
(supplet. y-), Isfah. undán/ (supplet. y-), Bakht. avedan, avaidan, awaidan / (supplet.
aly-), Meim. be-mej-/ (supplet. a-ij-), Nn. omiye-/ (supplet. y-, impv. yur-), Natan.
b-am-/ (supplet. j-), Qohr. móda/tt-, Semn. bi-ám-/ (supplet. -i-), Shamerz. -ämi-/
ám-/ (supplet. (impv.) bid ‘come’), Sist. om(a)dä/ (supplet. a), Siv. amé(y)/ (supplet.
ё(у)-), Soi -mäd-, -med-, -müd-/ (supplet. аё), Sorkh. -ám-/ (supplet. г-), Lasg.
-am-/ (supplet. &j-) ‘to come’ || (+ *pati-) NP pay(g)am ‘message’, NP pay(g)ambar
‘Apostle, Prophete (esp. Mohammad)’ || (+ *ham-) NP anjuman ‘company,
*gam2 ? 101
assembly, club’. © The variant NP paygam is probably a borrowing from Parthian
(or "North-Western" Ir.), cf. Nyberg 1974 II: 149b f.
*NEIR: Wa. yat-/yat- ‘to reach, arrive’, Oss. I. opd D. ğædæ ‘kind, sort’, Rosh.
yamönd, yamund, Orosh. yümön ‘spring festival at the beginning of field-work in
spring’, Khf. yamundinc ‘10th month (in spring)’ || (+ *apa-) Oss. avgeed ‘childbirth
and the post-natal period’ || (+ *ati-) Sh. (Baj.) (supplet. deó-)/ded, Rosh. (supplet.
indiö-)/indayd, Bart. (supplet. indió-)/indiód, Sariq. (supplet. diö-)/deyd, (supplet.
dis-)/dayd, Y ghn. (supplet. tis-, tes-)/táxta ‘to enter’, Yghn. diyäta / (supplet. divár-,
dévár-/déwár- < *ati-bar'-) ‘to insert, introduce’ || (+ *à-) Sangl. oyoó, Ishk. dyad
‘came’ (pret. supplet. of is-, *a-Hai-), (old caus.) Yzgh. aZam-/aZomt ‘to send’, (?)
Wa. wbiz(bi)m-, woz(o)m-/wozomd- ‘to bring, carry, deliver’ || (+ *uz-) Pash.
zyumai ‘waterwheel’ || (+ *fra-) Yghn. fSom-, fiSóm-/f()sSómta ‘to send’, Oss.
ræğæd ‘ripe, mature’, Sh. (Baj.) faryemc, Rosh. faryemc ‘heifer’, Pash. waryumai ‘a
male kid’, Yi. feryámo, M. fräyomiy ‘he-goat (1 yr)’, Yghn. faryümé ‘female calf,
heifer’, (?) Wa. r(e)yum ‘heifer’, royd ‘young she-goat (of about 2 yrs)’ || (+ *niz-)
Yghn. Ziyáta/ (supplet. Zivär-, Zévár-, Ziwár- < *niz-bar'-) ‘to bring, lead, drag, pull
out’, (inch.) Sh. (Baj.) nayjis-/nayjid, Rosh. nawjis-/nawZod, Bart. nawZis-/nawZód,
Sariq. narjis-/narjed ‘to pass through, by, return’ || (+ *ham-) Oss. I. egged, D.
enged ‘sufficient, complete’ (with influence from simplex)
*MISC: ? Par. zah-, Orm. záy-/zàk, jaw-/jök ‘to arrive’ = zey-/zäk || (+ *a-) Раг. aya
“һе came’ (supplet. of Ze-) || (+ *pati-) Arm. (LW) patgam ‘message’ || (+ *fra-) Par.
rhayam ‘spring’
*SANSKRIT: gam ‘to move, to go, to come’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 465 f.
Ó In many Ir. languages, the root *gam! is part of a suppletive paradigm with *Hai.
On the relationship between *gam' and *gaH! see also Klingenschmitt 1989: 81.
«PIE *g”em- ‘to go; come’ = LIV: 209 f. | Pok.: 464 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. Batvo ‘I go’, Arm. екп ‘came’, Lat. venire, Goth. giman, Engl.
to come, etc.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 132b, 204a f., 242a f.; Ivanow 1926: 419; EVP: 89; IIFL I: 302a f., 414b, 232a,
303b f., 284a; Christensen, Contributions I: 57, 151, 255; Christensen, Contributions II: 49, 154; IIFL II:
208b, 537, 381b f.; Abrahamian 1936: 118, 132; Lambton 1938: 40a; Morgenstierne 1942: 264; Abaev,
Slovar’ I: 123, 203; Andreev — PeSéereva: 253b, 247b, 370a Ё; MacKenzie 1966: 88; Abaev, Slovar’ II:
282, 370; EVS: 33b, 38b, 29a, 17b, 48b; Lazard 1974: 84; Lecoq 1974: 60; WIM III: 104; DKS: 16, 444b
f.; Vahman — Asatrian 1987: 67; Werba 1997: 176 f.; Paul 1998: 291a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 187 f.,
294, 297, 404; Cabolov 2001: 378, 432; Cheung 2002: 167; Lecoq 2002: 122 (passim); Kiefer 2003: 210;
Korn 2005: 312, 344 (passim)
*gam? ? ‘to press, extort’
*PARTHIAN: (+ *abi-) ’bj’m- ‘to torment, torture’, "beim ‘agony; torment’? =
DMMPP: 11a, 10a
102 *gamp/bl ?
Caus.: pres. 3sg. *bj’myd, 2pl. ’bj’myd, 3pl. *’bj’mynd
*NEIR: (+ *uz- ?) Pash. zyam- ‘to bear, tolerate’
*MISC: Опт. zyam- ‘to bear, tolerate’ (LW)
0 The existence of a Ріг. root *gam” is uncertain, as the reconstruction is based on
limited material.
«PIE *gem- ‘to press (on), hold’ = LIV: 186 | Pok.: 368 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. үёро “1 am full of, loaded/burdened’, (Hom.) үёуто (aor.) ‘held’,
Gr. yópog ‘burden, load’, Lat. gemö ‘I moan, complain’, OCS Жей (Z5me) ‘to
press’, SCr. Zé ‘pressed’, Latv. gum (gümstu) ‘I seize, hold’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 101
*gamp/b! ? *to move to ?
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? MMP z’p- (caus.) ‘to lead, send’ (supplet. of z’m- < *gam! ?) ||
(+ *fra-) MMP frz’p- ‘to finish’, ? MMP frzwfs- (inch.) ‘to become perfect, perfect
oneself? || (+ *ham-) ? MMP hnzps- (inch.) ‘to come to an end, be finished, become
perfec", MMP hnz’p- (caus.) ‘to finish, fulfil’ (supplet. stem of hnz’m-)
c DMMPP: 379b, 161a, 182a
Partic.: perf. pass. caus. MMP z’pt || (+ *fra-) Partic.: perf. pass. MMP frz’pt, prz’pt; Inch.: pres. SUBJ.
3р1. MMP бху nd || (+ *ham-) Partic.: perf. pass. MMP hnzpt, MMP hnzpt, MMP hnzft, caus. MMP
hnz’pt, ? MMP hng pt, Inch.: pres. SUBJ. 1sg. MMP hnzps’n, 3sg. MMP hnzps'd, MMP hnzfs’d
*SOGDIAN: (+ *4-) MSogd. "ymp ‘walking’
*NEIR: (+ *uz- ?) Yi. Zib-/Zibi- ‘to rise’, ‘to stand’, jib- ‘to awake’ (+ *ham-) Wa.
gəfs-/gəfst- ‘to run’
Ó A convincing IE etymology for *gamp/b'- is wanting: a connection with MHG
gampen, gumpen. ‘to leap, jump’, etc., ? Gr. (Hes. бёӨєрВодсо ‘exhilarated,
&Kohactatvovea’ is semantically difficult. Is this root a blend of *gam! and
*ja(m)b/p ?
*PIE — — LIV: - | Pok.: 490
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 277b, 522b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 179
*gamp/b? ? ‘to labour, exert’
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. yßs-, BSogd. yBs- (intr./inch.) ‘to tire, be weary’, CSogd. yfs- ‘to
exert oneself, labour', CSogd. ymp- (tr./caus.) *to take trouble, exercise?
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. SSogd. yßsty, dur. CSogd. yfstysq, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. yBs’t, IMPV. 2sg.
CSogd. yfs’, 2pl. CSogd. yfst’, etc.
*BACTRIAN: youB- (orig. caus.) ‘to cause damage’, yaußo ‘damage’ = S-W, Bact.:
188a
9 The origin is unknown.
*PIE— = LIV: – | Pok.:
*gant 103
* gan ‘to strike to, befall, occur to, become’
*AVESTAN: -yna- ‘slaying, strike’ (in e.g. YAv. satayna- n. pl. ‘hundred strikes’ V
7.53)
*KHOTANESE: (+ *uz-) uysgana- ‘vulture’
*NWIR: Awrom. gın- ‘to fall’, Zaz. ginayis, gunayis/gunen ‘to befall’, (Siwer.)
gn-/gun- ‘to fall, strike, draw to’, (Kor.) gin- ‘to strike, hit (the target)’, (pass.)
gin-/ginän- ‘to be struck’, Abyan. gennoyan ‘to become, arrive’ (from older *geln®,
*gern‘, see *gart), Khuns. gen-/gena, Semn. -gänä-, Sang. -goeneé ‘to become’, Mah.
gin-, Siv. gen-, gin-/genä, gina, gyänä, gyenä ‘to become, occur’, Qohr. gina/gin-,
Soi gin-ü ‘to become (into something)’, Delij. geni/gena ‘to become; to shake’,
(denomin.) ? Sorkh. gänd- *‘befalling, striking to ?’ (e.g. in gänd&j Боёо ‘one must
go’, gänn-, gänd- ‘to want’), Lasg. gände (in gändoe beso ‘one must go’, gänd- ‘to
want’)
*NEIR: Oss. I. qan, D. gana ‘wound, fracture; shortcoming; [also D.] guilt,
transgression’
*SANSKRIT: ghanä- (m.) ‘slaying’ (RV 6.26.8), han ‘to kill, slay? = EWAia II: 800
9 In several modern languages and dialects, a stem gen-, gin-, etc. is found. This
verbal stem has hitherto no known etymology, cf. Eilers, WIM I: 68 and WIM III:
107, fn. 22. It is perhaps a denominative form of *gana-, the nominal derivative of
*jan. This derivative is often used in impersonal constructions. In the Zazaki dialects
of Siwerek and Kor, the original meaning may be found. For the semantics compare
the usages of Engl. to strike (as in struck with terror, to strike upon an idea, vel
sim.).
«PIE *g”"ono- ‘slaying’ > LIV: - | Pok.: 491 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. gó vog ‘murder’, Arm. gan ‘strike’, Russ. gon ‘hunt’
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 82a, 207a, 247a f.; KPF IV: 116, 255; MacKenzie 1966: 114; Abaev, Slovar’ II:
290 Е; WIMI: 68; WIMII/1: 87; DKS: 38b; Safari 1373: 68, 229; Lecoq 2002: 162
* gant ‘to smell badly, stink’
*AVESTAN: YAv. ganti- (f) ‘bad smell’ (V 7.56), YAv. duz-gainti- ‘smelling badly’
(H 2.25)
*OLD PERSIAN: gasta- <g-s-t-a> (ppp.) ‘evil, repugnant’ = Kent: 183b
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP gngyy ‘stench’, BMP gndk(-) /gandag(-)/ ‘stench, stinking’
c DMMPP: 163a
*PARTHIAN: gnd'g ‘stinking, smelling’, gst (old ppp.) ‘loathsome, disgusting’
c DMMPP: 163a
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. ynt ‘stench’, SSogd. ynt'kw, BSogd. ynt’’k, ynt'k, CSogd. ynt'q
“bad, evil’ || (+ *a-) BSogd. ’’y’ynt- (caus.) ‘to defile’
(+ *à-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. ’’y’ynt (Dhu. 127(N), SCE 180(N))
104 *garl
*NWIR: Kurd. ganin/gan- ‘to rot’, NP gand ‘stench’, NP gandah ‘fetid, stinking,
rotten; filthy, dirty’, Bal. gandag ‘bad’, Kurd. gani ‘rotting; stinking’, (orig. ppp.)
Siv. gäs(s) ‘bad’
*NEIR: Pash. yandol ‘to dislike’ (+ *pari-) Oss. D. feelgandun/faelgzst ‘to smear;
paint’ (+ *ui-) Oss. D. igaendun/igest ‘to smell; defile, desacrate’, Oss. I. gast, D.
iğæstæ ‘desacration by something contagious or poisonous; desacrated’
*MISC: ? Par. ges ‘bad, sinful’, Orm. yanj ‘bad’ (< Pash. or other Ir. language ?)
*SANSKRIT: gandh ‘to smell’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 461
© The Ir. root *gant- (and Skt. gandh-) can hardly be of IE origin. The IE
correspondences, notably Gr. ö£vvog (m.) ‘blame, reproach’ and @@dvoc (m.)
‘envy’, are not compelling. The strange dental "alternation" in the Skt. and Ir. roots
points to borrowing.
*PIE — = LIV: — | Pok.: 466 f.
“IE COGNATES: —
REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 208; EVP: 26; IIFL I: 254b, 396a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 542; Nyberg П: 81;
Abaev, Slovar’ II: 297 f.; DKS: 79a; WIM III: 313 f.; Cabolov 2001: 368 f.
*gar! ‘to rejoice’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *fra-) hayár- ‘to rejoice, be happy’. Ф The reconstructions and
inherent etymology cited in SGS, Le, are all unconvincing. = SGS: 148
*CHORESMIAN: m/yry- ‘to rejoice’, m/yw’ry- (caus.) ‘to let rejoice? > Samadi: 80
*NWIR: ? NP zar ‘wish’ (nonce ?)
*SANSKRIT: har ‘to be glad, enjoy, like’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 804
Ó On the basis of (hapax) OAv. zarom (Y 44.17) an IE root *g"er-, with palatal g"-,
is usually reconstructed (e.g. LIV: 176), despite the fact that the meaning of OAv.
zaram is uncertain, cf. Kellens — Pirart III: 182. On the other hand, the meaning of
the Chor. forms, with initial y-, strongly favours a connection with Skt. har-. We
should therefore reconstruct an IE *oler- with non-palatal velar (Skjaerve apud
Samadi 1986: l.c.). To this root we may add Khot. hayár-.
*PIE *g'er- ‘to like" = LIV: 176 | Pok.: 440 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. ҳолро ‘I rejoice, enjoy’, Lat. horior ‘I cheer up’, OHG gerno, OE
georne ‘eager, readily’, Engl. yearn, etc.
*REFERENCES: Chantraine IV: 1241a f.; Werba 1997: 271
*gar? ‘to turn, wind’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *uz-) SSogd. ’zy’rt’k ‘flourishing’ (cf. Sims-Williams 1983: 46) || (+
*ham-) BSogd. ’ny’rtk- ‘flourishing, fertile’ (BSTBL: 121)
*CHORESMIAN: ? yyr- ‘to (re)turn’, yyr(y)- (caus.) “to (let it) turn; to wrap’ || (+ *ati-)
? micyyr- ‘to turn intr.], be(come) curved’ = Samadi: 83 Ё; 85; 50
*gar4 ? 105
*NWIR: Kurd. (Kurm.) garin/gar-, (Sor.) garan/garé- ‘to wander, go (round), roam’,
Zaz. geyrayis/geyr- ‘to go round; to seek’, Gur. (Kand.) gir ‘curve’. 0 The Kurdish
forms are from pres. *g(a)rna- (cf. Chor. yyrnyk), not from *uart- as assumed by
Cabolov, l.c., cf. *uarta- > Kurd. (Sor.) bard ‘stone’, v. *uart.
*NEIR: Ishk. yars-, Sarig. yirs-/yerd ‘to revolve, go round, cross a pass’, Sariq.
yeyron (caus.) ‘to let it turn, revolve’, Wa. yir-/yird ‘to turn (into) [intr.]’
% IE cognate forms of this apparently "unenlarged" Ir. root are uncertain. The
nominal forms quoted by Pok. (l.c.) are set with problems. The enlarged variants are
*gart and *gar£".
*PIE — => LIV: - | Pok.: 385
*REFERENCES: KPF II: 187; EVS: 37a; Paul 1998: 298a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 188; Cabolov 2001:
371 f.
* gar! ‘to heat, cook, kindle fire’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ham-) BSogd. ’nk’yr ‘hearth’
*NWIR: Awrom. giriáy/giria- ‘to boil [intr.]’, Awrom. gırinay/gırin- (caus.) ‘to boil
[tr.]’, Gur. (Kand.) girián ‘to cook’, Siv. gär-, gér-/géri ‘to cook, bake’, Nn. ginnäye/
ginn-, Siv. gärän-/gärän-, Tr. gürnä/gürn-, Varz. digirnaye/digirn- (caus.) ‘to kindle
(fire), make fire’, gäran-/gäränd ‘to let it cook’
*NEIR: (+ ni-) Pash. nyaráy (m.) ‘fireplace, hearth’, Sh. nizor, Khf., Rosh. niZür,
Bart. laZör ‘live coal, charcoal’ || (+ *ham-) Oss. I. апзагуп/апҳаегѕі, D. enzarun/
aenzarst (caus.) ‘to kindle, light a fire’, Yghn. inkir ‘hearth’. 0 The connection with
Oss. caryn ‘to live’ (*éarH), suggested by Abaev I: 158 f., for angaryn (etc.) is
semantically untenable, cf. ESIJa II: 228: "однако это скорее продолжение
основы *jara- от корня *gar- ‘гореть, xxeup'".
*SANSKRIT: ghar- ‘to burn’ (Dha.) > EWAia I: 514
The verbal forms of *gar’ are only found in some modern Iranian dialects. The old
IE nominal derivative IE *g”"ormo- > Ir. *garma- ‘warm’, Av. garoma-, OP garma-,
etc., is attested everywhere in Ir.
«PIE *g""er- ‘to warm, be warm’ > LIV: 219 f. | Pok.: 493 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. Өёророл ‘I become warm’, OCS grejati ‘to warm’, OCS goréti,
Lith. garéti ‘to burn’, Goth. brinnan, Engl. to burn, Alb. zien ‘cooks’, etc.
*REFERENCES: КРЕП: 187; MacKenzie 1966: 95; EVS: 52b; WIM III: 106; Lecoq 2002: 132, 135 (etc.),
663a; NEVP: 56
*gar^ ? ‘to coagulate, stiffen’
*NWIR: Kurd. (Sul.) girsän, (Sina) girsiàn, Awrom. girsáy/girs- (inch.) ‘to coagulate,
stiffen’, ? Gur. (Kand.) giris (in giri$ wärdän ‘to be stuck’) || (+ *ni-) ? Bal. nigérit/
nigér- ‘to stay’
106 *gardl
9 In view of the very limited evidence, the existence of an Ir. root *gar- ‘to
coagulate' remains uncertain.
«PIE ? *gel- ‘to freeze’ = LIV: 185 | Pok.: 365 f.
ЈЕ COGNATES: ON kala ‘to become cold, freeze’, Lat. gelü ’freezing’, (denomin.)
Lat. gelare ‘to freeze’, OE cealer, calwer (m.) ‘fatty milk’, NHG (Alem.) challen ‘to
stiffen [of fat]'
*REFERENCES: KPF II: 194; MacKenzie 1966: 95; Shahbakhsh: s.v. nigér-
* gard! ‘to call’
*CHORESMIAN: m/rynd- ‘to call, name’ || (+ *upa-) ? B’TRA- ‘to bellow? = Samadi:
170
*BACTRIAN: YıpA- ‘to call, name’ = S-W, Bact.: 189a
*NWIR: Kurd. (Kurm.) gazin ‘to complain’, gilt (m.) “word, speech, tale’, gaz(1) (Ё),
(Sor.) gäz(1) ‘call (for), cry, appeal’, Zaz. gāzī (Ё) ‘call for help’ (< Kurd. ?). 0 Kurd.
(Kurm.) gazin may derive from an old sk-pres., which shows the following
development: (pre-)Ir. *gard'-sk- > (Bartholomae’s Law) *gardzj- > (with
simplified cons. cluster) gaz- (cf. Osthoff 1884: 33; Lubotsky 2001: 39). || Kurd.
(Kurm.) gilt is perhaps not from *рагН! ‘to greet’, as assumed by Cabolov, Le, but
rather from *grd(V)-ia-.
*NEIR: (?) Pash. Zar-/Zarol ‘to cry, weep’, Sariq. jiró ‘groan’
*MISC: (?) Par. jar-/jari (јбг ?) ‘to say’. 0 Perhaps not from *garH! ‘to greet’ (as
assumed by Morgenstierne, IIFL Т. 1.c.), on account of the retroflex r.
«PIE *g"erd"- ‘to raise the voice, call, sing’ = LIV: 210 f. | Pok.: 478, 428
*IE COGNATES: Arm. kardam ‘to raise the voice’, OPr. gerdaut to say’, Lith. girdéti,
Latv. dzirdét ‘to hear’, Lith. gefdas ‘shout, message’, Gall.-Lat. bardus, Olrish bard,
Welsh bardd ‘poet, singer’
*REFERENCES: JIFL I: 262b; EVP: 105; EVS: 39b; Paul 1998: 298a; Cabolov 2001: 379, 383
* gard” ‘to wish, desire’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. goroóa- ‘greedy’ (Yt 15.47)
*NEIR: Pash. yoxt-/ywar- ‘to wish, desire’, ? Yi. °yereno ‘eagle’
*SANSKRIT: gardh ‘to be greedy, desire, strive’ (RV) = EWAia I: 474
% Evidence for this root in Iranian is limited. The ‘rat’ forms attested in some
languages may be connected (?): Chor. ’röyyk (Schwartz, Gs Henning: 387), Orm.
gilak, golak (IIFL I: 395), with -z- Bakht. gerza, also ‘mouse’ in Gil. garze, garza,
NP garzah (Rudaki). The -z- variants are derived from an unsupported base *garz ‘to
bite, sting, prick’ according to Schwartz, Gs Henning: 1.с., but -z- perhaps rather
points to addition of the diminutive suff. *-cf (cf. NP morcah ‘ant’): *%dë°> °°?
«PIE *geld'- ‘to wish, desire, be hungry for’ > LIV: 185 | Pok.: 434
*sarHl 107
*IE COGNATES: RussCS Zeldeti ‘to be hungry for, desire’, OCS glads, Russ. gólod
‘hunger’
*REFERENCES: ПЕТ, II: 221a; DKS: 38b; NEVP: 33
*garH! ‘to greet, call’
*AVESTAN: (+ *abi-) YAv. auui gar- ‘to praise’ || (+ *a-) YAv. äyar- ‘to greet’
= Liste: 19
Pres. n-: IND. med. 3sg./pl. Ү Ау. auui goronte (Vr.1), 1р1. YAv. auui gorodmahi (Vr 21.1); Pass.: pres.
SUBJ. 35р. Y Av. ayairiiat (Yt 13.50)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP gl’myn- (denomin.) ‘to endear’, MMP gr’myg, BMP
gl’myk /gramig/ ‘treasured, dear" > DMMPP: 163a
Partic.: perf. pass. caus. BMP gl’mynyt /gramenid/
*PARTHIAN: gr’mg ‘wealth, possessions’ > DMMPP: 163a
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pati-) pajarunai ‘abuse’, pajaruna ‘abusive’
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. yr’ty’ (f.) ‘exaltation’ || (+ *uz-) BSogd. zy’yr-, MSogd. zyyr-,
MSogd. ’zy’yr-, MSogd. jyyr- ‘to call, summon’ || (+ *ni-) BSogd. nyr’’y ‘to praise,
honour’
(+ *uz-) Well attested: Pres.: SUBJ. 1sg. BSogd. zy’yr’n; Impf.: IND. 35р. SSogd. zyyyr, Fut.: IND. 3pl.
MSogd. ’zy’yr’nt k’m, etc.
*NWIR: NP giramidan/giram- (denomin.) ‘to honour, respect’, NP girami ‘treasured,
dear; revered’, NP (dial.) jerr ‘discussion’ (borrowed into Bakht. jer), Kurd. Ger
‘curse, abuse’ || (+ *а-) NP алт (aZer) ‘cry, call’ (dial. borr.) || (+ *uz-) NP Zagar
‘out-cry’ (Sogd. LW, Hasandoust, 1.с.) || (+ *pati-) NP paygarah ‘abuse’ (borrowed
in Pash. peyór). 0 NP azir (aZer) reflects „5! and is probably from (full grade) *a-
Jariä-, rather than from pass. (zero grade) *4-jria- (more likely outcome *ä-gria-), as
assumed by Hasandoust, l.c. || NP Zagar ‘out-cry’ is probably a borrowing from
Sogdian, Hasandoust, l.c.
*NEIR: Oss. I. garyn/gard, D. garun/gard ‘to appeal to; shout; to implore, demand’, I.
ger, D. ger ‘noise, shout’, Pash. yarédal ‘to chatter’ || (+ *uz- ?) ? Sh. Zär-/Zärt ‘to
crackle, crack’, ? Sh. yal-/yalt, Bart. yar-/yard, Orosh. Zär-/Zärt ‘to sound, ring’ || (+
*4-) Oss. argaw ‘story’, I. argawyn/argud, D. argawun/argud (denomin.) ‘to perform
a church service’ || (+ *upa-) Pash. bayära ’scream’
*MISC: Par. jar- ‘to say’
*SANSKRIT: gar ‘to praise, honour, welcome’ > EWAia I: 468
«PIE *g”erH- ‘to praise, say’ > LIV: 210 f. | Pok.: 478
*IE COGNATES: Lat. grätus ‘welcome, wished for’, Osc. brateis ‘gratiae’, Lith. girti,
OPr. girtwei ‘to praise’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 26; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 65 f.; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 268, 293 f.; EVS: 110b, 38b; DKS:
198b f; Asatrian — Livshits: 87; Vahman - Asatrian 1991: 107; Werba 1997: 284; Hasandoust
2001-2002: 33; NEVP: 61
108 *garH2
* gar? *to throw?
*AVESTAN: (+ *ni-) Y Av. niyr- ‘to throw down’. © For a discussion of this hapax
form see Kellens 1984: 164, nr. 4. Insler 1967: 259 proposes the emendation
**ynaire, on which see *jan. = Liste: 19
MED .; Pres. ä- ?: IND. 3pl. YAv. niyraire (Yt 10.40)
*KHOTANESE: (+ *abi-, *ui-) bir- ‘to throw, sow’. Ф The connection with Lith. berti,
Latv. bert ‘to strew’, cited in SGS: l.c. and DKS: 237a, is less convincing, since the
meaning of the Baltic forms is considered to be secondary, on which see Fraenkel I:
40. In addition, within Iranian, the Khot. verb has no further (certain) correspon-
dences. || On the interpretation of OKh. biráte (Z 2.142, Z 5.106) see Maggi, SVK
III: 116 f£. 2 SGS: 100 f.
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) CSogd. pcyry- ‘to bear, carry’
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. CSogd. pcyryt {hapax}
*NWIR: ? NP garzin ‘arrow’, ? Tt. (Sag.) u-jir ‘lift !’ (u- prev. ‘up’). 0 Schwartz, Gs
Henning: 387 f. cites NP garzin from the lexicographical source Farhang-i Jahangiri
in support of a rather obscure base *garz ‘to bite, sting, prick’. Alternatively, garzin
can also be interpreted as gar-zen *'throwing weapon’ ?
*NEIR: ? Pash. (Afr.) yarawul ‘to throw’ (sec. p, ? Pash. yər (m.) ‘leap, jump’ || (+
*а- ?) Pash. ayar ‘strings fitted to a bow’ = ayár (m.) ‘fitting an arrow to the bow-
string ready to shoot’
“SANSKRIT: gar’ ‘to raise a weapon, lift the arm to МЇ? > EWAia I: 470
«PIE *g”elH,- ‘to throw’ © LIV: 208 | Pok.: 471 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. Báo ‘I throw, hit’, Айн. (n.) ‘throw, projectile’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 26 f.; Morgenstierne 1942: 262; Aslanov 1966: 61a; Yarshater 1969: 191; NEVP: 8
*рагН? ‘to steep, soak, moisten’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *aua-) BSogd. wy’yr (old caus.) ‘to soak, steep’, BSogd. wy’yr
‘soaking’ || (+ *uz-) CSogd. zy’r ‘moisture’
(+ *aua-) Pres.: (?) INJ. 3sg. BSogd. wy’yr’’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *aua-) wyrY- ‘to dive, sink in, seep’, wy’ry- (caus.) ‘to drown’ ||
(+ *uz-) m/zyr- ‘to leak, seep through’ || (+ *fra-) Syr- ‘to become wet, moist, Sy ’ry-
(caus.) ‘to make wet, moist’ (cf. Schwartz 1970: 292) © Samadi: 213, 263, 192, 191
*NWIR: (+ *8-) NP agistan/agar- ‘to steep in blood’ (< Sogd. ?) || (+ *fra-) NP
fargardan, NP fargaridan ‘to moisten’, fargar ‘river-bed’ (< Sogd.)
*NEIR: Oss. I. garyn/gard, D. qarun/gard ‘to permeate, seep through (of liquid)’ || (+
*4-) (old caus.) Sh. aZär- ‘to soak, wet (skin, clothes, etc.) || (+ *niZ-) Sh. nizar-/
niZärd, Rosh. nizér-/nizérd ‘to soak, wet’, Wa. noZ(y)or-/noZ(y)ard-, naz(y)or-/
naz(y)ard ‘to steep [of land, plants]’
*SANSKRIT: ? gal ‘to drip’ (class.) = EWAia I: 476 f.
*garjl ? 109
«PIE *gelH- ‘to drip, well’. 0 The geminate -//- found in the Germanic forms points
to the presence of a laryngeal, on which see Lühr 1976: 92. = LIV: 207 | Pok.: 471f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /ku(ua)liya-/ ‘to flow; to run smoothly, be calmed’, OHG
quellan, Engl. to well
*REFERENCES: EVP: 51; IIFL II: 533a; Morgenstierne 1942: 266; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 268 f.; Abaev,
Slovar’ III: 205 f.; EVS: 17b, 52a; Werba 1997: 282; Puhvel IV: 303 ff.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 251
* garH* *to swallow"
*AVESTAN: YAv. garð (f. pl.) ‘throats’ (Yt 17.56), YAv. aspo.garom noro.garom
‘who swallows horses (and) who swallows men’ (Y 9.11).. 6 YAv. "jar- ‘to swallow’
(Y Av. "jarois P22), as cited by Bartholomae, AIW: 512, does not exist, on which see
Jamaspa — Humbach 1971: 45, fn. a.
*NWIR: Gz. Zara/Zar-, Tr. Zarta/Zar- ‘to chew’, NP Zard ‘gluttony’ (LW) || (+ *aua-) ?
Bal. ugarit/ugar- ‘to chew the cud, swallow, devour, devastate, misspend’. © The
etymology of Bal. ugarit/ugar- is unclear: Sims-Williams apud Shahbakhsh suggests
a connection with MP ogar- (BMP wkl /ögär-/) ‘to remove, expel’, but contamina-
tion with Si. ugaranu ‘to chew the cud’ seems quite likely, as observed by Shah-
bakhsh. The older Bal. form might have been *ögär- ?
*NEIR: Pash. yaráy ‘greedy, gluttonous’, ? Pash. yur (m.) ‘goitre’ || (+ *a-) Pash. ayér
(m.) ‘indigestion’ || (+ *uz-) M. zoyóriy ‘thirsty’ || (+ *ni-) Pash. nyar(d)-/nyar- ‘to
swallow’ (with sec. -r-) || (+ *niZ-) Oss. I. nyqq.yryn/nyqqoyrd, D. niq(q)warun
/niq(q)ward ‘to swallow’ (contaminated with q.yr/qur throat), Wa. noZ(y)or-/
noZ(y)ord-, noZ(y)or-/noZ(y)ord ‘to swallow’
*SANSKRIT: gar’ ‘to devour, swallow’ (RV+) EWAia I: 469
«PIE *g”erH;- ‘to devour, consume (wholly)? = LIV: 211 f. | Pok.: 474 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. В.Вроско “I eat, digest’, Lat. voräre ‘to devour, to eat greedily’,
OCS po-Zréti ‘to eat (of animals), to devour’, Lith. gérti ‘to drink’, etc.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 26, 51; IIFL II: 533a, 275a; Morgenstierne 1942: 266; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 268 f., 205
f.; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 205 Ё; EVS: 52a; WIM ПЛ: 87; Werba 1997: 180; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 251;
Lecoq 2002: 128; NEVP: 8, 32, 56; Shahbakhsh: s.v. ugar-
*раг]! ? ‘to thunder, roar’
*KHOTANESE: OKh. ggalj- ‘to thunder’ = SGS: 28
*NEIR: Sh. yury-/yuryd, Orosh. yury-/yuryd ‘to grumble, scold’, ? Rosh. jiriyd,
Jireyd, Khf. jirtyd, jiréyd ‘to squeak, scream, hiss, whine, etc’, ? Sangl. yeZ-/yezoó,
Ishk. yeiZ-/yeiZeó ‘to say, speak’
*SANSKRIT: ? garj ‘to roar’ (Ep.+) = EWAia III: 154
© The root is onomatopoetic.
*PIE — > LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 395b; EVS: 37a, 39b; Werba 1997: 458; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 185
110 *garj2 ?
*garf? ? ‘to assemble, gather’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ham-) OKh. hamgris- ‘to assemble’, hamga’j-, hamggalj- (caus.)
‘to gather, assemble’ = SGS: 138, 136
9 The postulation of this this root is based solely on Khot. The Khot. forms may be
connected with Gr. yépyepa (Hes.) ‘noAAd’, Lat. grex, gregis ‘group’, etc.
(Pokorny: 382; LIV: 276). This is uncertain, as the precise meaning of the stem of
the Khot. ham-formations is unknown.
“PIE ?
*REFERENCES: DKS: 440b f.
* garš! “to wind, turn (?)’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *uz-) BSogd. zy’rs- ‘to arise, happen’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. zy’rst {hapax}
*NWIR: Bal. gasit, gaSt/gäs- ‘to be reversed’
*NEIR: (+ *ара- ?) ? Pash. byarZ ‘return, coming back’
© The root seems to be an "enlarged" root, i.e. *so-formation, of *gar? *to turn, wind'.
An IE origin cannot be ascertained.
«PIE? > LIV: — | Pok.: 385 ff., 388
*REFERENCES: EVP: 14; Shahbakhsh: s.v. gāš-/gaš-
*garš2 ? ‘to knead, rub (?)’
*NWIR: NP gastah ‘kneaded, mixed’ (< Elr, perhaps Sogd. ?) || (+ *a-) ? NP
agistan/agar- ‘to impregnate; to mix; to soil’ (« Elr., perhaps Sogd. ?)
*NEIR: ? Pash. yen, yon (m.), Yi. уй ‘penis’ || (+ *a-) ? Pash. āyažəl ‘to mix, knead’
= ay&-/axx- ‘to knead (dough), mix’ || (+ *fra-) Pash. waryanay ‘rubbing of a
new-born child’ || (+ *ham-) M. güy- ‘to knead’, ? M. ágügg' ‘dough’. 0 The
inclusion of Pash. yost ‘millet, particles of rice ground and made into bread’ is
rejected in NEVP: 8.
*SANSKRIT: ghars ‘to rub’ (Kaus.+) = EWAia I: 513
9 This root is mainly confined to Elr. languages. The IE origin of the root, which has
a Skt. correspondence, cannot be ascertained. => LIV: – | Pok.: 439 f.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 10; IIFL II: 211a, 212a, 189a; Werba 1997: 181; NEVP: 31,8
*gart ‘to turn’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP grd-, BMP glt- /gard-/ ‘to revolve, tum; to become’
c DMMPP: 163b
Pres.: IND. 35р. BMP gltyt /gardéd/, 3р1. MMP grdynd; Partic.: pres. MMP grd'g; Inf.: caus. MMP
grdynydn
*KHOTANESE: OKh. ggal- ‘to lie about’, ggei("I)s- ‘to revolve, return’ || (+ *pati-) ?
LKh. pajsith- ‘to store away’ || (+ *ham-) *hamggad- (hamggal-, hage-) ‘to result;
*garz 111
develop’, LKh. *hamggeils- (hamge’-) ‘to turn’. Ф The LKh. forms, gai’sättä, etc.
‘he returned’ appears to show contamination (< ? *ggei’sätä + atá) according to
Bailey (apud SGS: 31). The reconstruction and etymology cited by Emmerick (SGS:
66) for LKh. pa-jisth- (< *pa-jar@ia-), MMP gys-/gyst-, Pash. yaral ‘to twist, spin’ is
dubious. > SGS: 31, 66, 136, 138
*CHORESMIAN: yrcy- ‘to roll; to get rid of; to smear with clay’ || (+ *ati-) cyrcy- (tr.)
‘to roll down (a stone)’, cyrd (intr.) ‘to roll down’; ? m/ncyrcy- ‘to gin (cotton) (with
n- < *ni-?) © Samadi: 79, 49, 119
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP gastan/gard-, Tt. (Esh.) gard/gahast, Anar. getäye/gert-,
Meim. be-gardaj-/a-gerd-, Tr. gela(yaygel-, Varz. gartäye/gart- ‘to become, turn’,
NP gardidan (< *uart- ?), (Tadj.) Selidan ‘to roll’ (LW, cf. Yghn. yil-), Abyan. va
gelloyan, Gil. (Rsht.) va-gärd- ‘to re-turn’, Awrom. geläy/get-, Gur. (Kand.) git-/
-(g)il- ‘to go about, wander’, Fariz. -gälä-/-gäl-, Ham. gärdayän/gärd- ‘to turn’, bär-
gardayän/bär-e-gärd-, Isfah. ve-gärtän/ve-gärt-, Natan. va gola ‘to re-turn’, Mah.
gird- ‘to walk (around)’, Nn. girta-/girt- ‘to become, be; to go round’, Siv. gir(1)-/
girià (+ va) ‘to return’, NP gardänidan/gardän- (sec. caus.), Jow. bam-gerna/a-gern-,
Meim. bem-garn-/a-gern- ‘to turn (a)round, change, alter, etc.’, Awrom. geinay/
geh- ‘to turn over; relate’, Abyan. gelloya/gell-, Abz. gelowa/gel-, Qohr. gelada/gel-
‘to turn [tr.]’ Yzd. (Zor.) gisnudvun, gisnddvun ‘to turn’
*NEIR: Pash. yaxt-/yar- ‘to twist, spin, turn’, Yghn. yil-/yilta ‘to roll; to flow
quietly’, Ishk. yurs- (inch.) ‘to turn’, Sariq. yirs-/yerd ‘to revolve, go round, cross a
pass’ (LW ?), ? Sangl. yart-, yort-/yost ‘to walk about’ (< early NP ?), ? Wa.
Ysırt-/Yort- ‘to gather; to roll; to heap’
*MISC: Orm. gal-/galök ‘to weave’ = gal-/galök, galaw-/galawok
9 The Ir. root with no exact IE correspondences seems to be an enlarged root of
*gar”. It has probably been influenced by *yart.
*PIE — = LIV: - | Pok.: 385
*REFERENCES: КРЕТ. 83b, 142a, 145a; EVP: 27 f.; IIFL I: 394b; КРЕП: 219; Christensen, Contributions:
I: 60, 166, 256; IIFL II: 524, 395a; Abrahamian 1936: 108, 133; Lambton 1938: 41b f., 78b; Andreev —
PeSéereva: 258a; MacKenzie 1966: 95; Yarshater 1969: 182; EVS: 37а, 60b; Lecoq 1974: 60; WIM III:
108; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 191; Lecoq 2002: 122, 125, 127 (etc., passim); Vahman — Asatrian 2002:
25; NEVP: 32; Kiefer 2003: 196
*garz ‘to lament, weep’
*AVESTAN: goroz- ‘to lament, weep’ => Liste: 19f.
Pres. {1} athem.: IND. med. 1sg. OAv. garazdi/garazé (Y 32.9, Y 46.2), INJ. med. 3sg. OAv. garazda (Y
29.1); Pres. {2} athem. red.: INJ. 3р1. OAv. (tr.!) jigorozat (Y 32.13); Pres. {3} them.: IND. med. 35р.
YAv. gorozaite (Yt 10.53), OPT. med. 35р. YAv. gorezaeta (Yt 17.57 ff); Partic.: pres. {1} ҮАУ.
%әгәғапа-
112 *gau (*jau)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP gry-, BMP gl(y)dy- /griy-/ ‘to weep’ (< OP *grad-ya-) ||
BMP glc- /garz-/ ‘to weep, lament’? (LW) || (+ *upa-) MMP ’bgrysn ‘moaning,
crying’? = DMMPP: 164a, 10b
Well attested: Pres.: IND. Isg. MMP gryym, 3sg. MMP “gryyd, 1р1. MMP gryy’m, 3pl. MMP gryynd,
BMP glydynd, gldynd /griyénd/, BMP glcynd /garzénd/, SUBJ. 152. MMP gryy’n, etc.
*PARTHIAN: grzysn ‘complaint’? = DMMPP: 165b
*BACTRIAN: yipC- ‘to complain’ = S-W, Bact.: 189a
*NWIR: NP giristan/giriy- ‘to weep’, NP gilah ‘complaint; lamentation’, Kurd.
(Kurm.) giriZin/giriz- ‘to be grumpy, grumble, growl’, Awrom. gırawäy/gıraw-
(LW), Bakht. girévistan “о weep, cry’, Gz. griye ‘weeping, lamenting’, Siv. ger-,
gir-/gerd, gird ‘to lament’
*NEIR: Oss. I. qerzyn/qerzt, D. Serzun/gerzt ‘to groan’, Oss. I. gast, D. gast (orig.
ppp. ?) ‘complaint, grief?
*SANSKRIT: garh ‘to complain’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 475, 495
9 An IE origin of this common IIr. root is uncertain. The Germanic and Irish forms
cited by Pokorny (1.с.), OHG chlaga ‘complaint’, chlagön ‘to complain’ (etc.) and
Olrish glam ‘cry, curse’, are probably from a substrate source, on which see
Boutkan — Siebinga: 216.
«PIE? > LIV: 187 | Pok.: 350 f.
“IE COGNATES: —
«REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 208, 204; MacKenzie 1966: 95; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 296 f., 269 Ё; WIM II/2:
668; Vahman — Asatrian 1987: 90; WIM III: 108; Werba 1997: 179; Cabolov 2001: 386
*gau (*Jau) ‘to increase’
*AVESTAN: gu- (? gäu-) ‘to increase’ — Liste: 20
Pres. nu-: IND. 3sg. YAv. günaoti (Yt 10.16); Aor. s-: INJ. 359. ? OAv. gäus (Y 32.8). 0 The vowel -ü- of
günaoti is long in positione, cf. De Vaan 2003: 285 f. || On the interpretation of OAv. gäus see Kellens
1984a: 277, fn. 20.
«OLD PERSIAN: (+ *abi-) abiyajav- ‘to promote, increase, add to’ = Kent: 185a
Caus.: impf. IND. 1sg. abiyajavayam <a-b-i-j-a-v-y-m> (XPf 40), <a-b-i-y-j-a-v-y-m> (XPg 9)
MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *abi-) MMP ’bzw-, BMP "pzw- /abzü-/ ‘to increase [intr.]’,
MMP ’bz’y- (caus.) ‘to increase, add [іг. = DMMPP: 18
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP ’bzwyd, MMP ’bzwyyd, SUBJ. 1sg. MMP ’bzw’n, 3sg. MMP
"bzw'd, 3р1. MMP ’bzw’nd, etc.
*PARTHIAN: (+ *abi-) *bg(’)w- ‘to increase’ || (+ *fra-) frg’w ‘wealth, treasure’ || (+
*ui-) wzw- ‘to die (of plant); go out, be extinguished (of lamp)’, wz’w- (caus.) ‘to
extinguish’ || (+ *ham-) ’ngw- ‘to find rest, rest, remain’, ’ng’w- (caus.) ‘to end,
make an end’ = Ghilain: 76, 66, 48a | DMMPP: 10a, 154b, 362b, 47b
(+ *abi-) Pres.: IND. 35р. 'bywyd, *’bgwyd, 3р1. 'bgwynd; Caus.: pres. SUBJ. 2sg. ’bg’w’h, 35р. ’bg’w’h,
IMPV. 2р1. ’bg’wyd || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. wzwyd ‘wilts’, wzwynd; Partic.: perf. pass. wzwd; Caus.:
pres. IND. 350. "wyz'wyd, 1р1. wyz’w’m, wyz’wynd || (+ *ham-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. "ngwyd, 3р1. ’ngwynd,
*gaub 113
SUBJ. 15р. ? "ngw'n, ’ngw’’n; Partic.: perf. pass. пема; Caus.: pres. SUBJ. 15р. ’ng’w’n, IMPV. 2р1.
"ng"wyd, partic. П ’ng’w’’d
*KHOTANESE: gvana- ‘growth; at all’, guäna ‘at all’
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. ywn- ‘to increase’ || (+ *abi-) BSogd. Gw BSogd. ’Bz’’w,
CSogd. bZ’w, MSogd. Ву? ‘to increase’ || (+ *fra- or *pari-) SSogd. pry^w (m.),
BSogd. pry’w ‘wealth, riches’
Partic.: pres. CSogd. ywnnc (f.) ‘increasing’ || (+ *abi-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. Bz’wt, BSogd. *Bz’’wt,
OPT. 3sg. BSogd. ’Bz’w’y, IMPV. 25р. CSogd. bZ’w, MSogd. Bin
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *fra-) Sy’weyk (m.) ‘profit’
*BACTRIAN: (+ *abi-) оВбоо- ‘to increase, prosper’ || (+ *fra-) Ypoyaoayo,
Mpoyavo, Ppoyaoo ‘profit? = S-W, Bact.: 173b, 230b
*NWIR: (+ *abi-) NP afzudan/afzäy- ‘to increase’
*NEIR: (+ *fra-) Oss. I. regaw, D. argaw ‘herd, cattle’
*MISC: (+ *fra-) Toch. (LW) A pärko, B pärkäu ‘benefit, advantage, profit’
© An IE provenance for this root cannot be established convincingly.
*PIE — = LIV: 188 | Pok.: 403 f.
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ II: 368 f.; Nyberg II: 26b; DKS: 96a
*gaub ‘to say (positively/negatively)’
*OLD PERSIAN: gaub- (med.) ‘to call oneself" = Kent: 182b
MED.; Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. gaubataiy <g-u-b-t-i-y> (БВ 2.21 |, DB 2.31, DB 2.51, etc.), impf. 35р.
agaubatä <a-g-[u]-[b]-[t]-a> (DB 1.84), <a-g-u-b-t-a> (DB 1.93, DB 3.35, DB 3.55), <a-g-u-b-t-a> (DB
2.66), <a-g-u-b-t-[a]> (DB 3.89), 3pl. agauba”tä <[a]-[g]-u-[b]-t-a> (DB 2.93), SUBJ. 3sg. gaubätaiy
<g-u-b-a-t-i-y> (DB 2.84), <[g]-u-b-a-t-i-y> DB 3.86)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP gw-, ВМР gwb- /gö(w)-/ ‘to say, speak” = DMMPP:
166af.
Pres.: IND. 15р. MMP gwym, 3sg. MMP gwyd, BMP gwbyt /gowéd/, 3р1. MMP gwynd, SUBJ. 1sg.
MMP gw’n, gww’n, 3sg. MMP gw’d, 1pl. MMP *gw'm, 3р1. MMP gw’nd, ІМРУ. 2sg. MMP gw-’m ‘say
to me’, MMP gw; Partic.: pres. MMP gw’g’n pl., MMP gw’n, perf. pass. MMP gwpt, gwpt, gwft, gwft,
sec. MMP *gwpyhyst, Inf.: MMP gwptn, MMP gwftn
*KHOTANESE: LKh. gguph- ‘to dispraise, abuse’ — SGS: 29
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. ywf-, CSogd. ywb-, MSogd. ywß- ‘to praise’ || (+ *pati-)
MSogd. pcywf- ‘to praise’
Pres.: OPT. 3р1. BSogd. ywß’ynt; Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. ywb; Partic.: pres. MSogd. ywBnyt, perf. pass.
CSogd. ywbt‘, CSogd. ywbc (f.); Inf.: BSogd. ywB’y, pret. BSogd. ywß’t, Pass.: perf. intr. IND. 35р.
MSogd. ywftyy хсу || (+ *pati-) Pass.: pres. SUBJ. 3sg. MSogd. pcywptyh B’t
*CHORESMIAN: ywß(Yy)- ‘to praise oneself, boast, be proud’ = Samadi: 82
*BACTRIAN: YoB- ‘to make a (legal) statement, invoke (the law)’ = S-W, Bact.: 189a
*NWIR: NP guftan/göy-, Kurd. (Kurm.) gotin, guhtin (supplet.) beZ-, (Sor.) gutin,
kutin (supplet.) 7e-, Shamerz. -get-/gün- ‘to speak’
114 *gaud
*NEIR: (+ *uz-) Wa. zgiv-/zgivd ‘to howl (of dogs)’, Sariq. zsıgiw- ‘to bark? (<
Wa.?)
*MISC: Arm. (LW) govem ‘I praise’
No IE etymology.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 206; Christensen, Contributions II: 162; Nyberg II: 85; DKS: 86b;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 436; Cabolov 2001: 396
*gaud ‘to cover’
*PARTHIAN: (+ *apa-) 'bgwnd ‘to uncover, reveal’ || (+ *fra-) “fr’gwnd- ‘to cover,
muffle’ || (+ *ni-) ngwnd- ‘to cover, veil, cothe, hide? => Ghilain: 83 | DMMPP: 10a,
153b, 241a
(+ *ара-) Pres.: IND. 25р. ’bgwndyy, 3sg. 'bgwndyd, 'bgwndyyd, 3р1. 'bgwndynd, IMPV. 2sg. 'bgwnd,
’bywnd,; Partic.: perf. pass. ’bgwst, *’bgwstg || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 3р]. "fr'gwndynd || (+ *ni-) Pres.:
SUBJ. 1sg. ngwnd’n, IMPV. 2sg. ngwnd; Partic.: perf. pass. nywst, ngwst, ngwstg
*KHOTANESE: (+ *uz-) uysgun- (uysg(a)us-) ‘to uncover, open’ || (+ *pati-) OKh.
pajud- (pajut-) || (+ *ham-) LKh. hamgun- ‘to cover up’ = SGS: 15, 65, 137
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. ryt-ywwó ‘face cover’ (Sogdica: 25, 39) || (+ *apa-) BSogd.
py wnt ‘to discover’, MSogd. p'ywyó ‘to be revealed’ || (+ *a-) BSogd. "ywnt,
CSogd. "ywnt, MSogd. ’’ywnd/’’ywst ‘to cover, dress’ || (+ *pati-) BSogd. ptyws-
‘to cover’, CSogd. ptywnt ‘to cover, hide’, MSogd. ptywó ‘to conceal’ || (+ *ni-)
BSogd. ny’wnt, (caus.) CSogd. nywynt ‘to dress, put on (clothes)’
(+ *apa-) Impf.: IND. 35р. MSogd. p'ywyó || (+ *4-) Pres.: PREC. 15р. MSogd. "ywndytww ‘may I
cover/anoint’, IMPV. 2sg. BSogd. "ywnt; Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. m’ywnt || (+ *pati-) Impf.: IND. 3sg.
CSogd. ptyywnt; Perf.: tr. IND. 3sg. BSogd. ptywstk ö’rt, Partic.: pres. MSogd. ptywóyy (ВВВ: 36), (pl.)
MSogd. ptywöyt ‘concealing’, perf. pass. BSogd. ptywstk, CSogd. ptywst-, CSogd. ptywc’ (Ё) ‘hidden’;
Pass.: perf. intr. IND. 3sg. MSogd. ptywstyy xcyy ‘is hidden’ || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ny’wnt,
3р1. BSogd. ny’wnt’nt, Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. nyywntw; Caus.: impf. IND. 3pl. CSogd. nyywynt
*CHORESMIAN: ? mxsy- ‘[according to Arab. transl.] to crawl, creep ?; [according to
NP transl.] to disappear ?' || (+ *apa-) bxsy- (inch./intr.) ‘to appear, become clear;
[hapax, euphemism ?, different pref. ?] to defecate’, bywnd- (caus.) ‘to uncover,
reveal, make clear; to acknowledge’ || (+ *a-) ’ywo ‘cover(ing)’ || (+ *pati-) pjyd- ‘to
be constipated, blocked’ || (+ *pari-) prxsy- ‘to be concealed, unclear’ || (+ *ni-)
mjnxsy- ‘to be hidden’, m/nywnd- (caus.) ‘to cover, disguise; to dress’ = Samadi:
242, 18, 31,140, 158, 126
*NWIR: Bal. gud ‘clothes, cloth’, Sang. gut ‘tent’ || (+ *apa-) NP wayust-/wagund-,
(Herat) vagust-/vayund- ‘to reveal’ (< Elr., Taffazoli apud Gharib 1975: 256.)
*NEIR: (+ *à-) Oss. I. ag, yndyn/ag,yst ‘to cover a building’, Pash. ayustol/ayund- ‘to
dress’ = ayund-/ayust- ‘to put on, don’, M. ayud-/ayust-, Yi. ayud-/ayust- ‘to be
dressed’ || (+ *pari-) Sh. (Baj.) paryand-/paryust ‘to put on a dress, be covered (with
*gaus 115
a blanket)’ || (+ *ni-) Yghn. nuyunt-/nuyust, Yzgh. noy"and-/noy"ost ‘to put on
clothes’
*MISC: (+ *a-) Par. ayun-/ayust- ‘to dress, put on’ || (+ *рап-) Orm. paryan-/
paryanök ‘to dress
% The genuine verbal stem from the root *gaud is *gunda- (with nasal infix),
whereas *gauda- is the corresponding full grade nominal formation, on which see
Gharib 1975: 254 f.
«PIE *g"eud'- ‘to hide’ > LIV: 199, 542 f. | Pok.: 450, 952
*IE COGNATES: Gr. «£000 ‘I hide’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 9; IIFL I: 232a, 404b; IFL II: 189a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 38 Ё; Andreev — PeSéereva:
296a f.; Azami — Windfuhr: 511; EVS: 47b, 58a; Gharib 1975: 247 ff.; DKS: 38b, 442a; Kiefer 2003:
203; NEVP: 8.
*gauH ‘to call on, upon, invoke’
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ham-) ’ng’w- ‘to end, make an end’. 0 The Parthian formation
derives its meaning ‘to end’ from the completion of the (ceremonial) invocation.
Diff. Ghilain, l.c.: *fau ‘to increase’. > Ghilain: 76 | DMMPP: 47b
Pres.: SUBJ. 1sg. ’ng’w’n, IMPV. 2р1. ‘ng’wyd; Partic.: perf. pass. П ’ng’w’’d
*CHORESMIAN: ywy- ‘to praise’ > Samadi: 82 f.
*NEIR: (+ *ä-fra- ?) ? Oss. I. argawyn/arg,yd, D. argawun/argud ‘to perform a church
service; [D.] to read’ || (+ *ham-) Oss. I. emg,yd, D. angud ‘term, date’. > The
meaning of Oss. I. emg,yd, D. engud may have developed from ‘appointment’, i.e.
‘fixed date of a call, invocation’. The prefixation is not old, cf. Cheung 2002: 161 f.
Also the East Iranian forms, Chor. yd ‘term’ and Sogd. ’ny’w ‘hurry’, cited by
Abaev, l.c., have a different origin: < *gam ‘to come’.
*SANSKRIT: gav” ‘to call upon, invoke (ritually, at a sacrifice)’ (RV+) > EWAia I:
478
«PIE *geuH,- ‘to call upon’ = LIV: 189 | Pok.: 403
*IE COGNATES: Gr. you ‘I lament, complain’, ОНС gi-kewen ‘to call’
*REFERENCES: КРЕТ. 80a Ё; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 65 f., 144; Werba 1997: 346
*gauš ‘to hear, listen to’
*AVESTAN: gus- ‘to hear, listen to’ = Liste: 20
MED.; Pres. athem.: INJ. 3sg. OAv. gusta (cf. Kellens — Pirart 1990: 239; Y 31.18 £); Aor. them.: INJ.
3sg. OAv. güsatä (Y 29.8), IMPV. 2sg. OAv. güsahuua (Y 49.7), 2р1. OAv. güso.düm (Y 45.1); Partic.:
pres. caus. YAv. guSaiiat® (<< *gaos^, Yt 13.16)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP gws ‘ear’ || (+ *ni-) MMP nyws-, BMP n(y)dw(h)s-
/niyös-/ ‘to hear’? > DMMPP: 168a, 255b
116 *gaus
(+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP nywsynd, BMP ndwhsynd /niyosénd/, SUBJ. 3pl. MMP nywš nd, IMPV.
25р. BMP ndws /niyös/, 2р1. MMP nywsyd-ys ‘hear it/him’; Inf.: BMP nywhsytn /niyosidan/; Partic.:
perf. pass. BMP ndwhsyt, BMP nydwhsyt /niyosid/
*PARTHIAN: gws ‘ear’ || (+ *apa-) 'bgws ‘silent’ (Henning 1958: 110) || (+ *uz-)
(LW) 'zgwl- ‘to listen’ || (+ *ni-) ngws- ‘to hear’. 0 The change Ir. *§ > I in 'zgwl-
seems to point to borrowing from an Elr. source, cf. Henning, BSOAS 10: 100;
Morgenstierne apud Mayhofer 1966: 164. = Ghilain: 66 | DMMPP: 168a, 10b,
101b, 241a
(+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 25р. ngws’, SUBJ. 25р. ngws’h, 3sg. псу”, IMPV. 2sg. ngwS-, 2р1. ngwSyd; Partic.:
perf. pass. ngws'd
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pati-) OKh. pyüs- (pyü’-) ‘to hear’(+ *ham-) LKh. hamggüs- ‘to
heed’ > SGS: 87, 138
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) SSogd. ptyws, BSogd. pty’ws, CSogd. ptyws, MSogd. ptyws
‘to hear’ || (+ *ni-) SSogd. nyws, BSogd. ny’ws, CSogd. nyws, MSogd. nyws ‘to
hear, listen’
(+ *pati-) Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 150. SSogd. ptyws’m, SSogd. (*)pt.ywsm, dur. CSogd. "ptywsmsq,
2sg. SSogd. ptywsy, 3sg. BSogd. pty’wst, BSogd., CSogd. ptywst, etc. || (+ *ni-) Widely attested: Pres.:
IND. 3pl. BSogd. ny’ws’nt, OPT. 2sg. MSogd. nywsyy, 3sg. CSogd. nywsy, 1р1. CSogd. nywsym, 2pl.
BSogd. ny’ws’yö, IMPV. 2sg. SSogd. ny’ws, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: -ywsy- (+ hrd-, s.v. *har-) ‘to warn’ || (+ *apa-) byws- ‘to be quiet’ ||
(+ *ni-) m[nyws- ‘to hear’, m/nywsy- (caus.) ‘to cause to hear” > Samadi: 91 f., 19,
126
*NWIR: NP gosidan/gos- ‘to hear, listen’, Bal. gösit/göS- ‘to listen’, NP gos, Bal. gos,
Kurd. (Kurm.) gu(h) (m.), (Ѕог.) gwé, Zaz. gos ‘ear’
*NEIR: Oss. I. qus, D. Sos, Pash. ywaž, Sh. yüy, (Baj.) уйу, Rosh. убу, Bart. yü(”),
Sariq. yewl, Yzgh. yovon ‘ear’, Rosh. yawoj (f.) ‘ear, handle of a vessel’ || (+ *pati-)
Yghn. düyüs-/düyüsta ‘to hear’ || (+ *ni-) Pash. nyaZ-/nyutol, nywatal ‘to obey,
listen’, Sh. niyüy-/niyuxt, (Baj.) niyaw-/niyuxt, Rosh. niyüy-/niyuXt, Bart. niyü(w)-/
niyuxt, Orosh. niyu(w)-/niyuyd, Yzgh. nayu"-/nayuxt, Yi. noyüy-/noyüsc-, M.
nəyuy-/nəyúšk” ‘to listen’ || (+ *ui-) Oss. I. qoysyn/qoyst, D. igusun/igust ‘to be
heard’, Oss. I. qusyn/g.yst, D. igosun/igust (caus.) ‘to hear, listen’
*SANSKRIT: ghos ‘to sound’ (RV+) © EWAia I: 518
© Cognate forms outside Пг. are not attested.
*PIE — — LIV: 200 | Pok.: 454
*IE COGNATES: —
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 210; EVP: 51; IFL: 231b; Andreev — PeSéereva: 249; EVS: 35b, 48a; Abaev,
Slovar’ II: 334, 316 ff.; Nyberg II: 84; Werba 1997: 180; Cabolov 2001: 397 f.; NEVP: 56; Korn 2005:
290, 399; Shahbakhsh: s.v. gos-
*gaz ? 117
*gauz ‘to hide, conceal’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. guz- ‘to hide, conceal’ = Liste: 20
MED.; Pres. them.: IND. impf. 1sg. YAv. aguze (Yt 17.55 Ё), OPT. 35р. YAv. guzaéta (Yt 4.4), ? 3pl.
Y Av. fraguzaiianta (Yt 17.55 f.). % Hoffmann — Forssman 1996: 186f. analyse YAv. fraguzaiianta
differently: pres. aja- (with the zero grade root).
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *apa-) apagaud- ‘to conceal, hide away’ = Kent: 182b
Caus.: INJ. 2sg. apagaudaya < a-p-g-u-d-y-> (DB 4.54), SUBJ. 2sg. apagaudayahy < a-p-g-[u]-d-[y]-
[a]-h-y> (DB 4.55), < a-p-g-u-d-y-a-h-y> (4.57)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP gwe /göz/ ‘walnut’
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ni-) ngwz- ‘to hide, disappear’ = Ghilain: 64 | DMMPP: 241b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. ngwzyd, 3pl. ngwzynd, IMPV. 2sg. ngwz; Inf.: ngwz’dn
*SOGDIAN: (+ *apa-) BSogd. ’pyw’yz, CSogd. pyws- (pret. stem) ‘to conceal
Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. ‘pyw’yzt; Pret.: tr. 35р. f. CSogd. pywst’; Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd. pywsty (m.)
‘concealed’
*NWIR: NP göz ‘(wal)nut; fart, Kurd. (Kurm.) goz, guz (Ё), (Sor.) gwéz ‘walnut’
(also aquza, anquza). 9 In modern Persian parlance, the "arabicized" form joz for
‘(wal)nut’ has replaced gōz, which now exclusively means ‘fart’, but note Sh. jay ‘a
dumb fart’ (EVS: 39a).
*NEIR: Oss. I. qoyzyn/qoyzt (qoyzyd), D. guzun/guzt ‘to crouch’, Pash. пух (m.), Sh.
yüz, (Baj.), Bart., Rosh. yuz (f.), Sariq. yewz, Yzgh. yaz ‘walnut’ || (+ *apa-) Yghn.
büyünc-, büyünj-/büyüsta ‘to steal’ || (+ *à-) Yi. oyúzo ‘walnut’ || (+ *pari-) ? Wa.
poergas-/pargast ‘fall (into a trap), be stuck (into), entangled; to attain’ || (+ *ham-)
Oss. I. ænguz, D. engoz& ‘walnut’
*MISC: (+ *ni- ?) Georg. nigoz- ‘walnut’ (< Ir.)
*SANSKRIT: goh ‘to hide’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 502
The root appears to be of IIr. origin: IE connections are uncertain. The following
forms are mentioned as possible cognates: Lith. güZti ‘to shelter, cover’, ON gygr
(f.) ‘female monster, giant’. According to Gippert 1993: 155 ff., the Ir. "walnut
forms also contain the root *gauz. On the other hand, the different formations
attested for ‘walnut’ perhaps indicate the adoption of a non-native word.
«PIE? > LIV: 199 | Pok.: 450
*REFERENCES: EVP: 10; IFL П: 534b, 189b; Andreev — PeSéereva: 234a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 160 Ё; EVS:
38a; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 336 f.; Werba 1997: 178; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 276; Cabolov 2001: 409 f.;
NEVP: 8
*gaz ? ‘to bite, sting’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP gc- /gaz-/ ‘to sting’ (LW)
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP асу! /gazéd/, SUBJ. 3sg. BMP gc't/gazad/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP gcyt /gazid/
*PARTHIAN: “gst (pret. stem) ‘to bite” = Ghilain: 96 | DMMPP: 170b
118 *gaz
*NWIR: NP gazidan, Kurd. gastin, gazin/gaz-, Nn. gisa/giz-, Siv. gäz-/gäze ‘to bite;
sting’, Bal. gassit, gast/gass- (inch.) ‘to bite, sting, wear out’, NP -gaz ‘biting,
pungent’, саха ‘a biting serpent’, Zaz. gaz (f.), Abz. 207, Varz. gize ‘bite, sting’
*NEIR: (+ *4-) ? Pash. ayzai ‘thorn’ = ayzäy, azyáy (m.) || (+ *ham-, *abi- ?) ? Oss. I.
enqevzyn/engevzt, D. evgezun/evgazt ‘to gurgle, run out [of water]’ (with irreg.
metathesis ?, sec. pref. ?)
9 The root is exclusively Iranian. The suggestions of Korn 2005: 80, fn. 27 (deriva-
tion from IE *geg"- ‘to enter, seep in’, Skt. gäh-) and Bailey, DKS: 349a (IE *geg"”-
“prick, sting’) are either semantically (Korn) or formally (Bailey) unconvincing.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 146a; EVP: 10; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 164; WIM III: 106; Paul 1998: 298a; Cabolov
2001: 372; Lecoq 2002: 594a, 678b; NEVP: 8; Shahbakhsh: s.v. gass-; Korn 2005: 80, 316, 397
* 947 ‘to accept, receive’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pati-) pajays- ‘to enjoy; accept’. © On the Khot. form pajays- see
Emmerick, Fs Humbach: 77. — SGS: 64
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) 1. SSogd. pcy’z ‘to promise ?’, BSogd. pcy’z, CSogd. pcy’z
‘to receive, take, accept’, || 2. secondary ? CSogd. pcx$- ‘to take, hold, receive’ (cf.
Sims-Williams 1984: 54, no. 29), MSogd. ptcxs- ‘to take, hold, receive’ || (+ *para-)
SSogd. pry’s-, BSogd. pry’s-, CSogd. pryyZ ‘to deprive’ || (+ *fra-) MSogd. Bry’z
“grasping, extending (of hands), [Tk. transl.] sunup’ (Sogdica: 64 ad 11)
Widely attested: 1. Pres.: IND. 35р. dur. CSogd. pcy’ztq, OPT. 3sg. BSogd. pcy’z’y, 3pl. SSogd.
pey’zy’nt, IMPV. 2sg. BSogd. pcy’zCSogd. pcy z, 2pl. BSogd. pcy’zö, CSogd. pcy’z0’, etc. || Widely
attested: 2. Pres.: IND. 15р. MSogd. pcxsm-skwn (BBB: 41), 3р1. CSogd. рсхёпі OPT. 15р. MSogd.
*pexsym, IMPV. 2sg. SSogd. ptcxs, SSogd. pcxs’, 2р1. SSogd. "pexsót', MSogd. “ptcxs6 (ВВВ: 50), etc. ||
(+ *para-) Pres.: IRR. 3sg. CSogd. pryyzty, IMPV. 2р1. CSogd. "pryyZt; Partic.: perf. pass. SSogd.
pry’stw, BSogd. pry’stk, CSogd. "prysty
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pati-) pcy’z- ‘to accept, enjoy’. 0 The Chor. form pcy z- does not
mean ‘werben, anhalten (um die Hand)’, as assigned by Samadi, but rather ‘to
accept’. As for the etymology see Henning 1936: 34. = Samadi: 139
*BACTRIAN: (+ *ni-) ? vayat- (pret. stem) ‘to receive’ ? || (+ *ham-) ? wyytt- (pret.
stem) ‘to receive’ — S-W, Bact.: 207b, 177a
*NEIR: (+ *pati-) Wa. рыс(ы)2-/росоѕі, pocozd- ‘to ask, wish; to give back’ || (+
*ш-) ? Oss. I. qst, D. iğæstæ ‘receiving something minuscule, hardly attempting
something, hardly touched something’
9 The root is exclusively East Iranian.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ II: 297 f.; DKS: 199a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 282 f.
*grabH 119
*gnaió ? ‘to gnaw, chew’
*AVESTAN: (+ *abi-) Y Av. aißi.ynixta- (ppp.) ‘gnawed, chewed on’ (V)
9 The Av. form is isolated. It might be connected, notably, to the Germanic gnawing
forms (ON gnaga, OSax. gnagan, knagan, OE gnagan, etc.), despite the obvious
phonological difficulties.
«PIE? > LIV: - | Pok.: 436
*REFERENCES: AIW: 89
*gnauH ‘to sleep, slumber’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *aua- ?) BMP ’wn’d /önäy-/ ‘to slumber’. 0 The MP form is
attested in a Psalter text, cf. Henning 1971: 20b.
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. yn’w ‘to slumber’ {hapax}
Pres.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. yn’wt ‘slumbers’
*CHORESMIAN: m/yn’s- ‘to slumber’ (see Sims-Williams 1989: 261) = Samadi: 78
*NWIR: NP gunav-/gunudan ‘to slumber’ (LW)
9 The root appears to be regional, i.e. East Iranian. The Persian form is probably of
eastern origin.
*PIE— = LIV: – | Pok.:
*grabH ‘to grab, seize, take’
*AVESTAN: grab- (garab-) ‘to grab, seize, take’ || (+ *a-) ‘to grab (to)’ || (+ *uz-) "to
lift, raise; to stretch out; to take out’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to seize; to accept, receive’ || (+
*ham-) ‘to seize (with the hands)’. Q YAv. goropta- forms are very late, being
transposed from BMP /griftan/. = Liste: 20f.
Pres. {1} nä-: IND. 3sg. YAv. goroBnaiti (Yt 10.13), 3р1. YAv. "fragroBnonti (Yt 10.104), SUBJ. Zeg,
Y Av. *gorofnat (F 21), 3р1. YAv. garoBnan (Y 57.25); Pres. {2} aja-: IND. 35р. YAv. hangouruuaiieiti (Y
10.2), 3pl. med. YAv. uzgouruuaiieinte (Yt 13.147), INJ. 3sg. YAv. gouruuaiiat (He 5.65), med. YAv.
hangouruuaiiata (Yt 19.35 f£), 3р1. YAv. fora gouruuain (Y 28.0), SUBJ. 3sg. ҮАУ. gouruuaiiat (Yt 8.60,
Yt 14.52), YAv. uzgeuruuaiiat (V 19.23, V 19.25), 3pl. YAv. auua.gouruuaiian (Yt 11.6), ҮАУ.
hangouruuaiian (V 6.29), OPT. 35р. YAv. gouruuaiiöit, IMPV. 2sg. YAv. gouruuaiia (Y 9.28); Pres. {3}
ta-: IND. 3pl. goroptaiieinti (Vn 80), SUBJ. 35р. uzgoroptaiiat (FrK 16), Y Av. porogoroptaiiat (Nik 18),
3pl. YAv. goroptaiianti (Vn 80); Aor. {1} athem.: INJ. 1sg. OAv. hongrabam (Y 31.8); Aor. {2} s- (or
pres. inch.?): SUBJ. med. Isg. YAv. hangrofsane (Yt 19.49, Yt 19.51); Perf.: IND. 15р. YAv. "jayauruua
(H 2.8), 3sg. ҮАУ. à.jayauruua (N 54); Partic.: pres. {1} YAv. *%әгәВпапі- (Fr.), aor. {2} med. YAv.
hangrafSamna- (Yt 10.105), perf. ? YAv. jagorobus?(V 4.48)
*OLD PERSIAN: grab- ‘to seize (as possesion), seize (as prisoner)’ — Kent: 183b
Pres. aja-: impf. IND. 1sg. agrbayam <a-g-r-b-a-y-m> (DB 2.4, DB 4.7, DB 4.32), < a-g-r-b-a-y-[m]>
(DNa 17), <[a]-g-r-b-a-y-[m]> (DSe 16), <a-g-r-b-a-[y]-m> (DZc 8), 35р. agrbaya <a-g-r-b-a-y> (DB
2.88, DB 3.74, DB 5.12), <[a]-[g]-[r]-[b]-[a]-[y]> (DB 3.90), med. 3sg. agrbayata <a-g-r-b-a-y-t-a> (DB
1.42 f, DB 1.81), <a-g-r-b-a-y-t-a> (DB 3.82), 3pl. agrbaya" <a-g-r-b-a-y> (DB 2.13, DB 3.48 f),
<a-g-r-b-a-[y]> (DB 5.27); Pass.: impf. IND. 3sg. "agrbiya <a-g-r-b-i-y> (DB 2.73, v. Hoffmann 1956:
18)
120 *grabH
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP gyr-, BMP gyl- (OHDWN-) /gir-/ ‘to take, seize’ || (+
*pati-) MMP pdyr- ‘to take, receive, accept’, BMP ptgyl- (MKBLWN-) /padir-/ ‘to
accept, receive’ = DMMPP: 170a, 272b
Pres.: SUBJ. 25р. MMP gyr’y, 3sg. MMP gyr’d, 3р1. MMP "gyr’nd, IMPV. 2sg. MMP gyr, MMP gyyr,
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP "gryptg, MMP grypt, grypt, gryft, gryft || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 1sg. MMP
pdyr’m, MMP pdyrym, 3sg. MMP pdyryd, BMP ptglyt /padiréd/, 3р1. MMP pdyrynd, MMP pdyrnd,
BMP ptglynd /padirend/, SUBJ. jee MMP pdyr’y, 3sg. MMP pdyr’d, 1р1. MMP pdyr’m, 3pl. MMP
pdyr’nd, IMPV. 2sg. MMP pdyr, 2pl. MMP pdyryd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP pdyryft, pdyrypt; Inf.:
MMP pdyrptn, BMP ptglptn /padiriftan/
*PARTHIAN: gyrw- ‘to take, seize’, grysp- (pass./inch.) ‘to be taken, be held’ || (+
*uz-) ‘zgyrw- ‘to take out’, 'zerysp- (pass./inch.) ‘to be removed, taken away, out’ ||
(+ *pati-) pdgyrw- ‘to receive; take’ = Ghilain: 79, 89 | DMMPP: 170a f., 102a,
101b, 269a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. "gyrwyd, 3р1. “gyrwynd; Partic.: perf. pass. gryft, Pass.(/Inch.): pres. IND. 3pl. gryspynd,
SUBJ. 2sg. gryysp’, grysp’h; Inf.: gryfin || (+ *uz-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. ‘zgyrwyd, 3pl. ‘zgyrwynd, SUBJ.
lsg. *‘zgyrw’n, IMPV. 2sg. *‘zgyrw, 2р1. ‘zgyrwyd; Partic.: perf. pass. ‘zgryft, ‘zgryftg, П inch. ‘zgrysp’d
|| (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 35р. “pdgyrwyd, 3р1. pdgyrwynd, SUBJ. 2sg. "pdgyrw, pdgyrw’h, pdgyrw’h, 3sg.
pdgyrw’, IMPV. 25р. pdgyrw; Partic.: perf. pass. pdgryft
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ham-) hamgrih- ‘to raise; uphold’ = SGS: 138
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. (yrB- BSogd. yrf-, CSogd. yrb-, MSogd. yrß- ‘to take,
understand, know, be acquainted with’ || (+ *uz-) BSogd. zyrf- ‘to exalt’, BSogd.
zyrwDs- (pass./inch.) ‘to be raised (?) || (+ *pati-) SSogd. ptyr(y)B-, BSogd. ptyrB-,
BSogd. pcyrB- ‘to accept, receive; understand’ || (+ *fra-) BSogd. fryrB- ‘to offer’
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. SSogd. ’yıß’m, SSogd. yrB'm, BSogd., MSogd. yıß’m, dur. CSogd.
yrb’msq, CSogd. yrb’msqn, 2sg. MSogd. yrbyy, dur. SSogd. yrBy skwn, CSogd. yrbysq, 3sg. BSogd.
yrBty, etc. || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ptyrBty, SUBJ. 1sg. pcyrB’n, 3sg. BSogd. ptyrB’t, OPT.
2р1. BSogd. pty’ysö, BSogd. pcyrBty, POT. 3sg. BSogd. pcyrB't wnty (SCE: 369); Impf.: IND. 3pl.
BSogd. ptyyrB’nt, Partic.: pres. MSogd. (pl.) “ptyrBynyt (Sogdica: 25), perf. pass. SSogd. ptyryBt, Inf.:
BSogd. ptyıß’y || (+ *fra-) Pres.: OPT. 3sg. BSogd. BryxB’y; Impf.: IND. 3pl. BSogd. fr’’yrß’nt
*CHORESMIAN: xf- ‘to take, grasp; to befall (of illnesses)’ (*grfsa-), yBy- ‘to
consider, take (for), regard as; to grab’ ( *grbaja-), yfs- (intr./inch.) ‘to be silent, keep
quiet’, xFs- ‘to be covered’ || (+ *api- or *upa-) byBy- ‘to sense, find’. © On the
different continuations of *grabH in Chor., see Humbach 1973: 95. = Samadi: 234
f., 76 f., 236, 18
*BACTRIAN: (+ *pati-) лібороВ- ‘to receive’ = S-W, Bact.: 218 f.
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP giriftan/gir-, Bal. gipt/gir-, Kurd. girtin/gir-, Zaz. girewt,
girotis/gén-, (subj.) gir-, Abyan. geratan, Anar. ha’m-igirif/ (impv.) ha-gir, Awrom.
girtáy/ger-, Abz. grata/ger-, Abyan. gerata/ger-, Anar. girefte/gir-, Ard. girette/gir-,
Fariz. -girät-/-gir-, Yar. -girit-/-gir-, Gil. (Rsht.) giftoen/gir-, Gur. (Kand) gird-/
-(g)ir-, Isfah. giftän/gir-, Jow. bam-gat/ha a-gi:r-, Meim. bem-ga/a-gi:r-, Ham.
geftän/gir-, Mah. gir-/git, Nn. girefte/gir-, Natan. -geret-/-gir-, Qohr. gerata/yr-, ger-,
*grait/grai0 ? 121
Tal. gate, Tr. gata/ger- ‘to take, seize’, Mah. he-geftän/he-i-gir-, Sorkh. -git-/-gin-
‘to buy; to take’, Semn. -git-/-gir-, Sang. -gird/gin-, Shamerz. -gít-/girám-, Lasg.
-git-/gin, Soi gir-/a-ir- ‘to take, seize’ || (+ *pati-) NP paóiruftar/paóir- ‘to receive,
accept’
*NEIR: Oss. I. argeevyn/ergevd, D. erguvun/arguvd ‘to lift up, settle at, with; to pull
the trigger’, D. ergzevun/ergavd ‘to hit the target; to grab, seize’, Yghn. yirrw- ‘to
know, understand’, (inch.) Ishk. yarsfs- ‘to seize’, Yzgh. yarafs-/yarovd ‘to stick to’,
Yi. yurv-/yurd-, M. yürv-/yoruvd-, yuruvd ‘to buy’, Wa. Jərəv-, јәгәү-/(ә)гәуп-,
Zorov-/Zoroyn- ‘to stick to’ || (+ *abi-) Oss. I. irgeevyn/irgevd, D. ergevun/ergevd
‘to separate’ || (+ *a-) Oss. D. argaevne ‘pincers’
*MISC: Par. guri/ghit ‘to seize, buy’
*SANSKRIT: gra(b)h' ‘to seize, to take’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 505
«PIE *g'rebH;- ‘to grab, seize’. 0 This is the most often cited reconstruction. It is
assumed that laryngeal *-H>- causes aspiration of the preceding voiced stop in Ur.
cf. notably *d’ugHbter- ‘daughter’ (Gr. Өоү@&ттр vs. Skt. duhitär-) and *megH)-
‘big, large’ (Gr. péya- vs. Skt. máhi-), on which see Rasmussen 1987: 84 f. = LIV:
201 | Pok.: 455
*IE COGNATES: OCS grabiti ‘to rob’, Lith. grébti, gröbti ‘to rob’, Latv. grebt ‘to
seize’. © The Balto-Slavic forms perhaps reflect contamination of two roots, viz.
*e'reb"- ‘dig, rake’ and *g'reb- ‘seize, grab’, on which see Kortlandt 1988: 393;
Derksen 1991: 321-322. || Goth. greipan, ON gripa, etc. apparently derive from (PIE
?) *g"reib’- (cf. LIV: 203).
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 202; KPF I: 83, 145b, 209a, 248b f.; Ivanow 1926: 420; KPF II: 220; IIFL I:
254a; Christensen, Contributions I: 74, 171, 262; Christensen, Contributions II: 52, 62, 117 f., 162;
Abrahamian 1936: 114 f., 130; HFL II: 213a; Lambton 1938: 42a, 78b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 66, 548;
Andreev — PeSéereva: 258a; MacKenzie 1966: 95; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 407 £; EVS: 37a; Lecoq 1974: 60;
Nyberg II: 84b; Werba 1997: 402 f.; Paul 1998: 298b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 201; Cabolov 2001: 386
£; Cheung 2002: 80 f., 152 f., 162 £; Lecoq 2002: 121, 123, 125, 128, 177 (passim); Korn 2005: 149 f.,
396 (passim)
*graH ? ‘to smell’
*NEIR: ? Pash. yar (m.) ‘fart’, yara “‘podex’
*SANSKRIT: ghrä ‘to smell’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 520
The existence of an Ir. cognate root of Skt. ghra is uncertain: only the Pash. form
is related ?
*REFERENCES: EVP: 26; Werba 1997: 285 f.
*grait/graiO ? ‘to roar, scold’
*CHORESMIAN: ? Trd- ‘to bray’ || (+ *upa-) b’Trd- ‘to roar’ => Samadi: 80, 18
122 *gram
*NEIR: ? Oss. zlgityn/zlgyst, D. &lgetun/zIgist ‘to curse, scold’ (with sec. -t- ?). 0
Abaev, Slovar’ II: 42a f. connects the Oss. forms to MMP gry-, BMP gl(y)dy-
(BKYWN-) /griy-/ ‘to weep’, NP giristan/giriy- ‘to weep’, deriving both from a root
*gr(a)id. The Persian meaning hardly allows separation from *garz ‘to lament,
weep’.
The evidence for this root is limited. An IE provenance is uncertain.
«PIE? > LIV: – | Pok.: 384
* gram “to thunder, roar; to anger’
*AVESTAN: YAv. gram- ‘to anger, ergrimmen’ = Liste: 21
Partic.: pres. YAv. gramant- (Y 9.28), perf. pass. YAv. granta- (Yt 10.18 f., Yt 10.23, Yt 10.39 ff., etc.)
*KHOTANESE: LKh. огай- ‘to growl’ {hapax} => SGS: 31
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. ’yr’n-, BSogd. yr’ns (inch./intr.) ‘to get angry’, CSogd. угуп
(*ia-pres. ?) ‘to roar’ || (+ *ham-) BSogd. ’nyr’m, CSogd. ’yr’m ‘to slander’
Pres.: IND. 35р. dur. CSogd. yryntq; Impf.: IND. 35р. BSogd. yr’ns; Pret.: IND. 3pl. SSogd. ’yr’nt’nt,
Partic.: pres. BSogd. yr’nsn’y; Pass.: pret. SUBJ. 3sg. MSogd. yr’ndyy ’kt’t ‘should have been irritated’
(ВВВ: 37) || (+ *ham-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. "nyr'mt; Impf.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. myr’mnt, Partic.: pres. BSogd.
*nyr’mn’y, MSogd. ’ngr’mnyy (Sogdica: 52)
*CHORESMIAN: m/ym- ‘to coo, sing (of birds)’ = Samadi: 77 f.
*NWIR: NP gurunbidan, Gz. qurumb-/qurumba ‘to thunder, roar’, NP garmidan ‘to
thunder, roar, fly in a passion’, Bal. grandit/grand- (denomin.) ‘to thunder’, Bal.
grand ‘thunder’ (Sims-Williams apud Shahbakhsh)
*NEIR: Pash. yar-ég/yar-ed- ‘to roar, thunder’, ? Wa. yar-/yard ‘to bark, growl’ (<
Pash. ?), Ishk. yorond-/yorost ‘to scold’, ? Oss. I. qyrnyn/qyrnd, D. girnun/girnd ‘to
sing (along) in a diphonic song; to howl [of dogs]’
© The variant *gran- with final -n, attested in several ЕП. languages, is no doubt
abstracted from the past participle, with final m > n / — T. Consequently, the
postulation of a separate (IE) root *gr-en- (cf. SGS: 31) is therefore unnecessary.
«PIE *g"rem- ‘to roar; to be angry’ > LIV: 204 | Pok.: 458 f.
*IE COGNATES: Goth. gramjan, OHG gremmen ‘to become angry’, OE gremman ‘to
scorn’, etc., NHG grimm, Engl. grim, Lith. gramu, etc.
*REFERENCES: Paxalina 1959: 203; Sims-Williams 1976: 18, 60; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 333; WIM II/1: 81;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 185; NEVP: 32; Shahbakhsh: s.v. grand-; Korn 2005: 317, fn. 200
*øraðH ‘to tie (a knot)’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP glyh /grih/ ‘knot’
*PARTHIAN: gryh ‘knot? = DMMPP: 164a
*KHOTANESE: OKh. grantha-, gramtha-, LKh. gratha- ‘knot’ || (+ *ham-) OKh.
hamgramtha-, LKh. hamgratha- ‘attachment’
x
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. yr’ns ‘knot, bond, joining’
*gZar ? (*gzar ?) 123
*NWIR: Bal. grancit/granc- (denomin.) ‘to tie, knot’, NP girih, Bal. garanc, Kurd. gire
(Ё), Zaz. gire- (in giré-dayis ‘to fetter, tie, bind’), Abyan. gerah (Ё), Abz. gere, Anar.
gireh, Ard. gire, Gz. gire, Jow. gere, Siv. gire ‘knot’
*NEIR: Yi. yuréX, Yzgh. yəraw0, ? Oss. І. ælxync’, D. ælxij (formally puzzling),
(from early NP) Bart. zirix, Rosh. jiréx, Sariq. Z(i)rex, Wa. Zirox ‘knot’. © Pash.
yaral ‘to twist, spin’ (EVP: 27) may not belong here: s.v. *gart.
*SANSKRIT: granth' ‘to tie a knot" = EWAia I: 504
Q A convincing IE etymology for this (Dir. root is wanting. The Germanic nominal
forms, ? OHG kratto ‘basket’, OE cradol, Engl. cradle, NHG Kranz (m.) ‘wreath,
garland’ often cited as cognates are unattractive: are they rather loanwords from a
"substrate" source ?
«PIE? => LIV: 191 | Pok.: 386
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 213a; Lambton 1938: 73a; EVS: 111a; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 51 f.; DKS: 91b, 442b;
WIM П/2: 667; Asatrian — Livshits: 85; Werba 1997: 285; Paul 1998: 298b; Cabolov 2001: 385 Ё; Lecoq
2002: 576b, 594a, 608a (passim); Shahbakhsh: s.v. granc-
*gzra(H)d ? ‘to flow’
*AVESTAN: (+ *4-) YAv. ayzraó- ‘to flow to’ || (+ *ui-) YAv. viyzräö- ‘to flow away’
c» Liste: 21
Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. ayzraóaieiti (Yt 8.31), YAv. viyzradaiieiti (Yt 8.31)
© The etymology of ҮАУ. -yzräö- is uncertain. Gershevitch (apud Panaino, Tist.: I,
118) hypothesized that the curious initial consonant cluster -yzr- (with surprising
dental -z-) is the result of contamination of the verb *zyar- (i.e. *zgar! ?) and its
metathesized variant *yzar- (> Av. yZar-, s.v. *gzar). A different outcome would be
*Zyar- > Sogd. /Zyar-/, s.v. *zgar'.
«PIE — 0 A secondary fientive formation *g”g"r-eH,-d’e- is postulated by Lippe, LIV,
ibid.: morphologically hardly acceptable. > LIV: 213 f., esp. n. 9 | Pok.: 487 f.
*gZar ? (*gzar ?) ‘to flow (fast ?)’
*AVESTAN: YAv. yZar- ‘to flow’ || (+ *4-) ‘to let flow to’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to let overflow,
flood’ = Liste: 21
Pres. them.: SUBJ. 3pl. ? YAv. "yZaran (Panaino, Tist.: 131; Yt 8.42); Partic.: pres. caus. ҮАУ.
yZaraiiant- (Yt 15.2), YAv. viyZäraiiant- (Yt 5.139, Yt 12.5, V 19.40), intens. YAv. yZaro.yZarant- (V
5.19); Caus.: pres. IND. 35р. YAv. äyZäraileiti (Yt 8.31), YAv. viyZäraileiti (Yt 8.31), SUBJ. 3pl. ? YAv.
*yZaraiian
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *abi-) m/BZry- ‘to flood’ = Samadi: 48
*NWIR: ? NP saridan/sar- ‘to flow as rivers, with a great noise; to pour, trickle, urine’
*NEIR: Oss. I. æğzælyn (yzgalyn)/zg&ld, D. egz&lun/zgzald ‘to pour down, drip’,
? Pash. zyastal/zyal- ‘to swim, fly away’, (caus.) Oss. I. egzalyn (yzgalyn)/&g&ld,
124 *hac
D. egzalun/egzald "to pour down, drop’, ? Wa. Zarz ‘milk’ || (+ *fra-) Oss. legzer,
læzğær ‘scree’
*MISC: ? Orm. Sar-ék ‘to turn, revolve’
*SANSKRIT: ksar ‘to flow" = EWAia I: 428
“PIE *d^ iber. "о flow away’ ?. Ò The reconstruction is *g" g'er- according to Lipp,
LIV, l.c., n. 1. Note also Mayrhofer, CLI: 9 f., who considers the derivation of the
Ilr. forms from *d’g””er-, Gr. фӨғіро, not fully certain, because of semantic
difficulties. But see now Puhvel 2005: 232 ff. — LIV: 213 | Pok.: 487 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. фӨғіро ‘I destroy’, фӨғіророл (med.) ‘I perish; to be
shipwrecked’, ? Toch. kwär- ‘to age, grow old’. Ф On Toch. kwär- see Hilmarsson
1986: 254 ff. The connection is declined by Adams 1999: 236.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 101; IIFL I: 409b; IIFL II: 557b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 536 f.; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 26 f.;
Werba 1997: 343; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 445; Jamison, Fs Rix: 237 ff.
h
*haé ‘to follow’
*AVESTAN: hac- ‘to follow’ || (+ *ä-) ‘to stick to’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to accompany, join’ ||
(+ *para-) ‘to follow forth’ = Liste: 70f.
Pres. {1} them.: IND. 2sg. YAv. hacahi, 3sg. YAv. haxaiti (Yt 19.68, ViD 9), med. 3sg. hacaité (Y 34.2,
Y 46.16, Y 48.4, etc.), 3р1. OAv. hac(a)inte (Y 33.9, Y 45.2), YAv. hacinte (Y 10.8, Y 19.15, Yt 17.5),
INJ. 3sg. YAv. upanhacat (Yt 15.4, Yt 19.26, Yt 19.28, etc.), SUBJ. 1sg. OAv. hàca (Y 46.1), med. 15р.
Y Av. hacane (Yt 5.69, Yt 14.60), 3sg. YAv. paranhacaiti (N 6 £, N 9, N 11), YAv. hacat (Yt 18.4, Yt
19.54), 3р1. med. YAv. hacanté (Y 48.12, Yt 8.1), IMPV. med. 2sg. YAv. hacag'ha (N 9), 3sg. ҮАУ.
hacatu (Vyt 8); Pres. {2} athem. red.: IND. 3sg. YAv. a.hishaxti (V 5.34), SUBJ. med. Ipl. OAv.
hiscamaide (Y 40.4); Aor. {1} them. red.: IND. 2pl. ? YAv. haxsa0a (Vyt 47), INJ. 35р. ? YAv. haxsat (F
24), SUBJ. med. 1sg. OAv. haxsai (Y 46.10), med. 1sg. ? YAv. haxsane (V 19.26), OPT. 1sg. YAv.
haxsaiia (Y 8.7, Y 11.14, Y 52.7), med. Zeg ? Y Av. haxsaesa (V 7.50, V 19.26), 3sg. YAv. haxsoit (Y
62.10, V 18.27, Vyt 38); Aor. {2} athem.: IMPV. 3pl. OAv. scantü (Y 53.2); Partic.: pres. {1} med.
hacimna- (Y 43.10, Y 43.12, etc.), OAv. һасәтпа- (Y 44.10), perf. pass. YAv. -haxta- (N 6); Caus.:
SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. ирапһасайепі (Yt 5.8, Yt 5.124), med. 1sg. YAv. hacaiiene (Yt 5.18, Yt 5.105, Yt
9.26), 3sg. Y Av. häcaiiät (Vyt 47); Desid.: IND. 2pl. ? YAv. hixsa0a (Vyt 47), INJ. 3sg. YAv. hixsat (F
24), med. 159. YAv. hixsane (V 19.26), OPT. med. 2sg. Y Av. hixsaesa (Vyt 45)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP h’c- /haz-/ ‘to lead, guide, persuade, convert’, BMP h’csn
/hazisn/ ‘conversion’
Pres.: IND. 1sg. ВМР h’cym /hazém/, 2sg. BMP h’cydy /hazé/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP h'ht/hàxt/
*PARTHIAN: hxs- (orig. inch.) ‘to follow, pursue’ = Ghilain: 81 | DMMPP: 195b
Pres.: IND. 35р. hxsyd, 3р1. hxsynd, SUBJ. 25р. hxs’h, 1р1. “hxs’m, OPT. hxsyndyh; Partic.: perf. pass.
*hxt, II hxs'd
*had 125
*KHOTANESE: Ф LKh. pahajidá (iter.) ‘they flee’ (Or. 11252.4b3, KT 2.16, hapax)
connected to the root *haé by Bailey, apud SGS: 79 (however < IE *b'eg"-, DKS:
227a), should be read as prahäjidä ‘they open’, Emmerick, SVK II: 83. The
"corresponding" inch. pahis- ‘to flee’ (SGS: 80) is rather related to his- ‘to come’
(*Hai).
*NWIR: Anar. Canaye/can- (sec. tr./caus. -an-suff.) ‘to follow’ || (+ *anu-) ? Soi
T-näsüd- ‘to bring, lead along (someone)’
*SANSKRIT: sac ‘to follow, accompany’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 686
*PIE *sek"- ‘to follow" = LIV: 525 f. | Pok.: 896 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. ё&летол, Lat. sequitur, Olrish sechithir ‘follows’, Lith. sékti ‘to
follow, go after’, Latv. sekt ‘to follow, to go after’
*REFERENCES: КРЕТ. 243b; Werba 1997: 249; Lecoq 2002: 134
*had ‘to sit, be seated’
*AVESTAN: hiö- ‘to sit, be seated’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to be seated on (a horse)’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to
sit down’ — Liste: 71
Pres. them. red.: IND. 3sg. YAv. nishióaiti (Y 10.15), SUBJ. 3sg. Y Av. nishióat (V 16.1), OPT. 2sg.
Y Av. nishiööis (Н 2.13, Vyt 59), 3sg. Y Av. nishióoit (V 9.29), med. 3sg. Y Av. nishióaeta (V 8.11, V 9.33
ff., V 16.8 f£); Perf.: ОРТ. 3sg. YAv. ni hazdiiat (Yt 13.13); Inf.: ҮАУ. aiBi.Sasta; Caus.: IND. 35р. YAv.
"nisaóaiieiti (FrA 24), INJ. 35р. YAv. nisaóaiiat (Y 9.24), OPT. 2sg. Y Av. nisaóaiiois (H 2.14); Desid.:
INJ. 3sg. OAv. hisasat (Y 32.13)
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *ni-) ni-sad- (caus.) ‘to establish’ = Kent: 212
Caus.: impf. IND. 1sg. niyasadayam <n-i-y-S-a-d-y-m> (DNa 36), niSadayam <n-i-8-a-d-y-m> (XPh 34)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ni- MMP nsyy- ‘to sit down, settle oneself’, MMP ns’y-,
BMP n3’n- (caus.) ‘to place, settle, ground, establish = DMMPP: 245b f.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP nsyyd, SUBJ. 3р1. MMP *nsyy’nd, IMPV. 2sg. nsyd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP nšst,
etc.
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ni-) nšyd- ‘to sit (down), settle oneself’, also nšyl- (< Bact./Sogd. ?).
= Ghilain: 50 | DMMPP: 245b f.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. nsydyd, 3р1. nSylynd; Partic.: perf. pass. nšst; Inf.: "nsstn
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ati-) tva’y- (ttuva’-) ‘to bring across’ || (+ *abi-) bvai(’)- ‘to
mount; ride’ || (+ *ni-) nät- ‘to sit down’, näta’s- (na’s-) (inch.) ‘to end’ = SGS: 39,
102, 53 f., 57
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) BSogd. ’pc’t ‘time, instant’ || (+ *pari-) SSogd. prsyö (old
caus.) ‘to sit through, out’ || (+ *ni-) BSogd. пуб, CSogd. пуа, MSogd. пуб ‘to sit
down’, BSogd. n(y)s’y6, BSogd. nysyö, CSogd. nsyd (caus.) ‘to plant; establish’
(+ *pari-) Impf.: IND. 2sg. SSogd. prysyöy || (+ *ni-) Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. nyöt, 3pl.
BSogd. nyö’nt, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. nyö’t, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ni-) ny0- ‘to sit; to be, become’, m/nh’zy- (caus.) ‘to place’
c» Samadi: 127
126 *hah
*BACTRIAN: (+ *ni-) vipoApo, мролцо ‘seat (of the gods), throne, dwelling’. 0 Cf.
Pth. nsdm, MMP nëm, BMP nsdm ‘seat’. = S-W, Bact.: 208b
*NWIR: (+ *4-) Abz. avad/av-, Abyan. aya(y)-/ay-, Qohr. aha(d)-/ah-, Ard. axo/ax-,
Tr. axa(y)-/ax-, Nn. āšis-/āš- ‘to become seated’ (influenced by *HaHh ‘to be seated,
sit’ ?) || (+ *ni-) Widely attested: NP niSastan/nisin-, Bal. nist/nind-, Kurd. nistin,
Zaz. ro-nistis/ro-sen-, Awrom. nistáy/-nis-, Tt. (Esh.) ansin/ansest, Gz. ni(y)-/nist,
Gil. (Rsht.) nistaen/nisin-, Gur. (Kand.) nist-/-nisan-, Ham. he-nistän/ he-i-ni-, Semn.
nia- ‘to sit’, Sang. -nést-/ neeroen-, Shamerz. -nist-am-/näsin-am-, Sorkh. -niäst-,
(supplet. ?) nin-, Lasg. -nest-/nieroen-, Isfah. nišdän (supplet. ?) niy-, Sist. rsin-, Siv.
rsin-/nist ‘to sit down’ (with dissim. n- > r-), Gz. nan-/nast (caus.) ‘to make to sit
down’. 9 The intervocalic -r- attested in some modern dialects is perhaps the result
of a "Parthian-like" development: *-d-> *-6-> -г- ?, cf. Sorkh. -sust-/Sur- ‘to wash’,
s.v. *xSaud.
*NEIR: (+ *8-) Sh. yä0 (m.), Bart. y00, Sariq. yo0, Yzgh. ya ‘nest’ || (+ *upa-) Oss.
I. badyn/badt, D. badun/badt ‘to sit’ || (+ *ni-) Pash. näst ‘seated, sitting’, Sh. n10-/
nust, Rosh. ni0-/nost, Bart. ni0-/nóst, Yzgh. ni0-/noyüst, Sangl. nió-, Yi. nix-/niast-,
M. nix-/nidst-, Yghn. nid-, Wa. nbizd-, nazd-/nayn- ‘to sit down’, (caus.) Sh. näö-/
näöd, Rosh. n&ó-/neód, Rosh. n&ö-/nüst, Bart. noó-/nóst, Sariq. nalaóon-/nalaóond,
Yzgh. nidon-/nidont ‘to make to sit down’, Wa. nid(1)v-/nidovd-, niö(bI)v-/nidovd
‘to place, give a seat’
*MISC: (+ *ni-) Orm. n-/nustuk, nastak ‘to sit down’ = ney-/nöstök, nóstok, nostok,
Orm. naw- (orig. caus.) ‘to cause to sit down’ = naw-/nawok
*SANSKRIT: sad ‘to sit’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 692
9 The apparent loss of the expected ruki *š (after *ni-), cf. YAv. nishiöa-, Pth. nsyd-,
Skt. ni-sida-, in several (esp. East) Iranian languages is strange: replaced by
(simplex) *hida- ? Also the appearance of voiceless -0- in some languages needs an
explanation.
«PIE *sed- ‘to sit?’ © LIV: 513 f. | Pok.: 884 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. €Copon, Vom, Lat. sido, OCS sédéti, Lith. sédéti, Latv. sédét,
Goth. sitan, Engl. to sit, etc.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 147a, 209b; EVP: 53; IIFL I: 275b f., 401b, 403a; KPF II: 224; Christensen,
Contributions I: 76; IIFL II: 234b f.; Christensen, Contributions II: 64, 119, 162; Abrahamian 1936: 115,
131; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 230 Ё; Andreev — PeSéereva: 293a Ё; MacKenzie 1966: 103; Yarshater 1969: 182;
EVS: 106b, 50b, 47a; DKS: 186a Ё; WIM II/1: 80; WIM III: 115; Werba 1997: 250 Ё; Paul 1998: 312a;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 244, 253; Lecoq 2002: 194 (passim); NEVP: 59; Kiefer 2003: 202; Shahbakhsh:
s.v. nind-; Korn 2005: 96, 127, 409 (passim)
*hah ‘to sleep’
*AVESTAN: OAv. hah- ‘to sleep’ = Liste: 72
Pres. athem.: IND. 159. OAv. hahmi (Y 34.5)
*haic 127
*SANSKRIT: sas ‘to sleep’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 716
9 Further Ir. cognates are unknown.
«PIE *ses- to sleep’ = LIV: 536 f. | Pok.: —
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. 3e-es-zi ‘sleeps’, Luw. /sassa-' ‘to sleep’
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 252
*haié ‘to pour (out), moisten’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. haéc- ‘to pour (out); to irrigate’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to besprinkle, pour on
(ritually with water or cow’s urine)’ || (+ *para-) ‘to pour, flow out, away’ || (+ *fra-)
‘to sprinkle, pour out’ — Liste: 72
Pres. n-: IND. 3sg. YAv. hincaiti (V 5.5), med. YAv. “fra.hincaite (N 68 = Kotwal — Kreyenbroek: N
50.7), 3pl. YAv. frasicinti (Yt 14.54), INJ. 3sg. YAv. hincat (F 673), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. hincäiti (N 83),
OPT. 2sg. YAv. paiti.hincdis (V 8.40, V 8.58, V 8.70 f., etc.), 3sg. YAv. paiti.hincöit (V 9.47), 3pl. YAv.
para.hincaiion (V 6.32); Perf.: IND. 35р. ? YAv. "frahisaeca (Yt 10.138); Partic.: pres. them. ? OAv.
haécat.aspa- (Y 46.15, Y 53.3); Inf.: YAv. hixtaiiae(-ca) ‘to moisten, [BMP transl.] /namb kardan/’ (V
6.6); Caus.: SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. haecaiiat (V 5.12 f., V 8.10 £), perf. pass. perf. pass. YAv. frahixta- (Yt
10.96). © On the name OAv. haécat.aspa- see Mayrhofer 1979: по. 164.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP wysync- /wis-Sinj-/ ‘venom-spurting’ (cf. Nyberg II: 216a)
|| (+ *pati-) BMP psnc- /passinj-/ ‘to sprinkle’ || (+ *pari-) MMP prsynz- ‘to flow
through’ = DMMPP: 280a
(+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP psncyt /passinjéd/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP pshtk /passixtag/ || (+ *pari-)
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP prsynzyd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ä-) ’Syxt (pret. stem) ‘to pour, flow, overflow; sprinkle’
c DMMPP: 58a
Partic.: perf. pass. ’Syxt, *’Syxt
*KHOTANESE: häs- ‘to wet, besprinkle’? > SGS: —
*SOGDIAN: (+ *а-) MSogd. "Sync ‘to pour’ (-s- from *pati-formation) || (+ *pati-)
CSogd. pSync- ‘to pour’
(+ *a-) Impf.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. m’Sync; Partic.: perf. pass. (Ё) BSogd. ’’Sych || (+ *pati-) "z-Impf.: IND.
159. CSogd. pSync’zw; Partic.: pres. CSogd. psyncn’ ‘oh spiller !’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *apa-) bync- ‘to pour out, scoop (water)? = Samadi: 33a f.
*NWIR: NP xesandan/xesan- (inch.-caus. ?) ‘to soak, moisten’, Gz. enjue ‘he pours’,
Gz. yüsn- (inch. ?) ‘to soak’, NP hes, xés, Gz. yüs ‘wet, moist’ || (+ *pati-) NP
pisanjidan ‘to sprinkle’, Khor. pšing ‘spraying, explosion’
*NEIR: ? Wa. Xonz-, Xan3-/Xayn- ‘to pour over, into’ || (+ *abi-) (inch. ?) Sh. biyis-/
biyid, (Baj.) biwis-/biwéd, Rosh. buways-/buwayd, Sariq. bilis-/bileyd, bülis-/
büleyd ‘to swell, inflate’, Sariq. balis-/baleid ‘to ferment, rise (dough); to foam
(water in a torrent)’ || (+ *ui-) Sariq. waluys-/walud, (perf.) walusc ‘to spread,
expand, swell, inflate, spill’, (Shaw) walis-/waltiyd ‘to flood, spread out’. 9 As for
the initial X- of Wa. Xonz-, Xonz-/Xoyn-, it is from *h- before *-(a)i (?), cf. Oss. I.
xid, D. xed ‘bridge’ (< *haitu-, Av. haetu-).
128 *haiš ?
*SANSKRIT: sec ‘to pour (out)’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 744
«PIE *seik"- ‘to рош” © LIV: 523 | Pok.: 893 f.
*IE COGNATES: OHG sihan ‘to sift’, OE séon ‘to flow away, to sift’, OCS sscati ‘to
urinate’
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 553; EVS: 19a, 89b; DKS: 488b; WIM II/1: 79; WIM W/2: 698; Monchi-Zadeh
1990: 146; Werba 1997: 254; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 418
*haiS ? ‘to see, watch ?'
*AVESTAN: OAv. his- ‘to see, watch ?’ — Liste: 73
Partic.: pres. OAV. vispa.hisas (Y 45.4). 9 On the basis of the Pahlavi translation: hlwsp nkylyd'l /harwisp
nigeridär/ ‘all-watching’.
9 No further Ir./IE cognates are known.
«PIE —
*REFERENCES: Kellens 1984: 102, fn. 8
*haiz ‘to look, search for pastures ?’
*AVESTAN: (+ *pari-) Y Av. haez- ‘to search, scrutinize’ ? = Liste: 73
MED .; Pres. them.: IMPV. 25р. YAv. pairi.haezar'a (V 21.4, V 21.12, Z 21.16)
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pati-) ? pachiys- (mid./pass.) ‘to be called, considered’, pachis-
(caus.) “to regard, consider’ — SGS: 63
*NWIR: (+ pref. ?) ? Gur. (Kand.) vizin/-iz- ‘seek, (re)search'
*NEIR: Oss. I. xizyn/xyzt, D. xezun/xizt ‘to pasture, graze’
«PIE An IE provenance for this Ir. root cannot be established.
*REFERENCES: KPF II: 210 f.; DKS: 198a; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 206 f.
*hanH ‘to conquer’
*AVESTAN: han- ‘to conquer’ © Liste: 71
Aor. them.: SUBJ. 1sg. OAv. hanani (Y 44.18), 3sg. OAv. hanat (Y 54.1), OPT. med. 2sg. Y Av. hanaesa
(Y 59.30), 1р1. OAv. hanaema ° (Y 41.4); Partic.: pres. (caus.?) med. YAv. hanaiiamna- (Y 59.30), aor.
OAv. hanant- (Y 44.19, Y 46.19), perf. YAv. hanhanus- (Yt 13.88), med. Y Av. haghanana- (Yt 13.88);
Desid.: OPT. med. 3sg. YAv. išaphaëta (Yt 19.53)
*SANSKRIT: san! ‘to win, gain’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 696
9 Further Ir. cognates are unknown.
«PIE *senH>- ‘to obtain’ = LIV: 532 f. | Pok.: 906
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /sanh-/ ‘to mean, to want, to search’, Gr. dvbo, буо, буор ‘I
complete, bring to an end’, OHG sinnan ‘to strive after something’
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 322
*ha(n)j ‘to hang (on), cling on’
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *fra-) fraha(")j- ‘to hang out" > Kent: 212b
Pres. (a)them.: impf. IND. 1sg. fraha(")jam <f-r-a-h-j-m> (DB 2.78)
*harl 129
“MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *abi-) MMP ’synzyh- ‘to draw up’. © Not from the root *@anj,
as assumed by Henning 1933: 198 and others. = DMMPP: 58a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP ’Synzyd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP "'$yxt; Pass.: pres. SUBJ. 3sg. MMP ’Synzh’d;
Inf.: MMP *’syxtn
*KHOTANESE: LKh. ajs- ‘pursue’ || (+ *pati- ?) pahej- ‘to stop, check [intr.]’. ©
Bailey, DKS: Lc. derives pahej- from *pari-hag-, on which he comments:
"(consonant [sc. -h-] kept after pari-)". It is hardly possible that, in Khotanese, liquid
*-r- would be lost (in intervocalic position). The appearance of -h- is probably not
old, being merely a "space filler" of lost ("ruki") *-s- (> Khot. -’-). LKh. vahaj-
(vah-) ‘to accompany’ (SGS: 121; DKS: 381) may not exist at all, on which see
further Emmerick, SVK II: 127. = SGS: 5, 121
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *abi-) m/fsnc- ‘to sit on (horse), ride’, m/f§’ny- (caus.) ‘to place
(someone) on (horse), let (someone) ride’ = Samadi: 72
*NWIR: (+ *a-aua-) NP ävang(än) ‘hanging (etc.)’
*NEIR: (+ *(ä-)aua-) (?) Yi. awáZ-/awáyd- ‘to hang up’
*SANSKRIT: sa(fi)j ‘to adhere, hang (on) (RV+) > EWAia II: 688
«PIE *seg- ‘to adhere’ = LIV: 516 | Pok.: 887 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lith. segü ‘I adhere’, ? Olrish sen ‘safety net (for catching birds)’
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 195a; DKS: 227a f.; Werba 1997: 249 f.
*hap ‘to keep, observe’
*AVESTAN: OAv. haf- (hap-) ‘to keep, observe’ = Liste: 71
Pres. athem.: IND. 25р. OAv. hafšī (Y 43.4), 3sg. OAv. hapti (Y 31.22)
*SOGDIAN: ? CSogd. pw’d- (m.)‘monument, altar’ (cf. Schwartz 1967: 137) || (+
*ni-) BSogd. ’nS’yp- (old caus.) ‘to envelop, cover’, CSogd. *Syp- ‘to bury’
(+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. dur. 2sg. CSogd. ’sypysq, 3sg. BSogd. ’ns’ypt; Impf.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. msypnt,
POT. 3sg. BSogd. ’ns’ypt wn’; Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd. ’Sybty, CSogd. ’Sybtyt, Pass.: perf. intr. IND.
CSogd. ’sybdy stysq
*SANSKRIT: Skt. sap ‘to take care, honour, observe’ (RV) = EWAia II: 698
«PIE *sep- ‘to take care of, observe’ = LIV: 534 | Pok.: 909
*IE COGNATES: Gr. čno ‘I take care of, commit, do’, Lat. sepelire ‘to bury’
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 251 f.
*har! ‘to guard, observe’
*AVESTAN: YAv. har- ‘to guard, observe’ || (+ *pari-) ‘to mind, be aware of || (+
*ni-) ‘to mind, be aware of’ = Liste: 72
Pres. {1} them.: IND. med. 3sg. YAv. райт... haraite (Y 19.10), IMPV. 35р. YAv. nišapharatü (Y 58.4);
Pres. {2} ua-: IND. 3sg. YAv. nishauruuaiti (Y 57.16, Y 57.30, Yt 10.103)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *aua- ?) MMP whwr- ‘to confuse, disturb’ (< *aua-hria- ‘to let
one's guard down’ ?) > DMMPP: 341a
130 *har2
(+ *aua-) Pres.: SUBJ. 1sg. MMP whwr’n; Partic.: pres. MMP whwr’g’n pl., perf. pass. MMP whwryd;
Inf.: MMP whwrydn
*PARTHIAN: (+ *aua-) whyrd (pret. stem) ‘to disturb’ > Ghilain: 97 | DMMPP: 341b
Partic.: perf. pass. whyrd
*CHORESMIAN: Ага“ (in comp. + °ywsy- ‘to hear’: hrdyws- ‘to warn’). © From pres.
IMPV. 2pl. *harata ‘attention, gebt acht’. > Samadi: 91
*BACTRIAN: (+ neg.) ? vapööıyavo ‘fallow, uncultivated (land)'. 9 According to
Sims-Williams, Le, the Bact. form vapööıyavo goes back to *an-arta-
‘unploughed’, the neg. ppp. of IE *H;erH;- ‘to plough’ (Gr. &póo, Lat. aro, Olrish
airim, Pokorny: 62 Ё; LIV: 272). This is not very attractive as the Bact. form would
be totally isolated, having no other (Dir. correspondences. Perhaps vopóóvyavo 15
rather related to *har': **unkept, neglected’ ? > S-W, Bact.: 208a
*NWIR: NP zinhar ‘beware!, mind!’ (orig. IMPV. 2sg. z-in har ‘beware of this’), ?
NP na-har ‘fasting; breakfast, lunch’, Siv. nähär ‘lunch, Mittagbrot’ (cf. Engl.
break-fast) || (+ *ni-) Kurd. (Kurm.) nihér(t)in/nihér-, (Sor.) niwarin ‘to look, have a
look’
*NEIR: Pash. arwédal ‘to hear’ = arw-, awr- / -ed-, (Wan.) awr-
*MISC: Par. harw-/höt, harwi ‘to hear’ || (+ *aua-) Arm. (LW) veher ‘vacillating;
unsturdy; fearing’
«PIE *ser- ‘to look after, protect’ = LIV: 534 | Pok.: 910
*IE COGNATES: Gr. броутол “they respect’ (Hom.), ? Lyd. katared- ‘stands guard’,
saréta- ‘protector’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 11; IIFL I: 260a f.; WIM III: 334; NEVP: 10
*har? ‘to stretch, extend’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *fra-) BSogd. f()yr-, CSogd. fyr- ‘to extend, stretch’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. fyrt, BSogd. fyrt, 3р1. BSogd. f’yr’nt, BSogd. fyr’nt, ’z-Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd.
fyr’z; Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd. fyrty
*NWIR: (+ *ui-) ? Tt. (Tak.) usar/usard ‘to open’
*NEIR: (+ *ui-) Yzgh. wosar-d ‘to stretch out (the feet)’ (probably not EVS: 93b: <
*ul-xSar-)
*SANSKRIT: sar ‘to stretch, extend’ (RV) = EWAia П: 705
9 The Ilr. root is usually connected to the IE ‘leap, jump’ forms, although this is
semantically not quite evident: the meaning of the Ш. root rather refers to a
horizontal motion.
«PIE ? *s(e)I- ‘to leap’ = LIV: 527 f. | Pok.: 899
*IE COGNATES: Gr. &AAopa, Lat. salire ‘to leap, jump’, Toch. B säl- ‘to throw off,
down; to let fall’, säl- ‘to arise, fly’ (Adams 1999: 686, 688)
*REFERENCES: Yarshater 1969: 183; Werba 1997: 256
*harH 131
*haré ‘to cast, tear (off) ?; to send ?’
*AVESTAN: Y Ау. haroc- ‘emittere, cast, tear (off)’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to send’ = Liste: 72
Caus.: INJ. 3sg. Y Av. fragharocaiiat (Yt 19.46), SUBJ. 3sg. ҮАУ. harocaiiat (V 5.60 f.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? MMP hrg ‘refuse ?’ (cf. Henning 1940: 57 ad 28)
© Further (lr. cognates are unknown.
«PIE ? *selk- ‘to pull, draw (out, away); to tear (off)? = LIV: 530 f. | Pok.: 901
*IE COGNATES: Gr. €AK@ ‘I pull, draw’, £Axéo ‘I tear off (Hom. Il. P558), Lat.
sulco ‘I plough’, Toch. B sälk- ‘to pull, draw (out, away), tear (out)', OE sulh
‘furrow, plough’, Alb. he(l)q ‘to draw, tear off’
*harH ‘to pay tribute; to barter, trade, exchange ?’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? MMP hr’g, BMP hig /harg/ ‘duty, tribute; work, effort’, BMP
whylyh /wihirth/ ‘change’
*KHOTANESE: hära- ‘thing; possession’
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. ’rkh ‘work, business’
*CHORESMIAN: ’rk (f.) ‘work, labour’
*BACTRIAN: vapyo ‘rent (for land), hire (of a workman)’ (LW), veipo, 1єро, epo
“matter, business’ (< *h(a)ria- ‘pertaining to business’) = S-W, Bact.: 228a, 195b
*NWIR: (+ *ui-) NP gauharidan, NP gahülidan (denomin.) ‘to exchange, barter’,
Kurd. (Kurm.) guhérin/guhér-, guhartin/guhér-, gorandin/gorin-, (Sor.) göran/gör-
‘to exchange’, Gur. (Kand) guryan ‘to be changed, change [intr.]’ (perh. < Pers.). ©
The Kurd. forms do not go back to *ui-uart- (*yart) as recontructed by Cabolov
2001, l.c.
*NEIR: Wa. (yJark ‘work, matter, business’, Yghn. ark ‘work, matter, business’, Yi.
hory, M. hör(g) ‘work’
*MISC: Arm. hark (LW) ‘duty, tribute’, Arab. (LW) xarj ‘tax; expenses’ (< MIr.
*harg, BMP hlg), Arab. (LW) xaraj ‘land, property tax’ (< MIr. *harag, MMP hr’g,
not from Gr. хорӯухо). Ф According to Henning 1935: 291 ff., the Persian forms are
actually an old borrowing from Imperial Aramaic, cf. biblical Aram. (LW) h'lay a
kind of tax (Ezra 4:13; 4:20; 7:24).
© The Ir. forms perhaps continue the IE root *selH;- ‘to take into possession,
possess, earn’. A different root is reconstructed (for most of these forms) by
Rastorgueva — Edel’man, ESIJa 1: 198: *ar- ‘to do, make’. This root *ar- would
continue IE *HzerH;- ‘to plough’ (Gr. &póc, Lat. аго, Lith. árti, etc.), which would
also be lurking in Sogd. wn- (next to kwn-, s.v. *kar-), Khot. yan- (s.v. *kar-) ‘to do,
make’.
«PIE *selH,- ‘to take into possession, possess, earn’ ? = LIV: 529 | Pok.: 899
*IE COGNATES: Gr. £A&tv ‘to take (by force)’, €Awp ‘loot, booty, catch’, Goth. saljan
‘to bring, sacrifice’, ON selja, OE sellan ‘to hand over, sell’, Engl. to sell, etc.
132 *harn
"REFERENCES: KPF П: 205; IFL: 215a; Andreev — Peščereva: 226a; MacKenzie 1966: 94; Perikhanian
1997: 362 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 421; Cabolov 2001: 399
*harn ‘to saw’
*KHOTANESE: harraa- ‘saw’. © On Khot. harraa- see Emmerick, SVK III. 165 f.
Khot. ага, to which Bailey, DKS: 22b assigns ‘saw’, actually means ‘awl’ and is a
technical loanword from Skt. ära-. || Khot. bir- ‘to saw’, first suggested by Henning
1955: 436 and accepted in SGS: 100, may not exist, on which see Maggi, SVK III:
116 ff.
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ш-) BSogd. wyr’kh ‘saw’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ui-) wyry- ‘to saw’. 0 The verb is perhaps a denomin. formation.
= Samadi: 225
*NWIR: NP arrah, Bal. harray, Kurd. ara, Semn. ara, Gz. éré ‘saw’
*NEIR: Pash. (Waz.) ara, Yi. arrá ‘saw’ (LW)
*MISC: Orm. аго ‘saw’ (< Pash. Waz. ага)
*SANSKRIT: srni- (Ё) ‘sickle’ (RV) > EWAia II: 743
9 There is little evidence for a verbal Ir. root *har ‘to saw’, except in Chor. This root
may rather be denominative. As for the provenance, the only plausible IE cognate
forms can be found in Latin.
«PIE *srneH»-, *sernH»- f. ‘saw’ ? = LIV: —| Pok.: 911 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. sar(r)ire ‘to hoe, weed’, serra (f.) ‘saw’
*REFERENCES: IFL П: 191b; Morgenstierne 1932: 122; WIM II/2: 661; Cabolov 2001: 30 f.
*harz ‘to let go, release’
*AVESTAN: YAv. haraz- ‘to release (esp. water, liquid)’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to decline,
reject” || (+ *upa-) ‘to drop on, let (it) lie’ || (+ *pari-) ‘to filter’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to
ejaculate’ = Liste: 72
Pres. them.: IND. 15р. YAv. auuaghorozami (Y 10.15), 3sg. YAv. upanharozaiti (V 6.10, V 6.12 f£),
Y Av. fraghorozaiti (V 8.32, V 15.7 f., V 16.17, etc.), YAv. fragharozaiti (V 8.32, V 15.7 f., V 16.17), 3pl.
Y Av. herezonti (Yt 13.43), INJ. 3sg. YAv. fraghorozat (VdPZ 2.5), SUBJ. 35р. YAv. pairi.harozät (N 75),
OPT. 3sg. YAv. fraghorozoit (N 11), med. 3sg. Y Av. upanharazaéta (V 5.51), 3pl. YAv. horozaiien (V 6.2
ff, V 8.2 Е); Fut.: IND. med. 3р1. YAv. harosiiente (Vr 12.1), YAv. pairi.harosiiente (Y 27.6); Partic.:
pres. YAv. "fraghorozant- (Yt 14.12), fut. med. YAv. haroSiiamna- (Vr 12.1), perf. pass. ҮАУ.
pairi.agharsta- (Yt 5.8, Yt 5.63, V 14.4)
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *aua-) ? avahard- ‘to let go, abandon ?’. > On its interpretation see
Klein 1988: 412, fn. 53. The hapax form "avaharda is very similar to avarada
(*rHaz) in meaning and form. = Kent: 214a
Pres. them.: IND./INJ. 3sg. ? “avaharda <a-v-h-r-[d]> (DB 2.94)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP hyl- ‘to leave, abandon; remit (of sins); establish, appoint;
let, allow’ || (+ *pari-) MMP p’r’y- ‘to purify’ = DMMPP: 196, 259b
*harz 133
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. MMP hylym, 3sg. MMP hylyd, 3р1. MMP hylynd, etc. || (+ *pari-) Pres.:
IND. 3р1. MMP p’r’ynd, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP p’r’y’d; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP p’rwd, “p’rwdq
*PARTHIAN: hyrz- ‘to leave, abandon; remit (of sins); establish, appoint’ || (+ *apa-)
*bhyrz- ‘to abandon, desert; forgive’ = Ghilain: 48, 49 | DMMPP: 197a, 11а
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. hyrzyd, 2pl. hyrzyd, 3pl. hyrzynd, etc. || (+ *apa-) Pres.: IMPV. 2pl.
"bhyrzyd; Partic.: perf. pass. ’bhyst
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pari-) pZy- ‘to purify, cleanse’ = Samadi: 167
*BACTRIAN: v1pC- ‘to leave, let, set (free), allow’ — S-W, Bact.: 228b
*NWIR: Widely attested and borrowed (from Pers., especially forms with -/-): NP
histan/hil-, Jow. bam-haft/a-hal-, Meim. bem-haft/a-hal- ‘to leave, let go’, Bal.
(h)ist/(h)ill- ‘to let go, allow, leave (behind)’ (< MP/NP), Kurd. (Kurm.) histin/hél-,
(Sor.) hestin/hel- ‘to permit, allow’, Zaz. estis/erzen- ‘to throw’, Abz. hasta/harz-,
Abyan. hästa/härz-, Tt. (Cha.) harz/hast, Awrom. astáy/-az- ‘to let, allow’, Fariz.
-hast-/-hal-, Yar. -hast-/-hal-, Gil. (Rsht.) astoen/-al-, Ham. hästän/häl-, Sorkh. hínd-/
hín- ‘to put’, Ard. helahe/hel-, Anar. haste/hal-, Gur. (Kand.) hastin/-az-, Khuns. е/-,
tel-/est, ela ‘to put, lay; to let, permit’, Nn. este/vál-, Qohr. hasta/hel- ‘to let, allow,
permit’, Siv. el-, äl-/(h)ist, Tr. hasta/hal-, Varz. heste/hel- ‘to allow, let’, Tal. haste
‘to leave (behind), abandon’ || (+ *aua-) NP (dial.) vel, vil kardan ‘to set free’, Gz.
vel, Bakht. wil ‘free, loose’ || (+ *pari-) NP paludan, palidan/palay-, Kurd. (Kurm.)
palavtin/palév-, (Sor.) patawtin/palew-, Gz. päl-/palä ‘to filter, purify’, Gur. cay-
parzen ‘tea-strainer’. Ф As for NP palüdan, palidan/palay- and the corresponding
forms, they may be contaminated with *para-dauaja- ‘to clean’, on which see Sims-
Williams 1989: 262. Note also the rhyming antonym NP 4ludan ‘to stain, soil’, s.v.
*dauH?.
*NEIR: Pash. (1)&d-/iXo(d) ‘to put, place, leave’
*MISC: (+ *aua-) Par. yurzéw- ‘to pour out’ || (+ *pari-) Arm. (LW) parzel ‘to filter,
purify’
*SANSKRIT: sarj ‘to let loose, to throw out, to send forth’ (RV+) || (+ *aua-) Skt.
äväsıjah ... apáh ‘release waters’ (RV) = EWAia П: 709
«PIE *selg- ‘to let it loose, release, flow (?)’ = LIV: 528 f. | Pok.: 900 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /salk-/ ‘to knead, to mingle’, Olrish selg (f.) ‘hunting’, MHG
selken ‘to fall down drippingly, to go down (of clouds)’, (ppp.) OE solcen ‘lazy,
slow’, Engl. sulky
*REFERENCES: КРЕ I: 147b; КРЕ II: 218; Christensen, Contributions I: 72, 170; Christensen,
Contributions II: 62; IIFL I: 257b; Abrahamian 1936: 114; Lambton 1938: 43b, 78b; MacKenzie 1966:
88; Yarshater 1969: 183; WIM I: 68; WIM II/1: 81; WIM II/2: 750; WIM III: 104; Vahman — Asatrian
1991: 133; Werba 1997: 257; Paul 1998: 297a; Cabolov 1997: 73; Cabolov 2001: 443; Lecoq 2002: 121,
123, 126 (passim); Shahbakhsh: s.v. hill-; NEVP: 29; Korn 2005: 274, 320, 350
134 *haul
*hau! ‘to extract, (ex)press, squeeze out (juice)’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. hau- ‘to press, squeeze out ?, to braise ? || (+ *abi-) ‘to press out,
prepare by pressing’. 0 The traditional interpretation of YAv. hau- is ‘to braise,
stew’ ("schmoren", Bartholomae, AIW: 1781). However, Kellens 1984: 151, n. 15:
"Le sens de ‘‘réduire en cendres" ... peut être issu de celui de ‘‘pressurer’’. En
brûlant, le bois et la chair n'émettent-ils pas un liquide et celui que le bois secrète
sous l'action du feu rituel n’a-t-il pas une valeur mystique?". The postulation of such
a development is ingenious, but difficult to prove though. — Liste: 73
Pres. nu-: IND. 3du. YAv. hunutö (N 108), INJ. med. 3sg. YAv. hunüta (Y 9.3 f., Y 9.6 £, Y 9.9 f£),
SUBJ. Y Av. °hunuuat (N 72), ОРТ. 35р. YAv. “hunuiiat (N 68), 3pl. YAv. “hunuiiaras (V 7.55), IMPV.
med. 2sg. them. YAv. hunuuag'ha (Y 9.2); Partic.: pres. ? YAv. hunuuant- (Vr 12.2), med. YAv.
hunuuana- (Vr 9.3), fut. YAv. haosiiant- (Vr 9.3), perf. pass. YAv. huta- (V 18.12, Vr 12.3, H 1.9), YAv.
aiBishuta- (Y 11.3); Caus.: IND. 3sg. ? YAv. hauuaiieiti (Y 71.8), SUBJ. 3pl. ? YAv. häuuaiian (V 8.73)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP hwn- /hun-/ ‘to extract, express (höm)’ || (+ *ni-) ? MMP
nh’y- (caus.) ‘to harry, cut to pieces?" = DMMPP: 2416
Partic.: perf. pass. BMP hwnyt /hunid/; Inf.: BMP hwnytn /hunidan/ || (+ *ni-) Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg.
MMP nh’yd, nh’yyd, 3pl. MMP nh’ynd
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *fra-) m/Sw- ‘to dispute, insist on’ = Samadi: 200
*NWIR: NP havan ‘mortar’
*SANSKRIT: sav ‘to press, press out (Soma)’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 713
9 This Ш. root has no certain IE verbal correspondences.
*PIE *seu- ‘to extract, press out (a certain liquid)’ > LIV: 537 | Pok.: 912
ЈЕ COGNATES: OHG sou, OE séaw ‘juice’, Olrish suth ‘juice, milk’. > In Kluge
2002: 787b, s.v. saugen, the Germanic suck forms (OHG sugan, ON süga, OE
sugan, etc.) are considered to derive from an "enlarged" Germanic root related to IE
*seu-.
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 255
2 ç Й
*hau^ ? ‘to scorch, burn
*AVESTAN: See *hau!.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP h’w- ‘to scorch, burn’ = DMMPP: 176b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP h’wynd
*PARTHIAN: h’w- ‘to scorch, burn’ => Ghilain: 78 | DMMPP: 176b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. h’wyd, SUBJ. 3sg. h’w’h; Partic.: pres. h’wyndg
*NEIR: 0 The Pash. verb alwoy-, al(w)ey- ‘to scorch, singe, parch, roast’ is from
*adi-hauaia- according to МЕУР: 8. The reconstruction is improbable though: there
is little or no evidence for a preverb *adi- and we would rather expect the "ruki"-var.
*_Sauaia-. In the absence of the simplex stem, the possibility of analogical levelling
cannot be invoked. It is rather from *dauH!, Cheung 2004: 128.
*hHai 135
9 This sparsely attested root has no certain IE etymology. The existence of this root
might even be doubted if we adhere to the interpretation of Kellens1984: 151, n. 15
of YAv. hau-, which is traditionally translated as ‘to braise, roast, vel sim.’. The
Wir. forms could, alternatively, derive from older (augmented ?) "(a)-0aua-
(*dauH!).
*PIE — = LIV: 537 | Pok.: 914
*REFERENCES: Kellens 1984: 151, fn. 15.
*hauH! ‘to incite, drive’
*AVESTAN: OAv. hu- ‘to incite, drive’ — Liste: 73
Pres. nà-: IND. 3sg. OAv. hunäiti(Y 31.15), 1р1. OAv. huuanmahi (Y 35.5)
*NEIR: ? Oss. I. aw, Jaw, D. aw(&) ‘force, action’
*SANSKRIT: sav ‘to impel, set in motion EWAia II: 715
Further Ir. cognates are uncertain.
*PIE *seuH;- ‘to press, push (forth)? = LIV: 538 f. | Pok.: 914
*IE COGNATES: OHitt. Su-ü-iz-zi ‘casts off’, Olrish soid ‘turns’
*REFERENCES: Abaev I: 85; Werba 1997: 324
*hauH? ‘to give birth, beget’
*AVESTAN: YAv. hu- ‘to give birth, beget’, hunu- (m.) ‘(daévic) son, offspring’ (Y
51.10, Yt 10.113, Yt 19.41, etc.) — Liste: 73
Pres. nà-: IND. 159. YAv. hunami (V 18.31), 2sg. YAv. "hunahi (V 18.30)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ui-) ВМР wswd- /wisud-/ (pret. stem) ‘to bear daevic
offspring’
Partic.: perf. pass. ВМР wswt /wisüd/
*KHOTANESE: (+ neg. *a-) а-һууайа- ‘not produced, eternal’ (Bailey, KT III: 57, 3)
*NWIR: (+ *fra-) NP (class.) rod, Kurd. rö-la, Lor. ru(d), Kumz. ror ‘son, child’
*SANSKRIT: sav’ ‘to give birth’ (RV+), sünú- (m.) ‘son, offspring’ > EWAia II: 714,
741
«PIE *s(e)uH- ‘to give birth, beget? > LIV: 538 | Pok.: 913
*IE COGNATES: (?) Hitt. Su-un-na? ‘to be full’, OCS syns, Lith. sunus, Goth. sunus,
Engl. son, etc.
*REFERENCES: Nyberg II: 216b; DKS: 15a, 509b; Werba 1997: 325; Asatrian — Livshits: 83
*hHai ‘to chain, bind’
*AVESTAN: hi- ‘to chain, bind’ || (+ *4-) ‘to chain, bind to” = Liste: 72
Pres. ja-: SUBJ. 3pl. YAv. hiiän (Yt 8.55); Perf.: IND. 35р. OAv. а hisaiia (Y 29.1); Partic.: perf. pass.
Y Av. hita- (Y 57.26, Yt 13.100, Yt 15.28, etc.)
136 *hiauH
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *ш-) OP vistaspa- PN <vi-8-t-a-s-p> (DB 1.4, DB 2.93 f., DB 3.4,
etc.). 9 Lit. ‘with unbound horses’ ?, on which see also Szemerényi, Beiträge II:
166-17. Cf. YAv. hitaspa- PN (Yt 15.28, Yt 19.41).
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ui-) MMP wys-, BMP wys’- /wisa-/ ‘to release, open’, also
MMP wys’h- “id.” > DMMPP: 359a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP wyysyd, wys’hyd, IMPV. 2sg. MMP wys; Partic.: pres, MMP wys’h’g, wys’h’n,
perf. pass. MMP wy3’d, ws’d, ВМР ws’t /wisäd/, П MMP *wsyhyst, Pass.: IND. 3sg. MMP wsyhyd,
SUBJ. wsyh’nd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ш-) wys’h- ‘to let go, release, open’ = Ghilain: 88 | DMMPP: 359a
Pres.: IND. 35р. wys’hyd, SUBJ. 15р. wys’h’n, 3sg. wys’h’h, ? “wys’h’, 1р1. wys’h’m, IMPV. 2pl.
wys’hyd; Partic.: pres. wy3’hg, wys’h’sg, perf. pass. wys’d, wys"'d; Inf.: *wys'dn
*KHOTANESE: hiya- ‘bound’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *apa-) CSogd. pyn- ‘to open’ || (+ *ui-) MSogd. ws’t-k’m ‘ardent,
impetuous’
(+ *apa-) Pres.: IMPV. 2pl. CSogd. pyntt
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *fra-ham- ?) ? smy- ‘to untie, loosened’, (intr./inch.) šmsy- ‘to
become loose, untied’ > Samadi: 197, 196
*NWIR: (+ *pati-) ? Zaz. pesiyen- ‘to embrace’ || (+ *ui-) NP gusadan/gusay- ‘to
release’
*NEIR: (+ *apa-) Yghn. pen-, рей-, peyn-/péta ‘to open, uncover, unroll, unravel’ ||
(+ *abi- ?) (ppp.) ? Sh. biyin, (Baj.) biwin ‘covered, closed (from above) || (+ *ui-) ?
Sh. (Baj.) wixi(y)-/wixid, Rosh. wixay-/wixid, Bart. wixi-/wixid, Yzgh. wix"ay-/
wix" ad ‘to open, unlock’ (diff. EVS, l.c., s.v. *srai), Wa. wsers(br)y-/w»bis(2)n- ‘to let
go, release, untie’, ? Pash. wit ‘wide, open, ajar’, Sh. (Baj.) wixij, Khf. wiXzej, Bart.
wixēj (Ё), Rosh. Хеу, Wa. wasik ‘key’
*MISC: (+ *ui-) Par. xe ‘open’
*SANSKRIT: sã/say ‘to bind, fasten, fetter’ (R V+) || (+ *ui-) visa ‘to let loose, release;
unharness, unbridle’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 720
© The final *i of *hHai was originally not part of the root as it was rather an old IE
pres. suffix: 35р. *sH»-ei-ti, pl. *sH5-1-enti (A.L.). This can also be inferred from OP
vistaspa-, which contains the past particple vista? from *ui-SHta- (*H in this position
disappears in Ir.), and the Skt. (Vedic) verbal attestations, cf. Kümmel 2000: 548ff.
«PIE *sH»(e)i- ‘to bind’ = LIV: 544 | Pok.: 891 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. i3-hi-an-zi ‘they bind’, Lith. siéti, Latv. siet ‘to bind’
*REFERENCES: IFL I: 298b; HFL II: 550a; Morgenstierne 1942: 264; Andreev — PeSéereva: 305a; EVS:
19a, 94b f.; DKS: 276; Werba 1997: 323; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 400; NEVP: 93
*hiauH ‘to sew’
*KHOTANESE: LKh. hiya ‘sewn stuffs’ (Bailey, KT V: 668b,2)
*hmar 137
*SOGDIAN: CSogd., MSogd. Sum (denomin.) ‘to sew’, CSogd. Swmqy’ ‘sewing’ (cf.
Sundermann 1984: 305 ad 8-10; 1988: 177 ad 14 f.)
Pres.: IND. 3р1. MSogd. Zum nd Pret.: tr. 3sg. CSogd. "swmd’rt, MSogd. (w)swmö’rt
*NWIR: (+ *ui-) Bal. gusädit/gusäd- (denomin.) ‘to sew, mend’. 9 Not connected to
*hHai ‘to chain, bind’, as assumed by Shahbakhsh.
*NEIR: Oss. I. x,yjyn/x.yd, D. xujun/xud ‘to sew’, Wa. Svan ‘string, rope’ || (+ *uz-)
Yi. Züy-, M. Ziy- ‘to sew’
*SANSKRIT: syu ‘to sew’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 734
9 The initial š- found in several Iranian forms is because of ruki (after prev. *ni-,
*abi-, etc.).
«PIE *sjeuH)- ‘to sew’ = LIV: 545 | Pok.: 915 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /sum(m)anza(n)-/ ‘string, rope’, Lat. suere, Russ. sit’, SCr. Siti,
Lith. siüti, Latv. süt, Goth. siujan ‘to sew’, Engl. to sew, etc.
*REFERENCES: IFL II: 279a; DKS: 483a f.; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 258; Werba 1997: 382; Steblin-Kamenskij
1999: 335; Shahbakhsh: s.v. gusad-
*hmar ‘to remember, recall; to count’
*AVESTAN: (S)mar- ‘to remember, recall’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to curse (in thought)’ || (+
*upa-) ‘to recite; to have an oral agreement’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to recall; long for’ || (+
*fra-) ‘to recite’ = Liste: 43
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. fra.maraiti (N 23, N 38, N 42), 3pl. OAv. maronti (Y 43.14), YAv.
fra.maranti (N 52), YAv. paitismaronti (Y 23.3, Y 67.3), med. YAv. paitismaronte (Yt 8.5, Yt 8.41, Yt
8.48), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. marat (Y 19.6), med. 3sg. ? YAv. framaräite (A 4.5, A 4.7), 3pl. YAv. “maranti
(FrW 4.1), OPT. med. 3sg. ҮАУ. upa maraeta (V 4.45); Aor. athem.: OPT. 3sg. YAv. mairiiat (V 3.33);
Partic.: pres. marant- (Y 31.1, P 12), med. YAv. maramna- (Y 55.6, Yt 5.86, Yt 16.17), med. YAv.
paitismaromna- (Y 55.6, Yt 5.11, Yt 5.123, Yt 10.86), red. ҮАУ. aipi hismarant- (Yt 10.45), perf. pass.
Y Av. aiBi.smarata- (Yt 14.34), Y Av. upa.morota- (V 4.48); Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. (“)märaiieiti (Yt
14.29, Yt 16.7)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ‘Smyr- ‘to be reckoned, accounted’, MMP ’sm’r- ‘to count,
reckon’, BMP ml /mar/ ‘calculation, number, account’, BMP milk /marag/ || (+ *abi-)
ВМР ’wsm’I- /ösmär/, ВМР "wsmwl- /ösmur-/ (caus.) ‘to (ac)count, reckon’ || (+
*а-) ВМР ”m'l”- /ämär-/ ‘to reckon, calculate’ || (+ *pari-) MMP prysm’r ‘account’
c DMMPP: 93b, 57b, 283a
Partic.: pres. MMP 'smyr'n ‘being counted, calculated [of autumn, spring] || (+ *abi-) Pres.: IND. 3pl.
BMP ’wsmwlynd /osmurend/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP "wsmwltk /osmurdag/, BMP "wsmwit /osmurd/,
ВМР ’wsm’lt /osmard/; Inf.: BMP ’wsm’lynytn /6smarénidan/ || (+ *а-) Pres.: IND. 3р1. BMP /amarend/
*PARTHIAN: ‘Sm’r ‘number, counting’ || (+ *a-) IPth. "hmr-kr ‘accountant, économe’
c DMMPP: 93a
*KHOTANESE: sumär- (sa’mar-) ‘to count’ || (+ *pati-) patámar- (pammar-) ‘to report’
= SGS: 128, 67
138 *(h)maué ?
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. ’sm’r, BSogd. sm’r, CSogd. sm’r ‘to think, consider’ || (+ *pati-)
SSogd. ptšmr- ‘to count’, CSogd. pcmr- ‘to reckon, consider’, MSogd. ptsmr- ‘to
think, count’, BSogd. ptšmyr-, MSogd. ptsmyr- (pass.) ‘to be counted, reckoned’
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. BSogd. 'm'r'm, dur. CSogd. *Sm’rmsq, 3sg. BSogd. sm’rt, CSogd.
sm’rt, BSogd. $m "rt, etc. || (+ *pati-) Pres.: OPT. 3sg. CSogd. pemry, 2р1. SSogd. ptšmryóy; Pass.: pres.
IND. 3sg. BSogd. ptsmyrt, BSogd. ptsmyrty, SSogd. ptsmyrty, MSogd. "ptsmyrty; Partic.: perf. pass. (pl.)
SSogd. ptsmrt’yt, Inf.: pret. MSogd. ptsmrt
*CHORESMIAN: ’/mr- ‘to count; consider’ (*hismara-) = Samadi: 111
*BACTRIAN: (+ *4-) avpapo ‘account, settlement’ || (+ *ham-) vopapo ‘account,
total’ > S-W, Bact.: 183b f., 228a
*NWIR: (with pref. ?) NP Sumurdan/Sumar-, Kurd. Zmärtin, Zmärdin/Zmör- ‘to count,
account for’ || (+ *abi- or diff./without pref. ?) Abyan. özmardan, Anar. -iSumort/
(impv.) wer-usmor, Gz. ösmär-/ösmärt, ismärt, Khuns. (t)ismar-, Smar-/1smurt, Mah.
-ismärd ‘to count, reckon’ || (+ *à-) Zaz. ämordis/ämoren-, (Kor.) ämärt-/ämär- ‘to
count’, NP amar ‘numeration, calculation’, Kurd. aZmar (f.) ‘number; account’ (a-:
"prothetic" ?) || (+ *ham-) NP hamar ‘number, quantity; measure’
*NEIR: Yi. imar-/imur, M. yumar-, Pash. $mörol ‘to count’ (LW ?), Oss. I. mært
‘measure of dry substances, chiefly of grain’, Pash. dö-mra ‘so much’, cö-mra ‘how
much’ || (+ *pati-) Oss. D. fzesmarun/£esmard ‘to know, be known; to find out; to
recall’, Yzgh. pamar- ‘to wait for’ || (+ *ni-) Oss. I. nymzr, D. (med)nimer ‘on
account of
*MISC: (+ *à-) Orm. amar-ök, amar-ék ‘to hear’ = amar-/amarók, mar-/marök || (+
*ham-?) Arm. (LW) hamar ‘number, account’
*SANSKRIT: smar ‘to remember, to become aware, to be mindful of? (RV+)
= EWAia II: 780
9 The wide range of meanings which can be assigned to this root is odd: it may
indicate the convergence of two IE roots ? Cf. LIV: Le.
*PIE *(s)mer- ‘to observe, consider, think of || *smer- ‘to earn, get a share’ => LIV:
569 f. | Pok.: 969
ТЕ COGNATES: Gr. ї1ңєїрө ‘I desire, long’, Goth. *maurnan, OHG mornén, OE
murnan, Engl. to mourn || Gr. реїіророл ‘I get a share’, (perf.) ëuuope ‘has a share’,
Lat. mereö ‘I earn, merit’
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 82b, 207b; Ivanow 1926: 422; EVP: 74; IIFL I: 387a; KPF IV: 245 f.; IIFL II:
190b; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 99 f., 201 Ё; EVS: 56b; Lecoq 1974: 60; WIM I: 69; WIM II/1: 80; DKS: 411b;
Werba 1997: 265; Paul 1998: 291a; Cabolov 1997: 76; Cabolov 2001: 41; Cheung 2002: 204, 209; Kiefer
2003: 191, 200
*(h)maué ? ‘to dress, clothe’
*AVESTAN: (+ *pati-) YAv. "paitismaoc- ‘to shoe’ || (+ *fra-) YAv. framaoc- ‘to
undress ?’, YAv. framuxti- ‘the undressing’ (V 6.27) = Liste: 45
*(h)maué ? 139
MED.; Pres. them.: INJ. 3sg. ? YAv. 'framaocata {vavcata} (F 484); Partic.: perf. pass. ҮАУ.
paiti&muxta- (Yt 5.64, Yt 5.78, Yt 10.125). © For the emendation of YAv. 'framaocata see Klingenschmitt
1968: 484.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP mwg, BMP mwk /mog/ ‘shoe, boot’ || (+ *pati-) MMP
pymwc-, BMP ptmwc- /paymöz-/ ‘to don, wear’ || (+ *fra-) MMP fr’mwc- ‘to put,
take off (clothes), remove’. Ф The spelling of MMP fr’mwc- with middle [°] points
to prev. *-2-? = DMMPP: 233a, 289b f., 154a
(+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP pymwcyd, BMP ptmwcyt /paymozed/, 3pl. MMP pymwcynd, BMP
ptmwcynd /paymözend/, IMPV. 2sg. BMP ptmwc- /paymöz-/; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP pymwxt,
pymwwxt, Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. BMP ptmwcyhyt /paymozihed/ || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP
pr’mwcynd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP pr’mwxt, MMP fr'mwxt, Inf.: MMP "pr'mwxtn
*PARTHIAN: (+ *pati-) pdmwc- ‘to dress in, put on (clothes, and figuratively)’ || (+
*fra-) fr'mwc- ‘to take off = Ghilain: 62 f. | DMMPP: 270a, 154a
(+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 25р. pdmwcyyh, 3sg. pdmwcyd, 3р1. pdmwcynd, SUBJ. 25р. "pdmwj'h, 3sg.
“pdmwe’h, IMPV. 2р1. pdmwcyd; Partic.: perf. pass. "pdmwxtg, pdmwxt, П pdmwc'd; Inf.: pdmwxtn || (+
*fra-) Pres.: IND. 35р. fr'mwcyd, 1р1. fr'mwc'm, 3р1. fr'mwcynd, SUBJ. 35р. "fr'mwc'h, IMPV. 2pl.
fr’mwcyd; Partic.: perf. pass. fr’mwxt, П "fr'mwc'd; Inf.: fr'mwxt
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pati-) pamjs- ‘to put on (clothing)’ = SGS: 66
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) BSogd. ptm’ync, CSogd. ptmync ‘to clothe’ || (+ *fra-) BSogd.
Br’’mcn- ‘to undress’, CSogd. fr’mnc- ‘to divest oneself of, take off’. 0 CSogd.
fr’mnc- may have lost the nasal: the stem vowel is possibly nasalized.
(+ *pati-) Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. ptmynct (Weber 1970: 193); Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd.
pt’ym’ync, BSogd. pt’ym’yncw, CSogd. ptymync, MSogd. *"pt'ymync, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pati-) рсшс- ‘to put on (clothes), don’, (intr./inch.) ‘to dress
oneself? || (+ *fra-) smc- ‘to undress’ = Samadi: 141, 195
*NWIR: NP mug ‘large boot’ (< Arab. < MP) || (+ *pati-) NP paymöz-/paymöxtan ‘to
dress’
*NEIR: (+ *upa-) Sariq. baymej-/baymi/üg ‘to close’ (? -y- from naymej-) || (+
*ni($)-) Sariq. naymej-/naymi/üg ‘to hide, conceal; conserve’ || (+ *pati-) Ishk.
pembc-/psmüyd, Sh. (Baj.) pinij-/pinuyd (with lab. dissim., EVS: 56b), Sangl.
pamej-/pamewg, Wa. pumuc- (pum(s1)c-)/pumayd- (pumayn-) ‘to put on clothing,
dress’ || (+ *fra-) Oss. І. remuzyn/remygd, D. remozun/remugd ‘to tear apart, rip
out’ || (+ *ni(3)-) Sariq. naymej-/naymi/üg ‘to hide, conceal; conserve’
*MISC: Arab. (LW) muq, Syr. (LW) шода, Arm. (LW) moyk ‘shoe’ || (+ *pati-)
Arm. (LW) patmucan
9 The root may have initial *h- (< IE *s-), which depends on YAv. paitismux-, with
a strange ("ruki") -$-. This root *(h)mau¢ is identical with *mauë! ?
*PIE ? 9 No exact IE cognates are known, except for a corresponding "unenlarged"
root in Lith. máuti ‘to put оп, don’, which is to be separated from máuti ‘to rush, tear
along’. © LIV: 445 | Pok.: 743
140 *hrab
*REFERENCES: GMS: §848, 858; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 373 Ё; EVS: 48b, 56b; DKS: 201b; Skjarvo, MP
Impf.: 163 ff.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 270; Cheung 2002: 218
*hrab ‘to sip, suck (in)’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *uz-) ? mžß- ‘to absorb, sip, suck in/out’, m/rBY- (sec. tr. ?) ‘to
squeeze, press out’, m/ZBs- (pass.) ‘to be squeezed, pressed out’, m/Znb- (sec. caus.)
‘to squeeze, press out’ (cf. Yüce — Benzing 1985: 93) = Samadi: 268 f.
*NEIR: Pash. raw-/rawd-, Sh. rav-/rivd, Sariq. rov-/rivd, (?) Yzgh. rak"- ‘to suck’,
Ishk. rüv- ‘to give milk (about cows)’, ? Yi. Suv- ‘to suck’, Sariq. ruvj ‘feeding tube
for babies’, Wa. rowj ‘teat, comforter made of horn’ || (+ *apa-) Sh. birew-/birewd,
birud ‘to wean a child’ || (+ *?) ? Yi. fšüv-/fšuvd ‘to suck’ ("*upa-sap-", IIFL, l.c.)
9 On the IE origin of Ir. *hrab see EVP: 65.
«PIE *sreb'- ‘to sip, gulp, suck (in) = LIV: 588 | Pok.: 1001
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /sarapi/ ‘sips’, Gr. рофёо, Lat. sorbed, Lith. srebiù (srébti) ‘I
slurp, gulp down’, Arm. arbi ‘I drank’, etc.
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 253a, 209b; EVS: 69b, 116a, 20b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 297; NEVP: 71
*(h)rah ? ‘to fall off, leave, let go, escape, reject ?’
*AVESTAN: ras- (rāņh-) ‘to be disloyal, (?) apostatize’, YAv. ranha- ‘epileptic’ (Yt
5.93) = Liste: 57
Pres. them. red. ia-: IND. 3р1. OAv. rārəšiieiņtī (Y 47.3), SUBJ. 3р1. OAv. rarasiian (Y 32.11); Partic.:
pres. Y Av. rärosiiant- (Yt 11.6), intens. OAv. rárosa- (Y 49.2); Caus.: INJ. 3р1. OAv. rághaiion (Y 32.12)
*NWIR: ? Kurd. (Kurm.) rehandin/rehin- ‘to reproach, decline, reject’, (Sor.) ret
‘rejection’
*SANSKRIT: srams ‘to fall off, asunder, to pieces; to get loose from, loosen’ (KS,
MS+) = EWAia II: 783
© The evidence for this root consists of Av. attestations, whose meaning is not
entirely certain.. The Pers. forms that Nyberg II: 167b cites in support, MMP rh-,
BMP Ih- /rah-/ ‘to escape’, NP rastan/rah- ‘to be delivered, saved, escape’, may
rather go back to *rHaz. On the other hand, the Kurd. forms may be included (?). No
IE etymology can be cited for this Пг. root.
*PIE — — LIV: - | Pok.: 680
*hrau ‘to flow’
*AVESTAN: YAv. (Gpl.) raonam ‘rivers’ (Y 10.17, Yt 14.21)
*OLD PERSIAN: rauta(h)- <r-u-t-> ‘river’ (DZc.9)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP rwd, BMP [wt /rod/ ‘river, canal? = DMMPP: 299a
*PARTHIAN: r^w- ‘to pour off’, also rwd ‘rivers’ = Ghilain: — | DMMPP: 293b, 299a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. r’wynd
*huah 141
*SOGDIAN: BSogd., CSogd. rwš ‘to flow, stream’, CSogd. rwt (m.) ‘river’. © The
sibilant š is from the aor. ?, cf. sigm. aor. Skt. asrausit (SB) ‘flowed’.
Pres.: ОРТ. 3sg. BSogd. rws’y, CSogd. *rw3y; ’z-Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. rw3’z; Inf.: BSogd. rws’t
*CHORESMIAN: rw- ‘to flow’, r’wy- (caus.) ‘to let (it) flow’ || (+ *abi-uz-) ? m/Bzrw-
‘to flow, flood’, m/Bzr’wy- (caus.) ‘to let it flood, to inundate’ || (+ *fra-) hlw- ‘to
drip; flow (of urine)’, hl’wy- (caus.) ‘to let it drip, drop’ = Samadi: 173, 168, 47,
SOT,
*NWIR: NP rod ‘river’
*NEIR: Yghn. rus-/rüsta ‘to flow, stream; to fall [of stars]’ (-3- < old. aor. ?), Yi.
lür-/rust-, M. lur-/rust- ‘to flee’
*SANSKRIT: srav ‘to flow" (RV+) = EWAia П: 784
«PIE *sreu- ‘to stream, flow’ = LIV: 588 | Pok.: 1003
*IE COGNATES: Gr. petv ‘to flow, stream’, Arm. afoganel ‘to irrigate’, Lith. sravéti
‘to seep, flow slowly’
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 224a; Andreev — PeSéereva: 316b; DKS: 330a; Werba 1997: 266 f.
*huad ‘to become, make savoury, pleasant’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. x‘asta- (ppp.) ‘cooked, well done’ (Y 11.1, V 5.52, V 19.40, etc.),
OAv. hudoma- ‘sweetness’ (Y 29.8)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pati-) pcxw z- ‘to be fragrant? © Samadi: 147 f.
*NWIR: NP x'a(y) ‘taste, flavour’, Bal. wad, Kurd. xwey ‘salt’
*NEIR: Pash. xwand (m.) ‘taste, pleasure’ (Cheung 2004: 129), Sariq. xud(in) ‘rich,
buttered dough or bread’ || (+ *a-) Oss. I. axodyn/axost, D. axwadun/axwast, axust
‘to taste’
*SANSKRIT: svad ‘to make, become savoury, taste’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 788
© The laryngeal disappeared in IIr., on which see further Lubotsky 1981: 137 f.
«PIE *sueH>d- ‘to make, become savoury’ = LIV: 606 f. | Pok.: 1039 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. evade, &óe (aor.) ‘liked’, Lith. südéti ‘to salt’, Toch. A swär, OE
swete, Engl. sweet (etc.)
*REFERENCES: EVP: 98; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 90 f.; EVS: 96b; Werba 1997: 401; NEVP: 97; Korn 2005:
226, 228, 410
*huah ‘to strike, thresh; [inch., intr.] to become tired’
*AVESTAN: (+ *pati-) Y Av. paiti x'arh- ‘to thresh’ = Liste: 18
Pres. aja-: IND. 3sg. YAv. paiti x'aghaiieiti (Y 57.10); Partic.: perf. pass. Y Av. x'asta- (V 7.35)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP hws- /xwas-/ (pret. stem) ‘to trample’ || (+ *fra-) MMP
frxw’h- ‘to tread, trample’ > DMMPP: 158b
Partic.: perf. pass. BMP hwst /xwast/ || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP frxw’hynd; Partic.: perf. pass.
MMP prxwst
142 *huah
*PARTHIAN: Wx's-, xw’s- (inch.) ‘to become weak, enfeebled’ = DMMPP: 348a,
366a
*KHOTANESE: OKh. hvai- (hvas-) ‘to strike’ || (+ *ati-) OKh. ttähvai- ‘to thresh,
strike’ || (+ *pati-) pvah- ‘to strike’ || (+ *fra-) LKh. hahva- ‘to hash’ || (+ *nis-)
ne’hve- (nei’hvas-) ‘to cross; conquer’ = SGS: 156, 39, 60
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. y(w)’w(-), BSogd. xw’w(-), MSogd. x’w(-) ‘to hit, beat’ (+ pres.
*ya-suff.), ? SSogd. xw yk PN (UppInd.257) || (+ *apa-) BSogd. ’pxw’y, CSogd.
pwx’y, MSogd. pxw’y ‘to cut off? || (+ *aua-) BSogd. ’wx’’k ‘pestle’ (SCE: 249) ||
(+ *us-) BSogd. (’)sxw’y ‘to lift; to take’, CSogd. swx’y ‘to lift, raise’, MSogd.
sxwst- (pret. stem) ‘to take away’ || (+ *pati-) SSogd. ptxws, BSogd. ptxw’y, CSogd.
ptwx’y, MSogd. ptxw’y ‘to kill, put to death’ || (+ *pati-us-) ? BSogd. pcxw’y-,
CSogd. pcwx’y- ‘to hinder, withstand’ || (+ *para- or *pari-) CSogd. prxw’y ‘to
tread’ || (+ *fra-) BSogd. Brxw’y ‘to chop, cut up’ || (+ *nis-) BSogd. nsx(’)ws
(pass.) ‘to be torn , || (+ *ui-) CSogd. ywx’y ‘to severe, separate, divide’ (with
dissim. *ui ... *u > у... w) || (+ *ham-) BSogd. 'nxw y, MSogd. ’nxw’y ‘to break,
infringe, goad’, (rather prev. *ni- ?) MSogd. nxwy ‘to crush’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. y’wt, 3pl. BSogd. yw’w’nt, OPT. 3sg. BSogd. yw’w’y || (+ *apa-) Pres.: OPT.
3sg. BSogd. ’pxw’y’y, CSogd. "pwx'y; Impf.: IND. 35р. MSogd. pxw’y; Inf.: pret. BSogd. ’pxwsty,
BSogd. pxw’sty, CSogd. “pwxsty, CSogd. pxwsty || (+ *us-) Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. sxwyt, OPT. 3sg.
BSogd. sxw’y’y; Impf.: IND. 3sg. SSogd. ’sxw’y, etc. || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ptxw’yt, INJ.
159. CSogd. ptwx’yw, MSogd. ptxw’yn, etc. || (+ *pati-us-) Pres.: SUBJ. 1sg. CSogd. pcx’yn, OPT. 1р1].
CSogd. pcx’ym; ’z-Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. pcx’y’z, etc. || (+ *para- or *pari-) Pres.: OPT. 3sg. CSogd.
prxwy’. || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. BSogd. Brxw’y’ntw || (+ *niš-) Pass.: pret. intr. IND. 35р. BSogd.
nsxwsty, 3р1. BSogd. nsx’wst’nt, OPT. 3pl. BSogd. nsxwst’ynt || (+ *ui-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3р1. CSogd.
“ywx’ynt, Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. yxw’y; Fut.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. ywxytq’; Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd.
ywxsty, CSogd. (pl.) ywxstyt || (+ *ham-) Pres.: IMPV. 2pl. MSogd. nxwyöö; Impf.: IND. 3sg. MSogd.
ımnxwy; Pass.: pret. intr. IND. 1sg. MSogd. "nxstyy kim ‘I have been goaded’
*CHORESMIAN: xw’h- ‘to thresh’, mX's- (inch.) ‘to become tired, weak’, m/X(w)’sy-
(inch.-caus.) ‘to free, release’ || (+ *apa-) m/pxs(y)- (intr./pass.) ‘to be cut off (or
‘struck off’ ?), m[pxy- (caus.) ‘to cut off (‘to strike off ?) || (+ *pati-) pcx’w- ‘to hit
on, into; claw’ (+ pres. *ua-suff.). Ф The appearance of -h- in Chor. xw’h- is
peculiar, since old Ir. *-h- regularly disappeared in Choresmian (and, indeed, in
most, if not all, East Iranian languages). Perhaps, Chor. -h- continues the restored
ruki *$. = Samadi: 244, 232, 245, 165, 146
*BACTRIAN: (+ *ш-) ovyoaoo ‘loss, deprivation = S-W, Bact.: 214a
*NWIR: Widely attested: Kurd. (Kurm.) xistin/xi-, xin-, (Sor.) xa- ‘to strike, beat; to
place’, (orig. ppp.) NP x'ast ‘beaten road; rubbed’, Tt. xwah- ‘to thresh’, Abyan.
xössan (inch. ?) ‘to strike’, Ard. xoste/xoss- (inch. ?), Qohr. xosta/xos- (inch. ?) ‘to
throw’, Awrom. wistáy/wiz- ‘to put, throw’ (-z- < ?), (inch. ?) Fariz. -yos/-yos-, Yar.
-yüs/-yos-, Gz. xüs-/yus(s)-, yos(s)-, Natan. -yüs(t)/-yüs- ‘to throw, strike’, Ham.
*huaid 143
xostän/xus-, Isfah. xosän/xus- ‘to throw’, Khuns. yus-/yus(s)- ‘to throw, strike’, Jow.
bem-xost/a-xus-, Меш. bi:m-xost/a-xus- ‘to strike, beat’, Nn. xus/xus- ‘to throw,
shoot’ || (+ *4-) Kurd. (Sor.) 4xinin/axin- ‘place, put in, plug (in something); to put,
lock up in jail’, Bakht. axun ‘threshing’, Gz. äyun ‘threshed grain heap;
threshing-field’, Siv. aya ‘Dreschschlitten, Carx-1-xirmankobi’
*NEIR: Oss. I. xojyn/xost, D. xwajun/xwast ‘to strike, knock, pound’, ? Oss. I.
xawyn/xawd, D. xawun/xawd ‘to fall; to befall’ (with dissim. of first *u, + pres.
ua-suff.), Sh. xay-/xüst, (Baj.) xi-/xust, Khf. xay-/xost, Rosh. xöy-/xost, Bart. xiy-/
xöst ‘to thresh’, Yghn. x"ay-, xoy-/xästa, x"astá, Ishk. xoy-, Yi. xä-/xäst- ‘to thresh’,
Yzgh. x"ayn ‘threshing’, Sh. хо] ‘sheaves ready for threshing’ || (+ *apa-) Yghn.
p(u)xoy-/puxásta ‘to cut out; to tear (a fabric)’ || (+ *us-) Oss. I. ysxojyn/ysxwyst, D.
(z)sxwajun/(z)sxust ‘to push, thrust; to leave quickly, rush, drive away’, Yghn.
süxóy-/süxásta, ѕйхбуіа ‘to lift’ || (+ *pati-) Yghn. t(")xoy-, tüxöy-/f'xästa ‘to kill,
slay’, Yi. paixó ‘unthreshed grain, straw with the corn’ || (+ *fra-) Oss. І. reexojyn/
гех,уѕ D. rexwajun/rexust ‘to penetrate, pierce; to split’ || (+ *ham-) Yghn.
ünxóy-, inxoy-/iinxdsta, ánxasta ‘to break [(in)tr.], strike (to pieces)’
9 A plausible IE provenance cannot be given for this apparently exclusively Ir. root.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 133a f.; Christensen, Contributions I: 164 f., 260; KPF I: 133a f.; Abrahamian
1936: 125, 134; IFL II: 242a, 265a; Lambton 1938: 42a, 78a; Andreev — PeSéereva: 361b, 324b, 310b,
339b f., 341a Ё; MacKenzie 1966: 112; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 393 Ё; EVS: 99b, 97b; Lecoq 1974: 63; WIM
I: 70; DKS: 476b, 508a f., 256b Ё; WIM II/1: 79; WIM IV2: 634 f., WIM Ш: 301; Vahman — Asatrian
1991: 78; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 211 f., 148; Cabolov 1997: 75; Cabolov 2001: 101; Lecoq 2002: 121, 126,
128 (pass.)
*huaid ‘to sweat’
*AVESTAN: ҮАУ. x’is- ‘to sweat’ c» Liste: 18
Pres. inch.: INJ. 3sg. YAv. x'isat (Y 9.11, rep.), 3pl. YAv. x"ison (V 3.32)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP hwyd /xwéy/ ‘sweat’
*PARTHIAN: xwstbyd ‘wet place? = DMMPP: 369b
*KHOTANESE: ОКЪ. hv! ‘sweat’ || (+ *a-) LKh. ähus- ‘to sweat? = SGS: 13
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. xwys (inch.) ‘to sweat’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. xwyst
*CHORESMIAN: m/xs- ‘to sweat’? = Samadi: 242
*NWIR: NP xésidan/xés-, Khuns. yis-/yisa ‘to become wet, soak’, yisn-/yisna (caus.)
‘to make wet, moisten’, NP (obs.) x'ay, Bal. héd, Kurd. xwih (f.) ‘sweat’
*NEIR: Khf. sawö-/xa”d, Yzgh. xüö- ‘to defecate’, (old ppp.) Yzgh. viet ‘wet, moist,
soaked’, Oss. І. xid, D. xed, Pash. xwala, M. xala, Yzgh. x" 10 ‘sweat’, Sh. x&6, Bart.
хід ‘dirt’, Sariq. xeyó ‘dirt; sweat’ || (+ *pati-) Pash. parxél, рахе! (m.) ‘causing (an
invalid) to sweat’
*SANSKRIT: sved ‘to sweat’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 798
144 *huanH
© This root has an impeccable IE etymology.
«PIE *sueid- ‘to sweat’? — LIV: 607 f. | Pok.: 1043
*IE COGNATES: Latv. svíst ‘to sweat’, Gr. tpos (m.), Lat. südor (m.), Toch. B
syelme, Latv. sviédri, OHG sweiz, Engl. sweat, etc.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 98; EVS: 96b, 116b, 119a; WIM I: 70; DKS: 507b; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 199 f.;
Werba 1997: 267; NEVP: 65
*huanH ‘to call’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. x'an- ‘to sound’ = Liste: 18
Pres. nu-: IND. 3pl. YAv. apa.x'anuuainti (Yt 14.46); Partic.: (pres.?, aor.?) YAv. x'anat ° (Yt 17.1, Yt
9.2). 0 On the interpretation of Y Av. apa.x'anuuainti see Narten 1970: 173ff.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP xw’n- ‘to call’, MMP xw’nyh- (pass.) ‘to resound’ || (+
*а-) MMP ’’xw’n- ‘to call’ || (+ *upa-) MMP ’bxw’n- ‘to call, cry’, *bxwn ‘cries,
shouting’ (Henning 1937: 80) = DMMPP: 365b, 6a
Pres.: IND. 159. MMP xw’nym, 3sg. MMP xw’nyd, 1р1. MMP xw’nwm, 3pl. MMP xw’nynd, SUBJ. 3pl.
MMP *xw’n’nd, IMPV. 2sg. MMP xw’n; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP xw’nd, xwnd, xw'nyhyst; Inf.: MMP
xwndn; Pass.: IND. 3sg. MMP xwnyhyd, SUBJ. 25р. MMP xw’nyh’d || (+ *4-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP
"xw'nyd || (+ *upa-) Pres.: MMP ’bxw’n[
*PARTHIAN: xwn- ‘to be heard, sound’ || (+ *pati-) pdxwn- ‘to play, sound (a musical
instrument)’ — Ghilain: 48 | DMMPP: 368a, 15b, 272a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. xwnyd, SUBJ. 35р. "xwn'd || (+ *pati-) Partic: perf. pass. П pdxwn'd
*KHOTANESE: OKh. hvafi- (med./pass.) ‘to be called’, Khot. hvañ- (caus.) ‘to speak’
c SGS: 156
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. xw’n-, BSogd. xwn-, CSogd. xwn- ‘to call, cry’, BSogd. xwyn-
‘to be called’ || (+ *abi-) BSogd. ’Bx’n ‘cry, lamentation’ || (+ *upa-) BSogd. ’px’wn
‘to call out, inform’ (less likely: < *apa-) || (+ *pati-) (pass.) SSogd. pexwny ‘to be
insulted’, BSogd. pcxwny, MSogd. pcxwn ‘scorn, abuse’ || (+ *pari-) BSogd. prywn
“censure, condemnation’ || (+ *ui-) SSogd. wxw’n ‘Aussage’ (AL 4.8)
Pres.: IND. 15р. SSogd. *xw’n’m, 35р. CSogd. "xwnty, 3р1. BSogd. xwn’nt, IMPV. 2р1. BSogd. xwnd’,
etc. || (+ *upa-) Impf.: IND. 35р. BSogd. p’x’wn || (+ *pati-) Pass.: pres. SUBJ. 35р. pexwny’t
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *abi-) m/’fxw’ny- ‘to incite, encourage’ = Samadi: 3
*BACTRIAN: YOQV-, XOLV-, Xonv- ‘to state, declare, claim’ = S-W, Bact.: 233a, 231b
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP x'andam/x'an-, Bal. wänt/wän- ‘to read, sing’, Kurd.
(Kurm.) xwandin/xwin-, (Sor.) xöndin(ewe)/xön-, Zaz. wendis/wanen- ‘to read,
learn’, Tt. (Tak.) xen/xend, Fariz. yündán/-yün- ‘to read, call’, Gil. (Rsht.) du-
yadoen/du-yan- (orig. ?) ‘to call’, (LW ?) yand-/yan- ‘to read, recite, sing’, Abz.
xanda/xön-, Abyan. xónda/xün-, Gz. yün-/rün(t), Ham. xondän/xun-, Isfah. xuntän/
xun-, Jow. bam-xon-/a-xun-, Khuns. yün-/yünt (+ var), Natan. yond, Semn. -xundä-,
Shamerz. -yund-/rám- ‘to read’, Gur. (Kand.) -uwän- ‘to call upon; to bless,
*huap/f 145
conclude a marriage’, Kurd. xundin, Awrom. wanay/-wan- ‘to read, study’, Nn.
xont/xon- ‘to read, call’, Sang. -xünd-/yun-, Siv. yan-/yand, Sorkh. -yánd-/rán- ‘to
call; to read’ || (+ *a-) NP ax'and ‘teacher’ || (+ *abi-) NP afgan, figän ‘tears, crying’
(< Sogd., cf. Benveniste 1946: 97, n. 1060)
*NEIR: Oss. I. xwinyn/xwynd, D. xunnun/xund (pass./intr.) ‘to be called’, I. xonyn/
xwynd, D. xonun/xund (caus./tr.) ‘to call; to invite; to lead, take as a wife’, Wa.
Xan-/Xat- ‘to speak, say; to sing’, Yzgh. X"an-/X' ant- ‘to read (prayers, spells)’,
Sariq. xey-/xed ‘to sound, play an instrument’ || (+ *abi-) ? Sh. (Baj.) viwan-/viwid
‘to renounce, abstain from (food); to be capricious’, Bart. viwin-/viwöd, (f.) viwad
‘to be offended’, Bart. viwön-/viwönt (caus.) ‘to offend’ || (+ *ui-) ? Yi. ustin-/usinai
‘to neigh’
*SANSKRIT: svar ‘to sound’ (RV) = EWAia II: 790
«PIE *suenH»- ‘to sound’ = LIV: 611 | Pok.: 1046 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. sonere, sonare ‘to sound, to ring’, sonus (m.) ‘noise, sound’, OE
swinn ‘music’
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 3; KPF I: 137b, 206a; KPF II: 193; Christensen, Contributions I: 69 f., 63, 159,
258; Christensen, Contributions II: 53, 113, 157; IIFL II: 552b, 193b; Abrahamian 1936: 125, 134;
Lambton 1938: 77b; MacKenzie 1966: 111; Yarshater 1969: 183; EVS: 86b, 99b; WIM I: 70; DKS: 502a
f£; WIM II/1: 79; Blau 1980: 269b; WIM III: 112; Omar 1992: 690a; Werba 1997: 330 Е; Paul 1998:
318b; Cabolov 1997: 76; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 253, 214; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 415; Lecoq 2002: 124,
126 (passim); Korn 2005: 122, 411 (passim)
*huap/f ‘to sleep’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. x"ab- (x'af-) ‘to sleep’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to go to sleep, fall asleep’ || (+
*ni-) caus. ‘to put to sleep’ = Liste: 17f.
Pres. {1} da-: IND. med. 3pl. YAv. auuanhabdonte (N 52, N 53), OPT. med. 3sg. YAv. auuaghabdaeta (V
4.45); Pres. {2} inch.: IMPV. 2sg. YAv. x'afsa (V 18.16, V 18.24), 2р1. x'afsata (H 2.42, rep.); Perf.:
IND. 3sg. YAv. husx'afa (Y 57.17); Partic.: pres. med. YAv. auuay’habdomna- (H 1.11), perf. pass. YAv.
x'apta- (V 18.46); Caus. da-: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. nix’abdaiieiti (V 18.16, V 18.24)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP xwpt (pret. stem), BMP hwps- /xufs/ (HLMWN-) ‘to
sleep? = DMMPP: 368b
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP xwpt’n (pl.), BMP hwptk /xuftag/
*PARTHIAN: xwsp- (inch.) ‘to fall asleep, sleep’. Ф The Wir. (notably Pth.) initial
segment h(a)sp- seems to reflect *ham-su-, whereas the rear segment points to
influence of *saiH! ‘to lie down, go to sleep’, cf. ppp. *si(H)ta-, nomin. *sai(H)ana-.
= Ghilain: 95 | DMMPP: 369b
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. xwsp’; Partic.: perf. pass. xwft, xwft, (pl.) xwftg’n
*KHOTANESE: (h)us- ‘to sleep’ || (+ *aua-) um- (denomin.) ‘to fall asleep’ (<
*aua-huaf-na-) || (+ *ui-) ? vau’s- (vo’-) ‘to faint’. 0 The origin of Khot. vau’s-/vo’-
‘to faint’ needs some further clarification. According to Sims-Williams 1983: 49f.,
146 *huap/f
the Khot. forms derive from aua-Suafsa-/*aua-Suafta- with secondary Zë Emmerick
(SVK II. 134) remarks that the reconstruction remains a theoretical construct with
no close parallel elsewhere. Perhaps, one may need one assumption less if the Khot.
forms are rather prefixed with *ui- (which would perfectly explain *š due to ruki).
The ui-formation does have a Skt. correspondence (albeit a late one):visupta-.
c SGS: 154, 19, 125
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. ?$рп- (denomin.) ‘to rest’ || (+ *aua-) BSogd. wBs-, CSogd. ’wfs-
*to sleep, fall asleep*
Pres.: OPT. 3sg. CSogd. ’spny; Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. mspn || (+ *aua-) Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. w’Bs,
CSogd. w’fs; Perf.: intr. SUBJ. 3sg. dur. MSogd. ’wBtyy *’skw’t ‘should be asleep’; Partic.: perf. pass.
CSogd. "wbc (f. ‘asleep’, CSogd. "wbtytpl., MSogd. "wftyy; Inf.: pret. SSogd. ’wBt
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *fra- ?) hsf- ‘to rest, be resigned’. ç MacKenzie 1969: 398 derives
the Chor. forms from *ha-spä-, comparing them to MMP hsp- in hspyn ‘rest,
repose’, hspyd ‘rested’. The problem, however, is the appearance of -f in the Chor.
forms (instead of -p-). Samadi cautiously suggests dissimilation: < *hasfsa-. Actual-
ly, the irregular Ir. continuations of *huap/f- may point to interference. Influence of
the root *&aH! ‘to be calm, rest’ would explain the Chor. formations in -’ (e.g. ppp.
hsf'dk, s.v. *fra-huap/f-), which may be imported from *ciäta-. The fricative -f-
originates in the past partic. *hufta-. The initial (’)s- of the denomin. CSogd. ’spn-
may derive from *¿I- of the same interfering root. = Samadi: 92
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP xuftan/xusb- ‘to fall asleep’, Bal. wapt/waps- ‘to go to
sleep’, Kurd. xeftin, (Sul.) xawtin, (Sina) xaftin, Zaz. witis, Anar. hauft-/haus-,
Abyan. hötta/hös-, Awrom. wıtay/-us-, Bakht. xausidan, Fariz. -hot-/-hos-, Qohr.
höta/hös-, (v)ös-, Tr. hota/hos-, Yar. hot-/-hos- ‘to sleep’, Gz. yös-/yuft, yosa ‘to go
to sleep’, Gil. (Rsht.) bu-yuft-/bu-yus-, Gur. (Kand.) witán-/-üs-, Khuns. yus-/ruft ‘to
sleep, go to sleep’, Jow. -os-, Qohr. bö-xüt-, Meim. be-vot-/a-vas-, Nn. ufte/us-, Soi
bü-hüt- ‘to go to sleep’, Semn. (impv.) báxus ‘go to sleep !’, Siv. (f)as-/fet, Natan.
-yoa/yow-, Varz. xofte/us- ‘to sleep’, Fariz. -hossina, Yar. -hosna, Khuns. yusn-/
yusna, Siv. asan-/fesand (caus.) ‘to put to sleep’, Mah. höwos-/höwot- ‘to fall
asleep’, Sang. -yott-/ros-aen-, Shamerz. -yót-/rosám-, Sorkh. -yut-/yos-, Lasg. -yot-/
yos-, Tal. xəs- ‘to sleep’, NP sipanj ‘inn, shelter’ (LW)
*NEIR: Oss. I. x,yssyn/x,yst, D. xussun/xust ‘to sleep; to lie down’, Sh. (Baj.)
Xofc-/Xovd, Khf. Xofc-/Xovd, Rosh. Xofs-Xovd, Sariq. Xufs-/Xuvd ‘to (go to) sleep’,
Yzgh. x"ab- (x”&b-) ‘to swing, shake (a cradle), rock to sleep’, (caus.) x” aban- ‘to
put (a baby) to bed, to lull to sleep’, (nomin./ppp.) Pash. udo ‘sleeping’ = udá,
(Waz.) wewd (etc.) ‘asleep’, ? Wa. xalxofs-/xalxofst- ‘to doze’, Yi. xöv-, M. xüb-
‘sleep, dream’ || (+ *aua-) Yghn. ufs- ‘to fall asleep’ || (+ *a- ?) Bart. axafs-/aXovd
‘to (go to) sleep’ || (+ *pati-) Yzgh. paxas-/poxovd ‘to fall asleep’ || (+ *fra-) Rosh.
raXep-/raXept ‘to lullaby, rock’, Wa. rBIX(BI)p-/roxopt- ‘to sleep, fall asleep’, (caus.)
*huar 1 147
гых(ы)р(ы)у-/гох(р)оуа- ‘to put to sleep’ || (+ *ni-) Sh. nixäb-, (Baj.) nix(X)äb-/
niX(X)ábt, Rosh. nixéb-, Orosh. nixöb- ‘to rock to sleep’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) aspnjakan ‘landlord, innkeeper’ (also LW: Aram. (Talmudic)
’wspyz’, Syr. ’espezzä "mn
*SANSKRIT: svap ‘to sleep’ (R V+) || (+ *ui-) visupta- class ‘fallen asleep, sleeping’
c EWAia I: 791
*PIE *suep- ‘to sleep’ = LIV: 612 f. | Pok.: 1048 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. söpire ‘to fall asleep’, OCS ѕърай, Russ. spat’, OE swefan ‘to
sleep’, etc.
*REFERENCES: Zhukovskij I: 114; KPF I: 80a, 137a f., 206a, 244a; Ivanow 1926: 421; EVP: 9; KPF II:
191; Christensen, Contributions I: 63, 157 f., 257; Christensen, Contributions II: 53, 113, 157; Lambton
1938: 40b, 76a; IIFL II: 538b, 270a; MacKenzie 1966: 39, 112; EVS: 51b, 70b, 99a, 101a, 119a, 64a;
WIM Т: 70; WIM II/1: 84; DKS: 495a f., 37b f., 392b; Vahman — Asatrian 1987: 148; WIM III: 100, 105;
Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 272; Werba 1997: 422; Paul 1998: 319a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 305, 411; Lecoq
2002: 122, 127 (passim); NEVP: 7; Korn 2005: 87, 411 (passim)
*huar' ‘to consume, eat’
*AVESTAN: ҮАУ. x’ar- ‘to consume, eat’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to consume, eat’ = Liste: 18
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. x'araiti, 3р1. YAv. x'aronti, med. 3р1. YAv. x'aronte (Y 9.16), SUBJ. 3sg.
Y Av. x‘arat, OPT. YAv. ? x'arois (P 28), 3sg. YAv. x‘ardit (N 45), YAv. fra.gharöit (N 71), IMPV. 3sg.
Y Av. x'aratu (У 3.19), 2pl. YAv. x‘arata, 3pl. Y Av. frax'arontu (Yt 5.92, Yt 5.93); Partic.: pres. x'arant-;
Pass.: pres. IND. 35р. YAv. x'airiieite (V 2.26, V 2.34); Caus.: pres. INJ. 3sg. YAv. fran‘haraiiat (A 3.4)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP xwr-, BMP hwl- /xwar-/ (‘STHN-) ‘to drink, eat, enjoy
(food), consume’ = DMMPP: 368b f.
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 35р. MMP xwryd, MMP xwryyd, 1р1. MMP xwr'm, BMP hwlym /xwarém/,
etc.
*PARTHIAN: wxr- ‘to eat’ || (+ *4-) "xwr- ‘to eat, consume, devour (of fire)’
= Ghilain: 57 | DMMPP: 349a, 79b
Pres.: SUBJ. 15р. wxr’n, 3sg. wxr’h; Partic.: perf. pass. wxrd; Inf.: wxrd, wxrdn || (+ *a-) Pres.: IND. 35р.
"xwryd, ’xwrynd
*KHOTANESE: Khot. hvar- ‘to consume’ — SGS: 156
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. xwr-, BSogd. xwr-, CSogd. xwr-, MSogd. xwr- ‘to eat, consume’,
BSogd. xwyr, CSogd. xwyr (caus.) ‘to cause to eat’ || (+ *a-) MSogd. "xwyr ‘to
feed’ || (+ *pati-) BSogd. ptxwrk’ ‘devouring, devourment’
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. хиті, 3р1. BSogd. xwr’nt, CSogd. xwrnt, MSogd. xwr’nt, etc. ||
(+ *a-) Caus.: pres. IMPV. 2р1. MSogd. "xwyró
*CHORESMIAN: x(w)r- ‘to consume, eat, drink’, xw’ry- (caus.) ‘to feed, give to drink’
|| (+ *pati-) рсхг- ‘to taste’, bexw’ry- (caus.) ‘to give (something to someone) to
taste’ = Samadi: 238, 146 f., 244
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP xurdan/x’ar-, Bal. wärt/war-, Kurd. (Kurm.) xwärin/xu-,
(Sor.) xwardin/x6-, Abz. xarda/xor-, Abyan. xarda/xar-, Anar. -ixo(r)/ (impv.) ixur,
148 *huar |
Awrom. wärdäy/(-)war-, Fariz. -yärd-, -xa/-yär-, Yar. -ya/-yor-, Gz. yer-/yort, yü-,
Gil. (Rsht.) yiirdeen/yir-, Gur. (Kand.) wärd-/-uwär-, Ham. xortän/xär-, Isfah.
xortän/xer-, Jow. bam-xard/a-xor-, Meim. bem-xa:/a-xor-, Nn. xärte/xur-, Natan.
-yard/yor-, Qohr. xarda/xor-, Semn. -xurd-, -xurt/-xur-, Tt. xarda/xr-, xer- ‘to eat,
drink’, Soi xa/4-xor-, Zaz. werdis/wen- ‘to eat’, Khuns. xur-, xor-/yurt, Mah. hur-,
Sang. -yórt-, -yord/yun-, Shamerz. -yórd-/rorán-, ? Khr. for-, ? Siv. üer-, (Ner-/fard
‘to eat’ || (+ *nis-) Anar., Nn. nisxar ‘rumination’. 9 The "Median" development of
*hu- > f- might explain Siv. far-, Khr. for- ‘to eat’ (and some other Central Iranian
dialects of Iran) from *huar-. However, the assumption of this development cannot
be applied to Khot. phude ‘food’ and the Pamir forms, Sh. fur-/furt, Khf. fur-/furt,
Sariq. fir-/fird, für-/fürd, Ishk. far-, etc. ‘to eat (with a spoon)’. These forms rather
point to yet another (different) root for ‘to eat’: *far?.
*NEIR: Oss. I. xeryn/xord (xzerd), D. xweerun/xward, Pash. xwarol/xür-, Yghn. x"ar-/
x"órta, Sh. xar-/xüd, Rosh. xar-/xüg, Bart. xar-/xüg, Sariq. xor-/xig, xüg, Yzgh.
xar-, x" ar-/xug ‘to eat’, (caus.) Sariq. xaron-/xarond ‘to feed’, Yi. xóar-/xür-, M.
xur-/xur- ‘to eat’, Oss. І. хага, D. xwærdæ ‘food’, І. xor, D. xwar ‘grain’, Rosh.
xarüc ‘glutton’, Yzgh. x"arag ‘hungry’ || (+ *pati-) Sariq. paxig ‘luncheon’, paxik
‘morning meal’
*MISC: Par. xar-/xur ‘to eat’, Orm. x(u)r-/xuluk, xwalak ‘to eat, drink’ = xr-/xólók,
xr-/xolok, xollok
Ó This root is probably identical to *hyar’. The meaning ‘to eat, consume’ is
therefore secondary and perhaps originally used in a more informal way in PIr.,
replacing the IE ‘eat’ root: *H,ed-, Hitt. e-ed-mi, Gr. Éópevou, Lat. edo ‘I eat’, Skt.
ad, OCS jasti ‘to eat’, Lith. ésti ‘to eat (of animals)’, Goth. itan, Engl. to eat, etc.
(LIV:230; Pokormy: 287 ff.). The Ir. continuation *Had appears to have been
preserved in several nominal formations: NP aspast ‘lucerne (Medicago sativa)’,
Oss. I. ad, D. ade ‘taste’, I. lae£z-ad ‘unpleasant taste of spoilt, rotting products’, D.
reft-ad ‘lunch’, ? Pash. 3pésta (Е) ‘lucerne’ (ESIJa I: 77f). On the Iranian expression
for ‘to swear, take an oath’, as in Sogd. swk’nt xwr-, MMP swgnd xwrdn, NP
saugand xurdan, Kurd. sont xarin, etc., see Schwartz 1989: 293 ff.
«PIE — 9 There is probably no need to reconstruct an IE root *suel- ‘verschlucken
(vel sim.)’, as done in IEW, Le, and LIV, Le, on which see above. = LIV: 609 |
Pok.: 1045
*IE COGNATES: —
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 80b, 137b f., 206a, 244b f.; Ivanow 1926: 421; EVP: 99; IIFL I: 299b, 412b; KPF
II: 193 f.; IIFL II: 267a; Christensen, Contributions I: 63, 159, 258; Christensen, Contributions II: 113,
158; Abrahamian 1936: 125, 134; Lambton 1938: 42a, 77b; Andreev — PeSéereva: 364a f.; MacKenzie
1966: 111; EVS: 98a, 119a, 33a, 54b; WIM I: 70; WIM II/1: 79; DKS: 503b f.; WIM III: 105, 117;
Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 183, 178, 215 f.; Cabolov 1997: 71; Paul 1998: 318b; Lecoq 2002: 121, 124, 610a,
634a (passim); NEVP: 96; Kiefer 2003: 209; Korn 2005: 97, 411 (passim)
*huar3 149
*huar? “to sound, swear’
*AVESTAN: ? OAv. x‘ar- ‘to swear’, ? OAv. x‘arai@iia- (Y 28.10) ‘sounding’. 0 On
the interpretation of OAv. x‘arai@iia- see Humbach 1959 I: 78. Differently Humbach
1991 II: 28; Kellens — Pirart II: 235.
Partic.: pres. med. ? OAv. x'aromna- (Y 32.8). © Cf. Humbach 1991 II: 82; but "d'une racine verbale
inconnue", Kellens — Pirart II: 236.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP swgnd xwr-, BMP swknd hwl- (‘STHN-) /sogand xwar-/
‘to swear, take ап oath’. 0 Also in BMP hw’r’st’n, hw’ryst’n /xwarestan/
‘ordeal-court’ (lit. ‘place of oath-taking’), Perikhanian 1997: 400 f.; Macuch 1993:
108 f. = DMMPP: 369a
Pres.: IND. 1р1. BMP swknd hwlym (‘STHN-) /sögand xwar&m/, 3р1. MMP swgnd "xwrynd, IMPV. 2sg.
BMP swknd ... hwl (‘STHN-) /sogand ... xwar/, 2р1. MMP swgnd "xwryd, BMP swknd hwlyt (‘STHN-)
/sögand xwared/; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP swgnd "хуга
*PARTHIAN: swgnd xwrd (pret. stem) ‘to speak, swear’ > DMMPP: 369a
Partic.: perf. pass. swgnd xwrd
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. swk’nt xwr- ‘to swear, take an oath’ || (+ *us-) CSogd. sxwrd-
(denomin. ?) ‘to shout’. © swxrd- is perhaps a denominative formation, rather than
from an otherwise unattested enlarged IIr. *suar-d”-, as assumed by Schwartz, Gs
Henning: 390 f. ? Alternatively, it may reflect a pres. stem in *-d- (as found in Av.).
Pass.: perf. IND. 3sg. BSogd. swk’nt xwrtk ’sty {hapax} || (+ *us-) Impf.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. syxwrdnt
{hapax}
*CHORESMIAN: sknt xr- ‘to swear, take an oath’ — Samadi: 238
*NWIR: NP saugand xurdan, Bal. sauyan, sogin waray, Kurd. sont xarin, Bakht.
qasum xärdan, xerdan ‘to swear, take an oath’ (qasum < Arab.)
*NEIR: Oss. I. ard xeeryn, D. ага xwarun ‘to swear, take an oath’ || (+ *apa-) Oss. I.
efxeryn/efxerd, D. efxwerun/efxward ‘to insult, offend, call out, reprimand’
*SANSKRIT: svar ‘to sound, make a sound, snort, resound, sing’ (RV+) = EWAia П:
792 f.
Q As pointed out by Schwartz 1989: 293 ff., there is evidence for an original root
*huar ‘to swear’ etymologically separate from *hyar! ‘to eat, consume’.
«PIE *suer- ‘to sound, proclaim, call on (in a solemn context)’ = LIV: 613 | Pok.:
1049 f.
*IE COGNATES: ON svara ‘to answer, justify’, OE swerian, OHG swerien, Engl. to
swear, ? Lat. susurrus (m.) ‘whispering, humming’, OCS svars ‘quarrel’, Slov. svar
‘rebuke’
«REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 117 Ё; Vahman — Asatrian 1987: 147; Werba 1997: 385 f.
*huar? ‘to take’
*KHOTANESE: hvaraka- ‘taker’, ‘robber’ || (+ *ni-) nähvarr- ‘to long for; grasp at’
c» SGS: 58
150 *huar4
*BACTRIAN: xXoop- ‘to take’ = S-W, Bact.: 232
*NWIR: NP xurdan/x’ar- ‘to take’ || (+ *uz-) ? Bal. zürt, zört/zür-, zör- ‘to take (up),
pick up, left, remove’. 0 Geiger 1890: 153 (accepted by Korn 2005: 146, 381)
compared Bal. zur- to Skt. har ‘to take, carry, bring’, which is phonologically hardly
acceptable.
*NEIR: (+ *ham-) ? Oss. І. exxwyrsyn/exxwyrst, D. enxwarsun/znxwarst ‘to rent;
push, move’
0 This root is probably identical to *huar'. Further IE connections are uncertain. The
Gr. verb(s) корғлу ‘to hit, meet; happen’ to which Bailey, DKS: Le compares the
Khot. forms and Oss. I. k’,yryn, D. k’werun ‘to push, strike’ (etc.) are implausible,
for both phonological and formal reasons: the meaning Bailey assigns to Pind. Gr.
£ yx'ópon ‘finds’ is merely secondary.
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 225; DKS: 188a f.
*huar ‘to have a sore, scratch, itch’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. x"ara- (n.) ‘wound, sore’ (Y 57.10, V 4.30, V 4.33, etc.)
*NWIR: Kurd. (Kurm.) xurin/xuré- ‘to itch’, (Sor.) xurandin/xuren-, (Sul.) xurin,
(Sina) xuriän, Zaz. vurnäyis/vurnen- ‘to scratch’, Awrom. wuriäy/wuria- ‘to itch’,
(caus.) NP xärändan/xärän-, Awrom. wurnäy/wurn-, Abyan. xürnoya/xürn-, Ard.
xanahe/xan-, Gz. yam-/yarna, Nn. xärnäye/xärn-, Tr. xornaya/xorn- ‘to scratch’
(contaminated with *xrau ‘to tear, break, scratch’ ?) || (+ *a-) ? Bal. (EHB) awali0/
äwal- ‘to blister (of hand and feet)’ (with unexpl. -/-)
*NEIR: Oss. І. xaryn/xord, D. xwarun/xward, Sh. xir-/xird, Rosh. xirt ‘to itch,
scratch (oneself), Yzgh. X"er (in X"er К. ‘to be scratched), (caus.) xértin- ‘to cause
to itch, scratch’, Sangl. xür-/xorió ‘to scratch (oneself), ? Pash. xriyal/xriy- ‘to
shave’, ? M. xréd-/xrést-, Y1. xird-/xirst ‘to shave, scratch’ (diff. root ?, contamin. ?),
also Pash. xwar (m.) ‘skin, bark, peel, scurf’, Sangl. xurüs, M. xuri ‘itching’
9 This root appears to have solely Germanic cognates.
«PIE *suer- ‘to have a sore’ = LIV: 613 | Pok.: 1050
*IE COGNATES: OHG sweran ‘to have a sore, hurt’, OHG swero, Engl. sore
*REFERENCES: EVP: 97 f.; IIFL II: 422a f., 267a f.; EVS: 98a; MacKenzie 1966: 112, 111; Abaev, Slovar’
IV: 183 f.; Paul 1998: 318a; Lecoq 2002: 126, 129 f., 132 (passim); NEVP: 97; Shahbakhsh: s.v. awal-
*huar ‘to paint, colour; to stain’
*AVESTAN: ? YAv. ka-x'aroóa- ‘sorcerer’. 0 Cf. AIW: 462: "Eig. vll. ‘was für ein
(abscheulicher) schwarzer (Kerl), ital. “negraccio’, eine Bezeichnung für
fremdländisches fahrendes Volk, das sich mit Zauberkünsten ... befasste." Schwartz,
Gs Henning: 389 ff. rather prefers a connection with CSogd. sxwrd- ‘to shout’
(*huar?), whence YAv. ka-x"aroöa- *‘what a (terrible) howler’ ?
*Hahl 151
*KHOTANESE: ? hvaraka (pl.) ‘painters, colourers’ (Bailey, KT V: 278b, 5)
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) ? MSogd. ptxwrk ‘stained ?’, ? BSogd. ptxwrk’ ‘stained, dirty
2. 0 MSogd. ptxwrk is part of the compound xwrn-ptxwrk-óndyt ‘blood-stained-
teeth’ (= MMP 'swd-dnd'n) v. Henning 1940: 23, ad no. 19. || Alternatively,
BSogd. ptxwrk’ can also mean *‘devourment’ > ‘attractive, seductive (eyed)’
(MacKenzie, SCE: 2, 67), ‘tender-(eyed)’ (Gershevitch 1970: 305 f.).
*NWIR: NP x'al ‘soot, lamp-black’ ( *huar-da- ?). © Cf. Morgenstierne 1932: 167.
*NEIR: Oss. D. xwarun/xurst “о paint, colour; to stain’ || (+ *a-) ? Oss. I. axoryn/
ax,yrst ‘to paint, colour’, I. axwyrsyn/axwyrst ‘to be coloured, be under paint’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) Кахага ‘oappaKkdc, yóng', BSkt. (LW) kakhorda ‘wizard, evil,
spirit’ (Bailey 1955: 14)
© The verbal forms are attested in Elr., but the IE verbal correspondences all show a
(different) increment.
«PIE *suer- ( *suor-) ‘to darken, make dark, stain’ ? = LIV: 613 | Pok.: 1945
*IE COGNATES: (with increments) Lat. sordeö ‘to be dirty, sordid’, Goth. swarts, ON
svart, OE sweart, Engl. swart, OSax. swerkan ‘to become dark, cloudy’, OE
sweorkan ‘to become dark, sad’, Olrish sorb ‘stain’
«REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 91; DKS: 506b; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 252 f.
H
*Hah! ‘to be’
*AVESTAN: ah- ‘to be’ = Liste: 10f.
Pres. athem.: IND. Isg. OAv. ahmi (Y 32.8, Y 43.6, Y 46.2, Y 51.12), ҮАУ. ahmi (Y 2.1 ff., Y 26.7, Y
60.6, etc.), 25р. OAv. ahi (Y 32.7, Y 34.11, Y 36.3, etc.), YAv. ahi (Y 9.25 f., Y 10.4, Y 10.9, etc.), 3sg.
OAv. asti (Y 35.6), YAv. astı (Y 0.6, Y 0.9, Y 7.1, etc.), 3du. YAv. stö (Yt 1.25), 1р1. OAv. mahi (Y
35.2, Y 41.7), ҮАУ. mahi (Y 68.20, Vr 11.13, A 1.12 f., etc.), 3р1. OAv. henti (Y 33.10, Y 44.16, Y 45.6,
Y 51.10), OAv. hanti(-ca) (Y 51.22), YAv. honti (Y 1.10, Y 1.17, Y 1.19, etc.) impf. 3sg. OAv. as (Y
31.9, Y 34.8), YAv. as (Y 19.1, Y 19.3, Yt 14.46, etc.), SUBJ. 15р. OAv. anha(-ca) (Y 50.11), 2sg. ҮАУ.
apho (Y 71.16, VdPZ 5.9), 3sg. OAv. aghaitr (Y 31.5, Y 31.22, Y 50.3, etc.), ҮАУ. aghaiti, OAv. aghat
(Y 294, Y 29.9, Y 304, etc.), YAv. aghat (Y 10.16, Y 18.5, Y 62.6, etc.), 1р1. OAv. anhama (Y 32.1, Y
49.8), YAv. арһата (Vr 12.4), 3р1. OAv. aghon (Y 31.1, Y 31.4, Y 31.14, etc), YAv. aphən (Yt 32, Yt
5.7, Yt 5.127, etc.), OPT. 1sg. OAv. xiiöm (Y 43.8, Y 50.9), 2sg. OAv. xiia (Y 41.3), 3sg. OAv. Xiiat (Y
35.3, Y 404, Y 43.15 f£), YAv. hiiat (Y 8.6, Y 11.13, Y 52.6, etc.), 1pl. OAv. Xiiama (Y 30.9, Y 40.4),
2р1. OAv. Xiiata (Y 50.7, Y 64.3), 3pl. YAv. hiiaro (V 17.9), IMPV. Zeg OAv. zdi (Y 31.17), 3sg. OAv.
astü (Y 53.8), 3р1. OAv. höntü (Y 33.7, Y 53.8); Perf.: IND. 3sg. YAv. ágha (Y 9.5, Y 59.30, Yt 15.16,
Yt 19.33, etc.), 3р1. OAv. äyharö (Y 33.10, Y 44.10), OAv. ágharo(-cà) (Y 45.7, Y 51.22), YAv. anharo
(Y 23.1, Y 67.1, Yt 13.150, etc.), OPT. 3sg. YAv. aphat (Yt 13.12), 3du. YAv. áfjfhàt.tem (Yt 13.12);
Partic.: pres. OAv. hant- (Y 29.3, Y 32.9, Y 44.10, etc.), YAv. hant- (Y 10.19, Y 18.5, Y 21.4, etc.), perf.
YAv. ághus- (Yt 13.21); Infin.: pres. OAv. stoi (Y 31.8, Y 344, Y 45.10, etc.), ҮАУ. ste (Yt 10.106 f.,
152 *Hah2
Ny 3.10) (+ *abi-) ? Pres. athem.: IND. 35р. YAv. aifiiasti (N 15), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. aBiianhat (N 16);
Partic.: pres. YAv. aißisant- (N 52)
*OLD PERSIAN: ah- ‘to be’ = Kent: 174a
Pres. athem.: IND. 1sg. amiy <a-mi-i-y> (DB 1.12, DB 1.39, DB 1.53, etc.), <[a]-mi-i-y> (DB 2.15),
<a-[mi]-[i]-[y]> (DB 4.25), 35р. astiy <a-s-t-i-y> (DB 4.46, DB 4.51, DSe 37), <[a]-[s]-t-i-y> (DNb 54),
<[a]-[s]-t-i-y> (DNb 56), 1р1. a'mahy <a-m-h-y> (DB 1.7), <a-.-m-h-y> (DBa 12), <a-m-h-y> (DBa 18),
3р1. ha"tiy <h-t-i-y> (DB 4.61), impf. 1sg. аһат <a-h-m> (DB 1.14, DB 2.12, DB 2.12, etc.), <a-h-[m]>
(DB 2.6), 3sg. aha <a-h> (DB 1.21 f., DB 1.29 f., DB 1.36, etc.), 3р1. aha” <[a]-h> (DB 1.8), <a-h> (DB
1.10, DB 1.38, DB 1.42, etc.), mid. 3pl. äha”tä <a-h-t-a> (DB 1.19, DB 1.58, DB 2.77, etc.), SUBJ. 1sg.
ahaniy <a-h-n-i-y> (XPh 47 f.), 2sg. ähy <a-h-y> (DB 4.37, DB 4.68, DB 4.72, DB 4,87), 3sg. ahatiy
<a-h-t-i-y> (DB 4.38, DB 4.68, DB 5.19, DPe 22), <a-h-t-i-y> (DB 4.39), DB 4.68), <a-h-t-i-[y]> (DB
4.78)
«MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP h- ‘to be’ (BMP HWH- ‘to be’) = DMMPP: 170b f.
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. MMP "hym, hwm, 2sg. MMP hy, hy’, hyy, MMP ’st, "st, etc.
*PARTHIAN: "h- ‘to be’ = Ghilain: 46 | DMMPP: 31а
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. "hym, һут, 25р. "yy, 35р. ’st, etc.
*KHOTANESE: ОКЪ. ah- ‘to be’ = SGS: 7
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. ’y- (’s-), BSogd. ’y- (’s-), CSogd. x-, MSogd. x- ‘to be’ (supplet.
wm’t, s.v. *maH?)
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 15р. SSogd. "ym, BSogd., CSogd. "уш, 2sg. BSogd., CSogd., SSogd. "ys
3sg. SSogd. ’st, BSogd. ’sty, CSogd. sty, BSogd. ycy, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: y- ‘to be’ © Samadi: 250 ff.
*BACTRIAN: 0:0- ‘to be, be present” = S-W, Bact.: 183a
*NWIR: NP ast ‘is’, Gur. (Kand.) hin-/hän-, Abz. h-, Qohr. h-, Tr. h-, Siv. h-, Soi h-
‘to be, exist’, etc. (widely attested)
*NEIR: Oss. I. is, D. es, Yghn. ast, Sh. yast, Rosh. yast, Bart. yast, Sariq. yast ‘is’
*SANSKRIT: as ‘to be’ (RV+) > EWAia I: 144
© This root has an impeccable IE etymology.
«PIE *Hyes- ‘to be’ = LIV: 241 | Pok.: 340 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. e-es-zi, Gr. Zon, eoti, Lat. est, Goth. ist, Engl. is, etc.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 250b; KPF II: 226; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 550; DKS: 11, 13; WIM III: 109; Abaev,
Slovar’ IV: 115 £; Werba 1997: 159 f.; ESIJa I: 87 f.; Lecoq 2002: 195, 198 (passim)
*Hah? ‘to throw’
*AVESTAN: ah- ‘to throw’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to throw to’ || (+ *uz-) ‘to throw out on’ || (+
*para-) ‘to throw around’ = Liste: 11
Pres. ja-: IND. 35р. YAv. aphiieiti (Yt 10.20), INJ. 35р. YAv. anhat (Yt 8.6), 3р1. YAv. anhon, SUBJ. 3sg.
Y Av. anhät, Aor. athem.: INJ. 2sg. (?) OAv. as (Y 34.8), SUBJ. 3sg. OAv. aghat (Y 44.19); Perf.: SUBJ.
3sg. YAv. uzänhat (Yt 8.39), ОРТ. 3sg. YAv. paranhat (Y 9.11); Partic.: pres. med. YAv. añhimna- (Y
57.28), perf. pass. Y Av. huu-aiBiiasta- ‘thrown well’ (Yt 13.72)
*OLD PERSIAN: ah- ‘to throw’ = Kent: 174a
MED .; Pres. ja-: impf. IND. 3sg. "ähyatä <[a]-h-[y]-[t]-a> (DB 1.95)
*HaHh 153
*PARTHIAN: ? ’st’y ‘to throw, scatter’ (Sundermann apud Klimkeit 1989: 171, fn. 16)
c DMMPP: 55b
*CHORESMIAN: mjs- ‘to throw, shoot’ || (+ *apa-) ? b'h- ‘to shake off (leaves)
(Mackenzie I: 546) || (+ *upa-) ? b'h- ‘to kick’. Ф The -s- in the Chor. forms perhaps
points to an inch. formation. Alternatively, it may derive from older *-st-
c» Samadi: 177, 11 f.
*NWIR: ? Fariz. ár-has-, ár-ás-, Natan. ár-as- ‘to rise, stand up’
*MISC: (+ *abi-) ? Orm. awök, haw- (supplet.) histak ‘to read’ = aw-/awók ‘to read,
sing’
*SANSKRIT: as ‘to throw, shoot’ (RV+) = EWAia: 144
© This apparent Пг. root has no certain IE correspondences. The often cited Hitt.
cognate /siie-/ ‘to throw, release’, may have a different etymology: *seH;I- ‘to
release’, cf. LIV: l.c.
«PIE? © LIV: 242 | Pok.: —
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 388a; Christensen, Contributions I: 152 f., 255; Oettinger 1979: 473 f.; Werba
1997: 335 f.; ESIJa I: 94 f.; Kiefer 2003: 192
*HaH(a)d ‘to speak, say’
*AVESTAN: äd- ‘to speak, say’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to reply’ = Liste: 11
Pres. aja-: SUBJ. 3sg. ҮАУ. paiti.a.óaiiat (N 72 Ё), ОРТ. 35р. YAv. paiti ... aóaliot (V 9.12); Perf.: IND.
1sg. OAv. ada (Y 35.8), 3sg. Y Av. аба (Fr.), med. 3sg. YAv. adaé°(V 4.47, N 37, cf. Kellens 1974: 42), ?
Y Av. “aide (Yt 8.48), 3pl. OAv. adaro (Y 43.5), Ү Ау. adaro (FrD 3)
*KHOTANESE: (+ *uz-) uysäs- ‘to speak of? || (+ *pati-) pätäy- ‘to speak, say’ || (+
*niZ-) OKh. nätä’y- ‘to command’ = SGS: 82
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) ? SSogd. pt’ys-, BSogd. pt’yö- ‘to beg, cajole’, BSogd. pt’yö
‘begging’
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. pt’yö’t (SCE 202); Pass.: pret. IND. 3sg. SSogd. pt’yst ‘was asked’
(UppInd.254)
*NWIR: ? Semn. b-át-/m-à(y)- ‘to say’
*SANSKRIT: ah ‘to say, speak’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 153
© The long stem vowel in all the Ir. forms points to a perfect (tantum) formation
*HaH(a)d, on which see further Kümmel 2000: 614 ff. An IE provenance for this
IIr. root cannot be ascertained.
«PIE? => LIV: 222 | Pok.: 291
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 209a; DKS: 38b, 183a, 236b f.; Werba 1997: 423; ESIJa I: 79
*HaHh ‘to be seated, sit’
*AVESTAN: YAv. äh- ‘to be seated, sit’. 0 On YAv. anhana- see Kellens 1974: 323,
fn. 1. — Liste: 12
154 *Hai
MED.; Pres. athem.: IND. 3sg. YAv. aste (V 4.45, У 5.53 ff, V 7.5 Ё, Е 337), 3р1. YAv. änhaire (Y
9.23), ? YAv. änhonte (Y 9.22, Yt 17.11), OPT. 2sg. YAv. аһа (Y 68.9); Partic.: pres. Ү Ау. änhäna- (V
3.29, V 19.11, N 37, etc.)
*KHOTANESE: OKh. äh- ‘to sit; remain’ & SGS: 13
*BACTRIAN: app-av- (denomin.) ‘to be present, be (temporarily) resident, stay’. ©
From *arma- ‘still’ + *ah-/asta- ‘to sit, remain’, Av. armaé-Sad- ‘sitting still’, Sogd.
*rmyh пуб ‘to sit still’. = S-W, Bact.: 181a
*NWIR: (?) Qohr. ah-/aha(d)- ‘to be seated, remain’ (rather from *had ?)
*SANSKRIT: às ‘to sit, live, dwell, abide? > EWAia I: 181
© This root goes back to an old IE redupl. pres. stem.
«PIE *H;eHi;s- ‘to sit? => LIV: 232 | Pok.: 342 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /&s-/, HLuw. /is-/ ‘to sit’, Gr. Hoton ‘he sits’
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 449 f.; ESIJa I: 303; Lecoq 2002: 194 (637), 292 (66), 641
*Hai ‘to go’
*AVESTAN: аё- (dii-) ‘to go’ || (+ *apa-) ‘to go astray’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to tread’ || (+ *à-)
‘to come to’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to go to, arrive at; [euph.] to have sexual intercourse with’
|| (+ *uz-) ‘to go out’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to face, go to meet; return’ || (+ *para-) ‘to go
forth, proceed’ || (+ *para-a-) ‘to go away’ || (+ *pari-) YAv. pairi@na- ‘the (normal)
course of life’ (Yt 8.54, Panaino, Tist.: 141) || (+ *fra-) ‘to proceed’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to
close the ranks’ = Liste: 12
Pres. athem.: IND. 1sg. med. ? OAv. yoi (Y 34.14), OAv. aiioi (Y 31.2), 35р. act. OAv. aeti (Y 31.14),
YAv. aéti (N 67, N 80, V 3.24), OAv. айт (Y 31.14), LAv. upäiti (У 15.9), med. OAv. aité (Y 31.9), 3р1.
Y Av. yeinti (Y 57.14, Yt 13.16), Y Av. apaiieinti (Yt 10.20), OAv. paitüeinti (Y 49.11), impf. 3sg. YAv.
upäit (Y 9.1), impf. 3du. Y Av. auuaitem (Yt 13.77), impf. 3pl. YAv. auuäin (Y 57.23), SUBJ. 1sg. OAv.
alieni (Y 46.1, Y 50.9), YAv. aiieni (Y 64.5, H 2.20, Vyt 65), YAv. uzaiieni (Yt 15.32, V 22.1, V 22.8),
OAV. paiti ... alleni (Y 50.9), OAv. aiieni paiti (Y 34.6, 3sg. OAV. aiiat (Y 31.20), YAv. upaiiat (N 12), ?
YAv. us aiiat (V 7.4), ОРТ. 2sg. YAv. fraiià (V 7.52), 3sg. ? OAv. а iiat (Y 46.6), Y Av. fraiiöit (V 6.27,
ЕГА 18 Ё), 3pl. YAv. fraiian (V 3.15), IMPV. 25р. OAv. idi (46.16), Y Av. aiói (Yt 5.85), Y Av. para.aiói
(V 22.13, V 22.7), 2р1. med. OAv. aidüm (Y 33.7); Partic.: pres. YAv. aiiant- («*aiiant-, Yt 5.68, Yt
13.156), YAv. hamiiant- (Yt 10.8, Yt 15.49), perf. pass. YAv. aiBita- (H 2.17), Y Av. paitita- (V 3.21, V
7.51), (in abs. constr.) LAv. upaetom ‘(having) intercourse’ (V 7.12); Inf: (?) YAv. upaiti (V 12.2, V
13.28, У 15.11, etc.) © Insler, Gäthäs: 181 f. points out that OAv. aiioi and OAv. aidüm cannot be
connected to ya- as this root does not appear with the preverb à.
*OLD PERSIAN: ay- ‘to go’ || (+ *ati-) ‘to go along, beyond’ || (+ *a) ‘to come’ || (+
*upa-) ‘to go to, arrive at’ || (+ *upari-) ‘to behave, conduct one’self || (+ *niZ-) ‘to
go forth’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to come to’, come into the possession of? || (+ *para-) ‘to go
forth, proceed’ || (+ *pari-) ‘to go around before, respect’ = Kent: 169a f.
Pres. athem.: IND. 3sg. aitiy <a-i-t-i-y> (DZc 10), pariyaitiy <p-r-i-y-i-t-i-y> (XPh 52), impf. 1sg.
upäyam <u-p-a-y-m> (DB 1.91), upariyayam <u-p-r-i-y-a-[y]-m> (DB 4.64), nijayam <n-i-j-a-y-m> (DB
2.64), 3sg. äi$ <a-i-$> (DB 1.93, DB 2.67, DB 3.35, DB 3.43), atiyäis «a-t-i-y-a-i-&» (DB 3.73), 3р1.
apariyaya" <a-p-r-i-y-a-y> (DB 1.23), aisa" <[a]-i-8> (DB 5.23), patiyaisa" <[p]-[t]-i-y-a-i-8> (DB 1.13),
*Hai 155
«p-t-i-[y]-[a]-[i]-[$]» (DB 1.18), apariyaya" <a-p-r-i-y-a-y> (DB 1.23), med. 3pl. aya"ta <a-y-t-a> (DZc
11), IMPV. 2sg. paraidiy «p-r-i-di-i-y» (DB 2.30, DB 2.50, DB 3.14), paridiy <p-r-i-di-i-y> (XPh 49),
2р1. paraita <p-r-i-t-a> (DB 2.20, DB 2.83, DB 3.58) <р-г-[1]-[]-[а]> (DB 3.85); Partic.: perf. pass.
paraita <p-r-i-t-a> (DB 2.32), <p-r-i-t-a> (DB 2.38), <p-r-i-t-a> (DB 2.43, DB 2.52, DB 2.58, DB 3.65)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *apa-) ? BMP "pytk /abédag/ ‘stray (animal)’ || (+ *ati-) MMP
"dyh- ‘to arrive, enter’, MMP ’dyn- ‘to cause to enter, bring before’ || (+ *a-) MMP
"y- (BMP Y'TWN-) ‘to come’ || (+ *upa-) MMP ’b’y- (impers.) ‘to be necessary’,
BMP od. ’p’y- /abay-/ ‘to please [+ /pad/]; to be proper, necessary, fitting; to
desire, want’ || (+ *uz-) MMP ’wzyh-, BMP ’wey- /uzi-/ ‘to go, come out, leave,
depart’ (LW), BMP ’wz(’)y- /uzé-/ “о rise, get, jump up’ = DMMPP: 26a, 6, 8b,
77Ъ f.
(+ *4-) Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP "vd 3р1. MMP "nd, MMP *’’yynd, SUBJ. 152. MMP
"vin, 3sg. MMP "y'd, etc. || (+ *upa-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP "bvd BMP ’p’yt, ’p’dyt, (YBLWN)yt
/abayéd/, 3р1. BMP ’p’dynd /abayénd/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP /abayist/ ’p’dst, Inf.: BMP /abayistan/ ||
(+ *uz-) Well attested: Pres. {1}: IND. 3sg. BMP weyt /uzéd/, MMP ’wzyhyd, 3pl. BMP ’wzyhynd,
SUBJ. Zeg. MMP ’wzyh’d, 1р1. MMP *’wzyh’m, IMPV. 2pl. MMP *’wzyhyd; Pres. {2}: IND. 3sg. BMP
"wzyt /uzéd/, 3р1. BMP ’wzynd /uzénd/; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP ’wzyd, ВМР "woyt /uzidl, etc.
*PARTHIAN: (+ *apa-) ’pyd (pret. stem) ‘to leave, go to; vanish’ (MacKenzie 1974:
273 ff.) || (+ *ati-) 'dyh- ‘to arrive, enter’ || (+ *a-) ’’s- ‘to come’, hwr-’s’n ‘sunrise,
East’ || (+ *upa-) *’b’ysn ‘it is necessary, нужно” || (+ *uz-) '(w)zyh- ‘to go out,
leave’ > Ghilain: 48, 47, 49, 46 f. | DMMPP: 51a, 26a, 6, 8b, 77b f.
(+ *apa-) Partic.: perf. pass. ‘руа, ’pydg ‘lost, strayed’ || (+ *ati-) Pres.: IND. 35р. (’)dyhyd, 3pl. 'dyhynd,
SUBJ. 25р. ’dyh’, 3р1. ’dyh’nd; Partic.: pres. (pl.) 'dyhynd"n || (+ *а-) Pres.: IND. 2sg. *’syh, 3sg. ’syd,
уа, 3р1. *’’synd, SUBJ. 1sg. Zem, 2sg. *’s’h, 3sg. *’s’h, ОРТ. 35р. 'syndyh || (+ *upa-) Pres.: IND. 1р1.
"bvd hym’d ‘we need’ || (+ *uz-) Pres.: IND. 35р. "zyhyd, 3р1. ’zyhynd, SUBJ. 15р. ? *’zyh’m, 2sg.
"wzyh', ""wzyh'h, IMPV. 2р1. *‘zyhyyd
*KHOTANESE: (+ *à-) OKh. his- ‘to come’ (with sec. h-) = SGS: 153
*SOGDIAN: (+ *apa-) CSogd. pytc (ppp., f.) ‘perished, wretched, lost’ || (+ *ati-)
SSogd. tys, BSogd. tys, CSogd. tys, MSogd. tys ‘to enter’ || (+ *a-) SSogd. "ys,
BSogd. "ys, CSogd. "ys ‘to come, arrive’ || (+ *pati-) BSogd. pc(y)’y-, MSogd.
*pc y- ‘to be right, fit, necessary’ || (+ *para-a-) SSogd. pr’ys, BSogd. pr’ys, CSogd.
prys ‘to reach, arrive, come’ || (+ *niZ-) SSogd. nyz-, CSogd. nyZ-, MSogd. nyjy-,
MSogd. nyj- ‘to go out, emerge’, BSogd. nyz’y, BSogd. nyz(’y), MSogd. nyz( y) ‘to
go out
(+ *ati-) Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd., MSogd. tyst, dur. CSogd. tystq, MSogd. tystskwn, 1р1.
CSogd. “узуш, etc. || (+ *a-) Well attested: Pres.: IND. 35р. SSogd., BSogd. ’’yst, CSogd. ’yst, SSogd.
ystw, dur. CSogd. ystsq, 1р1. SSogd. ’’ysym, etc. || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. pc yt, BSogd.
pcy yt; Fut.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. "pc'ytq'm (ВВВ: 47), OPT. 25р. (ог 3sg.) MSogd. pcy’yq’m (Sogd. Tales:
473) || (+ *para-a-) Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. pr’yst, CSogd. pryst, MSogd. pryst, 2pl.
SSogd. pryysö (Sogd.Tales: 469), MSogd. prysö (BBB: 50), 3pl. SSogd. “pr’ys’nt (Sogd.Tales: 486),
MSogd. prysnd (Weber 1970: 179), etc. || (+ *niZ-) Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. nyz’yt, BSogd.
nz’yt, dur. CSogd. nyZtysq, 3р1. BSogd. nyzy’nt, CSogd. nyZnt, SUBJ. 1sg. CSogd. nyZ’n, etc.
156 *Hai
*CHORESMIAN: my- ‘to go (in)’ || (+ *apa-) byd- ‘to loose’ || (+ *ati-) cy- ‘to enter,
go, come in’ || (+ *a-) m/’s- ‘to come’ || (+ *uz-) "wz(y)- ‘to go out, come out; to rise
(of sun, stars, sim.)’ = Samadi: 227, 54 f., 6, 226
*BACTRIAN: (+ *apa-) оВтӧо (ppp.) ‘the departed’ || (+ *upa-) oBiv- (denomin. ?) ‘to
oblige, compel’ || (+ *uz-) ? eC- ‘to amount to’ = S-W, Bact.: 173b, 175a, 191a
*NWIR: (+ *ati- ?) Abz. t-(supplet. -ma-), Ard. t-/(supplet. emo), Fariz. -t-/ (supplet.
-ma-), Khr. ti(a)-/ (supplet. bi-owad- < *4-uaz- !), Qohr. -tt-/ (supplet. mó) “о come’
|| (+ *a-) Widely attested: NP ay-/ (supplet. amadan < *a-gam-) ‘to come’, Kurd. &-/
(supplet. hatin) ‘to arrive’, Zaz. yen-/ (supplet. amiyayiš), Anar. ei, ey-/ (supplet.
yumy-), Awrom. a-/ (suppet. ämäy), Yar. -j-/ (supplet. -mi-, ma, -me-), Gz. iy-/
(supplet. ümé, ima), Gil. (Rsht.) aj-/ (supplet. amon-), Ham. y-/ (supplet. omiän),
Isfah. y-/ (supplet. undän), Meim. a-ij-/ (supplet. be-mej-), Natan. j-/ (supplet. b-
am-), Semn. -i-/ (supplet. br-äm-) ‘to come’, Shamerz. (impv.) bid ‘come’ (other
tenses/moods: supplet. -ämi-/äm-), Sist. à/ (supplet. om(a)d), Siv. &(y)-/ (supplet.
amé(y)) ‘to come’ || (+ *upa-) NP bayad, Gil. (Rsht.) va ‘must [mod. aux.]’, Ard.
piya/piye-, Nn. päya/ (supplet. và < *xuaz-) ‘to want, wish’, Natan. pia ‘must [mod.
aux.]; to want, desire, require’ || (+ *uz-) Awrom. ziay/-zia- ‘to go out’, NP hazinah
‘expenditure, disbursement’ (LW). © Lecoq, l.c., interprets the initial t- of the
present stem in several Iranian dialect forms as an infix, "qui peut manquer, ne
semble avoir aucune valeur sémantique, se ce n’est un renforcement de l’aspect
duratif".
*NEIR: М. áy-, Yi. oy- ‘to go’ || (+ *4-) M. as-/(supplet.) Ayöi, Yi. as-/(supplet.) ğyði
‘to come’ || (+ *apa-) Sh. (Baj.) bes-/bed, Sariq. bis- (3sg. bast) /beyd, Yzgh. bay-/
bid ‘to be lost, disappear’, Ishk. apiy- ‘to disappear’ || (+ *ati-) Sh. (Baj.) deó-/
(supplet. ded), Sariq. dió-/ (supplet. deyd), Yzgh. dis-/ (supplet.) dayd, Ishk. ded-/
(supplet. dett-, Sangl. deó-, Yi. ti-, M. tay-, Yghn. tis-, tes-/ (supplet. táxta) ‘to
enter’ || (+ *aua-) Yghn. wes-, wes-/ (supplet. üxta-, üxta < *aua-gam-) "To go down,
descend’ || (+ *niZ-) M. ni-/ (supplet. noyar-), Yi. nii-/ (supplet.) noyór- ‘to come
out, emerge, appear’, Yghn. niZ-, niZ-, neZ-/nista ‘gone, went out’, ? Ishk. nez-/nost,
nust ‘to go out, emerge’ (mutual contamination with *ni-uaz ?). 0 Rastorgueva —
Edelman, ESIJa I: 117 hesitantly derive Pash. mina (f.) ‘love’ from *ham-i-ana-.
The earlier, cautious hint of Morgenstierne (EVP: 44) to connect mina to Av.
maiiah- (notably Yt 19.80) proves to be correct with the new interpretation of
maiiah- by Kellens, MSS 32: 87 ff.: ‘la joie des démons’, also NEVP: 50. For the
Skt. correspondence mäyas- ‘enjoyment’ (RV+) and the IE correspondences, Lith.
mie-las, Russ. milyj ‘dear, lovable, kind’, etc. see EWAia II: 315. The translation of
Hintze 1994: 341 f., viz. ‘(Liebes-)Freuden’, for maiiah- is even closer to the
meaning of the Pash. form. See also Maciuszak 2005: 223.
*Haid 157
*MISC: (*abi-) ? Orm. wis- ‘to go in, enter’ (rather < *uais ?) = alis-/alisök ‘to enter
(older *al-wis-), (caus.) alésaw-/alésawók ‘to cause to enter’ || (+ *a-) ? Par. Ze-/
(supplet.) aya ‘to come’ || (+ *upa-) Orm. boy ‘near’ || (+ *niZ-) Par. ni-/ (supplet.
nary6), Orm. nis-/(supplet.) nayök ‘to go out’
*SANSKRIT: ay ‘to go’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 102
Many Iranian languages have a suppletive paradigm with present stem *Hai and
past *gam!.
«PIE *Hjei- ‘to go’ = LIV: 236 | Pok.: 293 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. i-it ‘go!’, /ijatta/, Глу. i-ti ‘he goes’, Gr. ei ‘I go’, Lat. ire,
OCS iti, Lith. eiti ‘to go’, etc.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 137b, 204a f.; Ivanow 1926: 419, 427; EVP: 16, 44; IIFL I: 275a, 390a, 303b f.,
403a, 411; Christensen, Contributions I: 57, 59, 151, 255, 258; Christensen, Contributions II: 154; IIFL
П: 195b, 192a, 231a, 253b f., 389a, 406a; Abrahamian 1936: 118, 132; Farahvasi: 76 Ё; Andreev —
PeSéereva: 294b f., 336b, 352a; MacKenzie 1966: 88, 114; EVS: 21a, 29а, 58b Ё; Lazard 1974: 84a;
WIM П/2: 77; WIM Ш: 104; Werba 1997: 160 f.; ESIJa I: 109 f£; Lecoq 2002: 173 ff. (passim); Kiefer
2003: 191
*Haid ‘to burn, set fire’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. аёѕта- (m.) ‘firewood’ (Y 3.2, Y 3.21, Y 4.1, etc.). Ф This nominal
derivative goes back to *Haid-sma-.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP ’ysm (CYBA) /esm/ or /ezm/, MMP ‘ymg ‘firewood’
c DMMPP: 98a
*PARTHIAN: Q pdyn- ‘to kindle’ is probably not from the root *Haid, as assumed by
Ghilain, l.c., but rather from *daiH?, cf. Morgenstierne, EVS: 55a.
*NWIR: (?) Siv. i(y)-/yà, ye ‘to burn [intr.]’, тап-, yan-/yeyand (caus.) ‘to burn, set
fire’, ya ‘fever’, yani ‘fire’, NP hemah, hezum, Qohr. hezam ‘firewood’, Bakht. hrva
‘firewood, fuel, timber?
*NEIR: (+ *ui- ?) ? Oss. ird ‘bright, clear’, I. irdg, D. irdga, ærdkæ ‘cold (wind)’, Yi.
loróyo ‘clear sky’. 9 These apparently archaic formations are exact correspondences
of Skt. vidhrá- (AV) ‘bright, clear (of sky)’, Gr. 100рӧс̧ ‘bright, clear, pure’, EWAia
II: 568 f. Are they merely distantly related to the kindling forms ?
*MISC: Par. ira ‘brightness’ (see also above)
*SANSKRIT: edh ‘to set alight, kindle; to shine’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 267
© The Ir. verbal forms cognate with Skt. edh are probably attested in the modern
languages.
«PIE *Hpeid"- ‘to kindle’ > LIV: 259 | Pok.: 11 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. олдо ‘I kindle’, Gr. at@o¢ (n.) ‘fire’, OHG eit (m.) ‘stake, glow’
*REFERENCES: JIFL I: 235a; IFL II: 224; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 547 Ё; MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 31; WIM II/1:
681; Vahman — Asatrian 1987: 97; WIM III: 109 f., 120; Werba 1997: 161 f.; Cheung 2002: 193; Lecoq
2002: 647b
158 *Hais
*Hais ‘to be able, rule’
*AVESTAN: is- ‘to be able, rule’ = Liste: 12
MED.; Pres. athem.: IND. 35р. YAv. iste (P 11 (12)), OAv. (stat.) ise ‘has power’ (Y 50.1), SUBJ. 15р.
OAv. isai (Y 43.9, Y 50.11), 1р1. OAv. isamaide (Y 35.7), OPT. 35р. (?) YAv. (cit.) isaéta (P 22); Partic.:
pres. Y Av. isana- (Y 65.14, Yt 8.49); Inf.: Y Av. istöe (Y 60.4)
*SANSKRIT: 18 ‘to be master, lord of, rule? = EWAia I: 207
9 Further Ir. cognates are unknown.
«PIE *Hoeik- ‘to own’ = LIV: 223 | Pok.: 298 f.
*IE COGNATES: Toch. B aik- ‘to recognize, know [1.e. to possess knowledge], Goth.
aih ‘I have, I own’, aigun ‘they have’, OE agen, Engl. to own, etc.
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 424; Adams 1999: 101 f.; ESIJa I: 123
*Hais ‘to desire, look for’
*AVESTAN: аё$- ‘to desire’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to seek, look for’ || (+ *pari-) ‘to seek, look
around’ = Liste: 13
Pres. inch.: IND. med. 1sg. YAv. ise (Yt 12.1), 3sg. YAv. isaiti (V 13.19), YAv. upo.isaiti (N 109), med.
Y Av. isaite (V 13.19), 3du. med. Y Av. isöide (V 8.10), 3р1. YAv. isonti (Yt 10.45), med. YAv. isonte
(Aog 41), INJ. 3sg. YAv. isat (Yt 19.56), 3pl. YAv. isan (Yt 13.92), SUBJ. 3sg. upa.isät (N 109), OPT.
lsg. OAV. 15011а (Y 43.8), 3sg. ҮАУ. upa.isöit (N 109), med. YAv. isaeta (Yt 19.53), 3р1. YAv. іѕайәп (V
13.35); Aor. s-: IND. 2sg. OAv. ais (Y 33.1), INJ. 2sg. OAV. райт āiš (Y 50.10), OPT. 3р1. YAv. "aesiian
(V 8.2); Perf.: IND. 3sg. YAv. yaesa (Yt 13.99), YAv. upa.yaéSa (N 109); Partic.: pres. YAv. isant- (Yt
19.56), med. Y Av. isemna- (V 13.36, Yt 15.53, Yt 16.17), Y Av. upa.isamna- (N 52), fut. (or aor.?) med.
Y Av. aesomna- (Yt 13.66), perf. pass. Y Av. išta- (Y 40.3). 0 On Y Av. aesomna- see Kellens 1974: 160f.,
fn. 1, and for the interpretation of OAv. ais (in Y 33.1) see Kellens — Pat Ш: 97.
*CHORESMIAN: m/h- ‘to intend, have in mind’. 0 Henning's (1971: 21b) explanation
of the origin of Chor. m/h-, viz. a differentiated use of the root *ah ‘to be’ (= Chor.
y^ q.v.), is implausible, cf. Samadi (ibid.). The alternative solution of Samadi, m/h-
being from the aor. stem *maha-, OAv. mangh-/mdh- (s.v. *man! ‘to think’), is both
morphologically and also phonologically difficult though: old intervocalic *h
usually disappears in Chor. A more straightforward etymology is to derive Chor.
mh- from the root *Hais' (with secondary m-). For Ir. *-8- > Chor. -h(-) cf. "nh
‘daughter-in-law’ (< *snusa-), "mh ‘ewe’ (< *maisi-). = Samadi: 110
*SANSKRIT: es ‘to wish, strive’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 270
9 Further Ir. cognates are unknown.
«PIE *Hoeis- ‘to want, seek’? = LIV: 260 | Pok.: 16
*IE COGNATES: OCS iskati, Lith. (j)iesköti ‘to seek’, OHG eiscön ‘to desire, to
demand’, Engl. to ask, etc.
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 162; ESIJa I: 124
*Haiz 159
*HaisH ‘to set in motion’
*AVESTAN: aëš- ‘to set in motion’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to restore, (?) permit’ || (+ *pari-) ‘to
clean, gather ?’ (Kellens 1976: 91f.; Kellens 1984: 21 n. 1, 101 n. 1) || + *fra-) ‘to
speed forward’ || Liste: 13
Pres. {1} them.: IND. 3pl. OAv. isonti (Y 46.9), med. YAv. pairisonte (V 14.7), INJ. 3sg. YAv. isat (Vd
2.32), SUBJ. 35р. paitisät (Y 44.2, Yt 13.137), 3р1. OAv. isántr (Y 45.7), YAv. paitisan (Y 60.6), med.
YAv. pairisánte (V 6.8), OPT. 3pl. YAv. pairisaiianta (V 6.7), IMPV. 2р1. YAv. paitisata (Y 57.13); Pres.
{2} 1а-: IND. lsg. OAv. fraeisiia (Y 49.6), 1р1. fraešiiamahi (Y 35.4, Y 61.1, Y 71.25, etc.), ҮАУ.
fraesiiamahi (Vr 22.1, P 3(34)); Partic.: pres. {1} YAv. paitisant- (P 12 (13), Vyt 52), med. (ad hoc?)
Y Av. paitiSana (Y 55.6; Kellens 1974: 323), med. caus. Y Av. para. “aéSaiiamna- (N 68)
«OLD PERSIAN: (+ *fra-) frais- ‘to send forth’ = Kent: 164b
Caus.: impf. IND. 159. fraisayam <f-r-a-i-8-y-m> (DB 1.82, DB 2.30, DB 2.82, DB 3.2, рв 3.13, DB
3.30, DB 3.84), «f-r-a-i-&-[y]-[m]» (DB 2.19), <f--a-i-8-y-m> (DB 2.72), <[f]-[r]-[a]-[iJ-[8]-y-m> (DB
5.7), 3sg. fraisaya <f-1-a-i-8-y> (DB 3.55, DB 3.60, DB 3.71)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: Q The formally and semantically similar BMP forms, MMP
frystg, BMP plystk /fréstag/ ‘angel, apostle’ and BMP plyst’tn /fréstadan/ ‘to send’,
sim., go back to *fra- + *staH.
*PARTHIAN: frystg ‘messenger, apostle’ > DMMPP: 160b f.
*KHOTANESE: (+ *4-) i8s- (15-) ‘to return’ (< inch. *ā-iš-s-) || (+ *pati-) OKh. patis-
‘to withdraw’ || (+ *fra-) hei’- (etc.) ‘to send’ = SGS: 13, 14, 68, 154 f.
*SOGDIAN: (+ *apa-) SSogd. pys- ‘to send off, away’ (SDMG II: 128) || (+ *fra-)
SSogd. prys, BSogd. pr’’sy, CSogd. frys, SSogd. prysy (old caus.) ‘to send’
(+ *apa-) Pass.: pret. IND. 3sg. (?) SSogd. pyst ‘(the letter) was sent away’; Partic.: perf. pass. (?) SSogd.
pyst || (+ *fra-) Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 15р. SSogd. pr'ys'm, OPT. 25р. SSogd. pryšyš, etc. ||
*CHORESMIAN: Q On Chor. pry- ‘to leave, let go; to repudiate (wife); to take out (+
с)’ see *HraH!.
*NWIR: (+ *fra-) Zaz. ristis/risen- ‘to send’, (old caus. ppp.) NP firistah/firestah
‘angel; messenger’ || (+ *ui-) ? Bal. gisit/gis- ‘to separate, untangle, divorce,
straighten out, release’. 0 According to Shahbakhsh, Bal. gis- is probably a variant
of géc- (*(Нуџаіё): the outcome -3- is typical for the eastern dialects of Bal. (cf. Korn
2005: 229).
*SANSKRIT: es ‘to set in motion’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 271
«PIE *H;eisH»;- ‘to rush, impel, unleash, release’ = LIV: 234 | Pok.: 299 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. îváo ‘I empty’, Gr. otpa (n.) ‘stormy attack, instigation’, Lat.
ira ‘anger, rage’, ON eisa ‘to rush in’
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 336 f.; Paul 1998: 311b; ESIJa I: 124 ff.; Shahbakhsh: s.v. gis-
*Haiz ‘to long for, desire’
*AVESTAN: 1Z- ‘to long for, desire’ = Liste: 13
Pres. ja-: IND. 1sg. OAv. iziia (Y 33.6, Y 49.3), 3sg. Y Av. iziieiti (Yt 19.51, cf. Kellens 1974: 209 fn. 1.),
Y Av. iziiati (Vyt 30, ЕТА 11)
160 *Haizd (?)
*SANSKRIT: eh ‘to strive for, desire’ (AV+) = EWAia I: 273
9 Further Ir. cognates are uncertain.
«PIE *Heig’- ‘to desire, strive? = LIV: 222 | Pok.: 14 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. iyaívo, 1Xavao ‘I desire, strive’
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 163; ESIJa I: 326
*HaiZd (7?) ‘to implore’
*AVESTAN: OAv. iš- ‘to implore’ (< *iZd-sa-, Kellens 1984: 19) = Liste: 13f.
Pres. inch.: SUBJ. 1sg. OAv. isasa (Y 31.4), ОРТ. 35р. OAV. isasöit (Y 50.2); Partic.: pres. OAV. iSasant-
(Y 51.19)
*SANSKRIT: id ‘to invoke’ = EWAia I: 204
9 Further Ir. cognates are unknown.
«PIE *H>eisd- ‘to honour, respect” = LIV: 260 f. | Pok.: 16
*IE COGNATES: Goth. aistan ‘to stand in awe, respect’, Osc. aiso- ‘god’, ? Toch. yase
‘shame, awe’ (cf. Normier 1980: 259)
*REFERENCES: Humbach 1956: 66 ff.; Werba 1997: 452; Adams 1999: 487
*HamH ‘to be forceful’
*AVESTAN: OAv. Əma-, YAv. ama- (m.) ‘power, force’ (Y 9.17, Y 9.27, Y 13.3,
etc.), OAv. Əmauuant-, YAv. amauuant- ‘tremendous, powerful, strong’ (Y 33.12, Y
34.4, Y 43.10, etc.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP ’m’wnd /amawand/ ‘strong, powerful’ (Av. LW ?)
*KHOTANESE: LKh. amatau ‘forceful, with force’ (KT5 79r,3), Lsg. amatauya (KT5
81v,3), Lpl. amauvua (КТЗ 47,4v 4, KT5 530, 783). © The meaning ‘distress,
distressful’ is given as the main meaning of the entry in DKS, Le, but in the quoted
passages this meaning is often not appropriate though.
*SANSKRIT: am’ ‘to seize; to swear’ (RV+) || áma- (m.) ‘attacking power’, ámavant-
(adj.) ‘having attacking power, powerful’ (RV) = EWAia I: 96
Q Verbal forms of *HamH are absent in Iranian. The Iranian forms are usually
connected to the Skt. root am’, to which many forms and formations with often very
divergent meanings are connected. For a discussion of these meanings see
Hoffmann, Aufsätze 1: 304 f.
«PIE *H;emH;- ‘to seize, grab; to swear’ => LIV: 270 f. | Pok.: 778
*IE COGNATES: Gr. ópvuoja ‘I swear’. > It is doubtful whether Lat. ато ‘I love’ and
the gloss in Hesychius &uorog ‘bad’ can be included, as in LIV: l.c. The presumed
shift in meaning for amo (« *‘to hold one's hand’) is charming, but fanciful. Also, it
is methodologically not very sound to rely on obscure forms (the Hes. gloss and
Marrucinian amatens ‘uoluerent’) to arrive at an IE reconstruction *H;emHi;-, with
laryngeal *h;- !
*Hap/f 161
*REFERENCES: DKS: 5b; Werba 1997: 273; ESIJa I: 151
*Hané ? ‘to unsheathe, draw ?’
*AVESTAN: ? YAv. axnah- ‘rein’ (Yt 5.11, Yt 13.122). © Rather related to Skt. айс
‘to bend’ (EWAia I: 52) ?
*NWIR: (+ *a-) NP axtan/az- ‘to unsheathe, draw a sword’ || (+ *apa- ?) ? Awrom.
patdy/pac- ‘to chop’ (hardly from *paé ‘to cook’)
*NEIR: (+ *ä-) ? Oss. І. axsyn/axst “о coagulate (of milk)’. © Perhaps from inch.
*axsa- ‘to be drawn, draw [intr.]’ ?, cf. Engl. to draw (of tea, etc.).
*SANSKRIT: айс ‘to draw (water) = EWAia I: 53
9 An IE provenance for this Ш. root cannot be ascertained. The connection to OHitt.
hi-in-ga(-ri) /henk-/ ‘to bestow, consign’, suggested by Oettinger 1979: 176 f., is
semantically difficult and therefore rejected by Puhvel III: 289 ff.
«PIE? e LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 92 f.; MacKenzie 1966: 105; Werba 1997: 155 f.
*HanH ‘to breathe’
*AVESTAN: (+ *ui-) OAv. viianayaà (Lsg. n.) ‘spirit(ness)’ (Y 29.6, Y 44.7). 0 Cf., for
instance, Humbach 1991 I: 39; already Bailey 1971: Lc.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ui-) MMP gy’n, BMP (HY?) vin /gyàn/ ‘(breathing) soul,
туё®ңо?” = ОММРР: 168b f.
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ui-) MMP gy’n ‘soul’ = DMMPP: 168b f.
*KHOTANESE: (+ *uz-) LKh. “uysan- ‘to breath out’. 0 On OKh. uysanä- see SVK
III: 28. © SGS: 14 f.
*NWIR: (+ *ui-) NP jan, Kurd. (Sor.) giyan, Zaz. gan (m.) ‘life, soul, body’, Khuns.
giyun, Siv. gan ‘soul’
*MISC: (+ *ш-) буг. (LW) gyn-’bspr ‘life-devoting’ (i.e. ВМР /gyan-abespar/
‘desperate; devoted’)
*SANSKRIT: an’ ‘to breathe’ (RV+) > EWAia I: 72
«PIE *НгепН;- ‘to breathe’ = LIV: 267 | Pok.: 38 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. &veuog ‘wind’, Lat. animus ‘soul, spirit’, anima (Ё) ‘breeze,
breath, soul’, Toch. B anask- ‘to breathe in’, Goth. uz-anan ‘to breathe out’, Osc.
anamum ‘animam’, MWelsh anadl ‘breath’
*REFERENCES: Bailey 1971: 106, fn. 4 Ё; WIM I: 354; WIM III: 316; Werba 1997: 273; Paul 1998: 298a;
Cabolov 2001: 389
*Hap/f ‘to reach, attain’
*AVESTAN: ap- ‘to reach, attain’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to obtain, find’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to reach to’
|| (+ *pari-) ‘to reach, attain’ — Liste: 11
162 *Hap/f
Pres. aja-: IND. 15р. YAv. apaiiemi (Yt 5.42, Yt 15.43), 35р. YAv. apaiieiti (Yt 10.21, Yt 14.20, Yt
14.57, Yt 17.19), 3pl. YAv. apaiieinti (Y 57.29, Yt 10.20), INJ. 3sg. Y Av. paiti.apaiiat (Yt 8.38), IMPV.
2sg. YAv. auui арапа (Yt 16.2); Aor. them.: ОРТ. 1р1. OAv. apaema (Y 41.2); Perf.: IND. 3sg. ҮАУ.
ара; Partic.: pres. YAv. apaiiant- (Y 9.31), perf. med. OAv. apana- (Y 33.5); Inf.: pass. YAv. afiieióiiai
(Y 71.13); Pass.: pres. 3pl. YAv. afonte (Y 57.29); Caus.: pres. SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. apaiiat (Yt 10.86). 0
According to Sims-Williams 1989: 257 Y Av. apaiiant- rather derives from *4-pa- ‘to observe’.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *abi-) MMP ’y’b- ‘to obtain, acquire, attain; to achieve
success’, BMP ’y’p- /ayab-/ ‘to attain’ > DMMPP: 80a
Pres.: SUBJ. 1р1. MMP ’y’b’m; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP ’y’pt, BMP ’y’pt /ayafi/; Inf.: BMP ’y’ptn
/ayaftan/
*PARTHIAN: (+ *pari-) pry’b- ‘to attain, reach; to overtake, come upon’. ç On Pth.
’b’myh, BMP ’p’m /abam/, NP avam ‘debt’ see *Hmai’. = Ghilain: 60 | DMMPP:
282a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. pry’byd, 3pl. pry’bynd, SUBJ. 3sg. pry’b’h
*KHOTANESE: OKh. eh- ‘to reach’ || (+ *abi-) byev- (byeh-) ‘to obtain, attain’ || (+
*pati-) ? OKh. peh- ‘to obtain’ || (+ *pari-) OKh. prev- ‘to obtain’ = SGS: 20, 106,
86, 89
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) CSogd. ptyfs- *‘happen’, MSogd. pty’p “о reach’ || (+ *pari-)
CSogd. pryp, MSogd. pryp ‘to take, lead, fetch, bring’, BSogd. pr’yp (caus.) ‘to
lead, take’
(+ *pati-) Impf.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. ptyy’p || (+ *pari-) Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. prpt, INJ.
1sg. CSogd. prypw, CSogd. prpw, OPT. 3р1. CSogd. prypynt, IMPV. 2р1. CSogd. prptt, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *api-) ? byfs- ‘to become occupied’ || (+ *abi-) yf- ‘to reach, catch
up, find’, (caus. ?) Y’FY- ‘to encounter, hit’ (from dissimilated *aBjafia- <
*abi-(H)af-ia-) || (+ *fra-) ? h’fs- ‘to strike each other’. Ф The etymologies proposed
for Chor. h’fsd ‘they struck each other’ are unconvincing. MacKenzie’s derivation
(V: 71), from *fra-brsa- (~ hBr- ‘to give’, "with a different development from ’nbs-
‘to ask’"), is both semantically and formally difficult, whereas Samadi’s suggestion,
viz. intr. of *bar-, Skt. bhurá- ‘to move fast’, is formally difficult. Skt. (stem) bhurä-
clearly betrays the presence of a laryngeal, whence the corresponding inch. s-stem in
Ir. should be *bars(s)a- (cf. OAv. daroga-, OP darga- ‘long’ < РШ. *drHg"a-, Skt.
dirghä-). The Chor. reflex of *bars(s)a- should have preserved the liquid г
**(h-)Brs-. Deriving h’fsd from a stem * fra(H)afs(s)- may account for the reciprocal,
intransitive meaning of the Chor. form, cf. Skt. pra-äp- ‘to reach at, meet with’.
= Samadi: 33, 256, 255, 89
*BACTRIAN: (+ *pari-) ? naporoßıyo ‘disposable, at (one’s) disposal’ = S-W, Bact.:
217a
*NWIR: (+ *abi- NP yaftan/yab- ‘to find’ || (+ *ni-) ? Yzd. (Zor.) neftvun,
niftvun/niv-, Parsi neftmün ‘to send’
*Harl 163
*NEIR: Oss. D. afun/aft ‘to reach a necessary level, be on the required level" || (+
*api-/afi- ?) (?) Oss. І. æjjafyn/æjjæft, D. zjjafun/zjjaft ‘to reach, attain; to
experience’, (?) Yghn. biyöp-, biyób-/biyópta ‘to attain, reach’ || (+ *pari-) Yi.
pura-/prvei-, M. puröv-/purvi- ‘to find, obtain’ || (+ *fra-) Sh. (Baj.) firap-/fiript,
Rosh. firap-/firépt-, Bart. firap-/firépt-, Sariq. frops-/fribt, Yzgh. forip-/farapt ‘to
arrive at, reach’, (caus.) Sh. firäp-/firäpt, Rosh. firépt, Bart. firöpt, Yzgh. forap- ‘to
bring, convey’ || (+ *ni-) Sariq. niyup-/niyopt ‘to overtake, reach’, ? Sangl. niv-/nivö
‘to bring (someone)
*MISC: (+ *abi-) Orm. waw-/wok ‘to obtain, find’ = wa-wók ‘to find’
*SANSKRIT: ар ‘to reach, attain = EWAia I: 167
9 The long vowel in many Ir. forms points to an old perf. formation.
«PIE *Н,ер- ‘to take, seize, grab’ = LIV: 237 | Pok.: 50 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. e-ep-zi /epzi/ ‘he grabs’, ap-pa-an-zi /appanzi/ ‘they catch’, Lat.
apiscor ‘to reach, to receive, to grab, to get’, co-épi ‘I have undertaken’
*REFERENCES: Lorimer 1916: 454; IFL I: 412a; IIFL II: 238b, 405b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 33, f, 124 f.;
Andreev — PeSéereva: 232a; EVS: 33b f., 52a; EVS: 33b f., 52a; Werba 1997: 157 f.; Vahman — Asatrian
2002: 25; ESIJa I: 178 ff.; Kiefer 2003: 209
*Haré ‘to sing’
*KHOTANESE: OKh. äljs- to sing’ = SGS: 11
*SANSKRIT: arc ‘to sing, praise’ (RV, AV+) = EWAia I: 114
«PIE *H;erk"- ‘to sing, praise" = LIV: 240 | Pok.: 340
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /arkuuanzi/ ‘they sing’, Toch. A yärksät ‘worshipped’, yärk, B
yarke ‘worship’
«REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 166 Ё; ESIJa I: 224
*Hard ‘to prosper’
*AVESTAN: ard- ‘to prosper’ — Liste: 10
Aor. athem.: SUBJ. 3sg. OAv. aradat (Y 50.11)
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pati-) pata(’)I- (pyal-) ‘to prosper’, LKh. pyalya- (P 3513.62v1 KT
1.248, Vajr. 12b4 KT 3.22) ‘welfare’ © SGS: 82
*SANSKRIT: ardh ‘to prosper, promote growth, success, etc.’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 118
9 Further cognates are uncertain.
«PIE ? *Hheld’- ‘to promote’ > LIV: 262 | Pok.: 27
*IE COGNATES: Gr. &A Gat vo ‘I heal’
«REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 167 Ё; ESIJa I: 216
*Har! ‘to go to(wards), reach’
*AVESTAN: ar- ‘to start to move’ || (+ *a-) ‘to come, arrive’ || (+ *uz-) ‘to rise, go up’
|| (+ *ni-) ‘to go, fall down’ || (+ *ui-) caus. ‘to drive off. 0 Assuming a separate
164 *Harl
origin for OAv. ar- ‘détourner’, as postulated in Liste, l.c. is unnecessary. || On the
interpretation of the aor. forms and their assignment to *Har or *Har? see Kümmel,
Пг. & Idg.: 262 ff. = Liste: 9, 10
Pres. {1} them. red.: IND. 3sg. YAv. uziiöraiti (V 19.28); SUBJ. 35р. YAv. uziiarat (Yt 8.5), IMPV. 2sg.
Y Av. uzaiiara (V 21.5), INJ. 3sg. YAv. nirat (Yt 8.38), 3pl. (?) YAv. *niron (Y 10.17), SUBJ. 3pl. YAv.
*iránti (FrW 4.1), IMPV. 2sg. YAv. uzira (V 21.5, V 21.17), 3sg. OAV. iratü (Y 53.8); Pres. {2} athem.:
IND. med. Zeg OAV. paiti.orote (Y 44.12); Aor. {1} athem.: IND. 15р. OAv. arom (Y 43.10), SUBJ. med.
3р1. OAv. fraranté (Y 46.3); Aor. {2} them.: SUBJ. 3pl. YAv. 'aránti (V 15.4; Kümmel, Le: 264);
Partic.: pres. YAv. uziiorant- (Yt 8.36); Inf.: pres. OAv. "uziroidiiai (Y 43.12, Y 43.14), aor. ? OAv.
uruuané (Y 31.2); Caus.: pres. IND. 35р. YAv. "viiaraiieiti (V 18.26)
*OLD PERSIAN: гѕ(5)а- (inch.) ‘to move, go or come toward’ || (+ *aua-) avars(s)a- ‘to
go down to, arrive at’ || (+ *para-) parars(s)a- ‘to come to, arrive at’ || (+ *ni-)
nirs(s)a- ‘to come down, descend’. 0 The transcription /rasa-/ is the generally
accepted one, no doubt on the basis of modern Persian. — Kent: 169b
Pres. inch.: impf. IND. 1sg. ars(s)am <a-r-s-m> (DB 1.54, DB 2.28, DB 2.48, DB 2.63), avars(s)am
<a-v-a-[r]-[s]-[m]> (DB 5.23), <a-v-a-r-s-m> (DSf 24), 3sg. parärs(s)am <p-r-a-r-s-m> (DB 2.22, DB
2.32, DB 2.52, etc.), SUBJ. 35р. nirs(s)atiy <n-i-r-s-a-t-i-y> (DPe 24)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (old inch.) MMP rs-, BMP Is- (YHMTWN-) /ras-/ ‘to come,
arrive’ = DMMPP: 296b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP гуа, MMP rsyyd, 3р1. MMP rsynd, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP rs’d, OPT. 3sg. MMP *rsy
*SOGDIAN: (+ *abi-) BSogd. Byr- ‘to obtain, acquire, receive, find’, CSogd. byr- ‘to
find, receive’, MSogd. Byr- ‘to obtain’
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 15р. SSogd. Byr’m, 3sg. SSogd., BSogd. Byrt, 1р1. SSogd. Byrym, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *api-) byry- ‘to desire’ (< intens. *api-Iraia-) || (+ *abi-) Byr- ‘to
find, obtain’, (sec. inch./pass.) m/Byrs- ‘to be created, to become into existence’,
(caus. inch.) m/Byrsy- ‘to create’ || (+ *uz-) m/wz’ry- ‘to establish’ (cf. MacKenzie
IV: 533), ‘to make firm, elevate, perform (prayer), lead (a war)’ = Samadi: 34, 44,
227
*BACTRIAN: (+ *abi-) aßıp- ‘to obtain, find’ = S-W, Bact.: 175a
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP rasidan/ras-, Zaz. resäyis/resen-, Abz. rasa/ras-, Anar.
ireso/eres-, Gz. räs-/räsa, Gil. (Rsht.) fa-ráscen/fa-ráse-, Ham. resayan/res-, Isfah.
resän/res-, Meim. be-resaj-/a-res-, Khuns. res-/resa, Mah. ris-, räs-, Nn. rassä/ras-
(res-), Natan. -räsäj-/räs-, Qohr. rasa/res-, Semn. -rása, Shamerz. -räsim-/räsäm-,
Siv. räs-/räsä, ráse, Soi -räs-/-räs- ‘to arrive, attain’, (caus.) NP rasan(i)dan/rasan- ‘to
cause to arrive; to bring to bear; to convey’, Abyan. rasnoyan, Gz. räsn-/räsnä, Ham.
resenayän/resen-, Jow. bam-rasno/a-rasn-, Meim. bem-resnä/a-resn-, Siv. räsän- ‘to
send’, Nn. räsnä/räsn- ‘to cause to arrive, send’ || (+ *ni-) Kurd. (North.) hinärtin/
hinér-, (Central) (ha)nardin/nér- ‘to send’ (with sec. hin-, han- ?)
*NEIR: Oss. I. aryn, waryn/ard, (+ *abi- ?) D. erun/ird ‘to arrive; to be born’, ? Sariq.
yur (in xu dust mur yur ‘reach me your hand’) || (+ *abi- ?) Sh. (Baj.) viri-/virüd,
*Har2 165
Rosh. viray-, Bart. viriy-, Sariq. v(i)rey-/vreyd, Yghn. vir-/viyorta- ‘to find, obtain’
|| (+ *fra-) Bart. arör-/arörd ‘to extend, hand over, give away’ (with unexplained a-),
Sariq. rur-/rord ‘to stretch out (the hand towards something)’, Wa. rsır-/rord- ‘to
stretch out, extend; to pour, flow out’ || (+ *ni-) ? Wa. nards (in nards di-, roč- ‘to run
away, boil down’)
*SANSKRIT: ar ‘to reach, to come towards, to meet with’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 106
«PIE *Hyer- ‘to go to, reach’ = LIV: 238 | Pok.: 326 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /ari/ ‘arrives, reaches’, Gr. &рҳорол ‘I go’
*REFERENCES: КРЕТ. 81a f., 140a, 207a, 246a; Ivanow 1926: 421; Christensen, Contributions I: 66, 259;
Christensen, Contributions II: 159; Abrahamian 1936: 119, 132; Lambton 1938: 40b, 42b, 78a; Abaev,
Slovar’ I: 73 Ё; Andreev — PeSéereva: 345a Ё; EVS: 15b, 84b f., 106a; Lecoq 1974: 62; WIM I: 72; WIM
H/1: 81; WIM III: 115; Werba 1997: 165; Paul 1998: 311a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 249; ESIJa I: 188
f£; Lecoq 2002: 122, 125 (passim)
*Har? ‘to set in motion’
*AVESTAN: ar- ‘to set in motion’ || (+ *uz-) ‘to rise, move up’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to come to’
c» Liste: 9 f.
Pres. n-.: IND. 3pl. YAv. fröronuuainti (Yt 13.46), INJ. 3sg. YAv. froronaot (Y 11.4, Yt 13.146), SUBJ.
med. 3sg. oronauuatae? (Y 65.17, Y 56.3 f.), 3р1. YAv. ərənauuante (Y 52.3); Aor. athem.: IMPV. med.
25р. OAv. uzarosuua (Y 33.12; Kümmel, Пг. & Idg.: 262 f.); Perf.: IND. 3sg. YAv. бага (N 10), med.
3sg. äröi, Pass.: pres. INJ. 3sg. Y Av. oronauui. 0 Y Av. oronauui seems to be formed on the basis of the
present stem, on which see further Kellens 1974: 231 f.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP I’n- /ran-/ ‘to drive (away), expel; to pursue’, (sec. caus.)
Гпуп- /ranén-/ ‘to cause to flee’
Pres.: IND. 2sg. BMP I’nyh /ranéh/; Partic.: perf. pass. caus. BMP I’nynyt /ranenid/
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. ’m- ‘to drive, urge on’
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. ’rn’t (Dhy. 23(N)), OPT. 3sg. BSogd. ’rn’y (Dhu. 167)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *fra-) h’ny- ‘to shake’ = Samadi: 86
*NWIR: NP rändan/rän- ‘to drive (away), expel; to pursue’, Gil. (Rsht.)
fu-radoen/fu-ran- ‘to lead, drive, chase’, Anar. rond/-ron-, Gur. (Kand.) -ran-, Khuns.
rund ‘to drive’, Siv. ran-/(supplet. ouürd < *4-bar) ‘to bring’
*NEIR: ? Yzgh. raö-/rost, Wa. rad-, roó-/ron- ‘to flee, run away’, Oss. D. randa (in
randa un ‘to go out; to walk; to depart, leave’, гапаг kaenun “о remove, distance
from’) || (+ *abi- ?) ? Yghn. von-, von-, vun-/vonta, vofita ‘to complete’ (not to
Sogd. wn- ‘to do, make’ ?, Andreev — PeSéereva, l.c.) || (+ *ham-) ? Pash. anaw- ‘to
pick, gather, collect’ (Cheung 2004: 128) = EWAia I: 105
«PIE *Hier- ‘to move, set in motion’, pres. stem *H3meu- = LIV: 299 | Pok.: 326 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /arnuzzi/ ‘brings forth, delivers, sends’, Gr. öpvonı ‘I move’,
Arm. у-аѓпет ‘I stand up’, OCS iz-roniti ‘effundere’, Russ. ronjät’, uronit’ ‘to
drop’, Goth. rinnan, OHG rennen, Engl. to run, etc.
166 *HarH
*REFERENCES: KPF II: 199; Christensen, Contributions I: 66; IIFL II: 538a; Andreev — PeSéereva: 346a;
EVS: 66b; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 350; WIM I: 72; WIM III: 114; Werba 1997: 165; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999:
301, 305
*HarH ‘to grind (grain)’
*AVESTAN: YAv. *ar- ‘to grind’
Partic.: perf. pass. Ү Ау. aša- ‘ground’ (V 5.52, V 7.35)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP ’I- (THNN-) /ar-/ ‘to grind, mill’, BMP "It /ard/ ‘flour’
*PARTHIAN: ? yw-’rd’w ‘corn’ (rather the ‘righteous barley’ ?) = DMMPP: 374b
*KHOTANESE: LKh. arr- ‘to grind’ = SGS: 10
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. "mo ‘millstone’ (SCE 231), BSogd. "ró'rn'k ‘mill’ (SCE 161)
*CHORESMIAN: mjn- ‘to grind’, "rd ‘flour’, ’r@ (Ё) ‘mill-stone’ = Samadi: 115
*BACTRIAN: орбо “Йош? = S-W, Bact.: 181a
*NWIR: (+ *ä- ?) Kurd. (Kurm.) héran/hér-, Awrom. haráy/hàr-, Bakht. ardan, Gz.
ar-, Yzd. är- ‘to grind’, Abz. har/har- ‘id.; to thresh’, NP ard, (? borrowed into) Bal.
art, Kurd. (Kurm.) ar(d), (Sor.) ard, Zaz. ar(di), Abyan. ard (f.), Anar. art, Tal. orda,
Khuns. art, Gz. art, Gur. árd(1), Siv. агае ‘flour’, Abyan. ar (Ё), Khuns. ar ‘mill’, Gz.
arun ‘miller’
*NEIR: Sh. (Baj.) yan-/yiyd, упа, Sariq. yon-/, yüyj, уйе, Yzgh. yawn-/yüg ‘to
grind’, Yi. yan-/yäg’i- ‘to grind’, Pash. aneyal ‘to grind’, Pash. oró (m. pl.), Sh.
(Baj.) yoyj (m.), Bart. yowj, Rosh. yawj, Sariq. yoyj, yowj, Yi. yaré, M. yori ‘flour’,
? Oss. I. aryng ‘trough in which flour is mixed’
*MISC: Orm. hinl-’&k ‘ground, pulverized’, Par. wärun ‘flour’
*SANSKRIT: ? ata ‘flour’ (Hi.), Pkt. ata ‘flour’ (Niya) = EWAia I: 108
«PIE *H5elH;- ‘to grind’ = LIV: 277 | Pok.: 28 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. &A€@, Arm. alam ‘I grind’, etc.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 12; IIFL I: 397a, 297b; Bailey 1933: 60; Bailey 1936: 338; IIFL II: 272b, 273b;
Abaev, Slovar’ I: 74 Ё; MacKenzie 1966: 96; EVS: 106a, 119b; WIM I: 342 f.; DKS: 22a; WIM 1I/2: 637
£; WIM III: 303; ESIJa I: 200 £; Cabolov 2001: 82 f., 436; Lecoq 2002: 572b, 594b, 606a (passim);
NEVP: 10; Korn 2005: 189, 270
*Harj ‘to be worth’
*AVESTAN: arj- ‘to be worth’ — Liste: 10
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. arajaiti (H 1.5 f., H 1.8, H 1.10, etc.), INJ. 35р. arojat (Y 50.10, Y 64.6, Yt
5.109, etc.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP ’Ic- /arz-/ ‘to be worth’, MMP rein MMP. rein ‘worthy’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP ’Icyt /arzed/
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. ’yrznw, MSogd. ‘yjn ‘worthy’, SSogd. ’ry, BSogd. ’ry, MSogd.
ту ‘value, price’
*HasH 167
sy с
*CHORESMIAN: "Z- ‘to be worth’, (denomin.) m/Z’ny- ‘to estimate, value, negotiate
about the price’ > Samadi: 267 f.
*NWIR: NP arzidan/arz-, Gz. aZ-/aZà-, Khuns. erz-, Meim. a-h-arzo/a-h-arz-, Qohr.
harza/harz- ‘to be worth’, Isfah. arzän/ärz- ‘to cost? (LW), ? Sorkh. b-arsind-/
ersinaen- ‘to buy’, NP arz ‘price, value’
*SANSKRIT: arh ‘to earn, be worth’ (RV+), arghä- (m.) ‘worth, value, price’ (RV+)
c EWAia I: 114, 124
«PIE *H;elg""- ‘to be worth, value, earn’ = LIV: 263 | Pok.: 32 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /halkuessar/ (ritual) performance’, Gr. Agave ‘to bring in
as profit’, (aor.) Gr. &Agetv ‘to earn, to obtain’, Lith. alga (Ё) ‘salary, pay’
*REFERENCES: Christensen, Contributions П: 113; Lambton 1938: 40a; WIM I: 68; Werba 1997: 334 f.;
ESIJa Г: 218 f.; Lecoq 2002: 647a
*Наг ‘to be envious’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. ars- ‘to be envious’, YAv. araska- (m.) ‘envy’ (Y 9.5, Yt 15.16, Yt
19.33) = Liste: 10
Partic.: pres. ja- Y Av. arasiiant- (Y 52.2)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ’rysk, ’rySq, rySk, MMP rysq, BMP ’lysk /aresk/ ‘envy’
=> DMMPP: 53b, 304a
*PARTHIAN: rsk ‘envy’ = DMMPP: 296b
*KHOTANESE: ОКЪ. (instr. sg.) arete, are (jsa) ‘envy’
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. ’rsk’, CSogd. *’rsqy, MSogd. ’rsk ‘envy’
*CHORESMIAN: ’rx (n. pl. ?) ‘envy, jealousy’
*NWIR: NP rask ‘envy, jealousy’
*NEIR: (+ *abi- ?) ? Pash. wiyar ‘envy’. 0 "Etym. unknown", EVP: 94. According to
МЕУР: 94, the meanings are ‘vanity, pride, conceit’: "Phonetically * wardi/ya- fits ...
but the semantics are unclear.".
*SANSKRIT: irs ‘to be envious, envy? = EWAia: 206
«PIE *H;rH;-(e)s- ‘to be envious ’ ? = LIV: – | Pok.: 337
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /arsanija-/ ‘to be envious’, Arm. her ‘anger, quarrel’, OE eorsian
‘to be malicious’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 7b Ё; ESIJa 1: 212 f.
*HasH ‘to eat’
*AVESTAN: 9 Y Av. äsitö (Y 10.14), previously connected to *HasH, rather means
‘lying, resting’, whence *saiH.
*PARTHIAN: "'s- ‘to eat?" = DMMPP: 5a
*NWIR: NP as ‘thick brew, soup’ (< OP *asya- < *a0iä-< Ir. *HasHia-)
168 *Наџё
*NEIR: ? Oss. I. min-as, D. mijn-as& ‘feast, reception’ (*mai@na- ‘(guest)dwelling’),
Yzgh. pory-üs ‘breakfast after sunrise (in winter)’ (< *prHu(i)ia-HäsHaä-) || (+ *apa-)
? Yzgh. bas (in bos da- ‘to wean off (a kid)’) || (+ *upa-) Oss. I. bas, D. base ‘soup’
(< Ir. *upa-HàsHa-)
*SANSKRIT: as’ ‘to eat? (RV+) > EWAia I: 136
© The Iranian ‘vulture, bird of prey’ forms (YAv. kahrkäsa-, Oss. cerges, etc.) are
unrelated to this root: they are rather ancient borrowings, on which see Cheung
2002: 176.
«PIE *H5eKH;- ‘to eat up’ ?. ó The existence of this root in IE is somewhat uncertain.
c LIV: 261 | Pok.: 18
*IE COGNATES: ? ON &ja ‘to graze, pasture’, ? ON agn (n.) ‘fish bait’, ? Gr. &koAog
‘bite, piece of food’
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 239; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 119 f.; EVS: 116a; Werba 1997: 274 f.; ESIJa I:
235 f.
*Haué ‘to dwell, live at home’
*AVESTAN: (+ priv.) OAv. an-aocah- ‘hostile, nomadic ?’ (Y 44.15)
*KHOTANESE: (+ *abi- ?) byüka- ‘chamber’ (Z 3.39, Bailey, KT III: 41,32) || (+ *ш-)
ggüch- (ggüs-) ‘to deliver, set free; [intr.] to escape’ © SGS: 30
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ham-) ? ’mc- ‘to have room’ = Samadi: 110
*SANSKRIT: ókas- (n.) ‘dwelling, residence’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 276 f.
© The forms appear to be nominal (Khot. guch- can be explained as a denomin.
formation). They probably go back to a nominal derivative of *H,(e)uk- ‘to get used
to’ (*iaué), compare semantically NHG wohnen ‘to live, dwell’ and sich gewöhnen
‘to get accustomed to’.
«PIE *H,eukos- ‘living, dwelling’ ? = LIV: — | Pok.: 347
*IE COGNATES: (?) Lith. ükis (m.) ‘farm(stead), housekeeping’. 0 The accent and
length of the stem vocalism of the Lith. form have not been explained satisfactorily.
«REFERENCES: DKS: 85b, 309a; ESIJa I: 261 f.
*HauH ‘to help, aid’
*AVESTAN: auu- ‘to help’, YAv. aomna (instr. sg.) ‘help, support’ (Yt 13.146) || (+
*uz-) ‘to protect’ — Liste: 14
Pres. them.: IND. 1sg. OAv. auuami (Y 44.7), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. auuät (N 3), 3р1. YAv. auuan (Yt 8.7, Yt
8.38, N 9), OPT. 3sg. YAv. auuöit (N 2 Ё); Partic.: pres. med. YAv. aomna- (Yt 13.146); Inf.: pres. OAv.
auuö (Y 32.14), ? OAv. uzüidiioi (Y 46.5). 0 OAv. uzüidiioi is not cited by Kellens, Liste and 1984.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP wd’y- ‘to help, save’. 0 Henning, BBB: 108a compares
"wd"y- to OAv. и2010101, which is phonologically not without difficulties. If the MP
form (presumably borrowed into Pth.) would indeed reflect a prefixed formation OP
*ud-avaya-, the dental ought to have disappeared, becoming either -y- or -h-.
*Hauj 169
Perhaps, wd’y- is rather an old denominative-factitive formation *utaya-, from *üti-
= Skt. üti- f. ‘favour, help, aid’. Since it is not attested in BMP, it may have been
borrowed from Pth. (rather than the other way round). = DMMPP: 66
Pres.: IMPV. 2sg. MMP ’wd’’y, ’wd’y; Partic.: pres. MMP ’wd’y’g
*PARTHIAN: wd’y- ‘to help, save’. 0 ‘z’w- is also cited by Henning, l.c. = Ghilain:
106 | DMMPP: 66
Pres.: SUBJ. 2sg. ’wd’y’, IMPV. 25р. ’wd’y; Partic.: perf. pass. П ’wd’y’d; Inf.: П ’wd’y’dn
*KHOTANESE: (+ *abi-) byuma- ‘favour, support’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *abi-) m/Byw- ‘to help’ = Samadi: 45
*NWIR: ? Bal. Oman ‘desire’. 0 The equation to YAv. aomna, Skt. omán- ‘help,
support’ is suggested by Korn 2005: 151. The comparison is semantically not quite
satisfactory. The Bal. form is perhaps rather a compound consisting of ö- and -män
‘mind’. The ö-part may go back to the IE root *H;eu- ‘to desire, long for food (cf.
LIV: 274), Skt. avayat ‘ate’, Lat. avére ‘to desire’, Alb. ha ‘eats’. The Bal. form may
be connected to this root as well, whence *Haua(h)- + *mänah- ‘having a desirous
mind’ ?
*SANSKRIT: av ‘to help, protect’ (RV+) > EWAia I: 134
«PIE *HeuH- ‘to help, protect’ = LIV: - | Pok.: 77 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. iuvare ‘to help, to support’, Olrish con-di ‘to protect’. © Blanc
2005: 132 ff. also adds Gr. ennetavög as cognate, positing a meaning ‘that helps,
useful’.
*REFERENCES: DKS: 309b; Werba 1997: 274; ESIJa I: 253 f.
*Hauj ‘to say (solemnly), praise’
*AVESTAN: aoj- ‘to speak’, (sec. ?) YAv. aoc- ‘to speak’, uxóa- (n.) ‘word’ (= Skt.
ukthá-) || (+ *pati-) ‘to reply, answer’ || (+ *pari-) ‘to order’. 0 The YAv. attested
root is aoc-, which may have been influenced by the past participle aoxta-. For the
analysis of the Y Av. attestations of *uc- see Kellens 1984: 124, 247. — Liste: 9, 14
MED.; Pres. (1j athem.: IND. lsg. OAv. aojöi (Y 32.7), 3sg. YAv. aoxte (F 238), 1р1. OAv.
aogamadaé(-ca) (Y 41.5), 3pl. YAv. aojaite (Yt 8.51 f., V 13.2 ff. V 17.3, etc.), INJ. 1sg. OAv. aoji (Y
43.6), 2sg. OAV. pairiiaoyZa (Y 43.12), 3sg. OAv. aogoda (Y 32.10), ҮАУ. aoxta, SUBJ. 1sg. OAv. aojai
(Y 50.11), OPT. 3sg. YAv. aojita (Vyt 11); Pres. {2} ja-: IND. 3sg. YAv. aosete (V 18.26, V 18.51), 3pl.
Y Av. aosante (FrW 8.1), INJ. 3sg. YAv. "aosata (V 22.6), 3pl. ҮАУ. aosanta (Vyt 40); Partic.: pres. ҮАУ.
aojana- (Y 8.3, Yt 5.76, Yt 10.53, etc.), YAv. aojomna- (FrW 10.42), perf. pass. YAv. aoxta- (V 7.71, V
5.26, N 7); Caus.: pres. {2} INJ. 3sg. YAv. aocaiiata ‘he [i.e. Ahura Mazda] called’ (V 22.7). 0 The form
uxóa- (Y 32.9, Y 33.14, Y 45.8, etc.) is not a past participle, but rather a verbal adjective in *-tHa- (> Ir.
*0a-), which may also belong to the root *yaé.
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pati-) ? OKh. patucau, LKh. pátükyo ‘speech’. > The intervocalic
affricate -c-, -ky- cannot go back to old *-j- regularly.
*NEIR: (+ *uz-) ? Sh. züy, Rosh. zuy, Sariq. (Shaw) zaug ‘curse, malediction’
170 *Haus
*SANSKRIT: oh ‘to proclaim, speak solemny, praise’ (RV) = EWAia I: 283
© Further Ir. cognates are uncertain. The Пг. root perhaps reflects a reduplicated
pres. stem *H ;eHug/"^.. which is also continued in Gr., cf. Lindeman 1972: 67.
The postulation of a redupl. pres. for the IIr./Gr. verbs thus allows us to incorporate
the Italic forms, which would go back to the simple stem *H;ueg"^-.
«PIE redupl. stem *H,eH,ug”- ‘to proclaim, praise’ > LIV: — | Pok.: 348
*IE COGNATES: Gr. et ҳород ‘I praise, entreat, wish’, Arm. gog ‘say !’, Lat. voveo
‘to vow solemnly’, Umb. vufru ‘consecrated, vowed’
*REFERENCES: EVS: 107b; DKS: 237; Werba 1997: 164 f.; ESIJa I: 260 f.
*Hauš ‘to burn’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ш-) OKh. byuv’- ‘to burn’ (or with prev. *abi- ?) = SGS: 105
*NWIR: Zaz. vesäyis/vesen- (intr.), vesnayis/vesnen- (tr.), Tt. (Xia.) vast/vast ‘to
burn’
*NEIR: Oss. I. usong, D. osongz ‘hut, tent, shack’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) atrusan ‘fire-temple’ (< WIr. *atar- ‘fire’ + *ausäna- ‘fire-place’),
Brah. (LW) husing ‘to burn’ (< Bal.)
*SANSKRIT: os ‘to burn’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 281
«PIE *H;eus- ‘to burn, scorch’ = LIV: 245 | Pok.: 347 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. £00 ‘I scorch’, Lat. urd ‘I burn, scorch’, (ppp.) Lat. ustus ‘burnt’,
etc.
*REFERENCES: Yarshater 1969: 182; DKS: 310a; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 21 f.; Werba 1997: 338; Paul 1998:
317a; ESIJa I: 266; Cheung 2002: 234
*Haxs! ‘to aim, shoot; mark?
*OLD PERSIAN: ? uvaxstra- PN (lit. ‘with Good Arrow/Target’ ?) <u-v-x-8-t-r-> (DB
4.19, DB 4.22, DB e.7), <u-v-x-8-t-r-> (DB g.9)
*NWIR: (+ *apa-) Bal. buxt'a/busk- ‘to let go, go off (shoot)’. © The etymology of
Geiger 1891: 436, accepted by Korn 2005: 1.с., viz. from *buxs-, *bauj” ‘to release,
free, open’ needs to be explained further, as there is actually no evidence for an
enlarged root *buxs- of *bauj” in Iranian. Citing from Shahbakhsh, we apparently
have two semantically and also formally similar verbs in Balochi: butk/busk- ‘to be
released (from jail), be fired (a gun), be emptied’ and buskt’, bux6/busk- ‘to
discharge a gun, be let go, go off (of a gun)’. This seems to point to two different
origins. The former clearly derives from an inchoative formation *buxsa- of *bauj’,
whereas the latter may go back to (zero grade) *apa-Hxsa-. Obviously, the two verbs
show signs of convergence.
*Haz 171
*NEIR: Oss. І. æxsyn/æxst, D. &xsun/zxst ‘to aim, shoot at’ || (+ *a-) ? Oss. I.
axsyn/axst, D. axzessun/axesst ‘to catch; to conquer, occupy; to arrest’ || (+ *fra-) ?
Oss. I. raxsyn ‘to throw out; to shoot at’
*SANSKRIT: aks ‘to mark, to make earmarks, [+ nis] to castrate’ = EWAia I: 41
© This Пг. root has no certain IE correspondences. = LIV: – | Pok.: 21
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 221 f., 92 f.; Werba 1997: 449; Shahbakhsh: s.v. busk-; Korn 2005: 177,
312, 356!
*Haxš? ‘to guard, supervise"
*AVESTAN: (+ *abi-) aiDiiaxs- ‘to guard, supervise’ = Liste: 11
Pres. aja-: IND. 3pl. YAv. aifiiaxsaiieinti (Yt 13.59 Ё), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. aipiiaxsaiiat (N 77), OPT. 35р.
Y Av. aißiiaxsaiiöit (Yt 1.19), IMPV. 35р. Y Av. aipiiaxsaiiatu (Y 58.4)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *à-) MMP ’xsyn- ‘to hear’, "x3y- (раѕѕ.) ‘to be heard’
Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. MMP ’xsynyyd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP "xsyd; Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. MMP
*xSy’d
*PARTHIAN: ’xSy- (pass.) ‘to be heard’ = Ghilain: 87 | DMMPP: 79a
Partic.: perf. pass. II "xsy'd; Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. ’xsyd
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *abi-) ? mjByxy- ‘to learn from, apprehend, retain’ || (+ *ni-)
mjny’xy- ‘to grant = Samadi: 45 f., 135
*NWIR: ? Gz. b-a5 ‘look !’
*NEIR: (+ *abi-, *ui- ?) Yghn. yaxs-/yáxsta ‘to be seen, visible’
*SANSKRIT: äksi- ‘eye’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 42
9 The Ir. word *Has- ‘eye’, from which the apparently ancient denomin. *Haxs
derives, has lost *x by analogy with *us- ‘ear’.
«PIE *H3ek¥-s- ‘eye’ = LIV: 297 | Pok.: 775 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. 800€, OCS oči (du. tantum) ‘eyes’, Lat. oculus (m.), Lith. akis
‘eye’, etc.
*REFERENCES: WIM II/2: 642; Werba 1999: 615; Rastorgueva -Edel’man 2000: 281 f.
*Haz ‘to drive, lead’
*AVESTAN: az- ‘to lead’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to lead down, chase away’ || (+ *para-) ‘to
carry, take away’ || (+ *ni-) caus. ‘to straiten’ (cf. De Vaan 2003: 34) = Liste: 10
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. azaiti, med. 35р. YAv. azaite (Yt 10.38, V 5.37), med. 3d. ҮАУ. *azöide (V
3.11), 3р1. YAv. parazenti (Yt 13.68), INJ. 3sg. YAv. auuazat ‘chased away’ (Yt 19.81, Hoffmann 1968:
283, fn. 4), 3р1. ҮАУ. azon (Yt 13.37), SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. azani (Yt 5.34, Yt 9.14, Yt 9.30, etc.), 3sg. YAv.
"azaiti (Fr.), med. 3sg. YAv. azaite (V 18.76), 3pl. ? OAv. aza0a (Y 50.7, Y 64.3), OPT. 3sg. Y Av. para
... aZoit (V 18.12), med. 35р. azaéta (V 18.68); Partic.: pres. med. Y Av. azamna- (Yt 10.86); Caus.: pres.
IND. 35р. Y Av. azaiiaiti (Vn 13, Vn 15; De Vaan 2003, 1.с.), INJ. med. 35р. YAv. niiazata (Yt 5.127),
3pl. YAv. niiazaiion (V 13.30)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ni-) BMP nyd’c /niyaz/, MMP ny’z ‘want, need, misery’
(LW) > DMMPP: 48b
172 *Hgar
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ni-) ny’z ‘want, need, misery’ = DMMPP: 48b
*KHOTANESE: hays- ‘to drive, send’ (with sec. h- ?) = SGS: 148
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ni-) CSogd. ny’z’wt ‘needing, needy’, MSogd. ny’z ‘need’ (GMS:
§1060)
*NWIR: ? NP javazah, Gz. yane ‘mortar’ || (+ *ni-) NP niyaz ‘need’ || (+ *ui-) Khuns.
vis(s)/viz- (inch. ?) ‘to seek; [+ va] ‘to find’, Abyan., Abz. yösta/yüz-, Anar. usse/
(y)uz-, Ard. viyoste/viyoz-, Fariz. -juz-, Gz. yuz-/yus(s)-, Nn. yusse/yuz-, Tr. vósta/
vöz-, Varz. ose/oz-, Yar. -just-/-juz- ‘to find’, Qohr. vüsta/vüz- ‘to find, obtain’,
Natan. -just/-juz-, Meim. bem-vi:ft/a-vi:z- ‘to discover; to find’. 0 NP javazah is
from *jaua-a(n)za-ka-, on which see Tafazzoli ("do vazah-i parti az diraxt-i аѕшӣ" [=
Two Parthian words from the "Draxt-i-Asuri"], unpubl.). Differently, Hasandoust
2001-2002: 36: *iaya-baja- ‘barley breaker’ (see *baj). The reconstruction would be
less suitable for Gz. yane though. || The forms with pref. *ui- may be contaminated
with *yaid?.
*NEIR: (+ *apa-) Pash. (aor.) boz-/ (inf.) bötlol ‘to lead away’, Sh. boz-/boxt, Rosh.
aböz-/abüxt, Bart. aböz-/aböxt ‘to send’ || (+ *upa- ?) Yi. aväz-/aväzd, M. avaz-/
avézd ‘to bring (someone), fetch’ || (+ *para-) Pash. pryez-, prez- ‘to take out’ || (+
*pari-) Yghn. piráyZ-, paréZ- ‘to run away’
*SANSKRIT: aj ‘to drive’ = EWAia I: 50
Q According to Schmeja 1976: 101ff., the substantive Av. āzi- (m.) ‘greed’, MP /az/
(MMP ’’z, BMP ’c, Pth. ’’z, etc. can be equated with Skt. aji- ‘race, battle’, which 15
the nominal derivative of aj. This is semantically difficult to explain though, perhaps
via *‘drive’ ?
PIE *H5eé- ‘to drive’? = LIV: 255 | Pok.: 4 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. yo ‘I drive, lead, go’, Lat. ago ‘I drive, to lead, to commit’,
Toch. ak-, Arm. acem ‘to lead’, Olrish agid ‘to drive’, ON aka ‘to ride’, etc.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 16; IIFL II: 194; EVS: 22a; Werba 1997: 333; ESIJa I: 288 ff.; Lecoq 2002: 121,
124, 126 (passim); NEVP: 65
*Hgar ‘to be awake’
*AVESTAN: YAv. yar- ‘to guard, watch’ || (+ *а-) caus. ‘to wake up [tr.]’ || (+ *fra-)
inch. ‘to awake’, caus. ‘to wake up [tr.]’ — Liste: 19
Perf.: IND. 3sg. YAv. jayara ‘is watching’ (N 19); Partic.: pres. inch. med. ? YAv. frayrisomna- (H 1.13),
pres. caus. YAv. "fra. yäraiiant- (N 19), perf. YAv. jayauruuah- (Yt 10.7, etc.); Caus.: pres. IND. Isg.
Y Av. а... gäraiiemi (Any 2), 3sg. YAv. “fra. yaraiieiti (V 18.22, N 19), OPT. 25р. YAv. fra gäraiiöis (N
19)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ui-) MMP wygr's-, BMP wgl’s- /wigras-/ ‘to wake, awaken’
=> DMMPP: 353b
(+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. BMP wgl’synd /wigrasénd/; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP wygr’d; Caus.: pres. 3sg.
MMP "wygr'synyd, partic. MMP wygr'syn'g
*Hhaus 173
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ui-) wygr’s- ‘to wake, awaken’ || (+ *ham-) ’ngrysn ‘meditation’
= Ghilain: 82, 92 | DMMPP: 353b, 48a
(+ *ui-) Pres.: SUBJ. 2sg. wygr’s’, IMPV. 2sg. wygr’s, 2pl. wygr’syd, 2pl. wygr’syd; Partic.: perf. pass.
wygr’d(g), Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. wygr’nyd
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. y’r ‘to watch, guard’ || (+ *ui-) SSogd. wyr’s, BSogd. wyy’r’s,
CSogd. wyr’s (intr./inch.) ‘to wake’, CSogd. wyrys, Sogd. wyr’ys (caus.-inch.) ‘to
wake up, arouse’
Pres.: IND. 3pl. BSogd. y’r’nt || (+ *ui-) Well attested: Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. wyy’r’s’, IMPV. 2sg.
SSogd. wyr’s (Sogd. Tales: 478), 2р1. CSogd. wyr’stt, Pret.: IND. 3pl. intr. MSogd. wyyr’tnd, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: y'r- ‘to protect, guard’, m/yr’s- (inch.) ‘to be awake, awake’
c» Samadi: 75, 78 f.
*NWIR: Bal. gurit/gur- ‘to wake up with a start’ (with sec. -r-) || (+ *ui-) NP bidar,
Abyan. biyar, Gz. biyar, Jow. vi:dá:r ‘awake’ (with metath. & loss of -y- < *uryrad)
*NEIR: Yzgh. Zir-/Zird ‘to think’, Yghn. yor- ‘to see’ (*Hgarua- ?) || (+ *uz-) Pash.
zyör-, Zyör- ‘to guard, protect’ || (+ *ui-) Yghn. yürös-/yüröta (inch.) ‘to awake’,
yürayS-/yüraySta (caus.-inch.) ‘to wake up’, Oss. I. qal, D. igal ‘awake’ || (+ *ham-)
Oss. I. enqalyn/znqald, D. engzlun/engald ‘to suppose, think; to hope for’ (orig.
*ja-pass.) || (+ *ham- ?) Pash. goral ‘to see’
*SANSKRIT: jar ‘to wake up’ (RV+) > EWAia I: 574
Q According to Klingenschmitt 1982: 77, fn. 18, Iranian also continues a variant
*H;greH- (i.e. Plr.*HgraH-) on account of Av. frayratu- ‘awakening’. This
"variant", notably attested in inchoative formations, may actually reflect a formation
with the IE suffix *-eH;- or *-eH;-. Av. frayratu- possibly goes back to (quasi-)IE
*pro-H,grotu- ?
«PIE *Higer- ‘to wake up’ = LIV: 245 | Pok.: 390
*IE COGNATES: Gr. £yeípo ‘I watch, to wake’, Alb. поте ‘to lift, to wake’
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 147b; EVP: 23, 101, 11; Christensen, Contributions I: 157, 257; Lambton 1938:
75b, 41b, 77b; Morgenstierne 1942: 98; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 162 ff., Andreev — PeSéereva: 258b, 259b f.;
Abaev, Slovar’ II: 258; EVS: 110b; WIM I: 68; WIM II/2: 644; Werba 1997: 187 f.; Cheung 2002: 57 f.,
99, 212; Lecoq 2002: 573b; NEVP: 101; Shahbakhsh: s.v. gur-
*Hhauá ‘to become dry, dry out, wither’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. haos- ‘to dry out, wither’ = Liste: 73
MED.; Pres. them.: SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. haosataé° (Yt 13.66); Partic.: pres. YAv. aphaosomna- (Y 9.4, Yt
19.32)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP hws- /hös-/ ‘to dry, wither’, MMP hws’g ‘hot, parching
wind’ = DMMPP: 194b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP hwsyt /hosed/
*PARTHIAN: hws-, xws- ‘to become dry, dry out? > DMMPP: 194b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. hwšyd, 3р1. "hwsynd; Partic.: perf. pass. П xws'd
174 *HiH
*KHOTANESE: hüs- (etc) ‘to become dry’, LKh. hvā’ñ- (hvai-) ‘to make dry’ || (+
*pati-) ? LKh. pasus- ‘to become soundless’ = SGS: 153, 78
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) CSogd. psws- ‘to dry up’
Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. p’sws
*NWIR: NP xusidan/xus-, Bal. husit/hus- ‘to dry out’ || (+ *uz-) Kurd. ziha, zuhä
‘dry’. © Kurd. ziha, zuhä is not from *zu-ta- (i.e. *zau, e.g. Pth. wyz’w- ‘to exude,
extinguish’), as stated in Asatrian — Livshits: 84, but perhaps from *uz-h(a)usa-ka-.
For intervocalic *-3- > Kurd. -h(-) cf. Kurd. (Kurm.) guh, (Sor.) gwe ‘ear’ (<
*gausa-), mi, meh ‘ewe’ (< *mais?), on which see for instance, Cabolov 1997: 51.
*NEIR: Oss. I. xus ‘dry’ || (+ *pati-) Wa. poc-/poct ‘to dry up, out’, ? Oss. I. Ёеѕиѕ
‘hoarse’ || (+ *ui-) Oss. I. sysyn/syst, D. isusun/isust ‘to evaporate, dry’
*SANSKRIT: Sos ‘to dry, dry up’ (RV, AV+) = EWAia II: 658
*PIE *H>seus- ‘to dry (up)’ (cf. Lubotsky 1985: 1 f£) > LIV: 285 | Pok.: 880 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. oo, OCS sušiti, Lith. satisti, Latv. sust ‘to become dry’, OEngl.
séar ‘dried up, withered’, Engl. to sear, etc.
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 464; Nyberg II: 101b; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 211 f.; DKS: 494a; Abaev,
Slovar’ IV: 250 f.; Werba 1997: 244; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 265; Shahbakhsh: s.v. hus-; Korn 2005:
94, 413
*НІН ‘to grieve, offend, injure’
*AVESTAN: YAv. i- ‘to grieve, offend, harm’, YAv. ainiti- (+ priv.) ‘clemency’
(58.4, P 25). 9 The meaning given to YAv. i- by Kellens, l.c. is rather ‘nuire’. || On
Y Av. “’mazistaiia iti ‘with the greatest grievance’ (V 18.61) and also Skt. iti-, etc.,
see Kuiper 1959: 137 ff. — Liste: 12
Pres. nu-: IND. 3sg. YAv. inaoiti (V 18.61); Partic.: perf. pass. YAv. ainita- (Yt 13.34)
*KHOTANESE: (?) LKh. in- ‘to act violently’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) ? CSogd. ptyOy' (f) ‘contempt, disgrace’, MSogd. ptyöy’
‘abuse’ (rather from *Häd ?)
*SANSKRIT: ay ‘to drive, press’ (RV) || ? Tti- (Е) ‘plague, calamity’ (AdbhutaBr +). o
It is uncertain whether the often cited Skt. ay, Tti- and IE cognates (Gr. ё1бтрол ‘to
seek’, Arm. Janam ‘to exert oneself’, Gr. €fjA0c, (Dor.) GàAog (m.) ‘envy, jealousy’)
are (all ?) related to the Iranian forms. This is semantically not quite evident.
c EWAia I: 102, 204
© The present formation of the Avestan and Khotanese forms is strange: *Hi- ? The
etymology is uncertain. One may cite Hitt. /inas-/ ‘illness’, which is connected to
Skt. énas-, Av. aénah- ‘crime, wrong, mischief’ (cf. Puhvel II: 366).
«PIE? => LIV: 310 | Pok.: 10, 501
*REFERENCES: DKS: 32b; Werba 1997: 407 Ё; ESIJa I: 121 Ё; De Vaan 2003: 250
*HiaH 175
*Hiab ‘to have sexual intercourse’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *upa-) by’By- ‘to make pregnant’? = Samadi: 32
*NWIR: (+ *fra-) Bal. Sabt/saf- ‘to cover (an ewe), mate’. © The Bal. verb was first
cited by Gershevitch 1977: 65 Ё, who compared it to Oss. I. sæfyn, D iszefun ‘to
perish’ and Av. visäpa- (the name of a dragon). He deduced from these forms a root
Zënn ‘sweeping’ or ‘wiping’ (with no further IIr./IE cognates), recalling the semantic
developments of the root *Hmarz ‘to rub, wipe’ (e.g. ВМР mlc- /marz-/ ‘to
copulate’). His analysis of visäpa- is not compelling though, at least no more
compelling than the conventional, transparent interpretation ‘Whose water is
venomous’. As for Oss. I. sæfyn, D. isæfun it would not be too farfetched to connect
the forms to *sap ‘to curse, swear’. Considering the meaning of the Bal. verb, it is
much more natural to compare with Chor. by’By- and Skt. yabh. The voiceless -f- is
perhaps due to the presence of -/-, which can inhibit the voicing (on which see
Emmerick — Pulleyblank: 33) of older Bal. *-B- < Ir. *-b- (on which see Korn 2005:
323 ff.). The initial ša ° goes back to pref. *fra- (Korn, Le 116).
*NEIR: Pash. yay-/yOwal (borr. into ?), Sh. yav-/yevd, Rosh. yav-/yévd, Bart.
yav-/yivd, Sariq. yeyv-/yevd, Yi. yay-/yed, yid ‘to have sexual intercourse, copulate
with’, Pash. уо (Ё) ‘copulation’. Ф These forms show a partial contamination with
the root *gaH’.
*MISC: Arm. (LW) yawsel ‘to violate’
*SANSKRIT: yabh ‘to have sexual intercourse’ (RVKh, AV+) = EWAia II: 398
9 This old root with its obviously tabooistic meaning has been largely replaced by an
euphemism in most Ir. languages, notably *gaH?.
«PIE *Hiieb"- ‘to have sexual intercourse’. 0 The postulation of an initial *H;- in IE
is based on the Gr. reflex (zero grade *Hiib^- or, more likely, redupl. *H;eHib’-),
on which see Peters 1980: 96 ff.; Beekes 1969: 131. The presence of the laryngeal
may also explain the long -i- in the Skt. desid. forms yiyapsyata (ASS. 10,8,11),
yiyapsyate (ASS. 8,3,24), уїуарѕуатапа (SSS. 12,23,5), which Hoffmann, Aufs. 2:
572 f. merely regarded as "irregular". See also *ia(m)b/p. > LIV: 309 | Pok.: 298
*IE COGNATES: Russ. ebät’, Ukr. jebáty, Gr. оїфо ‘to have sexual intercourse’
*REFERENCES: EVS: 37b; Werba 1997: 221; NEVP: 30
*HiaH ‘to remember’
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *abi-) *abiyataka- ‘remembering’ (in Hes. оВотоко)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *abi-) MMP ’y’s-, BMP ’byd’s- /ayyas-/ (old inch.) ‘to
remember [intr.]’, BMP ’dyb’tyn- /ayaden-/ (sec. caus.) ‘to remember’ = DMMPP:
80a f.
Pres.: IND. 1р1. MMP ’y’s’m; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP viet BMP ’byd’syt /ayasid/, caus. IND. 35р.
BMP ’dyb’tynyt /ayadénid/
176 *Hiaud
*PARTHIAN: (+ *abi-) *by’s- ‘to remember [intr.] = Ghilain: 83 | DMMPP: 16a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. ’by’syd
*KHOTANESE: (+ *abi-) byata- ‘remembered, memory’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *abi-) SSogd. ’By’tw (Asg. m.) ‘memory, remembrance’
*NWIR: (+ *abi-) NP yad ‘memory, remembrance’, widely borrowed (e.g. in Bal. yat,
Kurd., Qohr. yad)
*MISC: (+ *abi-) Par. awé ‘remembering’, also Toch. A opyäc, B ep(i)yac ‘in
remembrance’ (< Ir., possibly Bact.)
*SANSKRIT: ya ‘to drive, speed’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 407
© This root with the meaning ‘to remember’ is solely attested with the preverb *abi-.
It is probably originally identical to *HiaH ‘to go, drive to’ (Skt. ya, etc.) that has
acquired a specialized meaning with *abi-: > *‘to come to mind’ > ‘to remember’.
The peculiar form OAv. “’yamang gen. sg. ‘course’ (Y 48.2) may actually contain
*HiaH ‘to go, drive to’, on which see, for instance, Insler, Gathas: 286.
*PIE *HJeH>- ‘to go, drive to’ = LIV: 319 f. | Pok.: 293 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Toch. A ya- ‘to go, to travel’, Lith. joti ‘to drive, to go’, Latv. jat ‘to
drive, go’, Lat. iānus (m.) ‘passage, gateway’
*REFERENCES: IFL I: 237a f.; DKS: 308a; Adams 1999: 89; Lecoq 2002: 657; Witczak 2005: 282; Korn
2005: 105, 416
*Hiaud ‘to fight, struggle (for something), strive, seek’
*AVESTAN: YAv. yuo- ‘fight, struggle’ — Liste: 47
Pres. ia-: IND. 3sg. YAv. yuidiieiti (Y 57.17), 3du. ҮАУ. yüióiia00 (Yt 8.22, Yt 8.26, Yt 8.28), 3pl. ҮАУ.
yüióiieinti (Yt 13.63, Yt 13.67)
*PARTHIAN: ywdy- ‘to look after; to strive for’, yws- (inch.) ‘to battle’ — Ghilain:
65, 87 | DMMPP: 375b
Pres.: SUBJ. 15р. ywdy’m, 3pl. ywdynd, 258. ywdy’h, IMPV. 2pl. ywdyd; Inch.: pres. IND. 35р. "ywsyd
*KHOTANESE: juv- (jv-) ‘to fight’ — SGS: 36
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *abi-) ? m['bywzy- ‘to make angry, anxious, to upset’. 0 Samadi
cautiously suggests a possible reconstruction *abi-jauj- for Chor. m/’bywzy-, which
is semantically not compelling, cf. simplex Chor. ywzy- ‘to prepare, make ready,
carry out’. > Samadi: 2!
*BACTRIAN: 1@A- ‘to fight” = S-W, Bact.: 196b
*NWIR: NP justan/jöy-, Delij. ba-jeuni, Abz. Züva/Züv-, Qohr. jügäda/jüg- ‘to search’
(< NP) ‘to strive for, seek’, ? Bal. jod ‘man’ (< Urdu ?). 9 Qohr. jugada/jug-
contains a secondary -g-, which appears to be a hiatus filler, cf. Qohr. pigaz ‘onion’
< Pers. piyaz < *pidaz (Horn 1893: 77).
*NEIR: Oss. I. udyn, D. odun/odt ‘to exert; be industrious; put effort into’
*SANSKRIT: yodh ‘to fight’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 418
«PIE *Hieud"- ‘to fight, to set out, move (to fight)’ > LIV: 225 f. | Pok.: 511 f.
*Hmai2 177
*IE COGNATES: OLat. ioube-, Lat. iubere ‘to order, command’, Lith. judéti ‘to move
[intr.]’, Lith. judus ‘belligerent’, Gr. donivn (Е) ‘battle, fight’
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 94; KPF I: 136b; DKS: 111b; Safari 1373: 97; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 11; Werba
1997: 222 f.; Lecoq 2002: 121, 124; Korn 2005: 104, 368
DI n s = a
*Hmai ‘to fix(ate), build, fashion
*AVESTAN: YAv. mi- ‘to build, fashion’
Partic.: perf. pass. YAv. -mita- (Yt 10.28, Yt 10.30)
«OLD PERSIAN: uz-maya-patiy (+ kr- ‘to do, make’) ‘to support, to prop (up)
<u-z-m-y-a-p-t-i-y>, ? vahu-misa- PN lit. ‘Good Creator/Builder’, "Med." ?
<v-u-mi-i-s>, (Asg.) <v-u-mi-i-s-m>. uz-maya-patiy can be analysed as loc. sg. +
postp. patiy. || In Elamite a personal name is attested: ЕІ-ОР Ma-u-mi-is-sa =
vahu-misa-? = Kent: 178a
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ui-) MMP w(y)myh- ‘to create, fashion, shape’. Ф Perhaps
from desid. *ui-Hmi0sa- (cf. Skt. mitsa-) > OP *vi-mi0(0)a- > MP w(y)myh-, cf.
MMP m’hyg “fish; Pisces’ (Skt. mätsya- ‘fish’, matsyá- ‘fish-, belonging to a fish’),
у. See Cheung 2002, l.c. > DMMPP: 343a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP wmyhyd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP wymyhyd
*KHOTANESE: (+ *fra- OKh. hamän- ‘to make’. 0 OKh. närmän- ‘to create
magically’ is similar to BSkt. nirminoti, nirminati in the same technical sense, which
may have modified an original Khot. *nasmán- to närmän- (SGS: 233). = SGS: 147
*NWIR: ? Tt. (Cha.) demas, (Ebr.) mäs/mas ‘to stick’ (or from *mad?)
*NEIR: (+ *ui-) Oss. I. mysyn/myst, D. imisun/imist (inch.) ‘to consider; conceive,
invent; to long for’. Ф On the Oss. verbs cf. Gershevitch 1952a: 486. It cannot be
excluded that the Oss. forms are old desid. (Skt. -ts- ~ Oss. -s-, cf. vatsá- ~ Oss. D.
wees ‘calf?).
‘misc: Aram. (LW) whwms, Gr. 'Qyuiong, Babyl. Ü-mi-is-si (< OP/"Med."
vahu-misa-)
*SANSKRIT: may ‘to fix, found, build’, sumáya- ‘well-made’ || (+ *ui-) vimay ‘to
build, erect? = EWAia II: 314
«PIE *H> mei- ‘to fix’ => LIV: 426 | Pok.: 709
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /suhmili-/ ‘well-fixed’, Latv.miet ‘to impale’, Lith. miétas ‘pole’
*REFERENCES: Yarshater 1969: 182; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 144 f.; DKS: 460a; Werba 1997: 216; Cheung
2002: 206 f.
2 ç H
Smart" ‘to change
*AVESTAN: YAv. maii- ‘to change’ = Liste: 44
Aor. athem.: SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. maiiat (F 6)
178 *Hmaijl ?
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *apa- BMP ’p’m /abam/ ‘debt’. 0 The etymology and
reconstruction given by Nyberg 1974: 22a (notably for the Pahlavi form), from
partic. med. *(&-)apamna-, is less convincing.
*PARTHIAN: (+ *apa-) ’b’myh ‘loan’ = DMMPP: 8
*SOGDIAN: (+ *apa-) BSogd. p’myt’y, BSogd. p’mytk, BSogd. p’m’ytk ‘loan’
*BACTRIAN: (+ *apa-) Bapddtyo ‘loan’ = S-W, Bact.: 185a
*NWIR: (+ *ä-apa-) NP avam ‘debt’
*SANSKRIT: may ‘to exchange, change’ || (+ *apa) apamitya- (AV +), apamitya- (n.)
‘something borrowed, debt’ (Kath. +) > EWAia П: 314
«PIE *Hamei- ‘to (ex)change’ = LIV: 426 | Pok.: 710
*IE COGNATES: Toch. B mäsk-, Latv. miju (mit) ‘I exchange’, Lith. mainas ‘change’,
OCS ména ‘change’, OHG mein ‘deceptive’, (with enlarged root-element) Gr.
Aneißo ‘to (ex)change’
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 216 f.; Adams 1999: 459
*Hmaij! ? ‘to exchange’
*BACTRIAN: uty- ‘to exchange’ = S-W, Bact.: 204a
© The evidence for this root in Iranian is limited to Bactrian.
«PIE *H,meig”- ‘to exchange, change for’ = LIV: 279 | Pok.: 713
*IE COGNATES: Gr. &petBo ‘I (ex)change’
*Hmaif? ? ‘to pour, flow, rain’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pati-) pemyz- ‘to flow abundantly’, pcmyzy- ‘to let (it) rain’
c» Samadi: 142
*NWIR: Bal. missit/miss- (inch.) ‘to wet, soak, drench, moisten’, Awrom. mitáy/mij-
‘to pour out (abundantly) = EWAia П: 381, s.v. meh ‘harnen’
© According to Mayrhofer, EWAia, Le IE *Hsmeié - ‘to urinate’ (> Ir. *Hmaiz)
shows mutual influence with IE *Hameig'"- ‘to pour, flow’ (in the ‘cloud, nebula’
formations) in the separate IE languages. This is a rather tenuous approach, on
which see Cheung, F's Klingenschmitt. There is no clear evidence that in Skt. a sepa-
rate root *MEH ‘to pour, flow’ has existed: the formation Skt. ni-méghamana- from
which this root has been abstracted may be interpreted differently: cf. *maij” ‘to
move’. The Iranian forms might reflect the denominative usage of the well-attested
PIE ‘cloud’ form: *H;mig"- ‘cloud’ ? Alternatively, the forms might point to the
existence of an old PIE verbal root *Hsmeig"- ‘to pour out, nebulize’ (?), cf. Ger-
shevitch 1974: 89 ff. No further support in IE for such a root can be cited though.
«PIE *H3mig - ‘cloud’ => LIV: — | Pok.: 712
*IE COGNATES: Gr. оріҳАт (Ё) ‘nebula’, etc.
*REFERENCES: MacKenzie 1966: 102; Shahbakhsh: s.v. miss-
*Hmard 179
*Hmaiz ‘to urinate’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. maez- ‘to urinate’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to pee forward, forth’ — Liste: 45
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. framaézaiti (V 18.40), 3pl. YAv. maézonti (V 3.6), OPT. med. 3pl. YAv.
maezaiianta (V 8.13); Partic.: pres. YAv. maezant- (N 37)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ВМР myc- /mez-/ ‘to urinate’ || (+ *ni-) MMP nmyzysn ‘incite-
ment, provocation, urging’ > DMMPP: 244a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP mycyt /mézéd/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP myst /mist/
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ni-) nmyzysn ‘incitement, provocation, urging? > DMMPP: 244a
*KHOTANESE: miysai ‘urine’
*CHORESMIAN: myz- ‘to urinate, piss’ = Samadi: 113 f.
*NWIR: NP méxtan/méz-, Bal. mest, mezit/meZ-, méz-, Kurd. mistin/miz-, Gil.
dimistan/dimiz- ‘to urinate’, Ard. mis/mes-, Gz. méz-/més, miss (tr.), Khuns. miz-/
mizä, mis(s)-, Lasg. demeston/demiz-, Nn. més/méz-, Semn. demestiyon/damiz-,
Sorkh. demestan/demiz- ‘to defecate’, Zaz. mizi (f.) ‘urine’ || (+ *ui-) NP gimizidan/
gimiz- ‘to make water’, NP gimiz, (LW ?) Awrom. guméz (m.) ‘urine’
*NEIR: Oss. I. mizyn/myzt, D. mezun/mizt ‘to flow; to urinate’, Pash. mitol/mez-, Sh.
mez-/mixt, Rosh. miz-/mixt, Sariq. meyz-/maxt, Yzgh. miz-/maxt, M. méz-/mizd,
Yi. miz-/mizd- ‘to urinate’, Oss. I. mizg&, D. mezgz ‘urethra’, Sariq. meyz, Wa.
mizg ‘urine’. Ф The meanings assigned by Abaev, l.c. ("течь, протекать, fluere") to
Oss. I. mizyn, etc., are perhaps a bit inaccurate. The standard Ossetic-Russian
Dictionary cites, next to ‘to urinate’ ("мочиться"), the second meaning ‘to seep
through, percolate’ ("просачиваться").
*MISC: Par. miz, Orm. mizi ‘urine’
*SANSKRIT: meh ‘to urinate’ (RV+) © EWAia II: 381
«PIE *H;meig"- ‘to urinate’ => LIV: 301 f. | Pok.: 713
*IE COGNATES: Gr. ópeíxo, Lat. meiö/mingö ‘I urinate’, OE migan, Lith. myZti,
SCr. miZati ‘to urinate’
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 140b f.; EVP: 48; IIFL I: 274b, 401b; IIFL II: 230a; MacKenzie 1966: 95; Abaev,
Slovar’ II: 126 f., 125; EVS: 46b; WIM I: 71; WIM II/1: 80; DKS: 332; Werba 1997: 217; Paul 1998:
306a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 234; Cabolov 2001: 678 f.; Lecoq 2002: 130; NEVP: 54; Korn 2005: 88
fn. 66, 314, 407; Cheung, Fs Klingenschmitt
*Hmard ‘to crush’
*AVESTAN: OAv. morand- ‘to crush’ = Liste: 44
Pres. n-: INJ. 3sg. OAv. mörondat (Y 32.9 f.), 3р1. OAv. morəndən (Y 32.11 f.)
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *ui-) vimard- ‘to crush’ = Kent: 203a
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. vimardatiy <vi-i-m-r-d-t-i-y> (DSe 40 f£), impf. 3sg. viyamarda <vi-i-y-m-r-d>
(DB 5.11). 9 Different transcription in Brandenstein — Mayrhofer 1964: 132, viz. vi-mradatiy and
viy-amrada respectively.
180 *Hmars
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: Q The interpretation of BMP ’mwst ‘crushed’ /amust/, made by
Nyberg 1974: 16a is no longer accepted: /hamwast/ ‘collected, gathered’:
*ham-uaz-.
*SANSKRIT: mrditä- ‘crushed’ (A V+), ni-mfdya- ‘pressed down’ (SB). © This root ‘to
weaken, soften’ has converged with the ‘crush’ root mard. > EWAia II: 386 f., s.v.
mrad
«PIE *H5merd- ‘to hurt, injure (someone) = LIV: 280 | Pok.: 736 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. ёрёрёо ‘I rob, deprive’, Lat. mordeö ‘I bite, chew’, ? OE
smeortan ‘to inflict pain, smart’, Engl. to smart, etc. (with mobile s- ?)
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 273b, 401a; Werba 1997: 366
*Hmars ‘to wipe, rub; touch’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ui-) ? ggumäls- (gümaly-) ‘to besmear’ = SGS: 29
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) CSogd. pcmrws- ‘to feel, touch’
Pres.: IMPV. 2sg. CSogd. pemrws; MSogd. "pemrwsyy (ВВВ: 38)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pari-) prmsy- ‘to rub (the ear)’ || (+ *fra-) šmšy- ‘to rub off’
= Samadi: 154, 196
*NWIR: ? Bal. mus-/musta ‘to smear, rub’ (< WIr. ?, cf. Pth./MP mwst, *Hmarz) || (+
*pari-) NP parmäsidan ‘to touch, feel’ || (+ *ui-) Kurd. (Kurm.) guvastin/guves-,
givastin/gives-, (Sor.) guSin/gus- ‘to (com)press; to knead’
*NEIR: ? Pash. muz-/musal ‘to rub’ (also possible: *Hmarz), Wa. msırs-/morst ‘to
feel; touch’
*MISC: Огт. muSaw- ‘to rub’ = muxaw-/muxawök
*SANSKRIT: mars ‘to touch, to handle’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 331
9 Evidently, this root is both formally and semantically similar to *Hmarz, which no
doubt resulted in mutual contamination. The root is IE, having a clear cognate in
Lat.
«PIE *Hmelk- ‘to touch, brush’. > The initial laryngeal is reconstructed on account of
the Skt. perf. pari-mamrsür (RV 8.9.3), cf. LIV: l.c., fn. 1. = LIV: 226 f. | Pok.: 724
*IE COGNATES: Lat. mulceö ‘I brush, to stroke, to caress’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 48; IIFL I: 401a; DKS: 86b f; Polomé 1989: 213; Werba 1997: 220;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 241; Cabolov 2001: 408; Kiefer 2003: 201; Shahbakhsh: s.v. mus-; Korn 2005:
92, 132, 146 f., 405
*Hmarz ‘to wipe, rub’
*AVESTAN: maraz- ‘to wipe, rub’ || (+ *anu-) ‘to sweep’ || (+ *a-) ‘to sweep to’ || (+
*pari-) ‘to brush, wipe around’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to wipe forth, away’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to sweep
off? || (+ *ui-) ‘to sweep to and fro’ = Liste: 44
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. marezaiti (Yt 10.95), YAv. framarozaiti (V 4.3 f.), INJ. 35р. YAv. marazat
(Yt 14.21, V 2.38), ҮАУ. pairi.marozat (Yt 17.22), 3du. YAv. anumarozatom (Yt 8.38), 3pl. YAv.
*Hmarz 181
amarozon ... vimarozon ... framarozon (Yt 14.45), OPT. 3sg. YAv. framorozoit (V 3.42), IMPV. 25р. YAv.
maroza (V 2.30); Inf.: pres. n- OAv. ni... moraZdiiai (Y 44.14)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP mwst /must/ (pret. stem), m’I- /mäl-/ ‘to rub, sweep’, BMP
m’lyh- /malth-/ (pass.) ‘to be touched’ || LW: MMP mrz- ‘to mate, have sexual
intercourse’, MMP *mrzyn- (caus.) ‘to cause to mate’ = DMMPP: 232a f., 234b,
354a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP m’lyt /maléd/, 3р1. BMP т упа /malend/, IMPV. 2sg. BMP m’!/mal/; Inf.: BMP
m’lytn /malidan/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP m/’lyhst /malihist/ || LW: Pres.: SUBJ. 3pl. MMP mrz’nd;
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP mrzyst, caus. MMP *mrzynyd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ni-) nmrz- ‘to clean, cleanse; make smooth’ = Ghilain: 53 |
DMMPP: 243b
Pres.: SUBJ. 1sg. nmrz’n; Partic.: perf. pass. nmwst
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ati-) ttumals- (ttremvas-) ‘to devour, consume’ || (+ *aua-) LKh.
vameys- ‘to rub down’ || (+ *ni-) nimals- ‘to rub down’ || (+ *ш-) ggumäls-
(gumaly-) ‘to besmear’. 9 Khot. malys- ‘rub, crush, groom’, in DKS: 325a, does not
exist. The attested form malstä can be interpreted differently, from *maré, on which
see Sims-Williams, SVK Ш: 122 f. || On LKh. vameys- see Emmerick, SVK I: 110f.
c SGS: 39, 119, 54 f., 29 f.
*SOGDIAN: (+ *fra-) MSogd. fr’mrz- ‘to spoil’ || (+ *ni-) BSogd. nm’rz- ‘to touch’ ||
(+ *ui-) BSogd. wm(’)rz ‘to do violence, destroy’, SSogd. wmrst-, MSogd. wmst-
(pret. stem) ‘to destroy; spoil’, SSogd. wmrzw ‘corruption, Verderben’ (AL2.56)
(+ *fra-) Impf.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. fr’mrz; Partic.: perf. pass. MSogd. frmsty || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 3sg.
BSogd. wm’rzt, SUBJ. 3sg. MSogd. wmrz’t (BBB: 48); Pret.: tr. IND. 35р. SSogd. wmrstd’r (BBB: 100,
ad e7); Pass.: pret. IND. 3sg. MSogd. wmstyy ’ktyy
*CHORESMIAN: mZy- ‘to polish (the mill-stone)’ || (+ *upa-) bmZ- ‘to tuck up, roll up
(of sleeves, sim.)’ || (+ *pari-) prmZ- ‘to touch, rub’ — Samadi: 114, 21, 154
*NWIR: NP mälidan/mäl- ‘to rub, polish; to chafe, box the ears’, Bal. marzit/marz-
(denomin.) ‘to stroke, harrow, plough’, Kurd. (Sor.) тайп/таі- ‘to rub; to wipe
(off)’, borrowed into: Bal. malit/mal- ‘to rub in’, Gz. mäl-/mälä ‘to stroke, rub’, Gur.
(Kand.) mäfä-, Khuns. mal-/mala ‘to smear, stroke’, Meim. bem-mä:la/a-mä:l-,
Qohr. malada/mal-, Siv. mal-/mali ‘to rub’, Tal. mole ‘to wipe’, Gur. mäl- ‘to smear’
|| (+ *ni-) Anar. nimärzi, Gz. nemärzün, nimárzün, Varz. nemarzin ‘broom’ || (+
*ш-а) ? Bal. gwamelit/gwamel- ‘to besmear, soak, submerge’. © This Bal. word is
not from *ui-mard- (*Hmard ‘to crush’), as suggested by Shahbakhsh. Although it is
possible that the Bal. verb is related to Khot. ggumäls- ‘to besmear’ (*Hmars-), the
-]- has nothing to with the Khot. -/- in ggumäls-. Bal. -/- rather points to borrowing,
i.c. from Kurd./Pers., or, more likely, to contamination with Bal. mal-, which itself
has been borrowed from Kurd./Pers. On Bal. -I-, see also Korn 2005: 159 ff.
*NEIR: Oss. І. marzyn/marzt, D. marzun/marzt ‘to wipe, brush’, ? Pash. muz-/musal
‘to rub’ (*Hmars is also possible), ? Sh. möyj, (Baj.) mayz, Rosh. mawz, Bart.
182 *Hnaid
möwzi, Sariq. morz ‘hunger’, Wa. mərz ‘hungry’ || (+ *uz-) ? Pash. ‘“zmogalay
‘weakened (by a wound)’ (МЕУР: 102) || (+ *ni-) Sariq. nimiZg, nümüzg ‘harrow,
rake’, Wa. nomürzg, nomórzg ‘harrow’, (?) Wa. lamarz ‘sloping down of a field’
(Lorimer)
*MISC: ? Arm. (LW) merZem ‘I dismiss, expel’
*SANSKRIT: тагу ‘to wipe, clean, rub, polish’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 324
9 See also *Hmars.
«PIE *H>merg- ‘to pluck, wipe’ = LIV: 280 f. | Pok.: 722 f., 738
*IE COGNATES: Gr. &pépyo ‘I pick, pluck’, Lat. mergae (pl. tant.) ‘reaping-board
[used in pairs for stripping the ears of standing corn]’, merges (f.) ‘a sheaf of corn’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 48; КРЕП: 223; IFL П: 530a, 528a; Lambton 1938: 42b; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 100 Ё;
EVS: 44a, 49b; WIM I: 71; WIM II/1: 79; WIM W/2: 711; WIM Ш: 112; Werba 1997: 363 f;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 239, 248, 458; Cabolov 2001: 638; Lecoq 2002: 121, 681b; Shahbakhsh: svv.
gwamel-, mäl-, marz-; Korn 2005: 97, 317, 404
*Hnaid ‘to insult, scorn’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. *n(ä)id- ‘to insult, scorn’ = Liste: 42
Pres. athem.: IND. 15р. YAv. naismi (Y 12.1, V 22.21 ff., Vr 24.3), (aor. athem. ?) INJ. 3sg. YAv. näist
(Yt 13.89), (aor. athem. ?) IMPV. 2pl. YAv. nista (V 18.16, V 18.24). 0 Y Av. nista shows lengthening of
*-j- in closed syllable, cf. De Vaan 2003: 223.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? IMP nydplm'n ‘disobedient’. 0 From *naiöa-framäna-: "It
seems preferable to think of a survival of the root naid, Skt. nindati ‘reviles’, 1.e.
*naidat-, on which see MacKenzie 1982: 289.
*SANSKRIT: ned ‘to revile, blame, scold’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 54
9 No further Ir. cognate forms are known.
«PIE *H3neid- ‘to abuse, scold’ = LIV: 301 | Pok.: 760 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. óvet6og (n.) ‘reprimand, abuse’, Arm. anicanem ‘I curse’, Goth.
ga-naitjan ‘to taunt, to abuse’, Lith. niedeti ‘to despise’, Latv. nidét ‘to hate’
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 204
*Hnar ‘to be able, skilled ?'
*AVESTAN: hunara- (m.) ‘ability, skill’ (Y 43.5, V 13.19, P 36)
*OLD PERSIAN: hunara (n. pl.) ‘abilities, skills’ <u-v-n-r-a> (DNb 45, DNb 51),
(instr. pl.) hunaraibis <u-v-n-r-i-b-i-5> (DNb 48) = Kent: 177b
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP hwnr {hapax}, BMP hwnl /hünar/ ‘virtue, ability, skill’
*PARTHIAN: hwnr ‘virtue, ability, skill = DMMPP: 193b
*KHOTANESE: 0 A Khotanese verbal base nar- ‘be able, skilled’, listed in DKS: 174
does not exist, on which see further Skjaervo, SVK II: 62 f.
*Hnas (Has) 183
*NWIR: NP hunar ‘skill, art’ (with short -ü- !) || (+ *apa-, *abi- or *upa- ?) ? Gab.
afnurdan, Yzd. pe-nart ‘to take’ || (+ *ui-) Bal. ginast/ginar- ‘to hold, take possession
of, pull (a bridle)’
*NEIR: ? Oss. I. nersyn/nerst, D. nersun/nerst ‘to swell up; to become fat’, (ppp.) ?
Oss. nard, narst ‘fat, well-fed’ || (+ *abi-) ? Oss. I. evnalyn/evneld, D. evnalun/
zvnald ‘to touch’. O The Pamir forms, Sh. winir ‘stall, pen, manger’, Yzgh. wanur
‘long plank’, Wa. wandr ‘stable’, mentioned in EVS: 90b and compared to MMP
wyn’r-, may rather be a compound with *uan(ä)- ‘tree’, YAv. vana-, BMP /wan/,
Pth. wn, etc.
*MISC: Par. nar-/nari ‘to be able’
*SANSKRIT: sundra- ‘powerful, potent’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 740
© According to Mayrhofer, EWAia П: 20, the IE ‘man’ form *Нпег- (Skt. nár-, Av.
nar-, Gr. àvip ‘man’, etc.) goes back to a verbal root *Honer- ‘to be strong, have
vitality’. The problem is that the postulation of such a verbal root is unsubstantiated,
as there is no (clear) evidence for the existence of this verbal root in IE. The modern
Ir. forms, Par. nar-/nari et al. can easily be interpreted as denominative, which is the
case with Lith. noréti, Olrish nertaim, etc. The IE reflexes that can be gleaned from
Pokorny: l.c. rather suggest an originally adjectival/nominal root *Honer- from
which we can derive the IE ‘man’ forms and the denominative verbs in Celtic, Baltic
and Iranian.
«PIE *Honer- ‘strong/strength, potent/potency' = LIV: — | Pok.: 765
*IE COGNATES: Gr. nvopén ‘manliness’, Lat. neriösus ‘strong’, Olrish nertaim ‘I
strengthen’, Lith. noréti ‘to want’ < nöras ‘wish, desire’
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 276b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 204 f.; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 170, 157 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij
1999: 395; Shahbakhsh: s.v. ginar-
*Hnas (Has) ‘to reach, attain, take’
*AVESTAN: näs- (a3-) ‘to reach, attain’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to attain’ || (+ *aua-) ‘id.’ || (+ *à-)
‘id.’ || (+ *para-) ‘to fail to reach’ (Kellens — Pat III: 272, but ‘to disappear’ <
*nas, Insler, Gäthäs: 326) || (+ *fra-) ‘to attain, reach’ = Liste: 40f.
Pres. nu-: IND. 3sg. YAv. auua.asnaoiti (Yt 10.24), INJ. 3sg. ҮАУ. аппа asnaot (Yt 10.89), SUBJ. 35р.
Y Av. (them.!) auua.asnauuät (P 20), OPT. 3sg. YAv. frasnuiiat (Yt 11.5); Aor. {1} athem.: INJ. med.
3sg. OAv. frasta (Y 43.14), OPT. 35р. OAv. frösiiät (Y 46.8); Aor. {2} s-: SUBJ. med. 35р. ҮАУ.
(them.!) nasaite (Yt 19.12), 1р1. OAv. nasama (Y 44.13), OPT. Ipl. ҮАУ. nasima (Y 70.4); Aor. {3}
them. red.: impf. IND. 3sg. OAv. anasat para (Y 53.7), INJ. 3sg. OAv. nasat (Y 51.16, Y 53.6); Aor. {4}
them.: IND. 3р1. ? YAv. aißinäsonti (Y 23.3, Y 67.3); Partic.: aor. {2} med. YAv. (them.!) nasomna- (Yt
13.58, 9.30 f£), aor. {4} ? (superl.) YAv. aißinasastomam (Y 71.3); Inf: aor. {1} ? OAv. azdiiai (Y
51.17), aor. {2} OAv. а naše (Y 44.14); Caus.: IMPV. 2р1. ? YAv. nasaiiata (A 3.5). 0 For an analysis of
OAv. āždiiā see Humbach 1959 II: 92.
184 *Hrab/fl
MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *pati- MMP pn’h, ВМР pn’h /panäh/ ‘protector; refuge’
c DMMPP: 275b
*KHOTANESE: nas- ‘to take’, nasa- ‘share’ = SGS: 52 f.
*NWIR: (+ *pati-) NP panah ‘refuge, asylum’
*NEIR: Pash. nas-, nis-/niwul ‘to take, seize, catch’, Ishk., Sangl. nas-/nöö-, Yghn.
nos-/nöta- ‘to take (away); to buy; to seize, catch’
*MISC: Огт. nas-/nök, nis-/nök ‘to seize, catch’ = nas-/nók
*SANSKRIT: nas ‘to reach, attain ° (RV+) = EWAia II: 27
«PIE *H>nek- ‘to reach, attain’ = LIV: 282 f. | Pok.: 316 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. noö-nverng ‘reaching down to the feet’, Gr. öinvexng, (Att.)
diaveKrs ‘continuous’, Olrish -ánaic ‘reached’, Goth. ga-nah ‘is enough, suffices’,
OE genög, Engl. enough, etc.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 54; IFL I: 402b f., HFL II: 405a; Andreev — PeSéereva: 295b; DKS: 180b Ё; Werba
1997: 390; NEVP: 58; Kiefer 2003: 202
*Hrab/f ‘to go’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP rw-, BMP rwb-, Iwb- /raw-/ ‘to go, proceed’ || (+ *ni-)
MMP nyrw- ‘to go down’ ?, MMP nyrwysn ‘movement downwards’ = DMMPP:
296b f., 253b
Pres.: IND. 15р. MMP rwym, 3sg. MMP rwyd, rwyyd, SUBJ. 3р1. MMP mind Partic.: pres. MMP
“rw’n, perf. pass. MMP rpt, MMP "rft || (+ *ni-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. MMP nyrw’d {uncert. reading}
*KHOTANESE: (+ *4-) OKh. arüh- “о move, shake’ || (+ *ш-) OKh. bäräh- (brah-) ‘to
soar up’ © SGS: 11, 98
*NWIR: NP raftan/rav-, Bal. rapt (supplet. Sut) / ra(w)- ‘to go’, Kurd. (Kurm.) roy- ‘to
go, walk’, (Sor.) ro- ‘to leave’ || (+ *ui-) Judeo-Ham. vorows- Ham.‘to get up,
et _ I
*NEIR: (+ *ш-) Sh. wirafc-/wirtivd, Rosh. wirafs-/wirüvd, Bart. wirafs-/wirtivd,
Sariq. warofs-/warüvd, Yzgh. (w)urufs-/(w)uruvd ‘to rise, stand up’, (caus.) Sh.
wiremb-/wiremt, Bart. wiremb-/wiremt, Sariq. warambán- ‘to stop’ (contaminated
with *Hram ?), Ishk. u(o)rofs-/u(o)rovd ‘to stand’, Yi. vrof/vróft, M. wurafs-/
wurafs- ‘to fly’, Wa. woro(f)s-/woro(t)st-, voro(f)-/voro(f)st- (caus.) ‘to stand (up), ?
Pash. riyawdol ‘to raise’
9 An IE origin of this Ir. root is uncertain. The Wir, forms, Pth. rf- ‘to attack’ and
NP rav- ‘to go’, have been connected to MHG reben ‘to move’, Lat. rabiö ‘I rage’ in
LIV: l.c. This can be doubted. Pth. rf- may point to a different root. MHG reben ‘to
move’ has probably a different etymology (it is compared to Olrish reb ‘play’, Russ.
rebénok ‘child’ by Häusler 2000: 144). The Latin connection is declined by
Schrijver 1991: 305. According to Häusler (p. 148 EL the Ir. roots *Hrab/f! ‘to go’
and *Hrab/f ‘to attack, fight’ are related to Skt. rabh ‘to seize, grasp’ (*Hrab/f’).
*Hrab/f3 (*ra(m)b?) 185
Perhaps, *Hrab/f is rather a blend of similar roots of motion (notably *Hap/f and
*Har'), similar to *ram, whose IE credentials cannot be established either.
«PIE? c LIV: 496 | Pok.: 853
«REFERENCES: IIFL II: 259a, 420a, 549a; Abrahamian 1936: 124, no. 63; EVS: 91a; Cabolov 1997: 72;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 398; Shahbakhsh: s.v. ra(w)-; Korn 2005: 68 f., 320, 377 (passim)
*Hrab/f ‘to attack, fight’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP rp’g’n (pl.) ‘attackers’, MMP rfydgyh ‘attacking, attacks’
c DMMPP: 296b, 295a
*PARTHIAN: rf- ‘to attack, fight? = Ghilain: 56 | DMMPP: 295a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. rfynd; Partic.: pres. rfg’n, perf. pass. rft
*KHOTANESE: rraphai (loc. sg.) ‘attack, fight, yuddhe’ || (+ *pati-) OKh. pareh- ‘to
restrain oneself” = SGS: 74
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. rnf- rnp- ‘to fight, attack’. o The nasal "infix" points to
contamination with *ran(H) ?
Pres.: IND. 3pl. BSogd. mp’nt, POT. 3sg. BSogd. mB’y
*NEIR: Yzgh. rof-/roft ‘to fight, struggle, torn’, Sh. rafc ‘abuse, invective, reproach’,
M. ruftuga ‘fighting’
*SANSKRIT: (?) rápas- ‘injury, illness, affliction’. 0 Skt. rápas- can be compared more
closely to the following Ir. nominal forms: Khot. rraha- ‘pain, ache, disease’, BSogd.
r’B ‘illness’, Oss. I. гуп, D. run ‘illness’, Yzgh. rüvn ‘pain’. = EWAia I: 433 f.
The evidence from the Iranian languages suggests two different roots of *Hrab/f.
See also the previous entry.
«PIE? = LIV: 496 | Pok.: 853, 865
*REFERENCES: EVS: 66b, 53b; DKS: 358, 362b; Gharib: 342b; Werba 1997: 445 f.; Häusler 2000: 143 ff.
*Hrab/f (*ra(m)b?) ‘to touch, affect, grab ?"
*CHORESMIAN: rnf- ‘to mate with’ || (+ *ui- or *aua-) wrfk, wrfyk ‘in love, love-sick’
|| (+ *upa-) prftk’wk ‘desire’ || (+ *pati-) ? berf/B- ‘to have sexual intercourse’. © The
meanings of these Chor. forms need an explanation, although it is obvious that the
outcome of any semantic shifts is due to euphemistic usage. > Samadi: 171, 144
*NEIR: Sh. raf-/raft ‘to touch, mix, stir, stick, affect, etc", Sariq. rof-/rift ‘to smear’ ||
(+ *upa-) Rosh. biraf-/birift, Khf. biraf-/birift, Orosh. b(a)raf- ‘to touch’, Yzgh.
baraf-/boraft “о touch, affect, stick, etc’ || (+ *upa-) Rosh. biraf-/birift, Khf.
biraf-/birift, Orosh. b(o)raf- ‘to touch’, Yzgh. baraf-/baraft ‘to touch, affect, stick,
etc’
*SANSKRIT: (?) rabh ‘to grab, seize’ (RV). Ф According to Haüsler 2000: 148 f. the
Ir. roots *Hrab/f ‘to go’ and *Hrab/f ‘to attack, fight’ are also related to rabh.
c» EWAia II: 434
186 *Hrad
9 The inclusion of some of the Ir. forms cited here is rather uncertain. Although this
apparently (Dlr. root is probably of IE origin, the exact provenance remains unclear.
= LIV: 507, 411 f. | Pok.: 865, 652
*REFERENCES: EVS: 66b, 20b; Benzing 1983: 527, 652; Werba 1997: 226 f.
*Hrad ‘to dig, pave’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. raó- ‘to pave (a way)’, ? YAv. “pai0m raó- ‘road-paver’ (Yt 9.23).
9 The long vowel of this hapax form is perhaps from the nominal derivative, on
which see Kellens 1984: 116, 118 fn. 7f. — Liste: 56
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. raóaiti (Yt 10.68)
*NWIR: Bal. rast'/raó- ‘to tear up the ground, be beaten’
*NEIR: (+ *fra-) Sh. (Baj.) raró-/ruxt ‘to dig, excavate, hollow out’, ? Rosh. rarö-/ruXt
*to demolish, destroy, scatter?
*SANSKRIT: rad ‘to dig, gnaw; to pave’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 430
© The laryngeal disappeared in IIr., on which see further Lubotsky 1981: 134 ff.
«PIE *HreHsd- ‘to gnaw, furrow’ (A.L.) = LIV: 497 | Pok.: 854
*IE COGNATES: Lat. rödere ‘to gnaw (at)
«REFERENCES: EVS: 68b; Shahbakhsh: s.v. raó-
*HraH ‘to offer, give’
*AVESTAN: rã- ‘to offer, give’ = Liste: 57
MED. ?; Aor. s-: IND. 2sg. YAv. fora ranhé (Y 12.3), INJ. Isg. YAv. fora rah (Y 0.5, Y 11.18), SUBJ.
2sg. OAv. ranhanhoi (Y 28.8); Perf.: IND. 3pl. YAv. raire (Е 17); Partic.: pres. inch. act. YAv. rasant- (Y
52.1, Y 52.3, et al. ?, v. Hoffmann, Aufs. I: 266, fn. 1)
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. r't (pret. stem) ‘to give’ || (+ *pati-) CSogd. p’cr’t (m.) ‘reward’
Inf.: BSogd. rt
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *para-) pry- ‘to leave, let go; to repudiate (wife); to take out [+
с]. 9 Although Samadi foremost maintains the reconstruction *para-isa- (*HaiSH ‘to
set in motion’) for Chor. pry-, she also remarks that the past participle pr’dyk
suggests *para-ra-ta-ka- (*raH). The latter proposal is preferable, especially since
the reconstruction *para-isa- would rather yield Chor. **prys- or **pryh- The
postulated pres. stem *para-rä(H)'-ia- would have undergone, subsequently,
haplology and shortening of *4 in front of *Т (attested in Av. and Elr.). © Samadi:
159 f.
*NEIR: Wa. rand-/rat- (rat) ‘to give’, (?) Oss. I. raddyn/rard, D. raddun/rard
(non-pres./perfective) ‘to give, дать’ || (+ *upa-) ? Yzgh. biray-/bired ‘to bear (a
child); to build’ || (+ *para-) Yghn. piront-, Wa. рыгыпа-/рогоі- ‘to sell’. Ф The
precise phonological details of the Oss. forms are unclear.
*SANSKRIT: га ‘to give, grant, bestow’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 442
*Hraié 187
«PIE *HreH,- ‘to give’. Ф Only Пг. appears to have preserved the verbal root. || An
initial laryngeal is reconstructed on the premise that forms in IE cannot have initial
*r. c LIV: 499 | Pok.: 860
*IE COGNATES: Lat. res ‘case, thing, possession’, Umb. re-per ‘pro rë
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 534b, 537b; EVS: 21a; Werba 1997: 313 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 292, 284 f.
*(H)raHd ‘to succeed, accomplish’
*AVESTAN: räd- ‘to succeed, accomplish’ — Liste: 57
Aor. athem.: INJ. 15р. ? OAv. radom (Y 29.9), SUBJ. 35р. OAv. radat (Y 51.6, 3р1. OAv. radonti (Y
33.2); Partic.: perf. pass. Y Av. rasta-. 0 On the interpretation of OAv. radom see Kellens — Part Ш: 30.
*PARTHIAN: ryst ‘correctly, duly, truly’ = Ghilain: 60 | DMMPP: 304a
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ati-) tray- (t(t)ras-) ‘to rescue, deliver’ = SGS: 41
*SANSKRIT: radh ‘to succeed, be successful’ = EWAia П: 448
*PIE *(H)reH;d" - ‘to succeed in doing something, achieve, accomplish’. © The
reconstruction of an initial laryngeal is based on the premise that IE roots cannot
begin with an initial *r-. = LIV: 499 f. | Pok.: 59 f.
*IE COGNATES: Olrish -ráidi ‘deliberates, says’, Goth. ga-redan ‘to take precautions’,
Goth. rodjan, NHG reden ‘to talk, speak’ (« *‘to deliberate, premeditate"), ORuss.
raditi ‘to care for’, OCS ne-raditi ‘to neglect’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 143b f.; Werba 1997: 396 f.
*Hraié ‘to pour, flow’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ryc- (sic), BMP lyc- /réz-/ ‘to flow; pour’ || (+ *pati-) MMP
phryz- ‘to flow’ = DMMPP: 304a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP lycyt /rézéd/, 3pl. MMP rycynd, BMP lycynd /rézénd/; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP
“ryxt ‘cast (of gold)’, BMP Iyht /réxt/; Inf.: BMP Iyhtn /réxtan/ || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP
phryzyd, 3р1. MMP *phryzynd
*PARTHIAN: ryz- ‘to pour’. On ryz- ‘to fall (of leaves)’ see *raiz’. > Ghilain: 94 |
DMMPP: 304a, 274b
Partic.: perf. pass. ryxt
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. ryz ‘to flow’ || (+ *apa-) SSogd. p’ryc (caus.) ‘to pour (out)
(SDGM III: 34) || (+ *ui-) CSogd. wyrxs- (inch./pass.) ‘to be poured’
Pres.: OPT. 3sg. BSogd. ryz’y (+ *apa-) Caus.: impf. IND. 3sg. SSogd. p’ryc (+ *ui-) Pret.: tr. IND. 3pl.
CSogd. wry’rnt, Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd. wyrxc’ (Ё) ‘poured’
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP réxtan/réz- ‘to flow, pour’, Bal. rétk/réc- ‘to pour’,
Kurd. reZ- ‘to flow, pour (out)’, Zaz. riZiyayis/riZnen- ‘to collapse, disintegrate; to
flow’, Anar. -irit/ (impv.) iriZ ‘to spill’, Awrom. rezna ‘to pour (tears)’, Fariz. rij-/
-rej- ‘to pour; to be thrown on’, Gz. rëZ-/rëZa ‘to flow out, fall off’, (tr.) réZ-/ret, rit,
Abz. reta/rej-, Abyan. retta/rej-, Ard. réte/rij-, Anar. risaye/ris-, Ham. rijayän (ret-)
/rij-, Delij. ban. berriji, Nn. rite/rij-, Qohr. rita/rij-, Tr. rita/réj-, Varz. rite/rij- ‘to
188 *HraiH
pour (out)’, (caus.) Zaz. riznayis/riZnen- ‘to pour (out), shake out’, Gz. reZn-/reZna
‘to let flow, pour, fall off, Gur. (Kand.) (ppp.) riziará/-riz- ‘to pour, strew’, Khuns.
riZ-/rit ‘to scatter, spread’, Jow. bam-ri:t/a-ri:dz-, Meim. bem-ret/a-ri:dz-, Semn.
ritä-, Shamerz. -rítam-/rizám-, Siv. гіё-, rëš-/ret ‘to pour, strew’, riš-/rešiā ‘to be
poured, fall over’ (LW ?), Sorkh. dü-rát-/dá-riZ- ‘to pour’. © In many dialects the
verb has been contaminated with *raiz?.
*NEIR: Pash. rinjal ‘to have liquid stool’, (inch.-intr.) Yghn. rixs-, rexs- ‘to flow’, ?
Oss. D. lixsun/lixst ‘to spit’, ? Wa. rox(n) ‘excrements; defecating' || (+ *aua-) Sariq.
wareyz-/warezd ‘to melt [intr.]’ || (+ *pari-) Sh. pireX-/pirext, Rosh. pirix-/pirixt ‘to
strew’ || (+ *fra-) Yi. forx-/farxi- ‘to stool’
© Exact IE correspondences of this root cannot be found. The root is no doubt
etymologically connected to *HraiH and it is tempting to regard it as an enlarged
variant of *HraiH. This enlargement must be a purely Ir. development: °¢ is perhaps
from *ta£!.
*PIE — > LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 140b f., 207a; Ivanow 1926: 421; KPF II: 202; Christensen, Contributions I: 164;
Christensen, Contributions II: 57, 159; Abrahamian 1936: 120; IIFL II: 209a; Lambton 1938: 42a, 77b;
Morgenstierne 1942: 264; Andreev — PeSéereva: 314b; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 46 Ё; EVS: 61a, 92b; WIM I:
72; WIM ПЛ. 82; WIM Ш: 115; Safari 1373: 101; Cabolov 1997: 72; Paul 1998: 311b;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 304; Shahbakhsh: s.v. réc-; Korn 2005: 151, 199, 378 (passim)
*HraiH ‘to defecate’
*AVESTAN: (+ *abi-) Y Av. auui ... irita (ppp.) ‘defecated’ (V 5.1) = Liste: 58
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP ld- /riy-/ ‘to defecate, void’
Pass.: IND. 3sg. BMP Iyt /rid/
*KHOTANESE: rrima ‘faeces’, riyai ‘anus’
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. rym (m.) “dirt, impurity’
*CHORESMIAN: rymyc (pl.) “dirty (spots)’
*NWIR: NP ridan/ri-, Bal. rit/ri(y)-, Kurd. ritin/rri-, Siv. rin-/rid ‘to defecate’, NP rim
“pus, matter, humour; dregs, dross (vel sim.)’, Anar. rix ‘diarrhoea’
*NEIR: Oss. І. Iyjyn/lyd, D. ШипЛиа ‘to defecate’, Pash. roma, rima ‘mucus,
dysentry’
*SANSKRIT: ray ‘to flow, drip, run, bubble up’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 437
© The Ir. cognate root of Skt. ray has become an euphemism for ‘to defecate’,
replacing forms of a root that was no doubt considered uncouth, possibly *zad
(Y Av. zadanha (pl.) ‘backside, anus’, cf. Skt. had, EWAia Ш: 532).
PIE *HoreiH- ‘to flow, stream’ > LIV: 305 | Pok.: 330 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. ópívo ‘I bring in commotion, confuse’ (influenced by ópvuju ?),
Lat. rivus (m.) ‘brook’, Olrish rian ‘river, sea’, Russ. réjat’ ‘to stream fast, flow’,
rinut’ ‘to stream, to flow’, Cz. finouti se ‘to stream, to flow’
*Hraiz 189
«REFERENCES: EVP: 63; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 54; DKS: 363b f., 364a; WIM 1988: 115; Werba 1997: 371;
Lecoq 2002: 611a; Shahbakhsh: s.v. ri(h/y)-; Korn 2005: 233, 316, 378
*Hrais ‘to be torn, tear, cut, split’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *fra-) harät’- (hars-) ‘to burst || (+ *ui-) birät’ ‘to split, burst’
= SGS: 149, 98
*SOGDIAN: (+ *uz-) BSogd. zr’ys- (intr./pass.) ‘to be severed, interrupted’, BSogd.
zr’ys- (tr/caus.) ‘to sever, interrupt, destroy’, MSogd. zrys- ‘to hurt’, CSogd.
zrys-’sy ‘coming to an end, about to perish’ (Sims-Williams 1985: 99, fn. 28) || (+
*pati-) MSogd. ptrys ‘to tear away’, BSogd. ptr’ySky ‘tearing away’
(+ *uz-) Pres.: OPT. 3sg. BSogd. zr’ys’y; Impf.: IND. 1sg. MSogd. zrysw (ВВВ: 33); Partic.: perf. pass.
MSogd. zrystyy (BBB: 33); Inf.: *zryš (BBB: 33); Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. BSogd. zr’yst || (+ *pati-) Impf.:
IND. 3sg. MSogd. ptyrys (BBB: 45); Partic.: perf. pass. MSogd. ptrystyy (BBB: 33); Inf.: MSogd. ptrys
(BBB: 33)
*CHORESMIAN: rYs- ‘to scold аб = Samadi: 176
*NEIR: Oss. I. lyst(zeg), D. list(ag) ‘fine, in pieces’, I. lystaen, D listen ‘litter’, ?
Sariq. rizd ‘pain’ (rather *raiš ?) || (+ *pati-) Yghn. d’ris-/drista ‘to tear, to be torn
(off || (+ *ui-) Sh. wirdx-t, Rosh. wirix-t, Bart. wiriX-t ‘to cut a piece’, Yzgh. wrix-t
‘to slit up, slaughter’
*SANSKRIT: res/les ‘to tear off, pluck’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 461
«PIE *Hirei-K- ‘to cut, split, tear’ ? = LIV: 504 | Pok.: 858
*IE COGNATES: Gr. ёрєїкө ‘I break, tear off’, MWelsh rwyg-, MBret. roeg- ‘to tear’
*REFERENCES: Andreev — PeSéereva: 247a Ё; EVS: 71b, 92b; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 57 Ё; Werba 1997: 228
*Hraiz ‘to shake’
*PARTHIAN: 0 On ryzynd see *raiz?.
*KHOTANESE: rriys- ‘to tremble’ || (+ *abi-/*ui-) bär(r)iys- (biriys-) ‘to shake’ || (+
*fra-) OKh. hariys- ‘to tremble’ = SGS: 116, 99, 149 f.
*NEIR: Oss. I. rizyn/ryzt, D. rezun/rizt ‘to shake’, Pash. reZdedol ‘to shake, tremble’ ||
(+ *aua- or *ui-) ? Yi. uriz-/urizd ‘to spread manure’ || (+ *pati- ?) Sariq. piraxt,
puraxt ‘cradle’. 0 Yi. uriz-/urizd is assigned a different etymology by Morgenstierne,
ПЕТ ПП: l.c.
*SANSKRIT: rej ‘to shake, to tremble’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 458 f.
9 See also *rarz.
«PIE *Hileié- ‘to shake’ = LIV: 246 f. | Pok.: 667 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. EAEA1LO, (aor.) £AéA1&a ‘I cause to tremble’
*REFERENCES: TFL II: 192a; GMS: $308; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 417 Ё; EVS: 61a; DKS: 364a, 288b; Werba
1997: 437
190 *Hrak
*Hrak ‘to shelter, take refuge ?’
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. rx’’n PN (UppInd.68) || (+ *а-) BSogd. ’’r’xs ‘to rely on, take
refuge with’, SSogd. ’’r’yt (pret. stem) ‘to support, trust ?' || (+ *uz-) MSogd. zrx-
‘to save’, BSogd. zr(’)xs-, CSogd. zrxs-, MSogd. zrxs- (pass./intr./inch.) ‘to be
saved’, CSogd. zrync ‘to save, deliver’ (caus., ? supplet. *ranj-)
(+ *а-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’’r’xst, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. ’’r’ys’t, 3р1. BSogd. ’’r’xs’nt, etc. || (+ *uz-)
Widely attested: Inch.: pres. IND. 1р1. MSogd. zrxsym, 35р. BSogd. zr’xsty, SUBJ. 1sg. BSogd. zrxs’n,
etc.
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *4-) ? m['rxs- ‘to cling on; to seek refuge’ = Samadi: 6
*NEIR: Yzgh. rayd ‘(house)wall’, ? Sangl. гё? ‘platform (for sleeping)’, Wa. raz
‘platform, seat of honour’, Yi. raZá ‘sleeping platform near the fireplace’ || (+ *aua-)
? Yzgh. woraxs-/worayd ‘to pass’, ? woraxs-/woraxt ‘to crumble, fall (about ripe
fruit)’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) fakis ‘fortress; fortifications’
9 See also Périkhanian 1988: 139 ff.
«PIE *H5elk- (*Hplek-) ‘to defend, protect’ = LIV: 264 | Pok.: 32
*IE COGNATES: Gr. &AoAke (aor.) ‘warded off’, &AK«1 ‘defence, aid’, Lat. ulciscor ‘I
take revenge, avenge’, OE ealgian ‘to guard, protect’
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 410b, 245a, 538b; EVS: 66b, 118a
*Hram ‘to rest, be calm’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP I’m- /räm-/ ‘to rest’, (caus.) MMP r’myn-, BMP I’myn- ‘to
give peace, pleasure’ || (*fra-) MMP frmyn- (denomin. ?) ‘to be glad, cheerful’. ©
Henning 1933: 205 derives frmyn- from *fra-man-, cf. SSogd. prm’n ‘to think’
(*fra- + *man). The assumed semantic shift from ‘to think, consider’ to ‘to be
cheerful’ is not evident though. = DMMPP: 292b, 156
Pres.: IND./OPT. 2р1. BMP I'myt /raméd/; Caus.: pres. IND. 3р1. BMP I’mynynd /raménénd/, SUBJ. 3sg.
MMP *r’myn’d’, 3р1. MMP r’myn’nd, BMP I’myn’nd /ramenand/, IMPV. 2р1. ? MMP r’mynyd || (*fra-)
Pres.: IND. 1pl. MMP frmyn’m, 3р1. MMP prmynynd, SUBJ. 2sg. MMP prmyn’y, 1р1. MMP prmyn’m’,
2pl. MMP prmyn’d, 3pl. MMP frmyn’nd
*PARTHIAN: r^m, r’mysn ‘peace’ || (+ *a-) ’r’m ‘abode’ = Ghilain: 73 | DMMPP:
292, 51a
*KHOTANESE: ? OKh. ram- ‘to enjoy oneself (< BSkt. ?) = SGS: 114
*SOGDIAN: (+ *aua-) BSogd. ’wr’ms ‘to become quiet’, CSogd. ’wrms, MSogd.
"wrms (intr./inch.) ‘to become still’ || (+ *pati-) SSogd. ptr’m(-) ‘to calm down [tr.]’,
BSogd. ptr’m(-) ‘to stop, extinguish’, BSogd. ptr’ms(-) (inch./intr.) ‘to calm down
[intr.]’ || (*ui-) BSogd. wyr’m- ‘to calm, set at rest’, BSogd. wyr’ms ‘to find peace’
(+ *aua-) Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. SSogd. ’wr’mst, BSogd. ’wrmst, SUBJ. 3pl. BSogd. ’wr’ms’nt,
etc. || (+ *pati-) Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ptr’mt, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. ptr’m’t, OPT. 3sg.
SSogd. ptr’m’y, PREC. 3sg. BSogd. ptr’ms’yt ‘should calm’, etc. || (*ui-) Pres.: SUBJ. 35р. BSogd.
*Hranj 191
wyr’m’t, Inch.: pres. IND. 35р. BSogd. wyr’msty ‘finds peace’; Partic.: pres. BSogd. wyrmny, perf. pass.
BSogd. wyr’mtk, wyrmty
*CHORESMIAN: rm- ‘to abstain from’ || (+ *ati-) C)čm- ‘to dwell, rest, linger, to be
slow’, &’m- ‘to let (someone) rest, restrain (someone)’ || (+ *pati-) perm- ‘to become
calm, to come to a standstill’, pcr^my- (caus.) ‘to bring to a standstill’ || (+ *ш-)
(m/)wr’my- ‘to wait (for), await, expect’. ó The triple formation of (m/)wr’my- in the
impf., viz. w-, mw- and w’-, may point to merger of the forms with *ui- and *aua-,
which are still formally distinctive in Sogd., but effectively synonymous, cf. ’wr’m
wyr’my ‘in peace and quietness’, Sims-Williams 1989: 263. = Samadi: 171, 56,
143, 215 f.
*BACTRIAN: ptp- ‘to be convenient, suit, please’ = S-W, Bact.: 221
*NWIR: NP ramis ‘rest, tranquillity’ || (+ *a-) NP aramidan/aram- ‘to become calm,
calmed, rest’
*NEIR: Yi. rim-/rimd ‘to please’, Oss. D. ræmun/ræd ‘to stand, stay in place’, D.
ramon ‘prudent, calm’, Yghn. ram-/rämta ‘to recede [of animals] || (+ *aua-) Oss. I.
uromyn/ured, D. oramun/ored ‘to restrain, detain; to leave behind; to bear, tole-
rate’; to keep, put on some work’ || (+ *pati-) Sariq. padromb-/padrom(b)d ‘to scare
away, arrest), Yi. ptromd-o (ppp.) ‘seized, imprisoned’, Wa. ppitr(b1)m(b)-/
potrom(b)d- ‘to lock up, (?) scare away; block, hinder’ (< *to cause to come to a
standstill’ ?)
*SANSKRIT: ram ‘to rest, become appeased, appease’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 435
«PIE *H,rem- ‘to rest, become quiet, calm’ = LIV: 252 f. | Pok.: 864
*IE COGNATES: Gr. npépo ‘quietly, softly’, Lith. rimti ‘to become quiet, be at rest’,
Goth. rimis (n.) ‘rest’
*REFERENCES: TFL II: 243b f., 536a, 242a; Andreev — PeSéereva: 311a Ё; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 374 f., 371
f.; EVS: 53b; DKS: 358a f.; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 17 f.; Werba 1997: 225 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 285;
Cheung 2002: 218, 233
*Hranj ‘to take action, spur, urge (often with negative consequences) ?’
*AVESTAN: Y Ау. ronj- ‘to spur (?)’ = Liste: 56, 58
Pres. them.: IND. 35р. YAv. ronjaiti (Y 10.8); Partic.: fut. YAv. ()raxSiiant- ‘defiant’ (Y 12.4); Caus.:
pres. IND. 35р. YAv. (fra) ronjaiieiti (Vr 7.2). © On the connection of Y Av. (^)raxsiiant- to ronj- see also
Kellens 1984: 160 f., n. 4; De Vaan 2003: 387.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP Incyn- /ranj-/ (sec. caus./denomin.) ‘to trouble’, MMP rnz
‘toil, labour, trouble’ || (+ *abi-) MMP ’yrnz- ‘to fight, dispute [MacKenzie 1971:
31], to conquer, defeat [Boyce 1977: 21]’, BMP ’ylnc- /éranj-/ 1. ‘to blame,
condemn, damn [in court]’, 2. ‘to fight, dispute’ > DMMPP: 296a
(+ *abi-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. BMP ’ylncynd /éranjénd/, SUBJ. 1sg. MMP ’yrnz’’n; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP
’ylhtk /eraxtag/, ВМР ’ylhtk /eraxtag/
192 *Hrau
*PARTHIAN: rnj ‘toil, labour, trouble’ {hapax} || (+ *abi-) ’brng, *brnng ‘zeal’
= Ghilain: 296a | DMMPP: 14a
*KHOTANESE: (+ *4-) LKh. ärramj- (arraj-) ‘to contract, diminish, shrink’ || (+ *pati-)
pàris- ‘to diminish [intr.]’, päramj- (caus.) ‘to diminish [tr.] > SGS: 10, 82, 81
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. rxn-, BSogd. ryn-, CSogd. rxn- ‘to dare’ (with metathesis)
Pres.: IND. 15р. SSogd. L’ rxn’m ‘I don’t dare’, 35р. dur. CSogd. rxntysqwn, SUBJ. 3sg. CSogd. rxn’t,
Impf.: IND. Isg. BSogd. ryn’w; ’z-Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. rxn’z, 3р1. CSogd. "rxn'nt
*CHORESMIAN: rnj’wy- ‘to exert effort’, rnj ‘effort? (LW ?) © Samadi: 172
*NWIR: NP ranjidan ‘to exert effort’, (old ppp.) raxtah ‘wounded, ill’, ranj ‘effort,
‘to afflict, torment, cause to suffer’, Ham. ränjayän/ränj- ‘to be offended’
*NEIR: Yghn. raxn-/räxnta ‘to dare, be bold’, Sariq. rinj, rinc ‘light [of weight], fast’
*SANSKRIT: ramh ‘to hasten’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 421 f., 473
«PIE *H,leng""- ‘to spur, impel, incite (to act, work, run, etc.)’ = LIV: 247 | Pok.:
660 f.
*IE COGNATES: Olrish lingim ‘I jump’, OHG gi-lingan ‘to take place, succeed, have
success’, NHG gelingen
*REFERENCES: Christensen, Contributions I: 163, 260; Christensen, Contributions II: 57, 115; Abrahamian
1936: 119; Andreev — PeSéereva: 313a; Gershevitch, Mithra: 181 f.; EVS: 68a; Nyberg II: 71b Ё; Werba
1997: 223
*Hrau ‘to warm’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pati-) pery- ‘to become warm’, pcr’w- (caus.) ‘to make warm’
= Samadi: 143
*NEIR: (+ *4-) Oss. I. arawyn/aryd, D. arawun/arud ‘to scorch in the fire’
*SANSKRIT: ravi- (m.) ‘sun(god)’ (Up.+) > EWAia II: 440
«PIE *H>reu- ‘to shine’ => LIV: — | Pok.: 873
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /haruyanai-/ ‘to become bright, dawn’, Arm. arew ‘sun’
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 57 f.
*(H)raud ‘to tear, break’
*NEIR: (+ *us-) Yzgh. sori0-/sorust ‘to break, tear [intr.]’, sarand- (caus.) ‘to break,
tear [tr.]’ || (+ *pati- ?) Yzgh. pərci0-/pərcust ‘to be torn’, porcand-/porcust (caus.)
‘to tear [tr.]’ (with meatathesis: -cr- > -rc- ?) || (+ *para-, *pari-) Sh. (Baj.) piri0-/
pirüst, Rosh. рагё0-, pared-/paröst, Bart. paré0-/partist, Orosh. pira0-/pirist, Sariq.
pirad-/pirüst ‘to burst, tear [intr.]’, Sh. pirénd-/pirént, Rosh. parend-/parent, Bart.
parend-/parend, parent, Sariq. parin-/parind (caus.) ‘to tear, burst [tr.]'. O Not from
*rad- (i.e. *(H)ra(n)d), pace Morgenstierne, EVS\: l.c. Most, if not all, intransitive
Pamir forms, especially with a front vowel, may derive from the pres. (or pass. ?)
formation *(H)r(a)ud-ia- (^ *(H)r(a)u0-1á- ?).
*Hraud 193
© The evidence for an Ir. root *(H)raud, which would derive from IE *(H)reud-, is
limited to modern Pamir forms.
«PIE *(H)reud- ‘to tear, break up’. 9 The reconstruction of an initial laryngeal is
based on the premise that IE roots cannot begin with an initial *r-. = LIV: — | Pok.:
869
*IE COGNATES: Lat. rudus ‘(broken) rocks, gravel’, Olrish road ‘ruins’, Welsh (pl.)
rhuddion ‘rubbish’, ON reyta ‘to tear, pluck off’ (Germanic *rautjan), MHG rüten
‘to rob’
*REFERENCES: Edel’man 1971: 240; EVS: 75b, 57a, 59a f.
*Hraud ‘to grow (bigger)’
*AVESTAN: YAv. raoö- (ruö-) ‘to grow’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to grow to(wards)’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to
suffer from dystrophy, wear out, von Kräften kommen (vel sim.)’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to
outgrow’ > Liste: 59
Pres. them. {1}: IND. 2sg. med. YAv. raoóahe (Y 10.4), YAv. viraoóahe (Y 10.12), 3р1. YAv. raodanti
(V 5.19), impf. 3sg. YAv. araoóat (Y 9.11), INJ. 3sg. YAv. raoóat (Yt 19.40, Е 587); Pres. ia- {2}: SUBJ.
3sg. YAv. "nr.uruuióiiat (V 16.7); Perf.: ? YAv. urürudus(a) (Y 10.3); Inf.: pres. ?? Y Av. raose (Y 10.4);
Caus.: IND. (med. ?) 3sg. YAv. fraraoóaiieiti/e (V 18.46); Partic.: perf. pass. YAv. urusta- (V 19.18),
Y Av. fräurusta- (Yt 18.6), YAv. niuruzda- (N 17). © On the interpretation of YAv. 'nruruuióiiat and
niuruzda- see *yraid. The past participle "uruzda- is the regular outcome of Пг. *Hrud'-ta- > *Hrud'd'a-
(Bartholomae's Law) > Ir. *Hruzda-, Skt. rüdha-. The form *Hrusta- is the result of a frequent analogical
development in Ir.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP rwy-, BMP Ind /roy-/ ‘to grow’ = DMMPP: 303a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP rwdyt /royed/, 3pl. MMP rwyynd, SUBJ. 3р1. MMP rwy nd, rwyy nd; Partic.: perf.
pass. MMP rwst, BMP Iwst/rust/; Caus.: pres. IND. 2sg. MMP rwynyy
*PARTHIAN: rwd- ‘to grow’ || (+ *abi-) 'brwd ‘plants’ = Ghilain: 65 | DMMPP:
2993, 14b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. rwdynd; Partic.: perf. pass. rwst, rwst
*KHOTANESE: OKh. *rrüd- (rrvi-) ‘to grow’ || (+ *fra-) har(u)v- (hars-) ‘to grow’ || (+
*ham-) hambruj- (hambrri-), LKh. hambrañ- (caus.) ‘to heal > SGS: 116, 144
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. rwó-, MSogd. rwst (pret. stem) ‘to grow’ || (+ *pati-) SSogd.
ptrwö-, CSogd. ptryst-, MSogd. ptrwö- ‘to grow up’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. rwött, BSogd. rwöt, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. rwö’t, 3pl. MSogd. rwö’nd (Sogdica:
46); Inf.: BSogd. rwö’y || (+ *pati-) Impf.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. ptyrwö (BBB: 35); Pret.: intr. IND. 3sg.
SSogd. ptrwsty; Partic.: perf. pass. SSogd. ptryst (lit. 'grown") PN; Inf.: pret. CSogd. ptrysty ||
*NWIR: NP rustan/röy-, Zaz. ruwäyis/ruwen- ‘to bud, blossom’, Gz. rön-/ruft ‘to
grow’, Bal. rust, rudit/rud-, roóenO/roóen- (caus.) ‘to bring up, educate’ || (+ *ham-)
? Bal. amrust/amrud- ‘to arch, stretch the body’
*NEIR: Yghn. rut-/rusta ‘to grow’ || (+ *ui-) Pash. wrost m., wrastá ‘rotten, decayed
(of wood, matting)’ (Cheung 2004: 129)
*MISC: Par. rust ‘high, elevated’
194 *(H)raudH
*SANSKRIT: rodh ‘to grow’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 467
*PIE *H,leud'- ‘to grow, rise’ = LIV: 248 f. | Pok.: 306 f., 684 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. £Ae0£pog (m.) ‘free man, non-slave’, Olrish Juss ‘plant’, Goth.
liudan, OE leodan ‘to grow’
*REFERENCES: TFL I: 285a; Andreev — PeSéereva: 316b; DKS: 367a; WIM II/1: 82; Werba 1997: 229 f;
Paul 1998: 312a; Shahbakhsh: s.v. rud-, amrud-; Korn 2005: 313, 377
*(H)raudH ‘to moan, (be)wail’
*AVESTAN: гаоб- ‘to moan, (be)wail’ = Liste: 59
Pres. athem.: INJ. 3sg. them. YAv. urudat (F 9), med. 3sg. ? raosta (Y 29.9, Y 9.24), 3pl. YAv. uru0ən (V
3.32), med. 3pl. YAv. urudonta (V 19.45); Aor. athem.: med. INJ. 3sg. ? raosta (see above); Partic.: pres.
caus. YAv. urüóaiiant- (Yt 13.151); Caus.: INJ. med. 3sg. ? OAv. urüdoiiata (Y 44.20). © On the
interpretation of Av. raosta see Kellens 1984: 88, fn. 6.
*NWIR: ? NP Jundidan/lund-, Gz. lund-/lunda ‘to snarl, snort’, Awrom. lawna ‘to
bewail’, Gz. Juve ‘howling, wailing’, rud ‘cry of mourning (from women)’. 9 The
frequent appearance of l- in these forms needs to be explained.
*MISC: Par. ruh-/rhint ‘to weep’, (partic. pres.) rhintó ‘weeping’ || (+ *fra-) Orm. &ü-,
S'aw-/sustuk, Sustak ‘to weep’ = Saw-/So stók, Sóstok
*SANSKRIT: rod’ ‘to weep, bewail’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 465
«PIE *(H)reudH- ‘to weep, cry’. OG The reconstruction of an initial laryngeal is based
on the premise that IE roots cannot begin with an initial *r-. > LIV: 508 | Pok.: 867
*IE COGNATES: Lat. rudö ‘to cry, roar’, OCz. ruditi ‘to sadden’, Lith. rauda, Latv.
raüda ‘lament’, ON rauta ‘to roar’, OE réotan ‘to complain, weep’
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 284a f., 409a; IIFL II: 409a; Fraenkel II: 704; WIM II/1: 79; WIM II/2: 702, 729;
Werba 1997: 314 f.; Kiefer 2003: 207
*HrauH (*HrabH ?) ‘to crackle; growl’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. uru- ‘to crackle’ = Liste: 59
Partic.: pres. (Gsg.) Y Av. uruuatö (Yt 14.11, Yt 14.19, V 22.3)
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. rBZ-, BSogd. rBz- (inch. ?) ‘to bark’
Pres.: SUBJ. 3р1. BSogd. rBz'nt; Inf.: SSogd. rBZ't
*CHORESMIAN: rw- ‘to growl’ => Samadi: 173
*NEIR: ? M. rev-, rav-/rivd, Yi. rov-/rivd- (why -v- ?), Yghn. rauZ-/ráuZta (inch. ?)
‘to bark’ (-u- < *B 1) || (+ *abi-) ? Sariq. v(i)rew-/v(i)rewd ‘to howl, bay’, ? Wa.
variy-/varoyd ‘to howl, bay’ (Lorimer) || (+ *4-) Oss. I. arawyn/aryd, D. arawun/arud
‘to echo enormously’
*SANSKRIT: rav ‘to roar’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 439
9 In some East Iranian languages an unexpected labial fricative *B (< *-b-) is found,
which perhaps points to contamination with *uab/f'.
«PIE *НзгеиН- ‘to roar’ = LIV: 306 | Pok.: 867
*Hraup 195
*IE COGNATES: Gr. фрдорол ‘I howl, roar’, Lat. rumor (m.) ‘muffled noise,
mumbling(?)’, OCS revo (mun) ‘I roar’
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 244b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 57; Andreev — Pe&éereva: 312b; EVS: 86b; Gharib: 341a;
Werba 1997: 371 f.
*Hrauj ‘to belch’
*KHOTANESE: rujai ‘bursting, ejecting, belch’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *uz-) m/wzrzy- ‘to belch’ > Samadi: 229
*NWIR: NP rug (тоё ?) *eructation' || (+ *а-) NP arogidan/ardg- ‘to belch’, NP arog,
Gz. ardq ‘belch’
*NEIR: Sariq. re(w)y ‘hiccup’, rey ‘belch’ || (+ *а-) Pash. arZai (m.) ‘eructation’ (<
*4-rux-S° ) = argay (m.) ‘belch, sour eructation’, argamdy (f.) ‘yawning’, (Wan.) irZa
‘fart’, Yi. araröy, M. yoruya, Sangl. arok ‘eructation’
«PIE *H,reug- ‘to belch, vomit’ => LIV: 509 | Pok.: 871
*IE COGNATES: Gr. epev yopar ‘I vomit’, Lat. e-rügö ‘I burp’, OCS rygajo se, OLith.
raugmi, Lith. riáugiu (ridugéti) ‘I belch’, OHG ita-rucken ‘to ruminate’
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 5; EVP: 12; IFL П: 1916, 381b; EVS: 66b; DKS: 365b; МЕУР: 10
*Hraup ‘to tear, break; to suffer from pain’
*AVESTAN: OAv. rüp- ‘to have/cause physical pain’ — Liste: 60
Caus.: pres. IND. 3р1. OAV. urüpaiieinti (Y 48.10)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ywb- ‘to suffer, complaint, lament’. > The initial y- may
point to contamination with a semantically related form, e.g. MMP yask ‘sickness’
{hapax}, Pth. ywz- ‘to agitate’. = DMMPP: 374b
Pres.: IMPV. 2pl. MMP ywbyd
*PARTHIAN: ywb- ‘to suffer, complaint, lament’ = Ghilain: 65 | DMMPP: 374b
Pres.: IND. 15р. ywb’m, 35р. ywbyd, 3р1. ywbynd; Partic.: pres. П ywbyndg’n (pl.), perf. pass. ywb’d
*KHOTANESE: OKh. rruh- ‘to harm, injure’ {hapax}. Ф Perhaps not ‘to attack’, as
translated by Emmerick. = SGS: 117
*SANSKRIT: rop ‘to suffer (from abdominal, stomach pain)’ (AV+ ?) || lop ‘to break
up, injure’. Ф The Skt. is compared to the Ir. ‘to take away, rob’ forms (NP
rubödan/rubäy-, etc.) in EA Waia, Le, which is semantically improbable, on which
see *raup. = EWAia II: 469 f., 482
© To the root *raup a number of forms with a wide range of meanings has been
assigned, not all of which can be linked so easily or naturally. Although it is
generally assumed that Skt. гор ‘to suffer from pain’ and lop ‘to break up, injure’ go
back to the same root originally (IE *(H)reup -), which would consequently also
apply to the Ir. forms, this is semantically not further explained. The meaning
apparently depends on the stem formation (LIV: l.c.). The *ia-formation rupyati
expresses the state of the subject (cf. Kellens 1984: 125), whilst the nasal formation
196 *Hraxs
(lumpati) expresses the external harm caused by the subject. This semantic
distribution is comparable to *darH.
«PIE *Hreup- ‘to break, tear’, i/,-formation *Hrup-i°/,- ‘to suffer pain’. 0 The recon-
struction of an initial laryngeal is based on the premise that IE roots cannot begin
with an initial *r-. © LIV: 510 f. | Pok.: 868 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. rumpere/ruptum ‘to break’, ON reyfa, OE réofan ‘to break, tear’
and Lith. rupéti (rupiü) “о worry’, Pol. rupic ‘to torment, irritate, tease’, Russ. rupit’
Чо worry, make anxious’
*REFERENCES: Fraenkel II: 750; DKS: 368a; Werba 1997: 231
*Hraxš ‘to protect, defend’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pati-) parssa- ‘antidote’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *4-) BSogd. ’’r’xs ‘to rely on, trust, take refuge with’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’’r’xst, SUBJ. 35р. BSogd. ’’r’xs’t, 3р1. BSogd. ’’r’xs’nt, SUBJ. 3pl. BSogd.
”r’xs’nt, Perf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’’r’xs’t 6’rt; Inf: BSogd. ’’r’xs’y, pret. BSogd. ’’r’xs’t
*NWIR: NP laskar ‘army’ (dissim. loss of -x-, from *Hraxsa-kara-)
*NEIR: (+ *4-) Oss. І. areexsyn/araxst, D. arzexsun/araxst ‘to fit, match; to deal, cope
with; to be able’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) erasxi-k‘ ‘warrant, security’ (Benveniste 1945: 71)
*SANSKRIT: raks” ‘to protect, guard’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 422
9 This root goes back to an apparently old ingress. stem, which has a cognate in Gr.
*PIE ingress. *Holek-s^/;- ‘to defend, protect” = LIV: 278 | Pok.: 32
*IE COGNATES: Gr. &A€Ew ‘I ward off, defend’
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 59; DKS: 233b f.; Werba 1997: 468
*Hraz ‘to draw a line; to direct, richten’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. raz- ‘to draw a line; to direct, richten’ || (+ *ham-) ‘[med.] to rise,
become erect; to comb’ = Liste: 56f.
Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. Y Av. "razaiieiti (Yt 4.9), med. 3sg. YAv. ham.räzaiiete (V 17.2), 3р1. ҮАУ.
razaileinti (Yt 14.56), med. 3pl. YAv. razaiiente (Yt 10.14), INJ. med. 2sg. YAv. ham.razatianha (V
17.4), med. 3sg. YAv. ham.razatiata (Yt 19.47); Partic.: pres. caus. razaiiant- (V 8.100 ff.)
*OLD PERSIAN: rasta- < r-a-s-t-°> (ppp.) ‘right, straight, true’ = Kent: 206a
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP r’yn-, BMP I’dyn- /rayén-/ ‘to arrange’, MMP r’yyhy-
(pass.) ‘to be prepared’ || (+ *api- ?) MMP *pyr’st- (pret. stem), BMP pyl’d-, pdl’d-
/péray-/ ‘to adorn’ || (+ *abi-) MMP ’br’st- (pret. stem) ‘to raise up, exalt’ || (+ *a-)
ВМР ’I’d- /aray-/ ‘to prepare, arrange, adorn’ || (+ *pati-) MMP pdr’y- ‘to prepare;
to rise’ || (+ *fra-) MMP pr’r’z- ‘to stretch out’ (LW) || (+ *ui-) 2. MMP wnyr-, BMP
wynl- /win(n)ir-/ ‘to be arranged, put in order, be prepared’, MMP wyn’r-, BMP
wyn'l- /winär-/ (sec. caus.) ‘to put in order, arrange’, MMP wyr’y-, BMP wyl’d-
/wiray-/ ‘to arrange, adorn, prepare’, BMP wl’c- /wiraZ-/ (caus.) ‘to arrange,
*Hraz 197
prepare’ (LW), ВМР wyl'dyh- /wirayih-/ (pass.) ‘to be arranged, etc.’ || (+ *ham-)
MMP hr’s- (pret. stem) ‘to arrange, prepare’. 0 MMP hr’s- with *-mr- > MMP -rr-
<-r->, also in MMP hrwb- ‘to collect, gather; receive’ (< *ham-raup). Incorrect
Henning 1933: 187: < *uhrastan < *uzrästanai. || Klingenschmitt (Congress Graz
2002) compares the WIr. forms wnyr-, etc. to Lat. norma ‘ruler’. It is more
preferable though to look for a provenance within (Dlr. rather than to rely on an
obscure and isolated form that is Lat. norma (e.g. no Italic cognates). Perhaps,
wnyr-, etc. derive from a nasal pres. stem *ui-Hrnza- (cf. Skt. RV rñjá-) > OP
*vi-Hrnda-, which subsequently shows metathesis and simplification/assimilation of
the apparently awkward consonant cluster: > win(n)ir- ? > DMMPP: 294a, 290a,
270b, 277b, 344a, 354b f. 356
Partic.: pres. caus. MMP r’yn’g ‘leader, guide’, perf. pass., MMP r’st ‘correct, true’, caus. BMP I’dynyt
/rayénid/; Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. BMP I’dynyt /rayénéd/, ВМР I’dynnd /rayénénd/, IMPV. 258. MMP
r’yn-; Inf.: caus. BMP I’dynytn /rayénidan/; Pass.: pres. IND. 3pl. MMP r’yyhynd || (+ *api- ?) Partic.:
perf. pass. BMP pdl’stk /payrastag/, MMP “pyr’st; Inf.: caus. ВМР pyl’dynytn /payrayenidan/ || (+ *abi-)
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP *’br’st || (+ *a-) Pres.: IND. 3р1. BMP ’r’dynd /arayénd/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP
Pst /arast/, BMP "l'stk /arastag/; Inf.: BMP "Tom /arastan/ || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 1р1. MMP pdr’ywm;
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP pdr’st || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 1р1. MMP fr’r’zwm, SUBJ. 1р1. MMP pr’r’z’m;
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP pr’r’st || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP wnyryd, SUBJ. 1sg. MMP wnyr’n, 35р.
MMP wnyr’d, etc. Caus.: pres. IND. 1sg. BMP wyl’dym /wirayém/, 3sg. MMP wyr’yd, BMP wyl’dyt
/wirayéd/, 3pl. BMP wyl’dynd /wirayénd/, etc. || (+ *ham-) Inf.: MMP hr’stn
*PARTHIAN: r’st ‘true’ || (+ *pati-) pdrz- ‘to rise up’, (caus.) pdr’z- ‘to raise up’, ?
pdr’y- ‘to prepare, make ready; to achieve’ (< MP ?) || (+ *ui-) wyr’z- ‘to complete,
arrange’, wyn’r- ‘to put in order, arrange, array’, wyn’r’g ‘arranger’ (< MP)
= Ghilain: 69 f., 52, 70, 75 | DMMPP: 293a, 270b, 356b, 344a, 354b f.
(+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. pdrzyd, 3pl. pdrzynd; Partic.: perf. pass. pdr’st, caus. H pdr’z’d; Caus.: pres.
IND. 3sg. pdr’zyd, 3pl. pdr’zynd, SUBJ. 2sg. pdr’z’h || (MP LW ?) Pres.: IND. 3pl. pdr’ynd; Partic.: perf.
pass. pdr’st, П pdr’y’d || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 35р. “wyr’zyd, 3р1. *wyr’zynd, SUBJ. *wyr’z’, IMPV. 2pl.
wyr’zyd; Partic.: pres. wyr’z’n, perf. pass. wyr'st; Inf.: *wyr'stn || Pres.: IND. 3pl. wyn’rynd, SUBJ. 2sg.
wyn’r’h, 3р1. wnyr'nd; Partic.: perf. pass. "wyn’r’d
*KHOTANESE: Khot. rras- (denomin. ?) ‘to rule’ || (+ *aua-) varas- (varas-) ‘to
experience’ || (+ *fra-) harays-, (caus.) һагаѕ- ‘to extend’ || (+ *ш-) birays- (biras-)
‘to extend, spread’ = SGS: 115, 119 f., 149 f., 98
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. rsth, CSogd. rst’ (f.) ‘truth’ || (+ *uz-) CSogd. zrys(-) ‘raise, lift
up’ || (+ *pati-) BSogd. ptryz- ‘to rise’, CSogd. ptrz- ‘to become exalted, be proud’,
(caus.) BSogd. ptr’yz- ‘to raise, erect’ || (+ *fra-) SSogd. Br’s- ‘to conclude a treaty
(?)’, BSogd. fr’yz-, CSogd. fryZ- ‘to straighten, make straight’
(+ *uz-) ’z-Impf.: IND. 35р. CSogd. zrys’z || (+ *pati-) Pres.: SUBJ. 35р. BSogd. ptryz’t, OPT. 35р.
CSogd. ptrzy; Fut.: IND. 35р. CSogd. ptrztyq’; Caus.: pres. IND. 35р. BSogd. ptr’yzt, POT. 3sg. BSogd.
ptr’yztwnty || (+ *fra-) Pres.: SUBJ. 35р. BSogd. fr'yz't; Pret.: tr. IND. 35р. SSogd. Br’stw Ai ‘he
concluded a treaty (?)’; Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd. frst- ‘straight, upright’
198 *(H)spar(H)j
*CHORESMIAN: "rz- (TZ-) ‘to be straight, just, in order; ‘to be extended’, (caus.) r’zy-
‘to make straight; to demand (justice from)’; to arrange’ || (+ *abi-) m/’brzy- ‘to feel,
sense, observe’ || (+ *fra-) hr’zy- ‘to grab, stretch out to’, hr’zyk ‘extended (string)’
(74.1) || (+ *ui- ог? *aua-) wr’ry- ‘to sweep’ (diff. MacKenzie I: 546) = Samadi:
177, 2, 168, 91, 216
*NWIR: Awrom. (awa-)faznay/(war-)fazn- ‘to adorn’ || (+ *api- ?) NP pérastan/péray-
‘to adorn, decorate, ornament’ || (+ *abi-) NP afraxtan, afrastan/afraz- ‘to raise’ (LW
?), NP afraz ‘exalted’ (LW ?) || (+ *а-) NP arastan/aray- ‘to adorn’ || (+ *ui-) Zaz.
virastis/virazen- ‘to prepare, restore, build’, Awrom. wırästay/wıräz- ‘to sew’, Gur.
(Kand.) -uraz-, (impv.) viraz- ‘to sew, attach’
*NEIR: (+ *aua- or *ui-) ? Yi. uriz-/urizd ‘to spread manure’ (Morgenstierne, IFL
Ile Rather *Hraiz ?) || (+ *а-) Oss. І. arzzyn/araezt, D. ar&zumarzzt ‘to be
arranged, done’, I. arazyn/areezt, D. arazun/arzzt (caus./tr.) ‘to direct to; to
construct, build, make; to adorn’, ? Pash. ar(a)t ‘wide, expanded’ || (+ *uz-) Sh. Xáz-/
xäzd ‘to darn, mend (shoes, etc.)’, Wa. Saz-/Sazd- ‘to darn’ || (+ *pati-) Sariq.
padráz-/padrázd, Wa. рыігы2-/роігоға- ‘to lean on, against, support on’ || (+ *ui-)
Oss. I. ræzyn/ræzt, D. irezun/irezt ‘to grow, gain in length; to be arranged’, Rosh.
wiréz-/wiroxt, Bart. wiroz-/wiróXt ‘to make, build’
*MISC: Par. réz-/rast ‘to make, build, prepare’ || (+ *pati-) Arm. (LW) patrast ‘ready’,
Arab. (LW) fihrist ‘index, table of contents, catalogue’ (Bailey 1935: 762 f.) || (+
*fra-) Par. rhiz- ‘to lie down’ || (+ *ui-) Arm. (LW) varsa-viray ‘hair-dresser’
*SANSKRIT: raj ‘to stretch, direct’ (RV) = EWAia II: 425
«PIE *H3reg- ‘to stretch, direct’ = LIV: 304 f. | Pok.: 854 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. ópéyo ‘I stretch’, Lat. rego ‘I direct, drive’, Olrish rigim ‘I
stretch’, OHG re(c)chan ‘to stretch’, etc.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 11; IFL I: 285b f.; KPF II: 198; IFL П: 536a, 284b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 60, 59 Ё;
MacKenzie 1966: 107, 111; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 399 f.; EVS: 53b, 92b, 105a; Werba 1997: 395 f.; Paul
1998: 317b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 286, 343
*(H)spar(H)j ‘to break, burst open [of plants], ? release [sound], bloom, blossom,
sprout’
*AVESTAN: YAv. sparaya- (m.) ‘sprout (at the point of an arrow)’ (Yt 10.129) || (+
*fra-) Y Av. frasparoya- (m.) ‘twig, offshoot’ (Y 10.5)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ‘sprhmg ‘flower’ = DMMPP: 86b
*PARTHIAN: ‘sprhmg ‘flower’ || (+ *ui-) wysprz- ‘to sprout, spring’ = Ghilain: 96 |
DMMPP: 86b, 358a
(+ *ui-) Partic.: perf. pass. wyspryxt, II wysprz’d
*KHOTANESE: (+ *aua-) LKh. vaspris- ‘to burst [intr.]’ || (+ *fra-) hasprris- (haspri-)
‘to bloom’, (caus.) OKh. haspalgy- ‘to make bloom’ || (+ *ui-) LKh. gusprris- ‘to
*(Н)џаё 199
shine ош, radiate’ (< *‘to blossom out’). Ф The hapax formation OKh. spärgga-
‘noise, twang of bows’ (Z 24.410) is rather connected to Skt. sphurj ‘to roar,
thunder’. — SGS: 121, 150, 30
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. ’spr’ync ‘to emit (sound)’ (Ragoza, SF.: 58, 93), BSogd. ’spryk’
“brilliant, clever’, SSogd. ’sprymk, BSogd. ’sprym’k, ’sprym’kw, 'sprym'w ‘flower’
Pres.: IND. dur. 3pl. SSogd. ’spr’ync’ynt skwn
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *fra-) (m|)špxš- ‘to bloom; to become bright (of face)’, ? Sbnc- ‘to
become glad’ = Samadi: 199, 198
*NWIR: NP sipar(h)am ‘sweet basil’
*NEIR: Pash. sparydy (f.) ‘spark’, Wa. sporZ-/sporZd- ‘to open up, dissolve; to break
[intr.]; to bloom’, spray ‘flower’
*SANSKRIT: sphurj ‘to rumble, roar, thunder, crash; to burst forth’ || sphürjaka- ‘a
plant, Diospyros embryopteris ? (Br+) = EWAia II: 778
«PIE *sperH»g- ‘to crack, burst open, sprout’ ? = LIV: 586 | Pok.: 996 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lith. sprögti ‘to burst; to open, blossom out’, Lith. spürgas ‘sprout,
offshoot, bud’, Lat. spargö ‘I scatter, sow, spread’, OE spranca ‘twig’, ? Engl. sprig
*REFERENCES: EVP: 68; IFL П: 540; DKS: 473b; Gharib: 64b f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 315; МЕУР:
75
*Hubj ‘to keep down, retenir’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. ubj- ‘retenir = Liste: 14
PASS.; Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. ubjiiaite (cit. in V 7.52)
*SOGDIAN: ? BSogd. wyzp-, wzp-, CSogd. wyZp’-, MSogd. wjp? ‘terror’
(Gershevitch apud Schwartz 1970: 299)
*CHORESMIAN: ? m/wzBh- ‘to be bored, fed up with’, m/wzß’hy- (caus.) ‘to bore,
annoy’ (cf. Schwartz, ibid.). o The alternative etymology cited by Samadi, who
compares the Chor. forms to Skt. bhas ‘to chew’, is less likely. = Samadi: 228
*SANSKRIT: ubj ‘to keep, press down’ (RV), ubh ‘to bind, fetter’ (RV, AV)
= EWAia I: 223; II: 506
9 The "root" (Av., Skt.) ubj- is actually an old *-sk- formation of a root that is
continued by Skt. ubh-, as suggested long ago by Osthoff 1884: 33, on which see
Lubotsky 2001: 39. An IE etymology is wanting.
«PIE? > LIV: – | Pok.: 1103
*(H)uaé ‘to let go, release’
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. w’c ‘to let go, send (off)’, BSogd. w'c, CSogd. w’c, MSogd. w'c
‘to send, emit’, CSogd. wxs- (inch./intr.) ‘to be left, allowed, release’
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. SSogd. w’c’m, 3sg. BSogd. w’cty, BSogd. w’st, CSogd. "w'st, MSogd.
w’st, etc.
200 *Huad
*CHORESMIAN: ? wzy- ‘to leave behind, remain’, ? w’zy- (caus.) ‘to lead to, let go; to
chase away 2". 0 The alternative reconstruction for wzy- is *aua-ziia- (s.v. zaH'), as
adopted by Samadi, is conceivable. || The (possible) causative correspondence w’zy-
also permits a derivation from *uädaja- (s.v. *uad), which is proposed by
MacKenzie I: 553 and accepted by Samadi, or even *uazaja- (*yaz). It entirely
depends on the meaning(s) assigned: convergence of these three roots ? = Samadi:
229 f., 210
*NWIR: NP vaxidan/vax- ‘to beat or tease (cotton), separate and clean it’ (LW)
*NEIR: Oss. I. wazyn/wagd, D. wazun/wagd ‘to leave behind, abandon; throw’
© The forms above probably go back to a causative formation. The forms are
etymologically related to *HuaF?.
«PIE *H,uok-eje- ‘to let go, cease, be empty, absent, lacking ?° = LIV: — | Pok.: 345
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /uaksijemi/ ‘I lack, miss’, OLat. vocare, Lat. vacäre ‘to be
empty, abandoned, free’; to be absent’, Umb. uacetum ‘uitiatum’
*REFERENCES: Oettinger 1979: 344; DKS: 383b f.; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 37 ff.
*Huad ‘to carry, lead (away); to marry (a wife)’
*AVESTAN: vad- (väö-) ‘to lead’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to lead up (and on)’ || (+ *uz-) ‘to
abduct’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to lead to and fro’ = Liste: 49
Partic.: pres. them. med. ? OAv. vadamna- (Y 53.5), caus. med. YAv. vaóaiiamna- (Yt 15.52); Caus.:
pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. vadaiieiti (V 19.29), 3pl. YAv. uzuuädaiieinti (Yt 17.59), SUBJ. 1sg. ҮАУ.
vadatieni (Yt 9.18), OPT. med. 3sg. YAv. upa.vaóaiiaeta (V 14.15), IMPV. 3р1. YAv. viuuaóaiiantu (У
8.17 Е). © According to Kellens — Pirart 1990: 296, OAv. vadamna- is to be interpreted as ‘(en)
paranymphe’.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP *“wywdg’n, BMP wydwtk’n /wayodagan/ ‘nuptials,
marriage’ = DMMPP: 360a
(+ *uz-) Partic.: perf. pass. BMP ’wzw’hst /uzwahist/
*PARTHIAN: 1. w’d- ‘to lead’ {hapax}, w’d’g ‘leader, pilot’ || 2. w’y- (old caus.) ‘to
lead’ (< MP) || (+ *ati-) ‘ydw’y- ‘to lead’ (influenced by w’y-) || (+ *4-) ’C)w’y- ‘to
lead to, bring’ (influenced by w’y-) || (+ *uz-) ‘zw’y- ‘to lead out, away, beyond; set
free’ (influenced by w’y-) = Ghilain: 71 | DMMPP: 337a
1. Partic.: perf. pass. "w’d’d || 2. Pres.: IND. 35р. w’yd, ? “w’yyd, 3р1. “w’ynd, SUBJ. 15р. w’y’n; Partic.:
perf. pass. w’st || (+ *ati-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. ‘dw’yd, 3pl. *‘dw’ynd, SUBJ. Isg. ‘ydw’y’n, OPT.
‘ydw’yndyy; Partic.: perf. pass. ‘ydw’st || (+ *uz-) Pres.: SUBJ. 150. ‘zw’y’m, ‘zw’y’n, 3sg. ‘zw’y’h,
IMPV. 2sg. ‘zw’y-; Partic.: ‘zw’st; Inf.: ‘zw’st
*KHOTANESE: LKh. *bad- (byä-) ‘to produce’, bay- (caus.) ‘to lead’ || (+ *ati-) OKh.
ttuvay- (tvay-) ‘to convey across’ || (+ 4-) OKh. *avad- (äva-) ‘to obtain’ || (+ *uz-)
uysba(y)- ‘to lead out’ || (+ *para-a-) LKh. *pravay- (prravas-, prravas-) ‘to lead
over, convert’ || (+ *ni-) nva(y)- ‘to grasp’ — SGS: 93 f., 39, 11, 62
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) MSogd. ptwyó (caus.) ‘to hand over’
*HuadH 201
Caus.: pres. IMPV. 2pl. MSogd. ptwyöt (M139 R.4(54) = BBB: 50)
*CHORESMIAN: w’zy- (caus.) ‘to lead to, to let go; chase away ?’ || (+ *ati-) cw’zy-
‘to lead into [+ w]; to lead out from [+ d]’ || (+ *para-) p’rw’zy- ‘to lead, carry away’
|| + *para-a-) pr’w’zy- ‘to lead, take away’ || (+ *pari-) prwz- ‘to become’, prw’z-
(sec. caus.) ‘to let (it) become into’. Ф Depending on the meaning(s) assigned, a
derivation from *(H)uaé ‘to leave behind, let’ or *uaz “to drive (a chariot)’ for w’zy-
cannot be excluded. = Samadi: 210, 52, 155 f., 150, 155 f.
*BACTRIAN: onA- ‘to lead, take, bring; exert’ || (+ *pari-) mopooato ‘fared’ = S-W,
Bact.: 212b
*NWIR: NP bayo ‘bride’, Kurd. Бок ‘bride, daughter-in-law’, Zaz. veyv (Ё) ‘bride’,
Bakht. bahig ‘bride, daughter-in-law’
*NEIR: Pash. -wal-/-wastal ‘to bring, lead along (someone), Yzgh. waö-/west ‘to
marry a woman’, Pash. xula ‘a woman remarrying her former husband’, wal-war
*bride-price' || (+ *ati-) Sariq. diwoö-, düwoö-/diwust, düwust (old caus.) ‘to cause
to enter, bring in, fold sheep’ || (+ *uz-) Sh. ziwáó-/ziwost ‘to take out, bring out,
expel, extract’, Rosh. ziweó-/ziwost ‘to take out, bring out, expel, extract’, Sariq.
ziwoó-, züwoó-/ziwust, zuwust ‘to take out, bring out, expell, extract’ || (+ *para-)
Sariq. purweödi-Cuz ‘ferry-man’
*SANSKRIT: vadhü- (f.) ‘bride, young woman’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 497
«PIE *Hued"- ‘to lead, marry (a woman)’. 0 The exact nature of the initial laryngeal
is uncertain: the Hitt. evidence suggests *H> or *H;, whereas the Gr. form rather
indicates *H;. > LIV: 659 f. | Pok.: 1115 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /huet-/ ‘to lead, bring’, Gr. &eöva ‘wedding-present’, Olrish
fedid ‘takes’, MWelsh dy-weddio ‘to marry’, ORuss. vesti Zenu ‘to marry a woman’,
Lith. vedü (vèsti) ‘I lead, bring, marry’, OHG widamo (m.) ‘wedding-present’, Engl.
wedding, to wed, etc.
«REFERENCES: EVP: 93; EVS: 88a, 30a, 109b, 60a; DKS: 277a; Vahman — Asatrian 1991: 79; Раш 1998:
317a; Cabolov 2001: 211 f.
*HuadH ‘to raise one’s voice, speak’
*AVESTAN: ? OAv. vad- ‘to raise one’s voice, speak’
MED.; Partic.: pres. OAv. vadomno ‘conversing ?' (Y 53.5)
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ni-) OKh. *nuvad- (nuvai-) ‘to make a noise’ (differently DKS:
Lc.) © SGS: 58 f.
*NEIR: Pash. lwast-/lwal- ‘to read’ || (+ *ni-) Yghn. novva ‘noise, sound’. Ọ
Morgenstierne, EVP: l.c., derives Pash. Iwast-/lwal- from *ati-uada-, Av. vad- ‘to
lead’, which is semantically unsatisfactory, as commented on in NEVP: 46. Perhaps
the Pashto verb is rather cognate with Av., Skt. vad ‘to raise one’s voice’, whence
*ati-HuadHa- ?
202 *Huahl
*SANSKRIT: vad ‘to raise one's voice, speak, talk" (RV+) = EWAia II: 496
«PIE *H;uedH- ‘to talk, to speak’ ? 0 The IE reconstruction is somewhat uncertain:
the Gr. evidence, especially ont, is difficult to interpret. > LIV: 286 | Pok.: 76 f.
*IE COGNATES: ? Gr. ооёао ‘I speak, utter, proclaim’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 41; Andreev — PeSéereva: 353a f.; DKS: 190a; Werba 1997: 409 f.; NEVP: 46
1 € 5 =
*Huah ‘to shine
*AVESTAN: Y Ау. us- ‘to shine’ || (+ *ui-) “id.” = Liste: 53
Partic.: pres. inch. YAv. usaiti- f. (Yt 14.20), YAv. viusaiti- (f.) (V 19.28), YAv. viiusa (Nsg. m.) (H 2.25,
H 2.7)
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ш-) ОК. byus- ‘to dawn’ = SGS: 105
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ш-) CSogd. wyws- ‘to dawn’
Pret.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. wywsd’rt
*NWIR: (+ *upa-) Bal. pö(n)st ‘the day after tomorrow’ (*upa-ausah- + suff. -i,
Gershevitch 1964: 185, fn. 19)
*NEIR: (+ *4-) ? Sangl. aluzd ‘the day before yesterday ?; tomorrow’
*SANSKRIT: vas ‘to shine, light up, brighten’ (RV+), usäs- (f.) ‘dawn’ (RV)
= EWAia II: 530; I: 236
«PIE *Houes- ‘to light up, shine (in the morning)’ => LIV: 292 f. | Pok.: 86 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lith. aüsti ‘to break [of йау], Gr. о oc, ос ‘dawn’
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 380a f.; DKS: 310a; Werba 1997: 419; Korn 2005: 139
2 А CERE]
*Huah ‘to dwell, remain
*AVESTAN: Y Av. vanh- ‘to dwell, remain’ = Liste: 53
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. vanhaiti (Yt 10.126, Vyt 53 ЁҒ), med. 3sg. YAv. vaghaite (H 2.1 ff., H 2.19)
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *à-) avahanam (NAsg. n.) ‘village’ <a-v-h-n-m> (DB 2.33, DSf
46)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ш-) MMP gy’g, BMP gyw’k /giyag/ ‘place? = DMMPP:
168b
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ш-) wy’g ‘place’ = DMMPP: 350b
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ш-) BSogd. wy’’k ‘place’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ui-) wy k (m.) ‘house, residence’
*NWIR: (+ *ш-) NP ja(y) ‘place’, Abyan., Abz., Anar., Khuns., Gz. ya ‘place’, Gz.
'yä ‘here’
*NEIR: Oss. wat ‘room; bed; place’ || (+ *ui-) Yghn. бка ‘place’. 0 Yghn. oka is
included here on the basis of BSogd. wy’’k. Alternatively, it may be connected to
Khot. byuka- ‘chamber’ (*Haué) ?
*SANSKRIT: vas ‘to dwell, to live, to stay’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 531
«PIE *Haues- ‘to dwell, stay, spend the night’ = LIV: 293 f. | Pok.: 72, 1170 f.
*HuaHl 203
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /hues-/ ‘to live, to be alive, to survive’, Gr. беса (vöxte) “һе
spent (the night)’, Arm. go- ‘to exist, to be on hand’, Goth. wisan ‘to be, to stay’,
Toch. B wäs- ‘to dwell, abide, remain, lie (on)’, Olrish fo(a)id ‘spends the night’
“REFERENCES: ELO: 110 ff; Andreev — PeSéereva: 298a; DKS: 95b; WIM I: 361, 389; WIM II/2: 752;
Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 58 f.; Werba 1997: 420 f.; Adams 1999: 597 f.; Cheung 2002: 237; Lecoq 2002: 588b,
605a, 613b (passim)
*HuaH! ‘to blow’
*AVESTAN: YAv. vã- ‘to blow’ || (+ *à-) ‘to blow to’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to blow to’ || (+
*ш-) ‘to blow away’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to blow on’ = Liste: 53
Pres. athem.: IND. 3sg. YAv. vaiti (H 2.8, H 2.26), YAv. frauuaiti (Yt 13.46), 3р1. ҮАУ. vanti (Yt 8.8, Yt
13.14); Partic.: pres. YAv. viuuat- (Yt 13.40), ? YAv. "upa.uuaiiant- (H 2.7), perf. pass. YAv. а... vata-
(H 2.7, H 2.25). 9 The ҮАУ. forms (caus. ?) pres. IND. 15р. v(a)iiemi, 35р. YAv. °v(a)ileiti may not
belong here, v. *yaiH ‘to hunt’.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ВМР w’d- /way-/ ‘to blow’ || (+ *pati-) MMP *pyw’sg (inch.,
pres. partic.) ‘drying? = DMMPP: 291a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. ВМР w’dyt/wayéd/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP w’dyt/wäyid/
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. w’s (inch.) ‘to start to blow’ || (+ *pati-) MSogd. ptw’t (pret.
stem), BSogd. ptw’s ‘to dry out’
Pres.: OPT. 3sg. BSogd. w’s’y || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ptw’st, Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd.
ptw’tch (f.) ‘dried out’, MSogd. ptw’tyy (BBB: 33), MSogd. ptw’c (f.) ‘dry’ (BBB: 32)
*CHORESMIAN: w’s- ‘to blow’ || (+ *pati-) pcw- ‘to blow into’ || (+ *pari-) prw’s- ‘to
come into one’s head, inspirare’ || (+ *ui-) yw’s- ‘to dry out’, yw’sy- (sec. caus.) ‘to
make dry’. © According to Samadi, Chor. pew- derives from *pati-Caua-, containing
an unknown root. The preform should rather be: *pati- + *HuaH'. > Samadi: 145,
155, 209 f., 258
*NEIR: Oss. I. wasyn/wast, D. wasun/wast (inch.) ‘to whistle; to blow on a flute; to
sing [of birds], chirrup, crow (vel sim.)’ || (+ *fra-) Oss. I. rwajyn/rwad ‘to dry out’ ||
(+ *ni-) Wa. ni(y)-, nay-/nayat ‘to be blown out, go out (of fire, light)’, ni(sr)v-,
niw(bi)v-/niovd-, niwovd-, ni(y)bIv-/niyovd (caus.) ‘to blow out, extinguish’ || (+
*ham- ?) Oss. I. ewwajyn/zewwad ‘to compress, shrink [of matter}? (> D. awwajun/
æwwad ?)
*SANSKRIT: va ‘to blow (of wind)’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 537
«PIE *НәиеН;- ‘to blow [of wind]? = LIV: 287 | Pok.: 82 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. тс ‘blows [of wind]’, OCS véjati, Goth. waian, OHG waen,
NHG wehen ‘to blow [of wind]’, etc.
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 532; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 215; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 439 f.; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 57 f.;
Werba 1997: 318; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 245
204 *HuaH2
*HuaH’ ‘to be incomplete, empty, lack’
*AVESTAN: YAv. u- ‘to be incomplete, lack, extinguish’, YAv. üna- ‘deficient,
empty’ = Liste: 53
Pres.: OPT. 3sg. YAv. frauuaiioit (V 8.75 f.) Partic.: pres. YAv. uiiamna- (Vr 15.1). 0 YAv. fräuuaiiöit
also in Yt 19.80: "frauuaiioit ?, De Vaan 2003: 70.
*KHOTANESE: vara- ‘deficient’
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. w’ry, win (f.), wryt (pl.) ‘empty, devoid, bereft’ || (+ *a-)
BSogd. "wi ‘to empty?
(+ *а-) Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. ’’w’t’k ‘emptied’
*SANSKRIT: va ‘to disappear, diminish, lack, extinguish’ (КУ) || und- ‘wanting,
deficient, not sufficient, less, too small’ (AV) = EWAia П: 538; I: 241
«PIE *H,ueH>- ‘to be empty, absent, lacking! = LIV: 254 | Pok.: 345
*IE COGNATES: Gr. €&@ ‘I let’, Lat. vanus ‘empty, vain’, Goth. wans, OHG wan
‘deficient’, Latv. vájét ‘to weaken, become sickly’
*REFERENCES: Hoffmann 1967: 26, fn. 3; DKS: 383b f.; Humbach 1993: 41; Werba 1997: 410; De Vaan
2003: 70, 298
*Huaid(H) ‘to be devoted to’
*AVESTAN: OAv. vid- ‘to be devoted to’ — Liste: 55
Aor. them.: SUBJ. 3sg. OAv. vidaitr (Y 51.6), OAv. vidat (Y 53.4); Partic.: aor. OAv. vidant- (Y 33.3)
*SANSKRIT: vidh ‘to grant, satisfy, make content’ (RV, YV) = EWAia П: 555 f.
9 There are no Ir. cognate forms of Skt. vidh known other than OAv. vid-. On the
etymology of this apparently Пг. pseudo-root see Hoffmann 1969a: 1 ff.
‘PIE *Hui-d'H;- ‘to distribute, lay out an offering’ ? © The presence of an initial
laryngeal can be deduced from Skt. ávidhat (RV): the augment is always scanned
long, on which see further Lubotsky 19946: 201 ff. = LIV: – | Pok.: 1127 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. di-vido ‘I divide’, Toch. wätk- ‘to separate, distinguish, decide’
*REFERENCES: Humbach 1959 II: 40; Adams 1999: 590 f.
*Huaj ‘to put out’
«OLD PERSIAN: vaj- ‘to gouge, put out (eyes) > Kent: 206a
Pres. (a)them.: impf. IND. 15р. avajam <a-v-j-m> (DB 2.75, DB 2.89)
*KHOTANESE: ? OKh. vaj- ‘to hold’ (semantically unclear) || (+ *pati-) pyüj- ‘to
remove, draw out => SGS: 122
*NWIR: Bal. gwaht, gwatk/gwaj- ‘to root out, pull out, dig, take off’, Zaz. vetis/
veZen- ‘to take, bring out’, Jow. bam-vo:t/a-vodz-, Meim. bem-vat (supplet. bem-
Kast/a-Ken- < *kan'), Mah. wötän, vötän/vöj- ‘to dig out, up’, Delij. bar-vajr ‘to dig;
to separate’, Abz. vata/vaj-, Gz. ve2-/vet, Natan. -vet/voj-, Sorkh. be-vät-/väz- ‘to
take, tear out, uproot’, (pass. ?/intr.) viZiyayis/viz(iy)en- “to come out, appear’,
*HuanH 205
Natan. vojon, vojom bevet ‘I drag off’, Gil. (Rsht.) vajoe ‘sprouted, budded, poussé
[of flowers and fruits]’
© This root is compared to Hitt. /huek-/, which is semantically not quite satisfactory,
despite the German parallel abstechen ‘to cut an animal’s throat, slaughter’ (from
stechen ‘to stab’). The Ir. root refers to the removal of something (in OP, eyesight)
by digging it out.
«PIE *Houeg- ‘to dig, stab’ ? > LIV: 286 f. | Pok.: —
*IE COGNATES: ? Hitt. /huek-/ ‘to slaughter, butcher, slay’ (< **to stab, stick")
*REFERENCES: Zhukovskij I: 179; KPF I: 83a, 248b; Christensen, Contributions I: 123b, 262; Christensen,
Contributions II: 61; Lambton 1938: 42b, 78a; DKS: 252a; WIM II/1: 85 f.; Safari 1373: 101; Раш 1998:
317a; Puhvel III: 327-330; Lecoq 2002: 124; Shahbakhsh: s.v. gwaj-
*(H)uandH ‘to cherish, praise’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. vand- ‘to cherish, praise’, Ү Ау. aS. vandra- ‘well-praised’ (Yt 19.9,
Yt 19.45) = Liste: 50
MED.; Pres. them.: ОРТ. 3sg. YAv. vandaeta (Y 10.8)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP w/(y)nd- ‘to cherish, praise’ = DMMPP: 355b f.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP wynd ‘yd, wyndyd, SUBJ. 1р1. MMP wynd’m, wnd’m
*PARTHIAN: wynd- ‘to praise; implore’ || (+ *pari-) prwnd- ‘to pray (strongly),
implore’ => Ghilain: 55 | DMMPP: 355b f.
Pres.: IND. 15р. wynd’m, 35р. wyndyd, 1р1. wynd’m, SUBJ. Ipl. w(y)nd'm, wynd’’m, IMPV. 2pl.
w(y)ndyd; Partic.: perf. pass. П wynd’d || (+ *pari-) Pres.: IND. 150. prwnd’m
*KHOTANESE: van- ‘to honour’ = SGS: 118
*CHORESMIAN: wnd- ‘to invite’ || (+ *apa-) bwndst ‘uninvited guest’ (<
*apa-uand-asti-, Henning 1962: 342; 132.1) = Samadi: 215
*NWIR: Bal. gwandit/gwand- ‘to swear, administer an oath to’
*NEIR: (+ *pari-) Wa. porvondán, pərwəndán ‘lament(ation) for the deceased’ || (+
*ш-) Pash. wand- ‘to abuse, scold’ (< *‘to dispraise’)
*SANSKRIT: vand ‘to praise, to honour, to commend’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 502 f.
The root appears to be exclusively IIr., perhaps it is cognate with *HyadH, Skt.
vad! ‘to raise one's voice’, cf. EWAia П: 503.
*PIE — = LIV: 681 | Pok.: 76
*REFERENCES: DKS: 374a Ё; Werba 1997: 470; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 278; МЕУР: 88; Shahbakhsh:
s.v. gwand-
*HuanH ‘to throw (out), spread’
«OLD PERSIAN: van- ‘to spread out, scatter’. Ф The etymology for OP van- was
proposed by Benveniste 1951: 25 f., who connected it with *uanH and was,
subsequently, accepted by Brandenstein — Mayrhofer 1964: 151. Kent's etymology
(cf. *yan) was rejected. — Kent: 206b, 219b
206 *Huarl
Pass.: impf. IND. 3sg. avaniya <a-v-n-i-y> (DSf 29), ? <a-[v]-[n]-i-y> (DSf 25)
*KHOTANESE: OKh. уай- ‘to scatter’ || (+ *uz-) OKh. uysvän- ‘to throw up’ = SGS:
122 f., 16
*NWIR: Zaz. vistis, finen- ‘to throw away, off’, Abz. vända/vän-, Mah. von-, Bakht.
vandan, wandan, Gil. (Rsht.) ta-vádaen/ta-vád-, Semn. bá-vandan, Sang. vund,
Sorkh. vänd-, Yzd. (Zor.) venödvün ‘to throw’, Tt. (Cha) buanden/van- ‘to pour,
throw out’ || (+ *uz-) ? Kurd. zrwan ‘chaff, brushwood; a weed (with bitter seeds)’
*NEIR: (+ *uz-) Sh. ziban-/zibud, Sariq. zuban-/zubed, ziban-/zibed, Yzgh. ziban-/
zibod ‘to jump up, leap up, fly up’, (caus.) Sh. zibén-/zibént, Rosh. ziben-/zibent,
Bart. zibön-/zibönt ‘to cause to jump up, etc.’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) vanem ‘I expel’
© The root *HuanH perhaps goes back to an IE nasal stem of *H;ueH,- (*HyaH!),
which has a transitive meaning. It may be continued in several IE languages.
«PIE ? * H;uenH;- ‘to throw, blow off, winnow?’ = LIV: - | Pok.: 82
ТЕ COGNATES: Gr. diva, Aveo ‘I winnow’ (*H;unH;- ?), also Germanic ОНС
winton ‘to throw’, OE windwian, Engl. to winnow (influenced by the wind forms ?),
? Lat. vannus ‘feeding trough’
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 78b f.; Christensen, Contributions I: 58; Christensen, Contributions II: 49, 111;
Benveniste 1951: 26; Yarshater 1969: 186EVS: 107a; DKS: 382b, 39b f.; Vahman – Asatrian 1987: 142
£; Vahman — Asatrian 1991: 131; Paul 1998: 317b; Vahman — Asatrian 2002: 25; Lecoq 2002: 123
*Huar! ‘to cover’
*AVESTAN: YAv. var- ‘to cover’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to cover, conceal’ || (+ *a-) ‘to cover ?'
|| (+ *ni-) ? ‘encompass’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to cover’ = Liste: 50
Pres. {1} nu-: IND. med. 3sg. YAv. voronüite (V 18.35, V 18.41, V 18.47), 3pl. YAv. varanuuainti (Yt
13.15), SUBJ. med. 35р. OAv. varanauuaité (Y 31.17), IMPV. 2sg. YAv. voronüiói (Y 9.28); Pres. {2}
them. nu- IND. 3sg. YAv. aißi.voronuuaiti, med. 3р1. YAv. уәгәпәпіе (V 18.32), INJ. 35р. ҮАУ.
varanauuat (F 420), SUBJ. med. 3р1. YAv. ham.varanänte (V 5.59, V 7.5 ff.); Aor. athem.: SUBJ. Isg.
OAv. ni uuaräni (Y 53.4), IMPV. med. 25р. ? OAv. hömvarasuuä (Y 53.3); Partic.: pres. desid. OAv. а
viuuarasa- (Y 45.8); Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. Y Av. varaiieiti (V 19.29); Intens.: pres. SUBJ. med. 35р.
OAv. väuräite (Y 47.6), OPT. med. Isg. OAv. vauraiia (Y 31.3), med. 1р1. OAv. vauroimaidi (Y 28.5). ©
The meaning of OAv. à viuuarosa- is uncertain. It has been translated as ‘to invite’ (Humbach 1991 II:
171), ‘to turn hither’ (Insler, Gäthäs: 259), *entourer (Kellens — Pirart I: 157). Humbach, l.c. also cites a
RV parallel yajfiébhir ävrtah ‘covered with worship, praises’. || OAv. nr uuaränf is interpreted in different
ways: ‘to encompass’ (Humbach 1991 II: 242), ‘to join (in marriage’, i.e. from *џақН) ‘to mix, mingle’,
Insler, Gathas: 324) and 'rivaliser (Kellens — Pirart I: 189).
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *uz-) MMP ‘zw’r- ‘to apprehend, understand; show’
c DMMPP: 102b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP 'zw'ryd, 3pl. MMP ‘zw’rynd, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP 'zw'r'd, 2pl. MMP ‘zw’r’d, 3pl.
MMP ‘zw’r’nd; Partic.: pres. ‘zw’r’g; Inf: MMP ‘zw’rdn
*Huar2 207
*PARTHIAN: (+ *uz-) ‘zw’r- ‘to uncover, show; to understand, grasp, apprehend’
= Ghilain: 75 | DMMPP: 102
Pres.: IND. 3pl. “‘zw’rynd, SUBJ. 2sg. ‘zw’r’, 35р. ‘zw’r’h, IMPV. 2pl. ‘zw’ryd; Partic.: perf. pass. П
zw’r’d
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ui-) gvir- (gvid-) ‘to be revealed’, (pass.) “to be revealed’ || (+
*apa-) LKh. pver- ‘to remove’, puda- ‘removed’ = SGS: 61, 33, 90
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *apa-) bw’ry- ‘to uncover (one’s head)’ || (+ *a-) m/’w’ny- ‘to
cover; look after’ || + *upa-) b’wn- ‘to hide’ > Samadi: 29, 12
*NWIR: NP Sal-var ‘trousers’, Kurd. (Sor.) barg ‘clothes; cover’
*NEIR: ? Rosh. wer0, Khf. wir0 ‘cornbin’ || (+ *upa-) Oss. I. bwar, D. bawær ‘body’
|| (+ *ni-) Pash. nwaráy (m.) ‘garment’
*MISC: ? Arab. ward ‘to hide, conceal’ (< Ir. or "accidental" ?)
*SANSKRIT: var ‘to cover’ (RV+). 9 There are clear indications that Skt. var- ‘to
cover’ has an initial laryngeal (Lubotsky 2000: 317). This may also apply to Ir.
= EWAia П: 512
Ó The Skt. correspondence of the Ir. root *Hyar' has a wide range of meanings,
which may derive from originally ‘to cover, conceal’ (see also the next entry). There
are no certain IE correspondences.
«PIE? > LIV: 227 f. | Pok.: 1138
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 275; EVS: 92a, 51a; DKS: 194b; Werba 1997: 235 f.; Cabolov 2001:
123; Cheung 2002: 173 f.; NEVP: 59
*Huar? ‘to ward off, defend, protect (топ)?
*AVESTAN: (+ *ni-) ? OAv. niuuar- ‘to defend’, YAv. niuuor- (pass.) ‘to be held
back ?'. ó The interpretation is uncertain, the verb may correspond to Vedic nivrta-
‘held back, withheld’.
Pres.: SUBJ. 15р. OAv. niuuarani (Y 53.4); Pass.: pres. IND. med. 3sg. YAv. niuuöirüete (V), YAv.
niuuoiriieite (V 9.26)
*KHOTANESE: OKh. batha- ‘cuirass’, be’sa- ‘shield’ || (+ *ni-) OKh. nyur- ‘to
harness’ = SGS: 61
*NWIR: Gz. vare ‘water dam’, ? NP varë ‘dam, mould, ditch’ ("arabicized" form ?)
*NEIR: Oss. wart ‘shield’
*SANSKRIT: var ‘to restrain, ward off (RV+), || nominal derivatives: värtra- (n.)
‘dam, dike’ (A V+), vrtrá- (n.) ‘defence, resistance’ (RV+) > EWAia П: 512, 573
Ó It is very difficult to distinguish this root clearly from the previous one (*Hyar'):
*Нџаг? may have developed a more specialised meaning of ‘to defend, ward off
from *'to cover, protect with a gear’ ? Pokorny: 1160 ff. and LIV: 684 f. rather
derive Skt. var ‘to restrain, ward off’ from IE *uer- ‘to ward off (Gr. Epvpor ‘I
defend, protect’, Goth. warjan, NHG wehren, etc.), but a great degree of interference
from var ‘to cover’ has to be admitted (cf. LIV: 1.с., n. 2, 3, 5, 5a).
208 *(H)uard
*REFERENCES: EVS: 51a; DKS: 194b; WIM II/2: 748 f.; Abaev, Slovar' IV: 50 f.; Werba 1997: 235 f.
*(H)uard ‘to grow, increase’
*AVESTAN: varad- (varoó-) ‘to grow, enlarge’ = Liste: 51
Pres. them.: IND. 35р. OAv. varodaiti(Y 28.3), YAv. varoóati ° (A 4.6), INJ. 3р1. OAv. varedon (Y 49.4),
SUBJ. med. 3sg. YAv. varoóatae? (Yt 13.68); Partic.: pres. YAv. varoóant- (V 21.1), med. YAv.
varoóomna- (V 4.2), perf. pass. vorezda- (Y 46.3, Yt 13.81); Caus.: pres. IND. med. 3sg. Y Av. varoóaiiete
(V 9.48), SUBJ. 15р. ҮАУ. varoöaiieni (V 2.5), OPT. med. 3sg. OAv. varodaiiaeta (Y 50.3), IMPV. 25р.
Y Av. varoóaiia (V 2.4), med. 2sg. Y Av. varoóaiiaj'ha (Y 10.5). 0 According to Kellens — Part 1991: 21,
OAv. varodaiti, OAv. varodon are probably aor. subj. forms, as they are in opposition to OAv. varodaiia-.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP w’r-, ВМР wt /wal-/ ‘to grow, prosper = DMMPP:
336a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP w’rynd; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP w’lynyt/walénid/; Inf.: BMP w’lytn /walidan/
*NWIR: NP balidan/bal- ‘to grow, prosper
*NEIR: Pash. wor ‘successful, winning’, warana ‘winning, gaining, success’ || (+ *a-)
Oss. І. awerdyn/awerst, D. awaerdun/aurst “о spare, save (money)
emisc: Udm. (LW) vord- ‘to grow; spare’ (< pre-Oss. ?)
*SANSKRIT: vardh ‘to let grow, promote, increase [act.]; to grow, become big [med.]’
(RV+) > EWAia П: 520
9 This Ш. root is according to Schindler apud Krisch: 24 f. from (metathesized) IE
*H,l(e)ud'- (> Ir. *Hraud) that has given rise to a new ablaut series: > Ш. *Hurd’/
Huard’. No explanation has been provided for the assumed metathesis of *ru > *ur.
Perhaps, this root has been contaminated with semantically similar roots, notably
*Hard'. The Manichaean (West) Iranian forms MMP w’r-, BMP wl /wäl-/ ‘to
grow, prosper’ are to be separated from w’r- ‘to be glad, happy’ (*uarHz).
*PIE — — LIV: 228 | Pok.: 1167
*IE COGNATES: —
*REFERENCES: EVP: 93; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 86 f.; Werba 1997: 237 f.; NEVP: 92
*HuarH ? ‘to pluck, tear out; rob, plunder’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ‘yw’ryh ‘robbery, plundering’, IMP ’d’ly, BMP 'dw'l
/ewar/ ‘booty, plunder’ > DMMPP: 101a
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ä-) IPth. ’w’r ‘booty, plunder’
*KHOTANESE: LKh. var- ‘to tear away (hay)’ = SGS: 119
*NWIR: ? Tr. vares ‘collapse’ || (+ *a-) NP ävär ‘oppression’, Bal. avar ‘spoil,
plunder’
*MISC: (+ *а-) Arm. (LW) awar ‘booty’, Mand. (LW) ’w’r ‘plundering’
© The postulation of an Ir. root *HuarH ‘to pluck, tear out’ follows the etymology of
Emmerick (SGS: l.c.), who derives the Khot. forms from an IE root *uel-, Lat. uello.
*jah 209
For the meaning, cf. colloquial Engl. to fleece someone. The Wir. ‘robbery, plunder’
forms may be cognate with the Khot. forms as well.
*PIE *H» ;uelH;- ‘to pluck’ ?. 0 The reconstruction with laryngeals follows from the
presumed connection with the ‘wool’ forms. > LIV: — | Pok.: 1139
*IE COGNATES: Lat. vello ‘I pluck (hair)’, Goth. wilwan ‘to rob’, ? related to IE
"wool"-forms: Hitt. /hulana-/, Lat. Jana, Lith. vilna, Skt. ürnà- (CH (RV+), ҮАУ.
varana-, etc.. © For Lat. uello, Goth. wilwan different etymologies have been
suggested in LIV: 679, *uelH;- ‘schlagen’, Hitt. /ualahzi/, etc. and, LIV: 675, *uel-
‘drehen, rollen’, Gr. £&uAéo, Lat. voluo, etc. respectively.
*REFERENCES: Gignoux 1972: 15 fn. 6, 48; Lecoq 2002: 673b
*Huarj ? ‘to turn, lay around ?’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. varoZ- ‘to lay around ?’ = Liste: 51
Partic.: pres. YAv. varöZint- (H 2.13, ? Vyt 59)
*OLD PERSIAN: hauma-varga- <h-u-m-v-r-g-> name of a Scythian tribe. 9 Lit. ‘laying
Haoma-plants around the fire’ ? = Kent: 211b f.
*CHORESMIAN: ? wz (m.) ‘yarn, thread’
*NEIR: ? Sh. würy, Rosh., Bart. wiry, Sariq. viry, vury, Yzgh. wüy ‘woollen yarn,
thread’, Yi. wirž ууп? ‘woollen thread’ (suffixed with *-cr?)
emisc: Akkad. (LW) u-mu-ur-ga-’, Gr. (LW) Ayöyıoı, EI-OP u-mu-mar-ga
* hauma-varga-
*SANSKRIT: varj ‘to turn (around), lay around’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 516
9 The interpretation of the YAv. varoZ- is unclear, hence the postulated connection
with Skt. varj (Hoffmann, l.c) is uncertain. Also whether OP hauma-varga- is related
to Av. varöZ- is conjectural. On the other hand, the ElIr. ‘yarn’ forms are possibly
related to Skt. varj, although Morgenstierne (EVS, l.c.) derives them from *urg"-so-
(cf. IEW: 1154 f.). The Skt. root varj goes back to IE *H;uerg- ‘to turn (around)’,
Hitt. /hurki-/ ‘wheel’, Lat. vergere ‘to bow’, Toch. A (partic.) warksantafi ‘letting it
turn’, OE wrencan ‘to wring, turn’, Engl. to wrinkle. (Pokorny: 1145; LIV: 290 f.)
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 263a; EVS: 91b; Hoffmann, Aufs. 2: 611, fn. 6; Benzing 1983: 661; Werba 1997:
236
)=
*jah ‘to boil, bubble’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. yaés- ‘to boil’ = Liste: 47
Partic.: pres. redupl. + ja- YAv. yaesiiant- (Y 9.11, F 4, P 20)
*KHOTANESE: LKh. jis- ‘to boil = SGS: 35 f.
210 *iaH
*SOGDIAN: (+ *abi-) BSogd. By’ys’ntk, Bws’nty ‘boiling’
*NWIR: NP josidan/jos- (denomin.) ‘to boil [intr.]; to bubble’, jos ‘boiling’, Bal.
Jus()t/fus-, Nn. yosaye/yos- ‘to boil’, Abyan., Abz. yus, Qohr. yüs, Varz. yos
‘boiling’ || (+ *ui-) Asht. vis-/visä, Gz. yus-/yusa ‘to seethe’, Asht. visen-/visenä,
Gz. yusn-/yusnä (caus./tr.) ‘to boil’, Khuns. vis-/visa ‘to boil [intr.], seethe’, Khuns.
visn-/visna, vus-/vusa (caus.) ‘to boil [tr.]’
*NEIR: Pash. yas-, Yghn. es-, es-/éSta, ? Wa. yaks-/yakst- ‘to boil’ ("phonet.
impossible", IFL П: 1.с.), Pash. уаёпа (Ё) ‘boiling, ebullition, coction’
*MISC: Orm. yas-ëk ‘to boil’ (< Pash.)
*SANSKRIT: yas ‘to boil’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 406
© The Ir. forms derive from a redupl. pres. stem *1a-13-a- (= Skt. yésa-), cf. EWAia,
l.c. This redupl. formation has no IE parallels.
«PIE *Тез- ‘to boil, seethe? = LIV: 312 f. | Pok.: 506
*IE COGNATES: Gr. Céet ‘bubbles, boils, cooks’, Gr. Ceotdc ‘cooked, boiling, hot’,
Toch. AB yäs- ‘to boil, to be turned on’, OHG jesan ‘to ferment, to foam’, OE giest,
Engl. yeast
*REFERENCES: EVP: 100; IFL I: 413b; HFL II: 553b; Andreev — PeSéereva: 251a; WIM I: 73; WIM II/1:
86; DKS: 110b f.; Werba 1997: 395; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 420; Lecoq 2002: 133, 588b, 605b, 657b,
686a; NEVP: 100; Shahbakhsh: s.v. jus-
*jaH ‘to demand, request’
*AVESTAN: yà- ‘to demand’ — Liste: 47
Pres. {1} inch.: IND. Isg. OAv. yasa (Y 28.1, Y 28.8, Y 49.8, Y 51.21), YAv. yasami (Y 65.11, Yt 5.130
f.), 3sg. YAv. yasaiti (Y 11.5, Y 65.11), 1р1. ҮАУ. yasamahi (Yt 10.33), INJ. 3sg. OAv. yasat (Y 32.1);
Partic.: pres. {1} OAv. yasant- (Y 49.12)
*OLD PERSIAN: yanam (ANsg. n.) <y-a-n-m> ‘boon, favour’ (DB 5.19, DPd 21, DPd
23) = Kent: 205a
*SOGDIAN: BSogd., CSogd., MSogd. vin ‘wish’, CSogd. y’n-0b’rqy’ (f.) ‘Grace’
*SANSKRIT: уа ‘to request, implore’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 408 f.
«PIE *jeH>- ‘to beg, request? > LIV: 310 f. | Pok.: 501, 503
*IE COGNATES: Toch. B yask- ‘to beg’, Gr. GfjXoc, (Dor.) C&Ao0c (m.) ‘zeal, ardour’,
Olrish á(1)lid ‘wishes strongly, implores’
*REFERENCES: Garcia Ramon 1993: 71 ff.; Werba 1997: 408; Gharib: 443b f.
*iaHh ‘to girdle, gird’
*AVESTAN: (+ *abi-) YAv. aiBiianh- ‘to girdle’, YAv. aißiiänhana- ‘girdle, garment’
= Liste: 47
MED.; Pres. aja-: SUBJ. 3р1. YAv. *aiBiianhaiiante (N 85, N 87, N 91 ff.), ОРТ. 3sg. ҮАУ. aifiiaghaiiaeta
(У 9.32), IMPV. 25р. Y Av. aißi ... iiághaiiag'ha (V 18.19, V 18.21); Partic.: pres. YAv. aißiiänhaiiamna-
(Yt 1.17), perf. pass. YAv. aiBiiasta- ‘girded’ (N 37)
*iam 211
*PARTHIAN: ‘zy’h- ‘to gird on’ = DMMPP: 103a
Pres.: SUBJ. 2sg. ‘zy’h’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *abi-) yana- ‘belt, girdle’ (= YAv. aiBiianhana-) > SGS: 97
*NWIR: (+ *pari-) NP pérahan (cf. Schwartz 1970: 721), Zaz. pirén, Gz. perän, Gil.
(Rsht.) pirhän, Nn. perná ‘shirt’ || (+ *ham-) NP hamyan ‘girdle, belt’
*PIE *jeH3s- ‘to gird’? => LIV: 311 | Pok.: 513
*IE COGNATES: Gr. ó vvoju, OCS po-jase (po-jasati) ‘I gird’, OLith. juosti (3sg.),
Alb. n-gjesh ‘girds’
*REFERENCES: KPF: 155a; Christensen, Contributions I: 122; DKS: 342b; WIM П: 721; Раш 1998:
308b
*jam ‘to hold; to stretch, reach out’
*AVESTAN: yam- (yäs-) ‘to hold, keep’ || (+ *ара-) ‘to take away’ || (+ *a-) ‘to bring
along, to’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to keep, hold down’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to attend to’ = Liste: 46
Pres. inch.: IND. 15р. med. OAv. āiiesē (Y 53.6), YAv. aiiese (Y 2.1 f.), 3sg. YAv. apaiiasaiti (V 18.63
Ё), 3sg. med. OAv. hömomiiäsaite (Y 33.1), Y Av. apaiiasaite (V 18.63 f.), INJ. 3sg. med. Y Av. "aiiasata
(V 20.3), SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. “apa.yäsani (У 19.9, V 19.12), 2sg. med. YAv. niiäsänhe (Yt 19.48, Yt 19.50),
3sg. YAv. yasaiti (Y 11.5, Y 65.11), 3sg. med. YAv. niiasaite (Yt 13.95, FrW 8.1), OPT. 2sg. YAv.
yasois (Yt 1.24), Y Av. "aiiasois (V 9.14, V 19.21), 2sg. med. Y Av. "aiiasaesa (Yt 14.35, Yt 15.55),
IMPV. 2sg. med. YAv. yasar'ha (Y 9.2, V 18.19, V 18.21); Aor. athem.: INJ. med. 3sg. OAv. apaiiantä
(Y 32.9), SUBJ. Zeg. med. OAv. "aiiamaite (Y 31.13), IMPV. 3sg. OAv. hamiiantu (Y 51.3); Partic.: pres.
Y Av. niiasomna- (V 19.19), perf. pass. Y Av. apaiiata- (Yt 10.84)
*OLD PERSIAN: yas- ‘to stretch, reach out’ || (+ *ä-) ‘to reach out for’, (med.) ‘to take
as one’s own’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to set down’ — Kent: 205a
Pres. inch.: impf. IND. med. 3sg. ayasatà <a-y-s-t-a> (DB 1.47, DB 3.4), <a-y-s-[t]-a> (DB 3.42); Caus.:
impf. IND. 3sg. ? niyasaya < n-i-y-s-y> (DNb 5, DNb 46, DNb 49, but see also Benveniste 1959: 24 f.)
*KHOTANESE: (+ *4-) ajum- ‘to bring’ => SGS: 8
*SOGDIAN: (+ *apa-) ? MSogd. py’m- ‘to heal’ || (+ *а-) BSogd. "y'm ‘to end,
finish’, BSogd. "s, CSogd. ’s (inch.) ‘to take, receive’, BSogd. *’’y’ms, CSogd.
’yms (sec. inch./intr.) ‘to come to an end, be finished’ || (+ *upa-) CSogd. by’m- ‘to
rear, foster’ || (+ *uz-) BSogd. zy’’m, CSogd. zy’m ‘to consume, spend’, BSogd.
zy’ms (pass./inch.) ‘to be spent, exhausted’ || (+ *pati-) SSogd. ptym-, BSogd.
pty’m-, MSogd. pty’m- ‘to complete’, BSogd. pty’ms-, MSogd. ptyms- (pass./inch.)
‘to be finished, completed’ || (+ *fra-) MSogd. fry’m ‘to end, break the fasting’ || (+
*ni-) SSogd. ny’s, BSogd. ny’s, CSogd. ny’s, MSogd. ny’s ‘to take (prison),
capture’, BSogd. пут ‘to be taken, captured’ || (+ *ham-) SSogd. ’ny’ms, BSogd.
*ny’ms ‘to come to an end, be ended"
(+ *apa-) Pres.: SUBJ. 159. MSogd. py’m’n, IMPV. 2р1. MSogd. py mó; Pret.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. py ’mtw
ö’rt, Partic.: perf. pass. MSogd. py’mtw, MSogd. py’mt’ (f.) || (+ *a-) Widely attested: Pres.: POT. 3sg.
BSogd. ’’y’mt Bwt, Impf.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. my’mnt;, Fut.: IND. 15р. CSogd. ’ymmq’; Inch. {1}: pres.
IND. 35р. BSogd. "et, 3р1. dur. CSogd. 'sntq, etc. || (+ *upa-) Impf.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. b’y’mnt || (+ *uz-)
212 *ja(m)b/p ?
Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. zy mt; Inch.: pres. IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’zy’mst, BSogd. zy’msty, OPT. 35р.
BSogd. zy’ms’y || (+ *pati-) Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. pty’mt, 1р1. MSogd. "pty'mym,
ОРТ. 159. MSogd. "ptymym, 2sg. MSogd. pty’myy, IMPV. 2sg. MSogd. pty’m; Impf.: IND. 3sg. SSogd.
pttyy’m, etc. || (+ *fra-) Fut.: IND. (SUBJ. ?) 2pl. MSogd. fry’mö’k’m || (+ *ni-) Widely attested: Inch.
{1}: pres. IND. 3sg. BSogd. ny’st, BSogd. ’ny’st, 2pl. CSogd. ny’st’, 3pl. BSogd. ny’s’nt, OPT. 3sg.
BSogd. ny’s’y, etc. || (+ *ham-) Pres.: IND. Ipl. SSogd. "ny'msym, ОРТ. 35р. BSogd. *’ny’ms’y
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *apa-) by’my- ‘to break a promise’ || (+ *uz-) z’my- (caus.) ‘to
spend’ || (+ *fra-) Sy’m(y)- ‘to break, end the fasting’ = Samadi: 32, 7 f., 261, 202
*BACTRIAN: (+ *ā-) ? wo- ‘to take’ = S-W, Bact.: 195b
*NWIR: (+ *4-) ? Semn. h-ài-C-ài-, b-di(-)88- ‘to buy, take’
*NEIR: Sh. yos-/yod, Rosh. yos-/yüd, Pash. yos-, Yi. is-/yai, M. yis-/yay ‘to carry,
take away’, ? Oss. I. isyn/ist, D. esun/ist ‘to take (away, out)’ (contamin. with
*HaiSH or *Hais ?) || (+ *apa- ?) Pash. yastal ‘to take off, out’ || (+ ? *a-) Bart.
ayös-/ayöd- ‘to take away’ || (+ *ni-) Pash. nis-/niw-, Yi. nis- ‘to take out’, Yghn.
nos-/nota ‘to take (in marriage), seize’, Yzgh. n(a)yas-/nayud ‘to seize, catch, take
(in marriage), buy; to bite [of dogs]’
*SANSKRIT: yam ‘to hold, restrain, drive (horses), stretch out’ (RV+) = EWAia II:
399
*PIE *jem- ‘to hold’ — LIV: 312 f. | Pok.: 505
ТЕ COGNATES: ?
*REFERENCES: КРЕ I: 209b; EVP: 100; IIFL П: 192b, 233a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 552; EVS: 106a, 52a;
Werba 1997: 221; NEVP: 100, 58
*ja(m)b/p ? ‘to move, wander, rove, crawl ?°
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP jwmb-, BMP ywmb- /jumb-/ ‘to move’, BMP ywmbyn-
/jumbén-/ (caus.) ‘to cause to move, move [tr.] = DMMPP: 199b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP ywmbyt /jumbéd/; Partic.: perf. pass. II MMP jwmyst, caus. BMP ywmbynyt
/jumbénid/; Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. BMP ywmbynyt /jumbénéd/, IMPV. 2pl. BMP ywmbynyt /jumbénéd/;
Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. MMP *jwmbyhyd; Inf.: BMP ywmbstn /jumbistan/
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. y B, CSogd. y’b, MSogd. y'B ‘to wander, travel, rove’, CSogd.
y’b’qcy (obl.) ‘wandering’ || (+ *a-) BSogd. ’’y’Bs- (intr./inch.) ‘to be deceived,
perverted’, BSogd. ’’y’np-, CSogd. ’ymp- (caus. ?) ‘to pervert, seduce’. 0 BSogd.
"y'np- does not mean “о commit adultery’, as translated initially by Henning 1939:
103 (whence connected to Skt. yabh, etc. by Mayrhofer, EWAia II: 398 f.; Kümmel,
LIV: 309 et al.). The verb is well attested in Sogd. generally and clearly has the
meaning ‘to pervert, deceive, lead astray, sim.’, cf. e.g. MacKenzie, BSTBL: 75;
GMS: §653, 827; Sims-Williams 1984: 206b.
Pres.: IND. 1sg. dur. CSogd. y'bmsq, 3sg. BSogd. y’Bt, Partic.: pres. BSogd. y’B’k, BSogd. y’B’y,
MSogd. y’Byy (Sogd.Tales: 473) || (+ *a-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’’y’Bst, MSogd. ’’yfstt, 3р1. MSogd.
"yfsnd; Partic.: pres. CSogd. ’ympnyt, perf. pass. BSogd. ’’y’Bt-k, MSogd. ’’yBtyy ‘perverted, false,
*jaš ? 213
wrong, heretical’, (Ё) BSogd. ’’y’Btch, CSogd. ’ybty ‘astray’; Caus.: pres. IND. 35р. BSogd. ’’y’npt, fut.
IND. 3sg. CSogd. ’ymptq’
*CHORESMIAN: y’B- ‘to go slowly, crouch’ => Samadi: 254
*NWIR: NP junbidan/junb- ‘to move, stir, shake [intr.]’, Awrom. jimay-/ jim- ‘to
move [intr.]’, Gur. -jim- ‘to move, stir [intr.]’, Awrom. jimnay-/jumn- (caus.) ‘to
rock (a cradle)’, NP junban (ptc.) ‘moving, shaking’ || (+ *4-) NP efudah ‘silly’ (<
Sogd., Henning 1939: Lc.)
*NEIR: M. yob-/yéby- (denomin. ?) ‘to dance’ (Zarubin), M. yoba ‘dance’
© A root different from the IE ‘futuere’ forms has to be postulated on account of the
Iranian evidence. According to Schmidt 1992: 113, Toch. A yäw-, B yäp- is
connected to these IE futuere forms (*Hiab), preserving the more archaic meaning
‘to enter’. Winter 1998: 185 expresses some reservations, as only one subfamily, the
Tocharian languages, would not show the semantic shift to futuere. Schmidt ascribes
this absence to the early Tocharian split from the IE proto-language, well before this
semantic development occurred. This argument is a priori difficult to accept in my
opinion, as it would imply that Tocharian is now a "sister" language of the Indo-
European language family (for which there are, lexically speaking, only meagre
indications). It is even more problematic if we include the Ir. continuations in our
considerations. The best solution is if we postulate two different, albeit formally
rather similar, roots instead, which can be most clearly deduced from the Iranian
data, *ieb”’- and *H;jeb’- respectively. As pointed out by Winter, it is unthinkable
that the meaning of ‘enter’ has developed from ‘sexual intercourse’.
«PIE *ieb”- ‘to go, move (slowly) inside” > LIV: 309 | Pok.: 298
*IE COGNATES: Luw. /iba-/ ‘west [i.e. where the sun sets]’, Toch. A yäw-, B yäp- ‘to
enter’, ? Gr. бӧфос ‘evening shade, west’
*REFERENCES: KPF II: 190; IIFL II: 271b; GMS: §602; MacKenzie 1966: 98
*jaš ? ‘to show, appear ?’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ni-) MMP nyys- ‘gaze, stare at, look into; (?) to mark’, nys’n,
nyys’n, BMP nys’n /nisan/ ‘sign, mark’. 0 The consistent spelling of the verb MMP
nyys- with double yy may point to disyllabic pronounciation: ii(a), 11(1) vel sim.
c DMMPP: 256b, 254b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. nyysynd, SUBJ. 3sg. nyys'd, 3р1. nyys’nd, IMPV. Zeg. MMP nyys; Partic.: perf. pass.
nyysyd
*SOGDIAN: ? SSogd., BSogd. nys ‘now, just, voici’ (Benveniste, TSP: 281 (Add.) ad
2,1203)
*NWIR: (+ *ni-) NP шап ‘sign, mark, spot’. 0 The Nn. verb dinisayi/dinisi and Anar.
dinisäi/di(ya)nisi о be seen, appear’ are unconnected: they contain the root *daiH!,
to which a passive suffix -nisa/-nis- has been added (Lecoq 2002: 224). || NP es
214 *jat
‘Spy, yw sb’ is spurious, it is found exclusively in Indian and other late
lexicographical works (Borhän-i Qat’i, Haft Qulzum, Апага}, etc.). ||
*NEIR: (+ *ui-) ? Yghn. yaxs- ‘to be visible’. ç Cited by Bailey 1958: 152 f., but
different etymology Andreev — Pe&cereva: l.c.: from *Hax8.
*MISC: (+ *ni-) Arm. (LW) nis ‘sign, mark, spot, speckle’, nsan “(miraculous) sign,
mark’, Syr. пуё? (LW) ‘sign, standard, target, etc.’
*SANSKRIT: yaks ‘to appear, present oneself’ (RV) = EWAia П: 391
Several suggestions have been made with regard to the origin of the Wlr. forms,
MMP nyys- and the assumed, nominal derivative ny(y)s’n (sim.). Tedesco 1921:
237 f.; Henning, Verbum: 168 connected the MMP nyys- to Skt. iks ‘to see, to look,
behold, notice’, which appears to be an old (reduplicative) desiderative formation of
PIE *Hzek”s-: *H;iH;k”s-. However, this formation would have yielded **Hi(H)xs
in Iranian. As for ny(y)s’n, etc., Gershevitch 1971: 272 ff., who finally suggested an
original meaning ‘target’, deriving from a base *Su- ‘to shoot, mittere’. As support
for this root he cites two forms, which have either a different origin or are actually
non-existent: Oss. I. aessonyn, D. znsonun ‘to push through; to stick in’ are rather
from *san and Khot. sun-/sva- is "fictitious", on which see Emmerick, SVK II: 147.
In addition, the initial š- of this putative root would almost certainly rule out an IE
etymology. It is quite attractive to connect these WIr. forms to Skt. yaks, which has
no further IE correspondences though. This equation can be further supported by the
semantically quite close resemblance between the nominal derivatives, Skt. yaksá-
“miraculous apparition, sign’ (RV) and Wir nys’n (etc.), Arm. (LW) nsan.
*PIE — = LIV: 312 | Pok.: —
*REFERENCES: КРЕ I: 136a; Henning, Verbum: 168; Andreev — PeSéereva: 365b; DKS: 251b; Werba
1997: 435
Fiat ‘to go, reach, approach, take position ?’
*AVESTAN: yat- ‘to take a ritual place?, to take one's place ?, to cleanse, purify ?" ||
(+ *fra-) ‘to rejoin its natural place ?' (cf. Benveniste, Fs Morgenstierne: 21 ff.)
= Liste: 46
Pres. them.: SUBJ. 35р. ? YAv. fraiiatat (Yt 1.24); Perf.: IND. 35р. YAv. yaiiata, 3du. YAv. yaetataro (F
268), 1р1. OAv. yoidomä (Y 28.9); Partic.: perf. YAv. yoi0Bah- (Y 27.6), Y Av. yaetus-; Caus.: IND. 3sg.
? Y Av. yataiieiti (Yt 10.78), 3pl. YAv. fräiiataiieinti (Y 57.29), Y Av. yataiieinti (N 97), ? Y Av. yataiianti
(N 88, N 97), INJ. Zeg. YAv. fräiiataiiat (Yt 5.65, V 22.19)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP y’d- ‘to reach (a goal), come to, attain’ || (+ *fra-) MMP
pry’d-, BMP plyd't- /frayad-/ ‘to help, assis" > DMMPP: 372a, 282a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP y’dyd || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 35р. MMP fry’dyd, pry’dyd, BMP plyd’tyt
/frayadéd/, 3pl. MMP pry’dynd, IMPV. 2sg. MMP pry’d-; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP fry’dg, pry’d’g’n,
pry'd'g"n
*PARTHIAN: y'd- ‘to reach (a goal), come to, attain’ => Ghilain: 70 | DMMPP: 372a
*jau2 215
Pres.: IND. 35р. y'dyd, 3р1. y’dynd, SUBJ. 1р. “y’d’n, 3sg. y’d’, y’d’h, y’d’m, IMPV. 2sg. y’d, OPT.
y dyndyh, “y’dyndyy
*KHOTANESE: ? Jah- ‘to be cleansed’, jeh- (caus.) ‘to cleanse’ = SGS: 35, 37
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. yty’ (Ё) ‘chance’ || (+ *upa-) BSogd. py(’)’t, CSogd. *py’t,
MSogd. py’t ‘to adorn’, BSogd. py’ty’, py’ty’kh (f.) ‘adornment’ (cf. Toch. yät- ‘to
adorn’, Gershevitch, Advice: 93, fn. 42) || (+ *pati-) CSogd. ptyt- ‘to happen, befall’
|| (+ *fra-) Sogd. Br’y- ‘to help’
(+ *upa-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. py’’t, SUBJ. 15р. BSogd. py’tn; Pret.: tr. IND. 35р. BSogd. py’stw ó rt;
Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd.(pl.) "pystyt ‘adorned’ || (+ *pati-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. CSogd. ptyt’t, Impf.: IND.
3sg. CSogd. pty0 || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IMPV. 2р1. Br’yt ‘help!’
*CHORESMIAN: y’cy- ‘to approach (a certain age)’ || (+ *fra-) fy’cy- ‘to help’
= Samadi: 254, 74
*NWIR: NP yazidan ‘to stretch (the hand)’ (< Pth. ?), ? Gur. (Kand.) yawä-/-yaw- ‘to
reach, catch up; to ripen; to desire’, Gur. (Kand.) yawänän-/-yawän- (caus.) ‘to let
reach, promote; to provide, deliver’
*NEIR: Sh. yad- ‘to come’, Rosh. yad- ‘to come’, ? Yghn. yat-/yätta ‘to find a place,
settle’, (?) Wa. yund-/yut- ‘to carry, bring; to marry (wife)’
*SANSKRIT: yat ‘to line up, take up a position, place in order’ (RV+) = EWAia П:
394
© On the meaning of the root *iat see Benveniste, Fs Morgenstierne: l.c. and
Thieme, Gs Nyberg: 325 ff.
«PIE *Iet- ‘to bring, conform, support ?° => LIV: 313 f. | Pok.: 506 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. nitor ‘I support one self, brace one self’, Toch. yät- ‘to adorn’,
yat- ‘to be able’, Gr. óouoç ‘pleasing to, just, fair’
*REFERENCES: КРЕ П: 200, 199; IFL II: 554a; Andreev — PeSéereva: 365b Ё; EVS: 105a Ё; Werba 1997:
366 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 432
*jau ‘to (re)bind, hold’
*AVESTAN: (+ *ni-) Y Av. niiu- ‘to (re)bind, hold’ = Liste: 47
Partic.: pres. them. ? YAv. “niiuuant- (Y 57.8)
*NEIR: (+ *abi-) Sariq. viyuy-/viyoyd ‘to mount (a horse), saddle’, Sariq.
viyayon-/viyayond (caus.) ‘to cause to come’ (less likely from *hHai ?) || (+ *ui- ?)
Yi. yuyyamo ‘four days hence’
*SANSKRIT: уау ‘to join, connect’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 402
9 See next entry.
«PIE? e LIV: 314 | Pok.: 507
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 272a; EVS: 86b; Werba 1997: 367
*jau? ‘to separate"
*AVESTAN: Y Av. yu- ‘to bind ?, separate ?’ || (+ *ui-) YAv. viiu- ‘to remove’
216 *1aué
Partic.: perf. pass. ? YAv. yüta- (V 5.55), 'viiüta-
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP jwdy, BMP ywdt /jud/ ‘separated, divided’? = DMMPP:
199b
*PARTHIAN: ywd ‘separate (from), without? > DMMPP: 374b
*NWIR: NP juda, Bal. ја, Zaz. jiya, Anar. jiya, Qohr. yada, Nn. Dä ‘separate’ || (+
*ui- ?) Ard. viyu, Gz. viya, Tr. veya ‘separate’
*NEIR: (*apa-) Pash. byal, bel ‘separate, different, apart’ (Cheung 2004: 128)
*SANSKRIT: yav ‘to keep away, off, chase away’ = EWAia II: 403 f.
© According to Mayrhofer, EWAia II: l.c. it is necessary to postulate a second,
homonymous root yav in Skt./IIr. He objects to the suggestion that the meaning ‘to
keep away, off, chase away’ is secondarily derived from that of *jau ‘to (re)bind,
hold’ through its prefigated formations, cf. Renou apud Pokorny: 511; Jamison
1983: 174, fn. 148 et al. Moreover, "auch ist davor zu warnen, aus dem bisherigen
Fehlen eines glaubhaften idg. Etymons für iir. *jau ‘trennen’ [...] "e silentio" auf
sekundaren, erst iir. Ursprung dieser Verbalsippe zu schlieBen." (p. 404). This
explanation would not be very insightful ("wenig Erkenntniswert"). The problem
with his assumption is that there is no evidence for such a root in IE, which,
however, ought not to warrant the conclusion of a sole Ш. origin, cf. Humbach
1990: 60 f. Many of the derivative formations of yav” seem to be (relatively) late,
hapax or nonce, cf. LIV: l.c.
*PIE — => LIV: 314 f. | Pok.: —
*IE COGNATES: —
*REFERENCES: WIM II/2: 752; Paul 1998: 302b; Lecoq 2002: 609a, 623b, 631a, 674a (passim); Korn
2005: 104, 196, 367
*jaué ‘to learn, teach’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ni-) nyus- ‘learn’, (caus.) ‘teach’ = SGS: 61
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. yxs- (intr./inch.) ‘to acquire, contract a habit’, BSogd. ywxs-,
CSogd. ywxs- ‘to learn, study, be taught’, BSogd. ywc, CSogd. ywc, MSogd. ywc
(tr./caus.) ‘to teach’
Pres.: IND. 150. dur. BSogd. ywxs’m ’skwn, 35р. BSogd. yxwsty, SUBJ. 3sg. SSogd. yxs’t, CSogd.
ywxs’t, etc.
*NEIR: Yi. yuxs-/yuxt-, M. yuxs-/yuxt- (inch.) ‘to learn’, Yghn. yuxs-/yuxta- ‘to get
used, accustomed to, to contract an (annoying) habit’, Wa. yaxk (ppp.) ‘learned? || (+
*us- ?) Yzgh. Soxs-/Soxt ‘to get accustomed to, get spoiled, learn?
*SANSKRIT: oc ‘to be accustomed, get used to, be(come) at ease with’ (RV)
c EWAia II: 277
*jauj 217
© The evidence for a root *jaué is confined to East Ir. The initial *7- of Ir. *jauc is
secondarily introduced from the prefixed forms ( *abi-, *ni-, etc.), cf. Klingenschmitt
1982: 186, fn. 29 f. This also applies to *mau?. Cf. denomin. *Haué.
PIE *H,(e)uk- ‘to get used to, learn’ = LIV: 244 | Pok.: 347
*IE COGNATES: Arm. usanim ‘I learn, am adapted to’, OCS vyknoti ‘to become
accustomed to’, OCS učiti ‘to learn’, Lith. junkti ‘to become accustomed to’, Goth.
bi-uhts (ppp.) ‘accustomed’
*REFERENCES: IIFL П: 274, 555b; Andreev — PeSéereva: 366b; EVS: 79; DKS: 194b Ё; Werba 1997: 337;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 434
*jauj ‘to harness, yoke, employ’
*AVESTAN: yüj- ‘to harness’ || (+ *apa-) ‘to yoke off, lay down’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to
harness’ = Liste: 47
Pres. {1} n- IND. 3р1. *yunjinti (F 252, cf. Kellens 1984: 165f.); Pres. {2} 1а-: IND. 35р. YAv. yujiieiti
(Yt 10.52); Aor. athem.: INJ. 3sg. OAv. yaogot (Y 44.4), 1р1. med. YAv. fra(-ca) yaoxmaide (Yt 4.1),
3pl. OAv. yüjan (Y 46.11, Y 49.9), SUBJ. 1sg. OAv. yaoja (Y 50.7), med. 3р1. OAv. yaojante (Y 30.10);
Partic.: perf. pass. YAv. yuxta- (Y 49.9, Yt 5.50, Yt 9.2), YAv. apaiiüxta- (V 18.30), Y Av. fra.yuxta- (Yt
10.125); Inf.: YAv. yuxta (Y 11.2)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *à-) BMP ’ywe- /ay6z-/ ‘to join; yoke; drive’ || (+ *upa-) BMP
"pywc- /abyöz-/ ‘to join, mix’ || (+ *pari-) MMP pyrwz, BMP pylwc /peroz/ *victor-
ious, victor’. Ф The Persian forms of ‘victory’ were thought to derive from *pari-
aujah- (YAv. pairi.aojastara- ‘stronger’), cf. AIW: 862; Nyberg II: 160b. However,
the Parthian cognate forms clearly point to a deverbal origin, e.g. ppp. prywxt.
=> DMMPP: 290a
(+ *a-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. BMP ’ywe’t /ayozad/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP ’ywht /ayuxt/ || (+ *upa-) Pres.:
IND. 3р1. BMP ’pyweynd /abyozend/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP "pywht /abyuxt/
*PARTHIAN: (+ *pari-) prywx- (pret. stem) ‘to conquer, overcome’, prywg, *prywj
‘victory’ => Ghilain: 63 | DMMPP: 283a
Partic.: perf. pass. prywxt; Inf.: prywxt
*KHOTANESE: (+ *abi-) byumga- ‘bond’
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. ywxty (numv. n.) ‘yoke, pair, team’
*CHORESMIAN: yxs- (intr./inch.) ‘to be(come) in order; to prepare (oneself)’, ywzy-
(caus.) ‘to prepare, make ready, carry out = Samadi: 259
*NWIR: Kurd. (Kurm.) jot (m.), (Sor.) jut ‘pair; plough’, бетп. jua, Sang. jot
‘plough’ || (+ *pari-) NP piröz ‘victorious’
*NEIR: (+ *aua-, *ui-) Sariq. wayewy ‘spine’ || (+ *pati-) ? Sh. pidyüc (m.), (Baj.)
pedyoc, Sariq. padec ‘thread’ || (+ *fra-) Sh. Grün ‘willow band fastening yoke to
plough-beam’, Ishk. эги? ‘collar of yoke’, Rosh. rayay ‘willow band fastening yoke
to plough-beam’, Yi. friyo, М. foriya ‘yoke-rope’
*MISC: Georg. (LW) jog- ‘pair, group’
218 *jaup ?
*SANSKRIT: yoj ‘to yoke, to harness’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 417
© The well-known nominal derivative IE *jug6- ‘yoke’, Skt. yugá-, Hitt. /iuga-/, Gr.
Cvyó v, Lat. iugum, OHG joh, Engl. yoke, etc. is also attested in Ir.: BMP уже /juy/,
Pth. ywg, NP jug, Bal. jug, Sh. yuy, Rosh. yuy, etc.
*PIE *Teug- ‘to yoke’ = LIV: 316 | Pok.: 508 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. Geóyvuoju ‘I harness, join’, Lat. iungere ‘to harness, to join, to
build a pile-bridge’, Toch. B yaukk- ‘to employ, serve’, Lith. jüngti ‘to yoke, to
unite’, Goth. jukuzi (f.) ‘yoke’, ON eykr ‘draught animal’, Engl. to yoke, etc.
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 208b; EVS: 95b, 54a, 33b, 71a; DKS: 309a; Werba 1997: 222 f.; Cabolov 2001:
502 f.; Korn 2005: 104
*jaup ? ‘to change’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *abi- ?) byu(h)- ‘to change; translate” = SGS: 106
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) CSogd. pcywfs- ‘to be changed, transformed’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. pcywfsty; Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. pcywps, CSogd. "pcywfs; Fut.: IND. 3sg.
CSogd. peywfstyq’
*SANSKRIT: ? yop ‘to make unrecognizable, confuse’ (MS) = EWAia II: 420
9 The evidence for this root is limited to Sogdian and Khotanese: the formally
similar Skt. connection is semantically implausible (*raup?). The root *jaup may be
a pseudo-root that has developed from *yab/f (A.L.) ?
*PIE— > LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Weber 1970: 175; DKS: 310a f.; Sims-Williams 1984: 219b; Gharib: 270b; Werba 1997:
368
*iauz ‘to undulate, wave; to be in commotion’
*AVESTAN: YAv. yaoz- ‘to set in motion; undulate, wave’ || (+ *a-) ‘to well up’
c» Liste: 48
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. Y Av. yaozaiti (Y 65.4, Yt 5.4, Yt 8.31, Yt 18.5), 3pl. YAv. yaozonti (Y 65.4, Yt
5.4, Yt 8.31, Yt 10.36); Partic.: pres. YAv. yaozant- (Yt 5.38, Yt 13.95); Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv.
yaozaiieiti (Yt 8.8, Yt 10.111, Yt 14.62) || (+ *4-) Pres. them.: IND. 35р. YAv. 2... yaozaiti (Y 65.4);
Caus.: pres. IND. 359. YAv. äyaozaiieiti (Yt 8.31)
*OLD PERSIAN: yaud- ‘to be in commotion’ — Kent: 204a
Pres. them.: impf. IND. Zeg. ayauda <a-y-u-d> (XPh 31), 3pl. "ayauda" <[a]-[y]-[u]-[d]> ([DSe 33 |);
Partic.: pres. (Asg. f.) *yauda" tim <y-u-[d]-[t]-[m]> (DNa 32)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP ywd- /yöy-/ ‘to blow [of the wind]’ || (+ *2-) BMP ’ywc- ‘to
trouble, disturb" > DMMPP: 290a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP ywdty /yoyet/
*PARTHIAN: ywz- ‘to agitate, set in motion, convulse; be agitated’ || (+ *a-) "ywz-
‘to agitate’ — Ghilain: 64 | DMMPP: 375b, 6b
Pres.: IND. 25р. ywzyy, ywzyh, 3р1. ywzynd; Partic.: perf. pass. ywst || (+ *a-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. "ywzynd;
Partic.: perf. pass. ’’ywst, ’ywst, ’ywstg
*laz 219
*KHOTANESE: (+ *4-) Ayauys- ‘to be disturbed’ || (+ *ni-) nyauys- ‘to be defeated,
overcome’ = SGS: 9, 61
*SOGDIAN: (+ *a-) BSogd. "ywz- MSogd. ’yws (intr./pass.) ‘to be troubled’,
BSogd. "y'wz- (caus.) ‘to trouble, torment’ || (+ *pati-) MSogd. ptyws ‘[+ ’yws]
become excited’
(+ *4-) Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. ’’ywzt, ОРТ. 35р. BSogd. ’’ywzy; Pret.: IND. intr./pass. 3sg. BSogd.
"y'wz't; Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. ’’y’wst, BSogd. ’’y’wst’k; Inf.: pret. MSogd. *’ywst, Caus.: pres.
IND. 3sg. BSogd. ”’y’wzt || (+ *pati-) Inf.: pret. MSogd. ptywst. 9 The forms ptywst, *’ywst are originally
a participle, on which see Henning apud GMS: §929, fn.
*NWIR: Bal. juzi@/juz- ‘to move, go, walk, leave’
*NEIR: Oss. I. uzyn/wyzt, D. ozun/uzt ‘to shake, rock (a baby) to sleep’ || (+ *ni-)
Pash. niz, nyuz (m.) “flood, torrent’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) yuzem ‘I disturb’
© The root has no Skt. correspondence. An JE etymology is uncertain. With the
exclusion of the ‘victory, battle’ forms (Toch. yuk-, etc., v. *iauy’), we are left with
some rather unattractive Germanic forms: Goth. jiuka ‘rage, tantrum’, MHG jöuchen
‘to drive, hunt’ (Pokorny: 512; LIV: 315 f.).
*PIE ? > LIV: 315 f. | Pok.: 512
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 80a; Nyberg II: 227; WIM I: 73 Ё; WIM II/1: 86; DKS: 20a; Abaev, Slovar’ IV:
24; Shahbakhsh: s.v. juz-; NEVP: 60
*jaz ‘to sacrifice, worship, venerate’
*AVESTAN: yaz- ‘to sacrifice, worship, venerate’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to sacrifice to’ = Liste:
46f.
Pres. them.: IND. med. Isg. YAv. yaze (Yt 8.25), YAv. fraiieze (Y 15.1, Vr 6.1), 350. YAv. yazaiti (V
18.9), YAv. fra.yazaiti (N 81), med. 1р]. yazamaide (Y 35.1, YH 35.10, YH 36.6, etc.), yazamaidé (YH
37.1 ff., Y 38.1 ff., Y 39.1, etc.), YAv. yazonti (Yt 8.23 f., Yt 10.54 f., Yt 10.74), med. 3pl. YAv. yazonte
(Yt 8.23, Yt 10.8, Yt 10.11, Yt 10.54), INJ. med. 3sg. YAv. yazata, med. 3pl. YAv. yazonta, SUBJ. med.
YAv. yazai, YAv. yazäne, 3sg. YAv. yazaiti (N 22, N 70), med. 3sg. YAv. yazäite, med. 3pl. YAv.
yazante (Yt 5.85, Yt 10.120), OPT. med. 2sg. YAv. yazaésa, 3sg. YAv. fra.yazöit (N 40), med. 3sg. YAv.
fratiazaéta (V 19.2), med. 3pl. YAv. yazaiianta (Yt 8.11, Yt 8.24, Yt 10.74, Yt 10.119), pres. ҮАУ.
yazant-, med. yazomna- (Y 34.6, Y 51.20, etc.), pass. YAv. yezimna- (Yt 19.52), aor. med. YAv. yazana-
(Yt 10.138, Yt 13.24); Pass.: pres. IND. 3pl. YAv. yazinti (Yt 8.11), SUBJ. 35р. YAv. fraiieziiat (Yt
13.50)
*OLD PERSIAN: yad- ‘to worship’ = Kent: 204b
MED.; Pres. them.: IND. 35р. yadataiy <y-d-t-i-y> (XPh 53), impf. IND. 1sg. ayadaiy <a-y-d-i-y> (DSk
5), <a-y-di-i-y> (XPh 40), <[a]-[y]-di-[i]-y> (DB 5.16), <[a]-[y]-di-i-y> (DB 5.32), SUBJ. 3sg. yadataiy
<y-d-a-t-i-y> (DB 5.34), <y-d-[a]-[t]-[i]-y> (DB 5.19), OPT. 25р. yadaisa <y-d-i-8-a> (XPh 50); Pass.:
impf. IND. 3sg. ayadiya <[a]-[y]-di-[i]-y> (DB 5.16), <[a]-[y]-di-i-y> (DB 5.32), 3pl. ayadiya"
<a-y-di-i-y> (XPh 36, XPh 40), OPT. 3pl. yadiyaisa" <y-d-i-y-i-8> (XPh 39)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP yz-, BMP yc-, yz- /yaz-/ ‘to worship, celebrate, recite’ (<
Av.) > DMMPP: 376b
220 WER
Pres.: IND. 1sg. BMP vam /yazam/, IMPV. 2р1. MMP yzyyd, IMPV. 2pl. MMP yyzyyd
*PARTHIAN: у$- (pret. stem) ‘to venerate’? = Ghilain: 99 | DMMPP: 376b
Partic.: perf. pass. ystg
*KHOTANESE: gyas- (Јауѕ-) ‘to offer (sacrifice) = SGS: 34
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. ’yz- ‘to worship, sacrifice to’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’yzty
*NWIR: NP jasn ‘feast, festive day’, NP izid, izad ‘God; angel’ (LW)
*NEIR: Oss. І. хаа, D. izaed ‘deity; angel’ (< NP ?)
*MISC: Sarm. (Olbia) taCadayoc, eGdayoo PN
*SANSKRIT: yaj ‘to honour, worship, sacrifice’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 392
© The laryngeal appears to have disappeared in front of IE *é, on which see
Lubotsky 1981: 135 ff.
«PIE *jeH;£- ‘to honour’ = LIV: 224 f. | Pok.: 501
*IE COGNATES: Gr. бборол ‘I honour’, Gr. &yvog ‘sacred, holy’, Lat. iaiiunus
‘fasting’, Lat. iaiientāre ‘to have breakfast’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 108b; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 290 f.; Werba 1997: 394; Cheung 2002: 93, 253
*jäs ‘to yawn, open the mouth’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ui-) biyass- ‘to open’ = SGS: 97
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ш-) Sogd. wy s/š ‘to open (the mouth)’ (L37.5)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ui-) ? m/wy’s- ‘to yawn’ = Samadi: 224
*NWIR: (+ *ui-) Bal. g(iy)asit/g(iy)as-, gihasit/gihas- (etc.) ‘to yawn’, ? Kurd.
(Kurm.) bäwisk, bahusk (f.), (Sor.) bawésk ‘yawn(ing)’. © The Kurd. forms are
hardly from the root *yamH ‘to vomit’, as stated by Cabolov, l.c.
*NEIR: (+ *ni-) Yi. niáské, M. niezye ‘yawn’
© A reconstruction *kas-ja- (*xà- ‘to open’) is cautiously cited for the Khot. forms
by Emmerick (SGS: 97). The comparison with Sogd. wy’s and Chor. m/wy’s- rather
suggests *ш-1аза-1а- (Sims-Williams 1989: 286), to which the Y1./M. and Bal. forms
may be added. The root "jas is exclusively Iranian.
*PIE— > LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 233a f.; Cabolov 2001: 160; Shahbakhsh: s.v. gi(h)äs-
—<
*fad ‘to ask (urgently), demand’
*AVESTAN: YAv. jaö- ‘to ask (urgently), demand’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to ask (someone) for
(something)’ = Liste: 23
*jad 221
Pres. ja-: IND. 1sg. YAv. jaióiiemi (Y 9.19 ff., Y 65.12), ҮАУ. jaióiiami (Y 65.11), 2sg. Y Av. jaidiiehi (Y
11.2), 3sg. Y Av. “frajaidiieiti (F 248), 3pl. YAv. paiti.jaióiieinti (V 19.29), INJ. Zeg YAv. jaidiiat, 3р1.
YAv. jaióiion (Yt 5.58), SUBJ. 3pl. YAv. "jaióiiánti (Yt 5.86 Ё), ОРТ. Zeg. YAv. jaióiioi$ (Y 65.10);
Partic.: pres. YAv. jaiöliant- (Yt 5.19, Yt 5.53, Yt 10.11, etc.), med. Y Av. jaióiiamna- (Y 9.23, Y 68.21);
Y Av. auua.jasti- (f.) ‘request’ (Y 65.10). 0 Kellens 1984: 258 apparently emends Y Av. SUBJ. med. 3pl.
jaidiiante to “jaidiianti, which receives a justification on p. 43.
*OLD PERSIAN: Jad- ‘to pray, ask’ — Kent: 184b
Pres. Ја-: IND. 1sg. jadiyamiy <j-di-i-y-a-mi-i-y> (DPd 21, РМа 54), <j-di-i-y-a-mi-i-y> (XPh 59),
<[]-[di]-li]-[y]-[a]-[mi]-Li]-y> (XSc 4)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP zd- /zay-/ ‘to ask, demand, implore’ || (+ *ni-) MMP nyz’y-
‘to entreat; honour’, BMP nyd’dsn /niyayisn/ ‘prayer, praise, worship’. © The loss of
the velar *-g- in BMP nyd’dsn /niyayısn/, which may appear to be irregular, is due
to the presence of the front vowel / glide -iy-, cf. MMP nyws-, ВМР n(y)dwhs-
/niyö(x)s-/, NP niyös- ‘to listen’ (< *ni- + *gau$) MMP pyg’m, NP payam
‘message’ (< *pati+ *gam!). > DMMPP: 256b f.
Pres.: IND. 25р. BMP zdyh /zayé/, 1р1. BMP zdym /zayém/; Inf.: BMP zstn; Pass.: pret. IND. 3sg. BMP
zst /zast/ || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 2р1. MMP nyz’yd, 3р1. MMP nyz’ynd, SUBJ. 3pl. MMP *nyz’y’nd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *a-) 'g'dg, "y'dg ‘wish’ || (+ *ni-) ng’y- ‘to pray, supplicate’, ng’d
‘prayer, obeisance’, nyz’y- ‘to entreat; honour’. © On nyz’y- and MMP nyz’y- (etc.)
cf. Gershevitch 1965: Le The Pth. verb nyz’y- is perhaps a borrowing from MP.
= Ghilain: 60, 99, 86 | DMMPP: 29a, 256b f., 240
(+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. Ipl. ng’y’m, 1р1. ng’y’m, 1р1. ng’y’m, 2р1. ng’yd, 3р1. nyg’ynd, SUBJ. 1pl. ng’y’m,
ng’y’’m; Partic.: perf. pass. II nyz’y’’d
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pati-) pajäd- ‘to ask for’ © SGS: 64 f.
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ä-) BSogd. ”’y’yö, MSogd. ’’yy6 ‘to wish, desire’ || (+ *upa-) BSogd.
"py ów ‘praise, fame’ || (+ *ni-) CSogd. ny’d’ (Е), MSogd. ny’ö’ ‘request, entreaty’
(+ *а-) Pres.: IND. 150. BSogd. ”’y’yö’m, 1р1. MSogd. ’’yyéym (BBB: 42)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *4-) m/’y’zy- ‘to wish, desire” = Samadi: 3
*BACTRIAN: Cup- (pret. stem) ‘to request (as a bride)’ || (+ *a-) ayaAyo ‘wish’
c» S-W, Bact.: 192b f., 177a
*NWIR: ? Abz. jay “quarrel, dispute’
*NEIR: (+ *pati-) ? Wa. рыё(ы)2-/роёоѕі-, pocozd- ‘to ask, wish; to give back’
*MISC: Orm. zay-ék, Zay-Ok ‘to ask for’ = Zey-/Zeyók, Zay-/Zayók, jay-/jayók ‘to ask,
want’ || (+ *а-) Toch. (LW) A akal, B akalk ‘wish’ (< Bact., Schwartz 1974: 406 f.)
«PIE *g""ed"- ‘to ask, wish" > LIV: 217 | Pok.: 488
*IE COGNATES: Gr. лодёо ‘I long for, miss (someone)’, (aor.) ӨёссосӨол, Olrish
guidiu ‘I ask’, Lith. gedu, Lith. gedáuju ‘I desire, long for’, Goth. bidjan, Engl. to
bid, etc.
*REFERENCES: JIFL I: 414b; Gershevitch 1965: 27, fn. 1; Nyberg 1974: 142; DKS: 198b;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 282 f.; Lecoq 2002: 360 (104), 595b; Kiefer 2003: 210.
222 *jai
*fai ‘to win, conquer’
*AVESTAN: Ji- (Јап-) ‘to win, conquer’ > Liste: 23f.
Pres. them.: SUBJ. med. 1sg. YAv. jaiiai (V 18.5); Partic.: pres. Y Av. jaiiant- (Az 7), fut. med. ? ҮАУ.
“jaéSamna- (Yt 19.93); Intens.: IND. 3pl. OAv. jījišoņtī (Y 39.1), SUBJ. med. 3sg. YAv. jījišāiti (V
15.14), IMPV. med. 2sg. YAv. jijisag'ha (V 15.13). 0 Оп YAv. "jaesomna- see Hintze 1994: 377 f. || On
Y Av. intens. jijiSa- see Narten 1986: 120 f. In his Liste: 23, Kellens retracts his earlier postulation of a
root ji- ‘nourrir for jijisa-: "La racine est en fait illusoire, jījiša- dérivant de ji "vaincre" ".
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? BMP y’dsn /jayisn/, y’hsn /jahisn/ ‘chance, fortune, omen’. ©
Nyberg II: 107b f.: "The etymology is obscure.".
*NWIR: (+ *ui-) ? Awrom. giZiáy/giZia- ‘to fight’
*SANSKRIT: jay ‘to win, conquer’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 573
© This common Ur. root has no further IE connections, except perhaps Gr. Bio
‘force, violence’.
*PIE ? > LIV: 206 | Pok.: 469 f.
*REFERENCES: MacKenzie 1966: 96; Werba 1997: 187
*JaiH! ‘to live’
*AVESTAN: juua- ‘to live’ = Liste: 24
Pres. {1} ua-: IND. 3sg. YAv. juuaiti (V), 1р1. OAv. juuamahi (Y 31.2), 3pl. YAv. juuainti (V 2.41, V
3.33), SUBJ. 25р. Y Av. juuähi (V 18.27), med. 14и. YAv. juuauua (Yt 15.40), IMPV. 2sg. ҮАУ. juua (Yt
13.18, A 1.12); Pres. {2} them. red.: OPT. med. 2sg. YAv. jiyaesa (Y 62.10); Partic.: pres. juuant- (Y
31.3, Y 24.5, Y 26.6, etc.), caus. YAv. juuaiiant- (Yt 19.11)
*OLD PERSIAN: jiv- ‘to live’ = Kent: 185a
Pres. them.: impf. IND. 3du. ajivatam <a-ji-i-v-t-m> (DSf 14, XPf 21), IMPV. 2sg. jiva <ji-i-v-a> (DB
4.56, DB 4.75)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP zyw-, BMP zyw- /zi(wi)y-/ ‘to live’, MMP zywyn- (caus.)
‘to resuscitate’ || (+ *fra-) MMP przyw- ‘to live on, survive, propagate oneself?
c DMMPP: 388a f., 283b
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP zywyd, BMP zywyt /zi(wi)yed/, 3pl. BMP zywynd /zi(wi)yend/,
SUBJ. 2sg. MMP zyw’, MMP zyw’y, MMP zyw’yy, etc. || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP przywynd
*PARTHIAN: Jyw- ‘to live? => Ghilain: 66, 76 | DMMPP: 200a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. “jywyd, 3р1. jywynd, SUBJ. 1р1. jyw’m, IMPV. 25р. jyw; Partic.: pres. jywndg, jyw’ng
‘living, alive’; Inf.: jyw’dn, jy’dn
*KHOTANESE: juv- (jü-, jvi-) ‘to live” = SGS: 36
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. ’zw-, BSogd. (’)zw-, CSogd. Zw-, MSogd. jw- ‘to live’ || (+
*abi-) BSogd. ‘Bz’y, MSogd. Bjy ‘to grow, add’ || (+ *a-) BSogd. ’’z’y- ‘to be born’,
CSogd. ’Z’w- (caus.) ‘to cause to live, give life to’ || (+ *ham-) MSogd. ’nz’w ‘to
wake up, resuscitate’
Pres.: IND. 15р. SSogd. ’zw’m, 3sg. BSogd. zwt, 3р1. BSogd. ’zw’nt, SUBJ. 15р. SSogd. ’zw’n, OPT.
2sg. CSogd. Zwy, IMPV. 2pl. CSogd. Zwtt, ’z-Impf.: IND. Isg. CSogd. *Zw’zw; Pret.: tr. 3sg. CSogd.
Zw’d’rt, Fut.: IND. 1sg. CSogd. Zwng’, 2р1. CSogd. Zwtq' || (+ *abi-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’Bz’yt,
BSogd. 'BZ'yt, dur. MSogd. Bjytskwn; Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. B’zy || (+ *a-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd.
*jaiH2 223
"z'yt, SUBJ. 3sg. MSogd. "it ‘will be born’; Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’’z’y; Pret.: intr. IND. 3pl.
BSogd. "zyt'nt; Partic.: pres. CSogd. ’Z’wny ‘life-giving’; Caus.: pres. IND. 35р. CSogd. "Zwt, impf.
IND. 35р. CSogd. mZ'w, pret. tr. 3sg. CSogd. ’Z’wd’rt || (+ *ham-) Caus.: pret./perf. IND. 3sg. MSogd.
"nz'wt ó 'rt (MKG: 524)
*CHORESMIAN: zyw- ‘to live, become alive’, zywy- (caus.) ‘to make alive,
resuscitate’ = Samadi: 267
*BACTRIAN: oo- ‘to live’, Govóóuo ‘living’ || (+ *abi-) ofGv- ‘to continue’ = S-W,
Bact.: 193a, 173b
*NWIR: NP zistan/ziy- ‘to live’, Kurd. Ziyan/Zi-, Ard. zo/za-, Awrom. Ziwäy/-Ziw-,
Gur. (Kand.) Zrá/-Ziá- ‘to live, be alive’, NP zindah, Jow. dzande, Tr. Zän(da), Varz.
jenda ‘alive, living’, Kurd. Zin ‘life’, Tr. zayaya/zay- ‘to give birth’
*NEIR: Yzgh. Zaw-/Zod ‘to revive after an illness’, Yghn. žu- ‘to live’, Pash. zwak,
Zwand ‘life’
*MISC: Par. janó ‘alive’
*SANSKRIT: Jiv ‘to live’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 594
«PIE *g"eIHs-, *e"ieH;-/*g" Hbi- ‘to live’ © LIV: 215 f. | Pok.: 467 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. vivo, OCS Zivo, Lith. gyju, Latv. dzīvu ‘I live’, Toch. saw- ‘to
live’
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 151; KPF II: 203; EVP: 106; IIFL I: 262a; KPF II: 203; Lambton 1938: 72b;
Andreev — PeSéereva: 270b; Fraenkel I: 154a f., MacKenzie 1966: 114; EVS: 119b; Nyberg П: 231b;
DKS: 111a Ё; Cabolov 1997: 74; Werba 1997: 460 f.; Adams 1999: 627; Lecoq 2002: 129, 131 (passim)
*jaiH? ‘to perish, be corrupted; to destroy’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. ji(i)- ‘to decrease, destroy’ || (+ *fra-) ‘id.’ = Liste: 24
Pres. na-: IND. 35р. YAv. jinaiti (([BMP transl.] abesihened', F553); Partic.: pres. pass. YAv. ajiiamna-
‘not ageing’ (Yt 13.50, Yt 15.16, V 2.26, etc.), Y Av. afrajiiamna- ‘not decreasing’ (Yt 13.14). 0 On YAv.
jinaiti see Klingenschmitt 1968: 167.
*OLD PERSIAN: ji- ‘to grow old’ => Kent: 185a
Partic.: pres. pass. jiyamna- ‘the end (< *growing old)’ <ji-i-y-m-n-> (DB 2.62)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP zyh- ‘to disappear, be removed’ = DMMPP: 386b
Pres.: SUBJ. 3pl. MMP zyh’nd
*KHOTANESE: jän- (Jin-) ‘to destroy’, (pass.) ‘to disappear, be removed’ || (+ *pati-)
LKh. pajy- ‘to decay (of teeth)’ — SGS: 35, 65
*NWIR: ? NP (dial.) jindah ‘whore, prostitute’, borrowed into Abyan. jende, Ard.
jende, Bakht. jinda, etc. 0 NP jindah is evidently a dialectal borrowing.
*SANSKRIT: Јуа ‘to take away, deprive from ’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 602
Ó The Iranian root *jaiH? resembles the root *zaiH in meaning and form. Note for
instance both paradigms in Avestan. The different initial consonant could be
explained in terms of interference (notably from *fan ‘to kill, slay, strike’).
«PIE? = LIV: 167 | Pok.: 469
*REFERENCES: DKS: 110b; Werba 1997: 404 f.; Vahman — Asatrian 1991: 107; Lecoq 2002: 617
224 *jan
Han ‘to kill, slay, strike’
*AVESTAN: jan- (yn-) ‘to kill, slay’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to kill’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to nudge, touch
upon’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to strike, hit (with a weapon) against’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to strike down’
= Liste: 23
Pres. {1} athem.: IND. 1sg. med. YAv. niyne (Yt 4.5), 3sg. YAv. jainti (V 13.8, Yt 17.20, Yt 3.10 ff.,
etc.), med. YAv. niyne (Y 10.2, Y 57.29, Yt 10.104), 3pl. YAv. "niyninti (Yt 10.133), 3р1. med. *niynaire
(Yt 10.40), SUBJ. 1sg. ҮАУ. janani (V 19.5, Yt 4.5, Yt 15.28), 3sg. ҮАУ. janat (Yt 19.26, Yt 19.41 ff),
Ipl. YAv. janama (Y 61.5), OPT. 2sg. YAv. janiià (Yt 10.2), 3sg. YAv. janiiat (V 18.12), YAv.
auua.janiiat (V 14.5 f., V 16.12, V 18.73, V 19.41), Y Av. upa.janiiät (V 5.11), med. Y Av. paiti.ynita (Yt
13.67), 3р1. med. ? Y Av. "jan(a)iianta (Vn 112), IMPV. 25р. ҮАУ. jaiói (Y 9.30 ff.), 3sg. YAv. jantu (V);
Pres. (2) them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. janaiti (V 5.2, V 5.34, V 15.5), INJ. 3pl. YAv. janon (Yt 14.56), SUBJ.
3sg. Y Av. janaiti (Yt 2.11), Y Av. janat (Y 9.24, Yt 3.14 ff., 9.18, etc.), 3sg. med. Y Av. nijanaite (V 9.56),
ОРТ. 3sg. med. YAv. auua.janaöta (V 16.12), 3pl. YAv. айпа janaiion (V 8.74); Partic.: pres. ҮАУ.
ynant- (Yt 10.71), med. YAv. ynäna- (V 15.14), Y Av. auuaynäna- (V 13.51), perf. YAv. jaynuuäh- (Y
57.10, Yt 10.71), fut. pass. YAv. ja0uua- (V 13.40 £, V 18.65), perf. pass. YAv. -jata- (Yt 10.110), YAv.
nijata- (Yt 5.77); Inf. pres. OAv. jaidiiäi (Y 32.14); Pass.: pres. SUBJ. 3pl. YAv. janiianti (Yt 8.61, ? Yt
14.43); Intens.: pres. IND. 3р1. med. YAv. nijaynonte (Yt 13.48), INJ. 35р. YAv. auua.jaynat (Yt 13.105),
SUBJ. 3sg. ? YAv. “auuajaynat (V 13.32 ff.)
*OLD PERSIAN: Ja(n)- ‘to strike; smite, defeat (enemy in battle); mould (brick)’ || (+
*aua-) ‘to smite down, slay’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to fight against’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to cut off
= Kent: 184b f.
Pres. athem.: IND. 3sg. ja"tiy <j-t-i-y> (DSe 36, DSe 40), impf. 1sg. ajanam <a-j-n-m> (DB 1.89, DB
1.95, DB 2.69, DB 5.25, XPh 34), <a-j-n-m> (DB 4.6), 3sg. aja" <a-j> (DB 2.26, DB 2.36, DB 2.41, DB
2.55, 2.61, DB 2.87, etc.), <[a]-j-> (DB 2.46), 3sg. med. patiyajata <p-t-i-y-j-t-a> (DNa 47), 3р1. avajana"
<[a]-[v]-a-j-n> (DB 2.13), OPT. 3sg. avajaniya <a-v-a-j-n-i-y-a> (DB 1.51), IMPV. 25р. jadiy
<[j}-[di]-i-y> (DB 2.31), <j-di-i-y> DB 2.51, DB 3.15), 2р1. jatä <j-t-a> (DB 2.21, DB 2.84, DB 3.58, DB
3.86); Partic.: perf. pass. avajata- < a-v-j-t> (DB 1.32)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP zn-, BMP zn- /zan-/ ‘to beat, strike, smite; to play an
instrument’ || (+ *aua-) MMP ’wzn-, BMP ’we- /öz-/ ‘to kill’ || (+ *ui-) IMP wz'd-
(denomin.) ‘to destroy = DMMPP: 383b f., 77b.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP jnyd, BMP znyt /zanéd/, 2р1. MMP znyd, SUBJ. 1sg. MMP zn’n, 3pl. MMP
zn'nd; Partic.: pres. MMP zn’n, perf. pass. MMP zd || (+ *aua-) Pres.: IND. Leg, MMP ’wznym, 35р.
MMP ’wznyd, 3р1. MMP ’wznynd, SUBJ. 152. MMP ’wzn’n, 3р1. MMP ’wzn’nd; Partic.: pres. MMP
"wzn'g, perf. pass. MMP ’wzd; Inf.: MMP ’wzdn || (+ *ui-) Inf.: IMP wz'dtny
*PARTHIAN: jn- ‘to beat, strike, smite; to make with a die; to play an instrument’ || (+
*aua-) 'wjn- ‘to kill’ || + *ш-) IPth. wyz’d- (denomin.) ‘to harm’ = Ghilain: 55 |
DMMPP: 199a, 68b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. jnyd, 3pl. jnynd, SUBJ. 3sg. jn’h; Partic.: perf. pass. jd; Inf.: jdn || (+ *aua-) Pres.: IND.
2sg. *’winyh, "wjnyy, 35р. "wjnyd, 3р1. *’wjnynd, SUBJ. 15р. ’wjn’n, 25р. ’wjn’, ’wjn’h; Partic.: perf.
pass. ’wjd || (+ *ui-) Inf.: IPth. wyz’dytn
*KHOTANESE: jsan- ‘to strike; slay’, jsafi- (pass.) ‘to be struck, slain’ || (+ *pati-)
OKh. pajs(afi)- ‘to be struck, beaten’ || (+ *ni-) nijsa- ‘to befall, be struck with’
> SGS: 37, 65
*jan 225
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. jn- ‘to strike’ || (+ *aua-) BSogd. ’wzy’n ‘killing, slaughter’ || (J
*pati-) CSogd. ptyny’ (loc. sg. f.) ‘in the manner of (Schwartz 1967: 151) || С
*fra-) MSogd. frjn- ‘to cut off. 0 On MSogd. frjn- cf. Henning 1965: 32, fn. 4: "The
close agreement in meaning with Old Persian frajan- is noteworthy.": OP naham uta
gausa uta hazanam frajanam ‘I cut off his nose and ears and tongue’ vs. MSogd. bd
b’d gws frjnynd ‘time and again they cut off his ears’.
Inf.: pres. MSogd. jnyy (Sogd.Tales: 467), pret. MSogd. jtyy (Sogd.Tales: 467) || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND.
3pl. MSogd. frjnynd
*CHORESMIAN: y- (< *yn- ?) ‘to hit, strike’ = Samadi: 74 f.
*BACTRIAN: С1- ‘to strike’ || (+ *ui-) о1оубо-уоро ‘injurious, able to cause injury’
c» S-W, Bact.: 192a f., 212b
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP zadan/zan-, Zaz. jinayis/jinen-, Gz. Zen-/Zent ‘to beat,
hit; to play (music)’, Bal. jat/jan- ‘to strike, hit’, Awrom. Zanay/(-)Zan- ‘to shut (the
door, etc.); to churn’, Fariz. -jaj/-jan-, Yar. -Zà/-Zan-, Natan. Jäj/jän- ‘to play (a string
instrument), Fariz. -gan-/-gan- (denomin. ?), Yar. gon-/gon- (denomin. ?), Ard. jiye/
jin-, Gil. (Rsht.) zecen/zaen-, Ham. jiyän/jon-, Khuns. zin-, Anar., Lasg. -jas/-joen-,
Nn. zeye/zin-, Qohr. jida/jin-, Sang. -Ze&Zenan-, Shamerz. -zi(n)-/-zänäm-, Soi zat,
Sorkh. -jahan/-jan-, Varz. jinde/jin- ‘to hit, strike’, Gur. (Kand.) -Zinyan- (pass.)
/-Zan- ‘to close the door’ || (+ *а-) Delij. адепт ‘to strike, beat (on the ground)’ (Safari
1373: 68, 229) || (+ *ui-) NP gazand ‘damage, injury’
*NEIR: Pash. -Zan-/-Zal ‘to chop, mince’, Oss. I. дап, D. бапа ‘wound, fracture;
shortcoming; [also D.] guilt, transgression’, (NP >) Sh. zin-/zıd, Khf. zaen-/zöd,
Rosh. zan-/zod, Sariq. zon-/zed, Yzgh. Zan-/Zud ‘to beat, kill’ || (+ *abi-) Yzgh.
vajan-/vajad ‘to throw down, overcome, vanquish, conquer’ || (+ *upa-) Sh. bizin-/
bizid, Khf. bizoen-/bizod, Rosh. bizin-/bizod, Bart. bizan-/bizód ‘to drive into,
enclose cattle in cowhouse/pen’, Sariq. bizis-/bizeyd, bizis-/bizeyd (inch.) ‘to touch,
brush against, attack, attain’ || (+ *ni- ?) Pash. nayand (m.) ‘harm, damage, injury’
*MISC: Par. jan-/j6, Orm. zan-/zök ‘to beat, strike’= zan-/jök, zók, jan-/jök, zók || (+
*аџа-) Orm. uZnaw-/uZnawok, wazn-/wazyok ‘to kill’
*SANSKRIT: han ‘to strike, to slay, to kill’ (RV) = EWAia II: 800
9 This root has impeccable IE credentials.
«PIE *g""en- ‘to slay, kill’ > LIV: 218 f. | Pok.: 491 ff.
sit COGNATES: Hitt. ku-(e-)en-zi ‘he kills’, Gr. Өғіуо ‘I kill’, Gr. @dvocg (m.)
‘murder’, Olrish gonim ‘I hurt, kill’, etc.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 82a, 246b; IIFL I: 262a, 414a, 388b; EVP: 105; KPF II: 184; Christensen,
Contributions I: 67, 165, 159, 260; Christensen, Contributions П: 50, 52 f., 115, 118, 159 Ё; Abrahamian
1936: 116; MacKenzie 1966: 114; Gignoux 1972: 36b, 67b; EVS: 108a, 117a, 22b; Lecoq 1974: 63;
Nyberg II: 230a f., 146b f., WIM I: 68, 74; WIM IV/1: 87; DKS: 114a f., 115a; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 290 Ё;
Werba 1997: 268 f.; Paul 1998: 299a, 302b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 329, s.v. Say-/sit-; Jusupova 2000:
84; Lecoq 2002: 121, 130; 132 (passim); NEVP: 56; Kiefer 2003: 210; Korn 2005: 313, 368 (passim)
226 *jiauH
*fiauH ‘to chew’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP jw- ‘to chew’, BMP ywd- /joy-/ ‘to chew; devour (daevic)’
с DMMPP: 199
Pres.: IND. 3р1. MMP jwynd, BMP ywdynd /joyend/; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP jwwd, BMP ywt /jud/
*PARTHIAN: J ’w- ‘to chew (?)” = DMMPP: 197b
Pres.: IND. 35р. j’wyd
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ham-) LKh. hamjvame = SGS: 138 f.
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. zyB, MSogd. jB’ ‘to bite’, CSogd. (zb'qy) *Zyb’mnty ‘the biting
(of their tongues)’. © Sogd. -B- (CSogd. -b-) is perhaps due to the influence of zB’k
(CSogd. zb'q) ‘tongue, language’.
Impf.: IND. 35р. BSogd. ZyB’’; Pass.: pret. IND. 1sg. MSogd. jB’ty "ktym ‘I have been bitten’ (BBB: 43)
*NWIR: NP javidan/jav-, Bal. ja0-//a-, Kurd. (Kurm.) jun, jutin/ju-, (Sor.) jun/ju-,
Jawin/jaw-, Zaz. jawitiS//awen-, (LW) Siv. gav-/Zavi, Tal. jüye ‘to chew’, Abz.
Jovida/jov- ‘to gnaw’
*NEIR: Pash. Zowul, Zoyol/Zoy- ‘to chew’, (LW ?) Yghn. Zav-/Zafta ‘to eat (liquid
food), drink, slurp’ (why -v-/-f- ?), Rosh. yiyaw-/yiyud, Bart. yiyaw-/yiyud, Khf.
yiyaw-/yiyud, Orosh. yiyaw-/yiyud ‘to gnaw, nibble’, Sariq. Z(i)yew-/Zyod ‘to
masticate, munch, to fight together [of dogs, etc.]’, ? Ishk. Saw-/Sawod ‘to chew’ (S-
< ?), ? Yi. Zaf-/Zaft- ‘to chew, masticate; to light a fire’ (why -f ?)
*MISC: Orm. zay-ék ‘to chew, mastigate’ = zay-/zayók
© On the development of initial *gi- > Ir. *ji- see Rasmussen 1989: 114, no. 5. This
development suggested by Rasmussen may also account for the doublet roots *JiaH
~ *zaiH ‘to perish; to destroy’ and *&iaH’/&iH ~ *saiH/siH ‘to freeze’, but both cases
have no clear IE etymology.
«PIE *gieuH- ‘to chew, bite” => LIV: 168 | Pok.: 400
*IE COGNATES: Toch. su- ‘to eat; consume, devour’, OCS Zuju, Russ. Zuju ‘I chew’,
OHG kewa, OE céowan, Engl. to chew, Lith. (f. pl.) Ziáunos ‘jaws’, etc.
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: EVP: 106, 110a; IIFL I: 414b; HFL II: 414a, 277b; Andreev – PeSéereva: 369a
£; EVS: 36a; Nyberg П: 108b; WIM III: 108; Paul 1998: 302a; Adams 1999: 631 Ё; Cabolov 2001: 504;
Lecoq 2002: 123; Kiefer 2003: 210; Korn 2005: 315, 367 (passim)
*juar ? ‘to speak, say’
*KHOTANESE: LKh. sver- ‘to tell’ = SGS: 126 f.
*SOGDIAN: (+ *4-) CSogd. "Zwyrnyt (m. pl.) *ill-wishers, maligners’
*NWIR: (+ *ш-а-) ? Bal. gwajarént/gwajarén- (sec. caus.) ‘to use bad language,
accuse of adultery, cause to anger’
*NEIR: Oss. I. zuryn/zyrd, D. zorun/zurd ‘to speak; to call’
© The root has a limited distribution and may be expressive.
*PIE— > LIV: — | Pok.:
*kaHm 227
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 400; DKS: 405b f.; Sims-Williams 1985: 61; Cheung 2002: 181;
Shahbakhsh: s.v. gwajarén-
K
*kaH ‘to take pleasure, desire’
*AVESTAN: kä- ‘to take pleasure, desire’ — Liste: 15f.
Pres. ja-: IND. 1sg. ? OAv. Кайа (Y 33.6); Aor. s-: SUBJ. med. 1р1. ? YAv. upa ... känhämaide (Vyt 22);
Partic.: pf. YAv. cakuš- (Yt 13.24). © The interpretation of OAv. Капа as pres. (Humbach 1950: 541),
being related to Skt. kayamäna-, meets scepticism from Kellens-Pirart 1990: 229, s.v. kan.
*NEIR: ? Sh. Сип (adv.) ‘please; I swear’
*SANSKRIT: Ка ‘to desire, wish’ (RV) = EWAia I: 334
The ‘game, play’ forms can be included: BMP k’tk /kadag/ ‘game, joke’ (Dk. 7),
BSogd. k’t’k ‘game, play’, Chor. k’t ‘game’, Kurd. (Sor.) kaya, Zaz. kay (f.), Gz.
Каа, Gur. (Kand) kai, Jow. koi ‘game, playing’, Abyan. kaye, Anar. kaye, Kesh.
koya, Nn. kaye, Qohr. kada, Shamerz. ke, Varz. kaha, Zef. kē ‘play’, Meim. Копа
‘playing, devilment’, Vel. ko: ‘playing’
«PIE *keH>- ‘to love, desire" = LIV: 343 | Pok.: 515
*IE COGNATES: Lat. ca-rus ‘dear, beloved’, Goth. ho-rs (m.) ‘adulterer’, Engl. whore,
etc.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 206a, 243a, 244b; KPF II: 257; Benveniste 1937: 514; Lambton 1938: 43b, 78b;
EVS: 26b; Lecoq 1974: 63; WIM II/1: 76 f., WIM III: 106; Werba 1997: 189, 197, 275 (passim);
Cabolov 2001: 547; Lecoq 2002: 579a, 609a, 631b, 648a, 679b (passim)
*kaHm ‘to desire, love’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP k’m-, BMP k’m- (YsBHN-) ‘to wish, want’, MMP Kim
BMP Kim /kam/ ‘wish, desire’ || (+ *fra-) MMP frg’m- ‘to desire’. Ф k’m- is also
used as aux. verb.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP k’myd, q’myd, q’myyd, 2pl. MMP q’myyd, 3pl. MMP q’mynd, SUBJ. 3pl. MMP
k’m’nd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP q’myst, BMP k’myst /kamist/ || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP
prg’myd, SUBJ. 1р1. MMP frg’m’’m, OPT. 3sg. MMP prg’myyh
*PARTHIAN: k’m- ‘to wish, want’, Kim ‘wish, will’. © k’m- is also used as an aux.
verb. = Ghilain: 60 | DMMPP: 202a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. k’myd, q’myd, 1р1. k’m’m, q’m’m, 2pl. k’myd, q’myd, 3р1. k’mynd, q’mynd, SUBJ.
25р. *k’m’; Partic.: perf. pass. П k’m’d, q’m’d
*KHOTANESE: (+ *4-) OKh. айт- ‘to desire’, ätama- ‘desire’ (with hiatus filler -t-). 9
Emmerick derives the Khot. form from *°kämaja-, for which a secondary shortening
or weakening of the stem vowel is assumed (also, Emmerick, CLE 211). > SGS: 8
*SOGDIAN: SSogd., BSogd. k’m, CSogd., MSogd. q’m ‘to want, wish’
228 *ka(H)ud
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 15р. SSogd. L’ k’m ‘I don’t want’, 2sg. BSogd. k’m’y, dur. CSogd. q’mysq,
3sg. BSogd. k’mt, BSogd. k’mtt, CSogd. q’mt, dur. CSogd. q’mtg, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: k’my- ‘to desire, wish’ = Samadi: 99
*BACTRIAN: ҳос-коро, Xoyayo ‘acting willingly’ = S-W, Bact.: 231b
*NWIR: Fariz. käm- (e.g. kämon dä ‘I shall give’), Soi käm- aux. fut. (e.g. kämün Sti
‘I shall go’), NP kam ‘desire, wish; pursuit’
*NEIR: Oss. I. komyn/k,ymd, D. komun/kund ‘to consent, yield’, Oss. kom
‘consent’, Sh. cémb-/cemt, Rosh. ¢émb-/cémt, Khf. čæmb-, Sariq. ¢omb-/cimd,
Yzgh. Kam-, Sangl. komay-, Wa. kom(a)y-/kamat- ‘to wish, want; to consent?
*MISC: Arm. (LW) kamem ‘I want’, kamk* ‘wish’
*SANSKRIT: käma- ‘desire, wish’, kam! (denomin.) ‘to desire" > EWAia I: 338, 306
© The Ir. denominative formations derive from a noun *kaHma-, which itself is an
IE nominal derivative of *keh;- (*kaH).
«PIE *keH>-mo- ‘desire’
«REFERENCES: KPF I: 246a; Christensen, Contributions: 140, 160; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 601, 599; EVS: 26a;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 216
*ka(H)ud ‘to pound, crush’
*CHORESMIAN: m/kwnd- ‘to pound, crush’ || (+ *ati-) ? ckwnd ‘to knock, hammer’,
ckwndyk ‘hammer’ = Samadi: 107
*NWIR: Bal. kudit/kud- ‘to scratch, wound, injure’, Tt. (Tak.) akun/akund, (Cha.)
kun/kund ‘to beat, thresh’, Qohr. kosta/kod- ‘to pound, crush’
*PIE *k(e)H>u-d”- ( *kH»(e)u-d"-) ‘to beat, pound’ = LIV: 345 | Pok.: 535
*IE COGNATES: Toch. A kot-, B kaut- ‘to split off, break; chop up, down; to crush’
(Adams 1999: 210), Lat. спао ‘I beat, pound, thresh; to forge, strike’
*REFERENCES: Yarshater 1969: 183; Lecoq 2002: 121, 338 (427); Shahbakhsh: s.v. kud-
*ka(H)us ‘to pound’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP kws- /kös-/ ‘to beat, pound’
Partic.: perf. pass. BMP kwst /köst/; Inf.: BMP kwstn /kostan/
*KHOTANESE: kusa- ‘vessel; drum’
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. kws ‘drum’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ni-) m/ks- “о be pounded, trampled down’ = Samadi: 104
*NWIR: NP kustan, köstan ‘to beat, pound’, kos ‘drum’
*NEIR: (+ *ham-) ? Oss. I. enk’,ysyn/snk’,yst, D. ank’usun/enk’ust ‘to shake,
swing, vacillate’
© An IE origin for this root cannot be ascertained. The root may have been split off
from *ka(H)ud, being abstracted from the past stem.
«PIE? > LIV: 345 | Pok.: 535
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 163; DKS: 64a; Nyberg П: 119a
*kanl 229
*kaiH (*taiH’) ? ‘to move, to set in motion ?”
*NWIR: Awrom. kiastay/kian-, Gur. (Bajal.) kiast-/kian-, (Gahv.) kian-, (Kand)
kiast-/kián-, Abz. kinowa/kin-, Qohr. kinada/kin-, Siv. kin-/kine ‘to send’ || (+ *a-)
Abyan. ајауа/ајеу- ‘to approach’
9 Hitherto there was no known etymology for these modern, yet relatively archaic
forms. They are perhaps connected to the IE root *keiH>- ‘to set in motion, go’. The
forms with initial k- reflect a caus. formation *koiH>-eIe-.
«PIE *keiH>- ‘to set in motion, go’ = LIV: 346 | Pok.: 538
*IE COGNATES: Gr. кіо ‘I set in motion, go’, клуёо, Lat. cieö ‘I set in motion’
*REFERENCES: КРЕ II: 388, 206, 415, 443; MacKenzie 1966: 100; WIM III: 111; Jusupova 2000: 85;
Lecog 2002: 121, 124, 127, 572 (passim)
*kamp ‘to bend’
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ni-) nkmb- ‘to bend’ = DMMPP: 242b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. "nkmbyd, 3pl. nkmbynd
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. qmp- (f.) ‘strategem, ruse’ || (+ *apa-) BSogd. pk’np- ‘to turn
away, deflect’ || (+ *a-) ? MSogd. ”’kmb ‘to suppress, curb, restrain’ (v. Sogdica:
43.9 f.) || (+ *ni-) BSogd. nk’np- ‘to bend; subdue’
(+ *apa-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. pk’nptt || (+ *a-) Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. ’’k’Bt’k ‘crooked, not
straight’ f. BSogd. ’’k’Btc-(h), BSogd. ’’k’Btcy-h ‘crooked’ || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. nk’npt,
Inf.: BSogd. nk’np’y
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *4-) m/’kfs- ‘to be(come) bend, curved; to be lowered’, (caus.)
m['knby- ‘to bend, curve’ || (+ *us-) m/sknb- ‘to trip, stumble’ || (+ *ni-) m/nknby-
‘to sink down’ = Samadi: 4, 181, 129
*NWIR: (?) NP camidan ‘to twist, bend’, NP caftah ‘curved, bent, a vaulted roof”
*NEIR: ? Pash. (Waz.) cavda ‘nook under overhanging rocks, cave’ (< NP ?) || (+
*ni-) Rosh. nijum ‘fall’ (in nifum ¿ug ‘they fell’)
9 There is little evidence for a (separate) root *kamp with the meaning ‘to shake,
tremble’, matching Skt. kamp. The Avestan form *kafsan (Yt 10.113), cited in Liste:
14 as evidence, is unclear. These forms are often connected to Gr. xà jo ‘I bend’,
Lith. kumpti ‘to be crooked, bent’, karmpas ‘corner’, etc. (albeit with queries in LIV,
l.c.), which are assigned an IE provenance accordingly. However, the unusual
structure of the forms is not typical for IE: they may rather point to borrowing from
a substratum language, cf. Beekes 1969: 134 (also Beekes, A Greek etymological
Dictionary, www.ieed.nl: s.v. KA LTT).
«PIE? > LIV: 342 | Pok.: 525
*REFERENCES: EVP: 18; GMS: раг. 676; EVS: 48b; ESIJa П: 226 Ё; МЕУР: 18
*kan! ‘to throw, place, put; to destroy’
*AVESTAN: (+ *ni-) ? Y Av. ni kan- ‘to bury’ || (+ *ui-) YAv. vikan- ‘to destroy, ruin’
230 *kanl
Pres. athem. {1}: IND. 3sg. ()vika(i)nti (У 3.13), *vikonti (V 3.22); Caus.: pres. SUBJ. 3sg. ҮАУ.
vikänaiiät (V 7.51); Pres. them. {2}: OPT. 3pl. ? YAv. ni kanaiion (V 17.12)
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *aua-) ? avakan- ‘to throw, place on’ || (+ *ni-) nika(n)- ‘to tear
down’ || (+ *ui-) vika(")- ‘to destroy’ > Kent: 178b
Pres. (a)them.: impf. IND. 1sg. avakanam <a-v-a-k-n-m> (DB 1.86), viyakanam <vi-i-y-k-n-m> (XPh
38), 3sg. viyaka <vi-i-y-k> (DB 1.64), SUBJ. 2sg. vikanahy <vi-i-k-n-a-h-y> (DB 4.71, DB 4.73),
vikanah° <vi-i-k-n-a-h-° > (DB 4.77), IMPV. 3sg. nika" tuv <n-i-k-tu-u-v> (DB 4.80)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP qn-, BMP kn- /kan-/ ‘to dig (up); to raze, destroy’ || (+
*apa-) MMP ’bgn- (BMP LMYTWN-) ‘to throw away’ || (+ *pari-) MMP prgn-,
BMP plkn- /pargan-/ ‘to scatter, sow’ || (+ *fra-) BMP plkn- /fragan-/ ‘to throw, lay
(the foundations)’ || (+ *ui-) MMP gwg’n-, BMP gwk’n- /gugän-/ ‘to destroy’
c DMMPP: 206a, 10b, 278b, 166b
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP qnd; Pass.: pres. IND. 3pl. MMP qnyyhynd || (^ *apa-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP
“’bgnyd, 3р1. MMP ’bgnynd, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP "bond 3р1. MMP *’bgn’nd, IMPV. 2р1. MMP ’bgnyd;
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP ’bgnd || (+ *pari-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP plknyt /parganéd/, 3pl. BMP plknynd
/parganénd/, SUBJ. 3sg. ? MMP prgn’d; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP plgndk /pargandag/, BMP plknd
/pargand/ || (+ *fra-) Partic.: perf. pass. BMP plknd /fragand/ || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP gwg’nyd,
SUBJ. 3sg. BMP gwk’n’t/guganad/; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP gwgndg
*PARTHIAN: kn- ‘to dig (up); to raze, destroy’ || (+ *apa-) ’bgn- ‘to throw’ || (+
*para-ä-) pr’gn- ‘to scatter, sow’ || (+ *pari-) prgn- ‘to scatter’ || (+ *ui-) wygn- ‘to
be destroyed, perish’, (caus.) wyg’n- ‘to destroy’, wyg’n ‘destruction’, wyg’ng
‘destroyer, destroying’, w(y)g’nysn ‘destruction’ — Ghilain: 55, 89, 71 | DMMPP:
206a, 10b, 277a, 278b, 352b f.
(+ *apa-) Pres.: IND. 35р. ’bgnyd, 3pl. 'bgnynd, OPT. 3pl. 'bgnyndy; Partic.: perf. pass. ’bgnd || (+
*para-ä-) Pres.: IND. 35р. "pr'gnyd; Partic.: perf. pass. pr'gnd, "prgnd || (+ *pari-) Partic.: perf. pass.
*prgnd || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 35р. wygnyd, wygynyd, 3р1. wygnynd; Partic.: perf. pass. wygndg, wygnd;
Caus.: pres. IND. 2sg. MMP wyg’nyh, 3sg. wyg’nyd, 2р1. wyg’nyd, 3pl. wyg’nynd, SUBJ. 15р. "wyg’n’n
*KHOTANESE: (+ *abi-) OKh. byañ- ‘to cover’ || (+ *pati-) LKh. pyan- ‘to cover’, (?)
LKh. pacan- ‘to give, present; to cover’ || (+ *pari-) *paljsan-, pijsan- ‘to put around,
surround; to apply’, ? LKh. parkam- (parküfi-) ‘to sprinkle, scatter’ || (+ *ui-) OKh.
buvan- ‘to be harmed, ruined’, (caus.) OKh. buvañ- ‘to destroy’. © According to
Emmerick (SGS: 75), the spelling variants of *paljsan-, pijsan- can hardly be
reconciled with derivation *pari-kan’- ‘to fill’. A different meaning and,
consequently, different etymology is given by Bailey (DKS: 218b): ‘to spread,
bestrew’ (*pari-kau-). Alternatively, it may indicate a loan word or a living
connection with unprefixed forms (S-W). = SGS: 105, 82, 62, 76, 75, 102
*SOGDIAN: (+ *us-) BSogd. sknt’k, CSogd. sqnty (ppp.) ‘destroyed’, also in
compounds, SSogd. ktsknt’k ‘ruined, waste’, MSogd. qtsndy ‘destruction’ (GMS:
8365, fn. 1, 472) || (+ *рага-а-) BSogd. pr’kn- ‘to sow, scatter’ || (+ *ui-) MSogd.
ykn- ‘to destroy’, MSogd. wyyn- (pass.) ‘to be destroyed’ (< Pth.)
231
(+ *para-ä-) Pres.: OPT. 2sg. BSogd. pr'kny; Inf.: pret. MSogd. "pr'gndy, MSogd. pr'qndyy, MSogd.
pr’kndyyh || (+ *ui-) Inf.: ? MSogd. апуу ykynyy (BBB: 33}; Pass.: IND. pres. 3sg. MSogd. wyyndyy
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ati-) m/ckn- ‘to pick up’ || (^ *us-) m/sk(y)n- ‘to take out (sword,
ink)’, ‘to take (revenge)’ || (+ *pati-) pckn- ‘to fulfil/perform (prayer), settle a debt;
to take in (medicine)’ || (+ *para-ä-) pr’kn- ‘to sow, scatter, apply (medicine) on’ ||
(+ *ni-) nkn- ‘to bury’ || (+ *ui-) wkny- ‘to wear out, become old; be ruined’,
(tr./caus.) wk’ny- ‘to wear out; ruin, tear down’. Ф Samadi (l.c.) assigns m/sk(y)n- to
the root *kan- ‘to dig’, which is semantically troublesome. || According to
MacKenzie 1990: 119, Chor. pckn- in the sense of ‘to (ful)fill, settle (a debt)’ has a
different root, *Кат- ‘to fill’ ? > Samadi: 51, 181, 140, 149, 129, 215
*BACTRIAN: (+ *para-à-) Tapayavo ‘sowing’ (J11, L12, V21, V21’) = S-W, Bact.:
216
*NWIR: NP kandan/kan-, Meim. bem-Kast (also supplet. bem-vat < *Hyaj)/ a-Ken-
‘to take out, uproot, pluck’, Gz. békánaend ‘they jump up’, Gil. (Rsht.) daer-gadae/
dar-gan- ‘to throw’, (LW) kändcen/kän- ‘to take out, uproot, pluck’ || (+ *apa-) NP
afgandan ‘to throw, cast away’ || (+ *upa- ?) Gil. (Rsht.) bägänæœstæ ‘struck against’
|| (+ *para-à- NP paragandan/paragan-, parakandan/parakan- ‘to disperse; sow;
diffuse’, (ppp.) NP paragandah ‘dispersed, scattered, disbanded; dissipated’ || (+
*pati-) (?) NP paykandan/paykan- ‘to join; to collect; to draw out’ || (+ *pari-) NP
pargandah ‘dispersed, scattered’ || (+ *ni-) Kurd. (Kurm.) nikandin ‘to bury’
*NEIR: (+ *aua-) Oss. D. (w)ogan ‘secret hiding place’ || (+ *fra-) Oss. D. regenun/
regzd ‘to shake, spread (salt, pepper for seasoning)’ || (+ *ni-) Oss. I. nyganyn/
nygad, D. nigzenun/niged ‘to bury’, Pash. njat-/njan- ‘to implant, imbed, thrust’, ?
Khf. nijan ‘willow-rope, fastened in groves made in the shaft of a spade’, ? Yi.
loyán-/loyád-, M. loyon-/loyend ‘to throw away, pour out’, (intr.) Yi. loyn-/loyód-,
M. nayon-/loyöd- ‘to lie down, fall asleep’ (why -у- ?) || (+ *nis-) ? Oss. I. nykkaend
‘cellar, underground accommodation’. © The past stem Pash. njat- "is inexplicable",
according to МЕУР: Le, but it can be solved if we assume suppletion, viz. from
*kar8/*xrah.
*MISC: (+ *apa-) Arm. (LW) apakanel ‘to destroy’
Ó In many Iranian languages the roots *kan' ‘to throw’, *kanH! "o dig’ and *kan?
‘to fill’ forms are homonymous and therefore often show mutual interference. For
instance, the prefixed forms in *ni- ‘to bury’ may, alternatively, derive from *kan?.
*PIE — > LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Christensen, Contributions I: 58 f., 72; IFL II: 222b f. Lambton 1938: 42b; Abaev,
Slovar’ П: 225, 366 f., 198, 196 Ё; EVS: 48b; Nyberg П: 111b; DKS: 251a, 307b; WIM II/1: 78; Asatrian
— Livshits: 86; Cheung 2002: 78, 243; Lecoq 2002: 121 ff., 618, 665 (passim); NEVP: 56
232 *kan2
*kan? ‘to fill’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *pati-) MMP phykn- ‘to fill, enter, penetrate’ || (+ *ham-)
MMP hnen- ‘to fill in^ = DMMPP: 275a, 181a
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. MMP phykn’d; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP phygqnd, "phyknd || (+ *ham-) Partic.: pres.
MMP hngn’n, perf. pass. MMP hngnd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ä-) ’gn-, "gn- ‘to fill’ = Ghilain: 55 | DMMPP: 29b f.
Pret.: IND. 3sg. "gnd (M2 II Vii,21(132)); Partic.: perf. pass. "end, end
*SOGDIAN: (+ *4-) MSogd. "kn ‘to fill’
Impf.: IND. 3pl. MSogd. m’k’nd (M118iV.5)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *upa-) bkn- ‘to fill, load’, bkny- (intr./pass.) ‘to become full’
= Samadi: 20
*NWIR: (+ *4-) NP agandan/agin- ‘to fill, stuff’, (caus.) NP aganidan/agan- ‘to stuff,
fill, cram’
*NEIR: (+ *abi-) Oss. I. evgenyn/evgeed, D. evganun/zvgad ‘to pour in, fill, out;
to draw’
9 Several Iranian languages point to the existence of a separate root *kan- ‘to fill’.
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 201; Cheung 2002: 166
*kanH! ‘to dig’
*AVESTAN: YAv. °kan- ‘to dig’ || (+ *api-) ‘to fill out by digging, fill (a pit)’ || +
*aua-) ‘to establish by digging, excavate’ || (+ *us-) ‘to dig out’ || (+ *para-) ‘to dig
around’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to dig in’ = Liste: 14
Pres. {1} athem.: IND. 3sg. YAv. uskonti (V 3.12), INJ. med. 3sg. YAv. auuakanta (V 15.39), OPT. 3sg.
Y Av. aipi.kaniiat (V 14.6); Pres. {2} them.: OPT. 25р. YAv. auua.kanöis (V 17.5, V 17.7); Partic.: perf.
pass. Y Av. nikanta- (V 7.43, V.3.12)
*OLD PERSIAN: ka(n)- ‘to dig’ = Kent: 178b
Partic.: perf. pass. ka(")tam <k-t-m> (DSf 25); Inf.: ka"tanaiy <k-t-n-i-y> (DZc 9, XV 21); Pass.: impf.
IND. 3sg. akaniya <a-k-n-i-y> (DSf 24, DSf 28, (?) DZc 10)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP qn- ‘to dig (up); to raze, destroy’ (partially from *kan'),
BMP kn- (HPLWN-) /kan-/ ‘to dig (out); engrave’ || (+ *fra-) MMP prgnd’n (ppp.,
pl.) ‘built? > DMMPP: 206a, 278b
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP qnd; Pass.: pres. IND. 3pl. MMP qnyyhynd
*PARTHIAN: kn- ‘to dig (up); to raze, destroy’ (partially from *кап!) = Ghilain: 206a
| DMMPP: 206a
Partic.: perf. pass. knd
*KHOTANESE: OKh. kamggan- ‘to dig’ (< old intens.) = SGS: 20
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. kn- ‘to put out (eye)’, BSogd. kn-, CSogd. qn-, MSogd. kn- ‘to
dig’, SSogd. knöh, BSogd. knöyh, CSogd. q0(-) ‘town’ || (+ *us-) BSogd. skn- ‘to
incise, engrave’, BSogd. ’sk’’n ‘line’ (Benveniste, TSP: 197 ad 191-2) || (+ *ш-) ?
MSogd. укуп ‘to dig ош” or rather ‘to destroy’ (whence *kan!)
*kanH2 233
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. knt’, IMPV. 2sg. CSogd. qn’; Impf.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. kn’skwn ‘he was
digging’; Inf.: pret. BSogd. knt || (+ *us-) Inf.: BSogd. skn’t|| (+ *ui-) Inf.: ? MSogd. апуу ykynyy (BBB:
33)
*CHORESMIAN: kn- ‘to dig; to break out (of teeth)’ || (+ *us-) m/’sk’ny- ‘to carve’
c» Samadi: 102, 8
*BACTRIAN: (+ *ni-) vakav- ‘to dig’ = S-W, Bact.: 207b
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP kandan/kan-, Kurd. (Sor.) kandin/kan-, Zaz. kendis/
kenen-, Awrom. kannäy/kan-, Gz. kän-/känt, Gur. (Kand.) kän-/-kän-, Abyan.
kanda/kan-, Abz. kända/-ken- (-kon-) Ham. kendän/ken-, Isfah. känän/Kän-, Khuns.
ken-/kend, kena, Nn. kent/r-kin-, Qohr. kanda/kin-, Siv. kén-, k(y)en-/künd, kend-,
Tal. kande, Tr. kanda/ken- ‘to dig (out)’, also Tr. kända ‘sheep shelter’ (Lecoq 2002:
466) || (+ *us-) NP sikinah, iskinah ‘(wood-)chisel’
*NEIR: Pash. kan-/kandol, (Waz.) (pret.) wu-kind, Wa. ksın-/kot, Yghn. kan-/kánta,
Sh. Cán-/Cint, Rosh. &än-/änt, Bart. éan-/Cant, Yzgh. Kan-/Kont ‘to dig’, Oss. I. kaend
‘building’ || (+ *ni-) Oss. D. nik zd ‘carve, cut’
*SANSKRIT: khan’ ‘to dig’ (RV+) > EWAia I: 445
0 See also *kan!. The IE reconstruction with *-H,- is based on the Skt. and Phrygian
evidence. The initial kh- of Skt. khan! is odd: contamination with kha- (n.) ‘canal,
opening, hole’, kha- (f.) ‘source, spring’ is usually assumed (cf. EWAia I: 446, fn.).
In Iranian there is no evidence of a initial laryngeal.
«PIE ? *kenH,- ‘to dig’ = LIV: 344 | Pok.: 534
*IE COGNATES: ? OPhr. keneman ‘a monument or a part of it’ (Lubotsky 1988: 15)
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 145a; EVP: 32 f.; КРЕП: 218; IIFL II: 526a; Abrahamian 1936: 117, 130; Abaev,
Slovar’ I: 579; Andreev — Pe&éereva: 270; MacKenzie 1966: 99; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 196 f., 183 Ё; EVS:
26b, 48b; WIM I: 69; WIM II/1: 78; WIM III: 111; Werba 1997: 281 Ё; Paul 1998: 303a; Steblin-
Kamenskij 1999: 221; Cabolov 2001: 533, 507; Lecoq 2002: 121, 123, 126, 444 (passim)
*kanH? ‘to love, take pleasure in’
*AVESTAN: kan- ‘to love, take pleasure in’, -cinah- (in cmpds.) ‘desire, love for’
= Liste: 14
Pres. ia-: IND. 15р. ? OAv. Капа (Y 33.6); Perf.: IND. 3sg. YAv. cakana (H 2.11), 3р1. OAv. caxnarə (Y
44.13). © The interpretation of OAv. kaiiä as pres. (Humbach 1950: 541), being related to Skt. käyamäna-,
is rejected by Kellens — Pirart 1990: 229, s.v. kan.
*OLD PERSIAN: aspa-cana <a-s-p-c-n-a> nom. sg. PN lit. ‘loving horses’ (DNd.1)
= Kent: 173b
*PARTHIAN: S’d-cn ‘happy, glad’ = DMMPP: 313b
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. p’s-cn ‘the Reverend’ (GMS: §1020)
*NEIR: Sh. čún ‘please’, Oss. I. -zinad, D. -3ijnadz abstr. suff., Oss. I. -zyn, D. -zin
fut. tense marker
234 *kap/fl
*SANSKRIT: Кап ‘to be pleased with, enjoy’ (RV+) || cánas- (n.) ‘delight,
satisfaction’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 296, 528
Q The nominal derivative *ёапаһ- has become a suffix of "wish" in several
languages, semantically comparable to Gr. -puÀoç ‘-phile’. This apparent Пг. "root"
is perhaps a (infixed) nasal pres. stem of IE *keH;- (*kaH), although any connection
between Ir. *kanH’ / Skt. Кап is denied in EWAia, l.c. (with references).
«PIE (infixed) nasal stem *Ке-п-Н;- ‘to be pleased, enjoy’ ? = LIV: 352 | Pok.: 515
*REFERENCES: EVS: 26b; Benveniste 1959: 77 f.; Werba 1997: 275; Cheung 2002: 134, 142; ESIJa II:
217f.
*kap/f! ‘to (be)fall, strike (down)’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP КЁ, MMP kp-, MMP ot ‘to fall’ || (+ *pati-) BMP ptkf-
/pahikaf-/ ‘to fall on, touch, hit, attack’, BMP ptk’p- /pahikäf-/ (caus.) ‘to let fall,
loose; to shoot off (an arrow); to make fight? > DMMPP: 204b f.
Pres.: SUBJ. 3pl. MMP qp’nd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP kpt, qft, ont Inf: MMP айп || (+ *pati-) Pres.:
IND. 3sg. BMP ptkpyt /pahikaféd/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP ptkft /pahikaft/, ptkptk /pahikaftag/, caus.
BMP ptk’pt /pahikaft/
*PARTHIAN: КЁ ‘to (be)fall = Ghilain: 56 | DMMPP: 204b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. kfyd, 3pl. kfynd, qfynd, SUBJ. 1sg. *КРп, 25р. КР, 3sg. КР; Partic.: perf. pass. kft, ай
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pati-) pck’b- ‘to aim at (spear) || (+ *ham-) mkf- ‘to strike to,
befall (of misfortune)’, ? m/k’f- (caus.) ‘to face someone belligerently’ = Samadi:
140, 101 f., 98
*NWIR: Widely attested, but not in NP: Bal. kapt/kap-, kab-, Kurd. (Kurm.) Katin/
Kav-, (Sor.) kawtin/kaw-, Zaz. kewtis/kew(n)-, Awrom. kawtáy/ (supplet. gın-, v.
*jan), Abyan. katan/e-k-, Anar. ikeft/ek-, Ard. kat/ k-, Fariz. kát/-k-, Yar. kat-/-k-,
Gil. (Rsht.) koeftoen/koef-, Gz. k-/käft, Gur. kat Ham. käftän/der-e-k-, Isfah. där-
käftän/där-k-, Jow. dar Kat-/dar a-K-, Lasg. -kat-/k-, Meim. dar Kat-/dar a-k-, Khuns.
k-/kift, Mah. kä-, Nn. kaft-/k-, Natan. Kat-/-k-, Qohr. kat/k-, бетп. kät-/k-,
Shamerz. kat-/katam-, Siv. k-/k(y)át, ket, Soi kät-/därä-k-, Sorkh. -kät-/-ku-, Tr.
kat/k- ‘to fall’, Gur. (Kand.) käftän/-käf- ‘to fall, sink in; to shine [of the sun]? || (+
*pati-) Anar. pakaft/pak- ‘to strike’
*NEIR: (+ *fra-) Oss. D. raegafeen (+ kænun ‘to quarrel; to offend; to look for a fight’)
© The ‘old’ forms, MMP qhwn, ВМР khwbn /kahwan/, Pth. kfwn, NP kuhan, Bal.
kwahn (kwan), Khot. kuhana-, Bact. коВоүүо also contain this root, cf. Henning
1937: 84; Nyberg II: 109b; DKS: 64b; S-W, Bact.: 197a; Korn 2005: 120. It is
difficult to separate this root *kap/f from the following. They may originally refer to
the (PIE) stages of carpenting, first the felling of the tree (IE *kop- ‘to chop, fell’)
and subsequently the cleaning and carving of the fallen tree into logs and planks (IE
*skob"- ‘to pick clean, get rid of leaves; to split, shave’). These stages appear to be
faithfully preserved in Lithuanian. The formal and semantic similarity of the two
*kap/f2 235
roots in many IE languages is no doubt the result of (mutual) interference. This may
explain the disappearance of initial *s- in *kap/f. As for the semantic aspect,
compare Engl. fall out, hack.
PIE *kop- ‘to fell, chop’ = LIV: 555 | Pok.: 930 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. kónto ‘I strike, cut (off)’, Lith. kapiu (kapti) ‘I chop, fell’, Lith.
kapoti, Latv. kapät ‘to hack, strike, cut’, Alb. kep- ‘to hew, chisel, stitch’
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 78a, 132a, 204a, 242a; KPF II: 180; Ivanow 1926: 422; Christensen, Contributions
I: 57, 150, 255; Christensen, Contributions II: 48, 154; Abrahamian 1936: 116, 129; Lambton 1938: 40a,
76a; Fraenkel I: 217b f.; MacKenzie 1966: 100; Lecoq 1974: 58 f.; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 366; WIM I: 69;
WIM 1/1: 78; WIM Ш: 110; Paul 1998: 303b; Cabolov 2001: 539 £; Lecoq 2002: 120, 122, 124, 133,
154 ff. (passim); Korn 2005: 314, 390
*Кар/Ё ‘to split, cut, scrape, dig’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ui-) MMP gwg’pt (pret. stem) ‘to split, tear into pieces’
=> DMMPP: 166b
*PARTHIAN: q'f- ‘to split, cleave’ (+ *ham-) ’ng’f- ‘to tear apart, lacerate’
= Ghilain: 72 | DMMPP: 201b, 47a
Partic.: perf. pass. П q’fd || (+ *ham-) Partic.: perf. pass. II ’ng’f’d
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. kp- ‘to split’ || (+ *pati-) CSogd. pcq’f ‘to strike, pierce, wound’
(rather from *kap/f! ?)
Pret.: intr. SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. kßt’t ‘may have split’ (РІ 32V.1104) || (+ *pati-) Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd.
ptysq'f(C2 54V.18)
*CHORESMIAN: kf- ‘to split [intr.], be split’, (caus.) k’fy- ‘to split, cut up’ = Samadi:
98 f., 101
*NWIR: NP kaftan/kav- ‘to split; to dig’
*NEIR: ? Oss. I. xafyn/xaft, D. xafun/xaft ‘to rub (off), scrape (off), tear (off); to
steal’ (initial x-: fricative assimilation ?), Ishk. kaf- (kif- ?)/kuft ‘to burst, split’,
Sariq. Cov-/cift ‘to split, break [intr.]’, (caus.) Cafan- ‘to split, break [tr.]’, Rosh. kib-/
kivd, kuvd, Khf. kib-/kivd, Bart. kib-/kipt, Yzgh. kib-/kavd ‘to cut (open)’, ? Pash.
kütol ‘to cut apiece’, ? Yi. k’of-/k oft- ‘to groan’
The root *kap/f shows interference with *kap/f' (q.v.).
*PIE *skob"- ‘to rub, shave off, scrape [wood]? = LIV: 555, 549 | Pok.: 931 f.
*IE COGNATES: always with initial *s-: Gr. скблто ‘to dig’, Lat. scabö ‘I scratch,
tub’, Lith. skabaü (skabyti) ‘to pick off flowers, leaves, defoliate; to tear’, skobiü,
skabiu (sköbti) ‘to cut, carve, hollow out (wood)’, Goth. skaban ‘to shear’, OE
scafan, Engl. to shave
*REFERENCES: EVP: 35; IIFL II: 397b, 220b; EVS: 40a, 25b; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 132; Demiraj 1997: 216;
Lecog 2002: 133 (464), 610
236 *kar
*kar ‘to do, make’
*AVESTAN: kar- ‘to do, make’ || (+ *fra-) ‘perficere’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to perform a Yasna
for someone’ = Liste: 14f.
Pres. nu-: IND. 1sg. YAv. kerenaomi (V 21.6, V 21.10, V 21.14, Vyt 49), 25р. (?) YAv. kərənüši (Y
10.13), 3sg. Y Av. koronaoiti (V 13.41, V 13.51, V 19.43, etc.), 3pl. YAv. "koronuuainti (Yt 13.26), impf.
lsg. YAv. akoronom (V 22.1, V 22.8, V 22.14), impf. 2sg. Y Av. akoron(a)uuo (Y 9.15), impf. 3sg. (?)
Y Av. frakoronaot (X3 V 22.2), INJ. 3sg. YAv. koronaot (V 2.32 f., V 2.36, V 2.38, etc.), SUBJ. 1sg.
YAv. keronauuani (Yt 15.16, Yt 15.20, Yt 17.57, etc.), 3pl. OAv. koronaon (Y 30.9), 3pl. YAv.
koronauuan (Yt 19.11), OPT. 3sg. YAv. kerenuiiat (V 14.17, V 18.10, VdPZ 18.51 f., Мр 14), YAv.
koronoit (FrK 73), Y Av. frakoronoit (ViD 15), IMPV. 2sg. Y Av. koronüiói (Y 9.28), Y Av. koronauua (V
2.25, V 2.28, У 2.30), impf. IND. 3sg. (?) YAv. frakoronaot (V 22.2); Aor. athem.: INJ. 3sg. OAv. cörot
(Y 44.7, ? Y 45.9), SUBJ. 1sg. OAv. carani (Y 44.17), 3sg. OAv. caraiti (Y 51.1), OAv. carat (Y 46.4),
OPT. 3sg. ? OAv. coirit (Y 45.9, Kellens — Pirart 1991: 193), IMPV. med. 250. OAv. korosuua (Y 40.1);
Perf.: IND. 3pl. YAv. *caxrara (V 4.46); Partic.: pres. YAv. koronuuant- (Fr.), perf. pass. YAv. ?korota-
(Y 26.9, Yt 10.128, V13.23, V 19.30), etc.; Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. Y Av. kiriieiti (Yt 10.111), 3pl. ҮАУ.
kiriieinti (V 3.9). © The form YAv. koronüsi can also interpreted as (emend.) med. 2sg. "koronüse,
Hoffmann - Forssman 1996: 215.
*OLD PERSIAN: kar- ‘to do, make, build’ — Kent: 179a
Pres. nu- IND. 3sg. kunautiy <ku-u-n-u-ti-y> (DNb 24), <ku-u-n-u-[t]-[iJ-[y]> (DSs 3),
<[ku]-[u]-[n]-u-t-i-y> (055 4), impf. lsg. akunavam <a-ku-u-n-v-m> (A’Sd 3), akunäm
<[a]-[ku]-[n]-a-m> (XSc 3, ? A?Ha 5), ? akuvanasäsa <a-ku-v-n-8-a-8> (A’Sde 3), 3sg. akunaus
<a-ku-u-n-u-8> (D'Sb 3), akunas <a-[ku]-u-n-8> (A’Sa 3 f), 3pl. akunava", med. 3pl. akunava"tà
<a-ku-u-n-v-t-a> (DB 3.12, DSf 48), <a-[ku]-[u]-[n]-[v]-t-a> (DB 5.6), SUBJ. lsg. kunavanaiy
<ku-u-n-v-a-n-i-y> (081 4), 2sg. kunavahy <ku-u-n-v-a-h-y> (DB 4.75, DB 4.79), med. 3sg. kunavätaiy
<ku-u-n-..-v-a-t-i-y> (DNb 56), IMPV. 3sg. kunautuv <ku-u-n-u-tu-u-v> (DB 4.76); Aor. athem.: IND.
med. 3sg. akuta <a-ku-u-t-a> (DB 1.47, CMb 4), I pl. akumä <a-ku-u-m-a-> (DB 1.90), IMPV. med. 2sg.
kuSuva <ku-u-8-u-v-a> (DNb 50); Perf.: OPT. 35р. caxriyä <с-х-г-і-у-а> (DB 1.50); Partic.: perf. pass.
karta-; Inf.: cartanaiy <c-r-t-n-i-y> (DB 1.94, DB 2.33, DB 2.44, etc.), <c-r-t-n-i-y> (2.38), <c-r-t-n-i-y>
(DB 3.43, DB 3.65); Pass.: impf. IND. 3sg. akunavayatä <a-ku-u-n-v-y-t-a> (DB 1.20, DB 1.24, akariya
<a-k-r-i-y> (DSf 37, XPh 42), 3р1. акагіуа"іа <a-k-r-i-y-t-a> (DB 3.92), OPT. 3sg. kariyais <k-r-i-y-i-8>
(DNb 9, DNb 11)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP kwn-, qwn-, BMP kwn- (‘BYDWN-) /kun-/ ‘to make, do’ ||
(+ *us-) BMP ’wsk’l- /uskar-/ (caus.) ‘to think, consider, discuss’ || (+ *pati-) BMP
ptk’1/pahikar-/ (caus.) ‘to request, claim, consult, MMP phykr, BMP ptkl /pahikar/
‘picture, image’, MMP phyk’r, BMP рік? /pahikar/ ‘battle, struggle’ || (+ *ni-)
MMP ng’r- (caus.) ‘to paint, draw’, MMP ner ‘picture’ || (+ *ui-) MMP w(y)c’r-
(caus.) ‘to separate, divide, spread, interpret, decide....; perform, accomplish’ || (+
*ham-) MMP hng’r- (orig. caus.) ‘to (ac)count, reckon’, BMP hng’l- /hangär-/ ‘to
perform, offer (thanks); calculate, determine; consider > DMMPP: 213b f., 275a,
240b, 351b, 181a
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. MMP qwnym, "kwnym, 3sg. MMP kwnyd, etc.; Partic.: pres. MMP
kwn'n, perf. pass. MMP qyrdg, MMP kyrd, дуга, Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. MMP kyryhyd, 3р1. MMP
qyryhynd, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP qyryh'd || (+ *us-) Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. BMP ’wsk’lynd /uskarénd/,
*kar 237
sk’lynynd /skarénénd/; Partic.: perf. pass. caus. BMP ’wsk’lt /uskard/ || (+ *pati-) Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl.
BMP ptk’lynd /pahikarend/ || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP ng’ryd, 3р1. MMP ng rynd; Partic.: perf.
pass. MMP ng’rd || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP we’ryd, IMPV. 2sg. MMP we’r, Partic.: perf. pass.
MMP wyc’rd || (+ *ham-) Caus.: pres. IND. 35р. BMP hng’lyt /hangaréd/, 3р1. MMP hng’rynd, BMP
hng’lynd /hangarénd/; Pass.: pres. IND. 3pl. MMP hng’ryhynd (M7983 I Vii,11); Partic.: perf. pass. BMP
hng’It /hangard/
*PARTHIAN: kr- ‘to do, make’ || (+ *pati-) pdk’r- ‘to contend, strive’, pdkr ‘picture’ ||
+ *fra-) ? ‘frg’r- ‘to be dejected’ || (+ *ni-) ng’r- ‘to paint, draw’, ng’rgr ‘painter’ ||
(+ *ui-) wyc’r- ‘fulfil, perform’ = Ghilain: 57, 73 f. | DMMPP: 207 f., 269b, 85b,
351b
Pres.: IND. Isg. kr’m, 25р. qryh, 35р. kryd, qryd, 1р1. “kr’m, 2р1. Куа, 3р1. krynd, qrynd, SUBJ. 1sg.
kr’n, 25р. kr’h, 3sg. kr’h, OPT. 25р. qryndyh, IMPV. 2sg. kr, 2pl. kryd; Partic.: perf. pass. kyrd; Inf.:
kyrdn, qyrdn || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. pdk’rynd || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 1pl. ‘frg’r’m || (+ *ni-) Pres.:
IND. 3sg. ng ryd || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 25р. wyc ryy, 3sg. we’ryd, wyc’ryd
*KHOTANESE: yan- “о do, make’ || (+ ui-) LKh. güjsar- ‘to harm, injure? = SGS:
110 £, 29
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. (k)wn-, BSogd. (k)wn-, CSogd. wn- ‘to do, make, perform,
cause’, SSogd. (”)krt- (pass.) ‘to happen, occur; to become, be situated’ || (+ *pati-)
BSogd. ptkr'k, ptkr'kw, ptkr'y, CSogd. ptq'ry (m.) ‘image’ || (+ *ui-) ? CSogd.
wycyr’mnty (m.) ‘explanation’ (< Wir. ?), Sogd. w(y)c( rt ‘exactly’
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. MSogd. kwn’m, 2sg. BSogd. wn’y, CSogd. "um, 3sg. SSogd. kwnty,
BSogd. kwnty, MSogd. kwndyy, MSogd. qwndyy, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: m/k- ‘to make, do’, (+ d") to say’ || (+ *abi-) ? m/’Bk’ry- ‘to look up’
|| (+ *pati-) pckr- (denomin. ?) ‘to set, put up (spear)’ || (+ *fra-) sk’ry- (caus.) ‘to
colour, paint’ || (+ *ham-, *ni-) m/nk’ry- ‘to settle (a score) with someone; to say
goodbye ?’. © The forms of m/k- with frequent diacritic tasdid | ] in Arabic script
apparently point to assimilation of the consonant group *kn- (without *-r- !): > -kk-.
|| Althought it is not entirely clear whether m/’Bk’ry- does contain the root *kar, the
relation to Yi. uZér-/uZur, M. uZar-/uZir is surely undeniable, in view of the meaning.
= Samadi: 94, 1, 141, 192, 128
*BACTRIAN: к1р- ‘to do, act, make, etc.’ || (+ *pati-ham-) midayynp- ‘to agree, settle’
|| (+ *ui-) owonp- ‘to argue, quibble’ || (+ *ham-) ? ayyapyo, ayyapyo, ayyapayo
‘property (in land), estate’. 0 Sims-Williams compares о1стр- with MMP w(y)c’r-,
Sogd. w(y)c()rt. > S-W, Bact.: 199a, 177a, 217b, 213, 218a
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP kardan/kun-, Bal. kan-/ku(r)t-, Kurd. (Kurm.) kirin/ki-,
(Sor.) kirdin/ka-, Zaz. kerdis/ken-, Awrom. kardáy/kar-, Abyan. kardan/e-kar-, Anar.
-ike/eker-, Ard. käd/ker-, Fariz. kärdän/-kär-, Yar. kärdän/-kor-, -kär-, Gz. ker-/ke-,
kart, Gil. (Rsht.) kudoen/kun-, Gur. (Kand kärd-/-kär-, Ham. Кагійп/Кег-, Isfah.
Кагійп/Кег-, Jow. bam-Ka/a-Ker-, Meim. bem-Ka/a-Ker-, Khuns. kir-/kirt, Khr.
hi-kerd/hi-ker-, Mah. kir-/kär-d, Nn. kärtin/kir-, Natan. -kärd-/kor- (1sg.), kär-,
|
238 *karé ?
Qohr. Ка(гаа)/Кег-, Semn. -kärd-, -kürc-/-kür-, Sang. hä-kärt-/hä-kän-, (subj.)
hä-kär-, Shamerz. ha-kordan/ha-kon-, Siv. k(y)ar-, k(y)er-, kir-/k(y)erd, kird, Soi
kärd-/kir-, Sorkh. ha-kärdan/hä-koen-, Lasg. hä-kärd-/hä-kän- ‘to do, make’, Kurd.
(Kurm.) kärin/kär-, kanin/kan- (caus.) ‘to be able’, Awrom. kıriay/kıria- (pass.) ‘to
be done’ || (+ *us-) NP sigälidan/sigäl- ‘to think, meditate (mischief)’ || (+ *pati-) NP
paykar ‘picture, statue’ || (+ *ni-) NP nigastan/nigar- ‘to paint’ || (+ *ham-) NP
ingastan/ingar- ‘to suppose; consider, believe’, angaridan/ angär- ‘to think, imagine,
estimate; to paint, figure’, Yar. -hängäst/-hängar-, Jow. angor-/ (supplet. bam-vot <
*yat), Meim. bem-henga:ft/a-heger-, Khuns. éngar-/engast, Nn. -Engäst/engar-,
Natan. -hängäst ‘to talk, speak’, NP angärah ‘revenue-book, cash-account’
*NEIR: Oss. I. kenyn/kond, Купа, D. kanun/kond, kind, Pash. kawol, kral, Sh. (Baj.)
kin-/Cüd, Rosh. kin-/ctig, Sariq. kan-/Cewg, Yzgh. k"on-/keg, Ishk. ken-/kül-, Yi.
ken-/kor-, M. kan/ker- ‘to do’, Yghn. kün-/ikta, Wa. car-/kort ‘to do, make’,
(redupl.) Wa. korc(o)r-, koc(o)r-/ke(r)kayn-, ko(r)cart- ‘can, to be able’ || (+ *abi,
*aua- or *ui-) ? Yi. uZér-/uZur, M. uZar-/uZir ‘to perceive, look’ || (+ *ham-) ? Oss. I.
enk’aryn/enk’ard (pref. sec. ?), D. ank’arun/enk’ard ‘to feel, comprehend’ (< NP
?), Pash. angur ‘agreement’
*MISC: Par. kan-, kur-, kör, Orm. k-/dak ‘to do, make’ (< Pash. ?) = k-/däk, Orm.
kin-/kinok, kin-/kwulak ‘to copulate’ (euphem.) = kan-/kanók
*SANSKRIT: kar ‘to do, to make, to act’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 307
© The rather generic ‘to do, make’ has apparently developed into more specific
activities, ranging from “painting, depicting’ to ‘arguing, fighting’.
*PIE *k”er- ‘to do, make, construct’? = LIV: 391 | Pok.: 641
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /kuer-/ ‘to cut’, Welsh paraf ‘to process’, Olrish cruth ‘form’,
Lith. kung (kürti) ‘I found, build’, etc.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 82b, 143b f., 207b f., 247b f.; Ivanow 1926: 420, 426; EVP: 34; KPF II: 207 f.;
IIFL 1. 266a f., 398a f.; Christensen, Contributions I: 71, 168 f., 261; Christensen, Contributions II: 60 f.,
116 f., 161; Abrahamian 1936: 116, 130; IIFL II: 196, 217b; Lambton 1938: 42b, 78a; Abaev, Slovar’ I:
579; Andreev — PeSéereva: 275b ff.; MacKenzie 1966: 100; EVS: 40b; Lecoq 1974: 58; WIM I: 70; WIM
H/1: 78; WIM Ш: 110 £; Werba 1997: 168 f.; Paul 1998: 303; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 112, 218;
Cabolov 2001: 518, 514 f.; Lecoq 2002: 108 f., 138 ff. (passim); Kiefer 2003: 199; Korn 2005: 314, 393
(passim)
*karé ? ‘to strike’
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ni-) ? ngwrc- ‘[pejorative] to baptize’ (-c- < ?). Ф According to
Sundermann 1981: 90, n. 1 the meaning is from ‘niederschlagen’ [‘to strike down’],
ie. “gewaltsam niederbeugen und untertauchen (?) [Чо push under by force’].
c DMMPP: 241a
*karH2 239
*KHOTANESE: kalj- ‘to strike’ || (+ *us-) OKh. uskaljaka- ‘opener’ || (+ *nis-)
naskalj- ‘to drive away’. 0 The suggestion of Bailey (DKS: 55b) to connect the
Khot. verbs to Av. kahrkäsa- ‘eagle’, etc. can be discarded. = SGS: 17, 21
© An Ir. origin for these relatively isolated forms is doubtful.
*PIE— > LIV: — | Pok.:
*kard ? ‘to stick, keep down ?’
*CHORESMIAN: ? Krö- ‘to sink (in the dust), subside’ (i.e. ‘to get stuck (in the dust)’
?) || (+ *upa-) ? bkrry- (i.e. /bkrzy-/ ?) “о attack, grab, seize violently’ (MacKenzie,
V: 67) > Samadi: 103 f., 20 f.
*BACTRIAN: ? Kap(a)A- ‘to detain, arrest’ || (+ *pati-) mdoKapA- ‘to withhold,
retain, detain’ = S-W, Bact.: 198a, 218a
*NWIR: ? NP kal ‘ditch, valley’ (different etym. ?, from *karH? ?)
*NEIR: ? Wa. korovir ‘layer of duckweed or mud on the water’
9 This root seems to be exclusively Ir. An IE provenance cannot be established.
*PIE— > LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 218
*karH! ‘to celebrate, praise’
*AVESTAN: YAv. kar- ‘to celebrate, praise’ — Liste: 15
Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. käraiieiti (Y 19.13, Y 20.1, Yt 4.4, etc.), impf. 3sg. (?) YAv. "hamakaraiiat
(Y 19.15); Intens.: pres. IND. 1р1. YAv. carokoromahi (Y 58.4)
*NEIR: ? Sariq. Cir- ‘to sing, twitter, chirp’ (onomatopoetic ?) || (+ *ham-) ? Oss. I.
æppælyn/æppælyn ‘to praise’ (> D. æppælun/æppæld). > Oss. І. æppælyn/æppælyn
shows a secondary prefixation with æm- and, subsequently, assimilation of -mk- > I.
-PP-. |
*SANSKRIT: kar ‘to celebrate, praise’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 310
«PIE *kerH>- ‘to praise’ = LIV: 353 | Pok.: 530 f.
*IE COGNATES: ON herma ‘report’, Goth. hrobeigans (acc. pl.) ‘triumphant’, OPr.
kirdit ‘to hear’
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 170; EVS: 27a; DKS: 465a; Lehmann 1986: 192a; Werba 1997: 277
*karH ‘to spread out, scatter (esp. seed), sow; to make furrows, plough’
*AVESTAN: YAv. kar- (caus.) ‘to spread out’ || (+ *pari-) ‘to plough around’ || (+
*fra-) ‘to do by furrowing, ploughing’. 0 YAv. kar- (etc.) is root kar^- іп AiW: 449.
According to Kellens 1974: 136, the causative appearance of this root is analogically
built after the type iSatia-. It seems easier, however, to assume a suppletive system
*karaja- ~ *krsta- (i.e. root *kars-/*xrah-) in Pir. cf. Emmerick 1966: 612; Sims-
Williams 1985: 99, ad 52R.9-10. = Liste: 15
240 *karH2
Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. karaiieiti, Y Av. frakäraiieiti (N 101, Yt 4.6), INJ. 3sg. YAv. frakäraiiat (V
22.20), OPT. 25р. Y Av. frakaraiiois (V 9.10 Ё), pairi.käraiiöis (V 17.6), 3р1. Y Av. käraiion (V 6.2)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP q’r-, BMP KL /kar-/ ‘to make furrows; sow’, MMP ’gyrd
(with neg. a-) ‘unploughed, untilled’ = DMMPP: 202b, 31a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP q’ryd, IMPV. 2р1. MMP and Partic.: perf. pass. MMP kyst
*PARTHIAN: k’r- ‘to sow, plant’? > Ghilain: 98 | DMMPP: 202b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. “k’ryd, “q’ryd; Partic.: perf. pass. kyst, qyst
*KHOTANESE: kär-, OKh. ker- (caus.) ‘to plant’ || (+ *nis-) LKh. naskär- ‘to drag
away’ || (+ *ham-) Khot. hamg(g)ar- ‘to draw together’. 0 The exact meaning of
(hapax) LKh. naskirrdä in passage P 2893.199 KT 3.90 is uncertain. Emmerick
(SGS: 50) derives LKh. naskirr- from a root *kar- ‘to cut’, PIE *(s)ker-, which is not
clearly attested in other Iranian languages (perhaps Chor. krwy- ‘to trim, cut’, no
etym. given by Samadi 1984: 104). The quoted Av. form frakoronaot (V 22.2) may
rather belong to root *kar'- ‘to do, make’ (cf. Kellens 1984: 171, fn. 5). The
connection suggested by Bailey (DKS: 177), viz. with *kar’-, is solely based on his
interpretation of the passage concerned. — SGS: 22, 23, 50, 137
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. kyr ‘to plant, sow’, SSogd. ks(-), CSogd. qs(-) ‘to sow’ (cf.
Sims-Williams 1984: 99, s.v. 52R.9-10, fn. 29)
Pres.: SUBJ. 2sg. BSogd. kyr’ (Vim. 30), ОРТ. 3sg. CSogd. qsy (C2 52R.9); Pret.: tr. IND. 3sg. CSogd.
qst’rt (C2 54R.26); Partic.: perf. pass. SSogd. kst ‘spread’ (AL 3.22), BSogd. kst'k ‘sown; seed’ (Vim.
11(N))
*CHORESMIAN: k’ry- ‘to till; sow, plant’ || (+ *fra-) m/’sk’ry- ‘to impregnate’
c» Samadi: 99, 9
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP kistan/kar- ‘to plant, sow’, Kurd. (Sor.) kétan/két-,
Awrom. keláy/kel- ‘to plough’, Zaz. käritis/kären-, Abz. kasta/kär-, Qohr. kasta/kar-
‘to sow’, Gz. kar-/kast, Khuns. kar-/kara, kast, Siv. kar-/kist ‘to plant’, Nn. kast/kar-
‘to sow, plant’, Abyan. kast/kar- ‘to plant, sow, cultivate’, Abz. kas/kar- ‘to plant,
sow’
*NEIR: Oss. I. keelyn/kald, D. kaelun/kald (pass./intr.) ‘to flow; to be pulled down; to
stumble’, I. kalyn/kald, D. kalun/kald (caus./tr.) ‘to pour, spill; to throw on the
ground’, Sh. Cär-t, Rosh. cér-t, Bart. Cor-t, Sariq. Cor-t, Yzgh. Kär-d ‘to plough, sow,
cultivate’, Sangl. kir-/kurt ‘to plough’, M. kor-/kask-, Yi. kār-/kišč- ‘to sow, plant’,
Pash. karal ‘to till, cultivate’, Wa. ksrr-/kord-, kast ‘to cultivate the land (by plowing
and sowing)’, Wa. ёыге ‘line, furrow’, Yghn. kista ‘field’ || (+ *ui-) Sh. wijar-/wijart
‘to scatter (manure)’, ? Oss. I. xelyn/xald, D. ixzlun/ixald ‘to be spoilt, ruined,
destroyed’, Oss. I. xalyn/xzeld, D. ixalun/ixald ‘to spoil, ruin, destroy’ || (+ with sec.
æm-) ? Oss. I. aepparyn/zeppaerst ‘to throw’. > Oss. xælyn, etc. are rather connected
to Skt. skhal ‘to trip, stumble, halt, go astray’ ? This suggestion can be found on the
margin of H.W. Bailey’s copy of IEW, p. 929.
*kars/*xrah 241
*SANSKRIT: kar ‘to strew, scatter’ (RV+) || саг ‘to move, roam, go’ (RV) > EWAia
I: 311 (534 ff.)
9 The meanings all refer to the planting process, cf. LIV: 354, fn. 5. The situation
has been further complicated by the old causative formation *k"olH;-eie- of IE
*kelH;- ‘to move, turn’ (cf. *éarH), which would have yielded the same result as the
causative of IE *kerH- ‘to scatter (seed), sow’ in Iranian. It is impossible to separate
the two formations in most Ir. languages.
“PIE 1. *К“егН- ‘to spread, scatter (seed), sow’, *k” orH-eje- (caus.) || 2. *k"olH;-eie-
(caus.) ‘to make furrows, plough’ — LIV: 353, 386 | Pok.: (933 f.) 639
*IE COGNATES: 1. Olrish fo-ceird ‘throws, puts’ || 2. Gr. noA£$0 Yñv ‘I plough the
earth’, Lat. colo ‘I cultivate’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 33; IIFL II: 218a, 399a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 578, 569 f., 169 f.; MacKenzie 1966: 99;
EVS: 26b, 89b; WIM I: 69; WIM II/1: 78; WIM III: 111; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 170 f., 138 f.; Werba 1997:
277; Paul 1998: 303a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 221, 138; Cabolov 2001: 548; Cheung 2002: 196; Lecoq
2002: 121 ff. (passim)
*karp ? ‘to lament, moan, mumble’
*AVESTAN: ? Av. karapan- ‘anti-Zoroastrian priest, teacher’ (Y 32.12, Y 44.20, Y
48.10, etc.)
*CHORESMIAN: krb- ‘to moan, mumble, babble’ = Samadi: 103
*MISC: Further Ir. cognates are unknown.
*SANSKRIT: krap ‘to wail, plea’ (RV, AV). © The set character of the Skt. root is
secondary. > EWAia I: 409, 389
«PIE ? *k rep- Фе grumpy, moan?’ > LIV: 370 | Pok.: 569
*IE COGNATES: ? Lat. crepäre ‘to crack, creak’, ? Russ. kropotat’ ‘to be grumpy’
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 415
*kars/*xrah ‘to draw, plough’
*AVESTAN: YAv. Каг$- ‘to draw (furrows), plough’ || (+ *apa-) ‘to drag away’ || (+
*aua-) ‘to draw down’ || (+ *pari-) ‘to draw around’ © Liste: 15
Pres. them.: IND. 3pl. YAv. auua.karosonti (V 5.5), OPT. 35р. YAv. apa.karsöit (N 48), ҮАУ.
pairi.karsöit (V 19.21), 3р1. YAv. karsaiion (Yt 19.80)
"MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP krs-, qrs- ‘to pull, draw’ || kyst (pret. stem) ‘to sow, plant’
(supplet. stem of k’r-, *karH) > DMMPP: 208b
Pres.: IND. 1р1. MMP krsym: Partic.: perf. pass. II MMP qrsyd || Partic.: perf. pass. MMP kyst
*PARTHIAN: kyst (pret. stem) ‘to sow, plant’ (supplet. stem of k’r-, *karH?)
=> Ghilain: 96 | DMMPP: 202b
Partic.: perf. pass. kyst, qyst
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. хг ‘to pull, attract’, CSogd. xš ‘to drag’ || (+ *apa-) BSogd.
"px r/n$, CSogd. рхёп ‘to remove, eliminate’ || (+ *a-) BSogd. ’’k’ys(-) ‘to pull out’
242 *kars/*xrah
|| (+ *ui-) BSogd. wx’rs, CSogd. wxs, MSogd. wxnš ‘to deliver, save’ || (+ *ham-)
BSogd. ’nx’s-, CSogd. nxš- ‘to withdraw, retire’, (caus.) SSogd. ’nxrs(-) ‘to
subjugate, overtake [i.e. to cause to withdraw]’ (on *r see GMS: $147)
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. xrst, OPT. 3sg. dur. BSogd. xns’y ’Stn; Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. xs; Inf.: pret.
CSogd. xst, MSogd. ’kstyy (Sogd.Tales: 469), MSogd. ksty (ВВВ: 35), MSogd. kstyy (BBB: 42) || Pres.:
IND. 35р. CSogd. grwst, SUBJ. 159. CSogd. qrwsn; Partic.: pres. CSogd. qrwsny || (+ *apa-) Pres.: IND.
35р. BSogd. ’px’rst, BSogd. ’px’nst, BSogd. px’nst, SUBJ. 1sg. BSogd. px’rs’n, 35р. BSogd. px ns't,
IMPV. BSogd. рх ri? (GMS: $698: subj.); Inf.: BSogd. ’px’rs’y, BSogd. ’px’ns’y, BSogd. px’ns’y || (+
*2-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. BSogd. ’’k’ys’ntw || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. wx’rst, SUBJ. 1sg. BSogd.
уух т°п, 3sg. CSogd. wxst, PREC. 3sg. MSogd. wnxsytyy; Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. wyxs; Fut.: IND.
3sg. CSogd. wxstq’; Partic.: pres. CSogd. wxsnw; Inf.: BSogd. cnn wx’rs’y || + *ham-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg.
BSogd. "nx '$'t; Caus.: fut. IND. 159. SSogd. SSogd. ’nxrs’m km
*CHORESMIAN: xSy- ‘to draw, drag’, xSs- (sec. pass./inch.) ‘to be dragged’, m/xry-
(caus. ?) ‘to draw’ || (+ *apa-) pxry- ‘to draw out’ || (+ *upa-) bks- ‘to feed’ (< *‘to
look after’) || (+ *pati-) pcxrs- (intr./inch.) ‘to pull oneself back; to stop, become
quiet/still’, p’cxr- (caus. ?) ‘to restrain, pull back’. o The Chor. formation m/xry-
reflects an old caus. *xrahaja-, after which the intervoc. -h- disappeared.
Subsequently, the long *4 was shortened in front of *; which is in line with other
ЕП. languages. = Samadi: 242, 240, 21, 164 f., 147
*BACTRIAN: Kıbaryo ‘plough-(ox)’ (U8) => S-W, Bact.: 199b
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP kasidan/kas- ‘to pull, draw’, Bal. kast, kaš(š)it/kaš(š)-,
Kurd. (Kurm.) Kisin/Kis-, Kesan/kes-, (Sor.) kisan/kisé- ‘to drag [intr.], crawl, be
drawn, slip, flow’, Zaz. kiristis/kiréSen- ‘to drag’, Abz. kesa/kes-, Anar. -ikeso/
(impv.) ikis, Awrom. kesay/kes- ‘to draw, pull’, Fariz. -ki$ä-/-kis-, Yar. -kisa/-kis-,
Gz. kás-, keš-/käšā, Gil. (Rsht.) -kaSe-, Gur. (Kand.) kisa-/-kis-, Ham. kásayán/Kes-,
Isfah. kesän/kes-, Khuns. kes-/kesa, Mah. kis-, Nn. kisa/kis-, Natan. -kiS-/kis-, Siv.
kis-, kes-, käš-/kišā, kešā, Soi bä-nkisa (sic!), Tal. kaše, Varz. kasä/kas- ‘to draw,
pull’
*NEIR: Oss. I. xaessyn/xast, D. x&ssun/ast (< I. ?), xaersun/xarst ‘to carry; to breed,
raise; to cultivate, plant; to last, endure’, Wa. xa$-/xaSt- ‘to draw, pull, drag; to
carry’, Yghn. kis-, kis-/kista ‘to sow’, xaš-/xášta ‘to draw’, Yi. xóš-/xíšč-, M. xas-
‘to pull, drag’, ? Sh. kiräx(t), Rosh. kiréx-t, Yzgh. xarax-, Вагі. Ciröxt, Orosh. kiroxt
‘to remove, haul, drag’, Khf. хахё ‘ploughing’, M. kugo ‘plough’ (*krsaka-) || (+
*abi-) Oss. I. ivxzersyn/ivxerst, D. evxaersun/evxa(r)st ‘to put across across a river,
dangerous place; to lead someone; to help someone who is in trouble, danger; to
rescue, save’ || (+ *ham-) Oss. I. æxxæssyn/æxxæst ‘to reach, attain’, D.
ænxæssun/ænxast ‘to seize, grab’
*MISC: Par. kas ‘eyebrow’ (kas kan- ‘to pull, stretch, contract’ < NP)
*SANSKRIT: kars ‘to pull, drag, plow’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 319
*kartl 243
9 The root *kars- appears to have a rare variant *xrah-, with a different kind of
ablaut (i.e. Schwebeablaut), similar to *fras-/pars-. This may therefore account for
the initial x- in some Iranian forms. The frequent loss of the liquid *r is quite
striking as well. The root *kars-/xrah- specifically refers to the ploughing process,
after which the field can be sown in, i.e.*karH^-. As a consequence, the roots
*kars-/xrah- and *karH’- either show mutual influence, cf. Sh. kiräx(t), etc., or are
part of a suppletive paradigm.
*PIE *K"els- ‘to plough’ = LIV: 388 f. | Pok.: 639
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /gulsanzi/ ‘they scratch into’, Gr. téAoov (n.) ‘last furrow of the
field’
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 82b, 144b f., 248b; Ivanow 1926: 420; IIFL I: 267b; KPF II: 217; Christensen,
Contributions I: 71, 169 f., 262; IIFL II: 216a, 269a; Abrahamian 1936: 116, 130; Lambton 1938: 41a,
77b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 556, 223 Ё; Andreev — PeSéereva 273a, 357a Ё; MacKenzie 1966: 100; EVS: 41b,
99b; WIM I: 69; WIM II/1: 78; WIM III: 111; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 188 ff.; Werba 1997: 171; Paul 1998:
303b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 406; Cabolov 2001: 555; Cheung 2002: 247 f., 108 ff.; Lecoq 2002: 147
ff., 153 (passim); Korn 2005: 318, 392
*kart! ‘to cut’
*AVESTAN: YAv. kart- ‘to cut’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to cut down to’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to cut on’ ||
(+ *fra-) ‘to cut up’ > Liste: 15
Pres. {1} n-: IND. 3sg. YAv. apa ... korontaiti (V 13.10 f.), YAv. aipi.korontaiti (Y 71.8, Yt 10.72), 3pl.
Y Av. aipi.korontonti (Y 71.8), Y Av. frakorontonti (ViD 10), INJ. 3sg. YAv. frakorontat (V 1.2, V 1.4 f£),
YAv. fra korontat (Y 9.8), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. ()karantat (У 7.37x, У 7.39), 3р1. ? YAv. *kərəntànti or
*korontan (V 7.38), ОРТ. 3sg. Y Av. "pairi.korontoi$ (V 19.19), 3pl. YAv. upa.korontaiion (V 13.33),
IMPV. 3р1. (?) YAv. kerentu (with hapl. from *korontontu ?, V 7.38, V 7.40); Pres. {2} aia-: IND. 3sg. ??
Y Av. (nonce) korontaieiti (ХЗ Yt 14.62); Pass.: pres. SUBJ. 3sg. Y Av. auua.korodiiät (V 4.50)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP klyn- /kirrén-/ ‘to cut, create [daevic]’ || (+ *fra-) BMP plglt
/fragard/ ‘chapter, section, Abschnitt’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP klynyt /kirrénéd/, 3р1. BMP klynynd /kirrénénd/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP klynyt
/kirrénid/; Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. BMP klyhyt/kirthéd/, 3р1. ВМР klyhynd /kirihönd/
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pati-) patält- (pa’s-) ‘to cut off 2 SGS: 67
*SOGDIAN: (+ *us-) BSogd. ’skr’nt(-) ‘to cut up’ || (+ *pati-) BSogd. ptkr’nt- ‘to cut
through, off || (+ *fra-) CSogd. frqrnt- ‘to destroy’, MSogd. frkrnd ‘to cut up’ || (+
*ham-) BSogd. "nkr'nt-, MSogd. ’ngrnd- ‘to cut up’
(+ *us-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. BSogd. ’skr’nt’nt || (+ *pati-) BPres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ptkr’nt, 3р1. BSogd.
ptkrnt’nt, Partic.: pres. BSogd. ptkrnt’k, BSogd. ptkrnt’y, BSogd. ptkrnty || (+ *fra-) Impf.: IND. 3pl.
CSogd. fr'qrntnt; Inf: MSogd. "frkrnd (BBB: 33) || (+ *ham-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’nkr’nt, 3р1.
BSogd. ’nkr’nt’nt
*CHORESMIAN: ? kcy- ‘to throw (away), put on, to; to dictate’, knd- ‘to measure,
measure off (before cutting off the leather)’ || (+ *upa-) bkrzy- ‘to attack’. > It is
difficult to account for the meanings of Chor. kcy- (Henning 1950-55: 428), if it
244 *kart2
indeed derives from *kart-. The comparison with Wakhi kart- ‘to throw; to put; to
shoot at’, cited by Henning, can be discarded: the Wakhi form (pres.: kat-) may have
an (unspecified) Indian origin, which Samadi, l.c., infers from IIFL II: 457, 41. This
is the stance of Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 206 f., who mentions the following (IA)
forms: Pashai kat-, Si. katanu-, Panj. kattna, Hi. katna, etc. о cut’, Pashai kut- ‘to
strike, rub’. As for the semantics, Steblin-Kamenskij also quotes (dialectal) Russ.
lozit’, klast’ which means ‘to cut’, cf. standard Russ. klast’, (perfective) po-loZit’ ‘to
put, lay (down)’. = Samadi: 100 f., 103, 20
*NWIR: NP Кага, Bal. karc, Kurd. (Kurm.) Ker (f.), (Sor.) kerd, Abyan. Кага (f.),
Anar. kart, Qohr. kart, Sang. kart, Nn. kart ‘knife’, Kurd. (Kurm.) как?) (m.) ‘part,
shart, piece’, kur ‘cut off; shaven; shortened’, (Sor.) kuti ‘short; stumpy, chopped off
[of tail]’ || (+ *ni3-) NP nisgardah ‘cobbler’s knife’
*NEIR: Oss. I. kaerdyn/karst, D. kaerdun/karst ‘to cut (to pieces)’, Sh. xicand-/Xicryd,
Sariq. Xicand-/Xicaxt ‘to cut (off), carve, chop’ (contamin. with *skand ‘to break,
cleave’, EVS: ibid.) || (+ *abi- or *apa-) Oss. I. argevdyn/zrg&vst (with meta-
thesis), D. avgardun/evgarst ‘to slaughter, stechen (animal, person)’ || (+ *aua-)
Oss. I. ugard ‘carve, incision’ (not from pref. *ui- as assumed by Abaev, Slovar’ IV,
l.c.) || + *a-) ? Pash. äcan- ‘to level, smooth; arrange, regulate’ || (+ *us-) Pash.
skaStal/skan- ‘to cut out, clip out’ || (+ *fra-) Oss. I. legardyn/legzrst, D.
legerdun/legerst ‘to pave [cut] a path (in the water, snow, on the land) with
difficulty’
*SANSKRIT: kart ‘to cut (off) (RV+) = EWAia I: 315
PIE *(s)ker-t- ‘to cut? => LIV: 559 f. | Pok.: 941 f.
*IE COGNATES: Arm. k'ert'em ‘I skin’, Lith. kertü (kifsti) ‘I hew, hit’, Latv. cértu
(cirst) ‘I hew, hack’, Alb. geth ‘to shave’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 67; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 584, 175; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 21; EVS: 100b; Abaev, Slovar’
IV: 12; Werba 1997: 170; Cabolov 2001: 508, 525, 549; Lecoq 2002: 631 passim, NEVP: 7; Korn 2005:
189, 389
*kart? ‘to twist, turn’
*CHORESMIAN: kncy- ‘to turn (one’s head)’ || (+ *ham-) ? m/nkn- ‘to sow’, "nknc (Ё)
‘needle’. Ф Different etymologies have been cautiously proposed for Chor. nkn- ‘to
sow’. MacKenzie (I: 545) quotes Pash. gandsl ‘to sew’ < *han-kan°- with a query,
whereas Samadi suggests a "Gegenbildung" of *ui-kan- ‘to destroy, undermine’ (s.v.
*kan’). Perhaps, the Chor. form derives from the present stem *ham-krnta- of
*ham-kart - ‘to twist, braid together’. > Samadi: 102 f., 128 f.
*SANSKRIT: kart ‘to spin, twist threads’ = EWAia I: 316
% Evidence for the Iranian cognate root of Skt. kart is confined to Choresmian.
Eilers, WIM I: 361 f., s.v. Khuns. kärdöun ‘weaver; spider’ suggests for the Persian
*kasl 245
‘spider’ word kärtana(k) two possible etymologies, either from compounded kar
‘work’ + tanidan ‘to spin’ or a connection to Skt. kart. NP kartana(k) have similar
correspondences in several Iranian dialects, e.g. Abyan. kartana, Abz. kartana, Anar.
karetine, Nn. karatine, Qohr. kartene, Varz. kardowne (Lecoq 2002: 578b, 596a,
609a, 648b, 631b, 679b). In Qohr. kare ‘spider web’ is also attested, which perhaps
makes the Skt. connection less plausible.
«PIE *kert- ‘to plait? = LIV: 356 | Pok.: 584 f.
*IE COGNATES: ? Hitt. kar-za, kar-za-na-as *weaver's tool to make yarn’, ? Lat. cratis
*something plaited, plait work?
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 170 f.
*karz ? ‘to cheat, deceive’
*CHORESMIAN: K’Zy- ‘to deceive’, k Z ‘deceit? = Samadi: 99 f.
*NEIR: ? Pash. kaZol/kaZ- ‘to dislike’
9 The postulation of this root is based on two Ir. reflexes. An IE provenance is
therefore difficult to prove.
*PIE — = LIV: — | Pok.: 554
*REFERENCES: EVP: 35
*kas! ‘to look, appear’
*AVESTAN: (+ *4-) YAv. аКаѕ- ‘to look’ = Liste: 15
Pres. them.: INJ. Y Av. akasat (V 22.2)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *à-) BMP ’k’syn- /agahen-/ (denomin.) ‘to inform (someone)’
|| (+ *pari-) ? BMP plgst /pargast/ ‘let it not happen! Heaven forbid!’ (< *Attention!)
|| (+ *ni-) BMP nk’s /nigäh/ ‘look, attention’
(+ *à-) Partic.: perf. pass. ВМР ’k’synyt /agahénid/; Inf.: ВМР ’k’synytn /agahenidan/
*PARTHIAN: (+ *4-) ’gs ‘visible, apparent’ || (+ *pati-) pdgs- ‘to look after’ || (+
*pari-) prgs- ‘to observe, take care’, (?) Pth. prgst ‘God forbid!’ || (+ *ni-) ng’h
‘heed, attention’ || (+ *ui-) wyg’s ‘apparent, open’. Ф A nominal derivative pdgs
‘look, countenance, face’ was also cited by Henning 1937: 86; Boyce 1977: 68.
However, this form may be a ghostword. The form **pdgs in the referred passage
M42 II Rui, 16(42) (i.e. Andreas — Henning 1934: 879, line 22) appears to be p’dgws
‘realm, land’. = Ghilain: 51 | DMMPP: 30b, 269a, 240a, 353a
(+ *pati-) Pres.: IMPV. 2sg. pdgs {unpubl.} || (+ *pari-) Pres.: SUBJ./OPT./IMPV. (?) 2sg. prgysyh
(M622), IMPV. 2pl. prgysyd (M 251)
*KHOTANESE: OKh. kas- (or kas-) ‘to appear’ || (+ *ni-) OKh. nyas- ‘to despise’
= SGS: 22, 128, 60
*SOGDIAN: (+ *a-) CSogd. 'qsy ‘overseer’ || (+ *pati-) SSogd. peks- ‘to expect’,
CSogd. pcqs- ‘to wait, await’
246 *kas2
(+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 35р. dur. CSogd. pcgstysq (C2 48V.19, C2 77R.15); Impf.: IND. 2sg. SSogd. peks’
(AL 1.8); 'z-Impf.: IND. 35р. CSogd. peqs’z (C2 60R.28)
*CHORESMIAN: ¢’rks- ‘to watch closely, scrutinize’ (< ? &’r- ‘device, trick, list? = NP
car(ah) ‘means, device, trick, list’) || (+ *a-) m/’ks- ‘to observe’ || (+ *upa-) bks- ‘to
feed’ (< *‘to look after’) || (+ *fra-) škš- ‘to look to’ || (+ *ni-) nk’s(y)- ‘to (take a)
look at’ © Samadi: 56, 4, 21, 192 f., 128
*NWIR: Khuns. kis-/kis(s)- ‘to look to’ || (+ *а-) NP agah ‘knowing, aware’ || (+ *ni-)
Meim. be-Agaft-, a-Agaft-/a-Ages- ‘to look to, gaze at’, NP пісар ‘look, attention’ ||
(+ *ham-) Fariz. -ängast-/-ängäs-, Yar. -ängäst-/-ingäs- ‘to look’, Qohr. t-ángis-/
angas, Soi at-ängis- ‘look to, perceive’, ? Jow. bam-gaft/afiges- ‘to paint’
*NEIR: Oss. I. k&syn/kast, D. keesun/kast ‘to look; to read; to wait; to appear’, Pash.
katol, Sh. Cis-/Cuxt, Rosh. cas-/Coxt, Bart. Cas-/é6xt, Sariq. Cos-/EiXt, Yzgh. k'as-/
k’üxt ‘to see’, ? Yi. kös-/kist ‘to search for’ (rather *kau£? ?) || (+ *pari-) Oss. L
felgesyn/felgest, D. felgasun/felgast ‘to look; survey’ || (+ *nis-) Oss. I.
nykkesyn, D. nikkesun ‘to look (down)’ || (+ *ham-) Oss. І. angas, D. zngast
‘look, appearance’
*MISC: (+ *à-) Arm. (LW) akah ‘knowing, aware’ || (+ *pari-) Arm. (LW) p'argast
‘absit omer || (+ *ni-) Arm. (LW) nkat-em ‘to see, consider’ || (+ *nis-) Arm. (LW)
nskah-em ‘to reject, condemn’
*SANSKRIT: kas ‘to become visible, appear’? = EWAia I: 344
0 See also *čaš!. No IE verbal correspondences are known.
«PIE *k”eK- ‘to appear, show’ = LIV: 383 ff. | Pok.: 638 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. тёкрор, тёкрор ‘sign, mark’
*REFERENCES: Zhukovskij I: 17, 202; KPF I: 250a; EVP: 35; Christensen, Contributions I: 174; IIFL II:
219; Lambton 1938: 41b, 78b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 589 f., 436 f.; EVS: 27b; WIM I: 70; Werba 1997: 339;
Cheung 2002: 589 f., 161; Lecoq 2002: 641b (passim)
*kas? ‘to attach’
*KHOTANESE: kas- (kas-/kas-) ‘to attach’. © According to Bailey 1951: 31, cited by
Emmerick (SGS: l.c.), three verbs may be hidden behind Khot. kass- (or kas-): *kas’ -
‘to look, appear’, *kas’- ‘to attach’ and *kas’- ‘to fall’. As for the latter root,
Emmerick could not give an etymology. The existence of *kas’- ‘to fall’ is now
supported by the Chor. evidence, on which see *kas?. => SGS: 21 f.
*CHORESMIAN: ksy- ‘to get stuck’ = Samadi: 104 f.
*NEIR: (+ *ni-) Oss. I. nyxeesyn/nyxest, D. nix&sun/nixast ‘to be attached, glued,
stuck’, (caus.) I. nyxasyn/nyxzst, D. nixasun/nixast ‘to attach, adhere, glue, stick’. 0
The initial -x- of the Oss. forms is inexplicable; an assimilation of fricatives (К... s>
X ... S) may be invoked.
© Further connections are unknown.
*kas4 247
*PIE — > LIV: – | Pok.:
«REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ II: 220 f.; DKS: 57a
*kas? ‘to fall’
*KHOTANESE: LKh. kas- (kas-) ‘to fall’ || (+ *а-) OKh. ätas- ‘to fall down’ (-t- is a
hiatus "filler" = SGS: 21, 8
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *apa-) ? bk’s- ‘to be stupefied’ || (+ *us-) m/sks- (intr./inch.) ‘to
become high, ascend’, m/sk’sy- (caus.) ‘to lift, take up’ © Samadi: 19, 181 f., 180
*NWIR: (+ *ham-) Bal. ankis(1)t/ankis- ‘to lie down, go to sleep’
Ó A root *kas’ is reconstructed on the basis of Khotanese and Choresmian evidence,
to which a Bal. continuation can be added. The root is exclusively Ir. with no
apparent IE origin.
*PIE— > LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: DKS: 56b f.; Shahbakhsh: s.v. ankis-
*kas! ‘to be small, diminish, lessen’
*AVESTAN: YAv. kasu- ‘small, little’ (Yt 8.29), Yt 14.17, V 7.59, etc.), ҮАУ.
kasiiah- ‘young’ (V 5.24, V 14.5, V 15.2, etc)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP gh-, ВМР k’h- /kah-/ ‘to diminish, decrease, lessen’, MMP
k’hysn, q’hysn ‘diminution’ = DMMPP: 205a, 201b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP qhyd, BMP k’hyt /kahéd/, Inf.: ВМР k’hynytn /kahénidan/ (from MX)
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ni-) nyassa- ‘deficient, bad’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *us-) sks- ‘to become short? = Samadi: 182
*NWIR: NP kastan/kah- ‘to lessen, diminish’, Nn. käs, Tr. kas ‘little; young’, Varz.
kas ‘little’
*NEIR: Oss. I. kæstær *young(er), little’ || ? I. &-gas, D. &-gas (+ neg. *a-) ‘whole,
integer || (+ *ui-) D. igas *whole(some), healthy, alive’, Wa. kas ‘young man, lad,
youth’
*SANSKRIT: kasü- (m.) PN ‘the Small One’ (RV 8.5.37) = EWAia I: 330
© This apparently Пг. root has no certain IE provenance. It may even be an
exclusively Ir. root, if the Skt. name kasü- is some sort of a borrowing, cf. EWAia,
l.c.: "als „iranisch-westindoarische Dialekt-Isoglosse” aufzufassen ?".
«PIE 9 Pokorny, Le cites NHG hager ‘gaunt, haggard’, Lith. kaséti ‘to lessen,
become thin, dry’ as possible cognates. The origin of NHG hager (incl. Engl.
haggard < Fr. hagard < Germanic ?) is obscure though, Seebold (Kluge 2002: 383b)
considers Skt. krsä- ‘id.’ as a semantically more satisfactory connection to NHG
hager. As for the Lith. form, it appears to have a variant katéti, both forms have a
popular flavour according to Fraenkel I: 227b f. = LIV: — | Pok.: 521 f.
248 *kaš
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 152b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 589, 119; DKS: 57a f., 193b; Cheung 2002: 158; Lecoq
2002: 605b, 631b, 680a.
*kaS ‘to imprison’
*AVESTAN: (?) Y Av. kas- ‘to hold, grasp ?’ = Liste: 16
Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. kasaiieiti (V 18.4), INJ. 3sg. YAv. kasaiiat ‘[Pahl. transl.] суур (P 36)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? MMP gys- ‘to bind, tie’ || (+ *ham-) ? MMP hngys- ‘to fasten
to’. 0 MMP gys- has been abstracted from hngyst ? = DMMPP: 170b, 181a f.
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP gyst; Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. MMP gysyhyd || (+ *ham-) Partic.: perf. pass. MMP
hngyst; Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. MMP hngysyd, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP hngsyh’d
*PARTHIAN: (+ *pari-) prg’c- ‘to imprison; incarcerate? = Ghilain: 99 | DMMPP:
278a
Pres.: IND. 35р. prg’cyd; Partic.: perf. pass. prgst, prgstg, П ? prg’c’d
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) CSogd. ptqys- ‘to imprison, confine’ || (+ *pari-) MSogd. prqys
‘to imprison’. 9 A hapax nominal derivative CSogd. ptq's is attested in C2 94V.26
(Sims-Williams 1984: 169). The form has an unexpected final -s, as observed by
Sims-Williams 1979: 133 f. This may simply be a spelling mistake, cf. BSogd. prk’s
‘imprisonment’ (SCE 133).
(+ *pati-) Fut.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. ptq.stq' (C2 51V.4 Ё); Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd. "ptqsty (CH 25У.18]),
CSogd. ptqsc (Ё) (C2 94R.16), CSogd. "ptqystyt (pl.) ‘imprisoned, confined’ (|C2 64R.28|) || (+ *pari-)
Impf.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. pryqys (M129R.13), MSogd. prykyys (M133 Ri.15); Pass.: pret. IND. 3pl.
SSogd. (’krt’nt) prkyst'kt ‘were) imprisoned’ (ХІ iiR.1)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pari-) p’rk’sy- ‘to imprison’ = Samadi: 153
*NEIR: Sariq. kaSan ‘chains’
A root *kas was first established, on the basis of the MIr., by Henning (BBB: 96
ad b74 and apud Boyce 1952: 448, fn. 4.). This was further elucidated by Sims-
Williams 1979, l.c. There is no etymology for *kas.
“PIE LIV: - | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: EVS: 41b; Sims-Williams 1979: 133 f.; Sundermann 1992: 92, ad 21
*kaué ‘to bend, draw into, contract’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? MMP qxs' n ‘bending ?’ {hapax} || (+ *а-) MMP ’’gws-, BMP
’kws-, "kwh- ‘to hang up, fasten’ || (+ *ni-) MMP ngwc- ‘to bow, prostrate, bend
(the knees)’. © The -s- in MMP ’’gwst, BMP ’kwstn is secondary, v. Sims-Williams
1979: 135. = DMMPP: 215b, 30b, 240b
(+ *ā-) Partic.: perf. pass. MMP ’’gwst, BMP "kwst /agust/, "kwht /aguxt/; Inf: BMP ’kwhtn /aguxtan/ ||
(+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 1р1. MMP ngwcym, 3р1. MMP ngwcynd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP ngwcyd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *4-) ’gwxt (ppp.) ‘hung up’ = DMMPP: 30b
*KHOTANESE: (+ *us-) uskuj- ‘to rise up (against)’ || (+ *pati-) ? pasküj- ‘to strike’ ||
(+ *ham-) hamggüj- ‘to meet’, OKh. hamggujsu ‘fear’ = SGS: 17, 77, 137
*kaup | 249
*SOGDIAN: (+ *4-) BSogd. ’’k’wc, BSogd. ’’kwyc, CSogd. ‘ус, MSogd. ’’qwe ‘to
suspend, hang’ (v. GMS: §634) || (+ *pati-) BSogd. ptkwe ‘to angle, fish’
(+ *a-) Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. "k'wct; Impf.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. 'qwent, MSogd.
m’qwe’nd; Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. "kwyt (SDMG II: 191, also GMS $858), etc. || (+ *pati-) Pres.:
IND. 3sg. BSogd. ptkwet, Partic.: pres. pass. MSogd. ptkwyt-
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *4-) m['kwcy- ‘to submerge’ || (+ *ni-) m/nkwcy- ‘to slumber’
= Samadi: 5, 129
*NWIR: ? Abyan. köta/kuj- ‘to gnaw’ || (+ *4-) Khor. ayos ‘an armful’ || (+ *ham-) ?
NP anjog ‘wrinkle’
*NEIR: Orosh. kaxs-/kaxt ‘to curl up, turn’ || (+ *pati-) ? Sh. (Baj.) bidgaxc-/bidgixt
‘to entangle, embroil’ || (+ *ham-) Sh. angaxs-/angixt, angaxt, (Baj.) ingixc- ‘to get
stuck (in the throat), be caught in, strike against, hang from’, Sariq. ingaxt (inf.) ‘to
get stuck (in the throat), be caught in, strike against, hang from’, ingauy-an (caus.)
‘to stick into, fix’, ? Oss. I. enzyg, D. enzug ‘shrinking, contraction’
*SANSKRIT: Кис ‘to bend, contract’ (Kaust) = EWAia I: 361
9 On the semantic shifts of *kauc see Sims-Williams 1979: 135. The IE origin of
this apparent IIr. root cannot be ascertained.
«PIE ? 9 Olrish cuar ‘crooked’, SCr. küka, Bulg. kúka ‘hook’ are cited as possible
cognates. = LIV: 359 | Pok.: 589
*REFERENCES: EVS: 42a; Monchi-Zadeh 1990: 5; Werba 1997: 340; Lecoq 2002: 126
*kaup! ‘to pound, beat’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP kwp- /köb-/ ‘to beat, pound, crush’ || (+ *pati-) BMP
ptkwp- /pahikob-/ ‘to strike’
Pres.: IND. 3р1. BMP kwpnd /kobend/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP kwpt /koft/ || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3pl.
BMP ptkwpynd /pahikobénd/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP ptkwpt /pahikoft/
*PARTHIAN: kwbg, qwbg ‘vexation’? = DMMPP: 213a
*CHORESMIAN: m/kwby- ‘to churn (milk)’, kwbyk ‘dasher’ || (+ *ni-) m/kwby- ‘to
punish’, "kwbyc ‘punishments’ = Samadi: 106
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP koftan/kob- ‘to break, bruise, knock, strike...’, kobidan/
köb- ‘to beat, hit (etc.)’, kuban(i)dan (iter.) ‘to beat repeatedly’, Kurd. (Kurm.)
Kutan/Kut-, (Sor.) kutan/kuté- ‘to beat, strike, knock; to thresh’, Zaz. kutis/kuw- ‘to
pound’, Anar. -ikut/ (impv.) ikuy ‘to knock, grind’, Awrom. kuäy/ku- ‘to beat,
knock’, Gz. ku(w)-/kuft ‘to knock, thrust’, Gur. (Kand.) mä-kü-an ‘they beat’, Ard.
köfte/köf-, Anar. kufte/küy-, Khuns. kü-, Mah. kaft, Meim. bem-kost/a-ku:-, Tr.
kóva/kóv-, Varz. kufte/kuv- ‘to beat’, Nn. kuft/ku ‘to beat, thrust, throw’, бешп.
-bu-kutaniyon, ku-/-ku- ‘to beat; to throw, shoot’, Sang. -oktond/kutaenaen-, Siv. kü-/
kuft ‘to strike, knock’, Sorkh. -kut- ‘to beat with a stick, club’, Bal. wad-kutta
*(salt-)pestle" || (+ *ham-) Kurd. (Sor.) angutin ‘to stumble, be stuck’
250 *kaup2 ?
© The root appears to be exclusively Iranian. The similarity to Hitt. /kupti-/ (c.)
*cultic object of individual deities, struck or pounded (in[to the ground ?])’ is coin-
cidental. The Hitt. form is likely to be a borrowing from Hurrian, on which see
Puhvel IV: 259 f.
*PIE – > LIV: - | Pok.: 535
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 82a f., 145a, 208b; Ivanow 1926: 421; KPF II: 218; Christensen, Contributions II:
58, 117; Lambton 1938: 42b; MacKenzie 1966: 100; WIM I: 70; WIM II/1: 78; WIM III: 112; Paul 1998:
304a; Cabolov 2001: 570 f., 26; Lecoq 2002: 128, 130 f., 133, 135 (passim)
*kaup? ? *to want something strongly?
*KHOTANESE: ? jüh- (jvih-) ‘to long, yearn’. 0 Emmerick connects the Khot. forms to
the Pth. verb ywb- ‘to suffer, complaint, lament’ (*raup'), which is semantically not
evident. According to Bailey DKS: l.c. the Khot. forms rather derive from a root
*jaus ‘to be agitated, passionate; love’, which is unknown in Ir. and, in addition,
formally difficult: -h- hardly goes back to *s (the -h- of the pron. uhu ‘you’ has a
different origin: < *Z, Sims-Williams 1983: 48). The cited cognate forms, Zef. yos
‘to seethe’, NP jos ‘boiling’, etc. go back to the redupl. formation of *iah ‘to boil,
bubble’, which is continued by Khot. jis-. Perhaps Khot. juh- goes back to *kufia-,
which is subsequently contaminated with jis-? © SGS: 36
*CHORESMIAN: (denomin. ?, with lost neg. *a- ?) kwby- ‘to abstain from (injustice)
= Samadi: 106
*NEIR: Oss. I. kuvyn/k,yvd, D. kovun/kuvd ‘to pray’, k,yvd/kuvd ‘prayer; ritual
feast’, Pash. суар (m.) ‘longing, eagerness, mania, passion’ || (+ *ham-) ? Yi. guv-/
guvd, M. guv-/guvd- ‘to burn’
*MISC: The evidence for this root is limited.
*SANSKRIT: ? kop ‘to be angry, seethe with rage’ (< *‘to be passionate, emotional
(about something)’) = EWAia I: 402
«PIE *ke(H)up- ‘to boil, seethe (with rage, passion, desire, etc.); premeditate’
c» LIV: 359 | Pok.: 596 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /kup-/ ‘to plan, premeditate, scheme, plot’, Lat. cupio ‘I desire
violently, wish’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 18; IIFL II: 211a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 603 f.; DKS: 112a f.; Werba 1997: 340; Puhvel
IV: 255 f.; NEVP: 18
*k(a)ur ? ‘to be born, related’
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. kwrt’ (pl.) ‘children’ || (+ *ui-) SSogd. “wkwr, SSogd. wk’wr,
BSogd. wk’wr ‘(blood)relative, kinsfolk, family’
*NWIR: Kurd. kur (m.), Bakht. kur(r), Gz. kur, Gur. kur ‘son, boy’, Tal. kara foal’, ?
NP kir (*kuria- ?), Khuns. kur ‘penis’ ( *kura- ?)
*kausl 251
*NEIR: (+ *ui-) Oss. I. g;yryn/g,yrd, D. igurun/igurd ‘to be born; exist’
*SANSKRIT: ? küla- ‘household, whose members include slaves, servants, etc.,
(blood)relatives and guests’ (RVh, AVh, Вг+) = EWAia I: 372 f.
9 The root *kur- is probably nominal in origin. The Oss. verbal formation appears to
be denominative: the absence of an ablaut alternation in the pres./partic. is an
indication. Note also Oss. I. ag,yryn/ag,yrd, D. agurun/agurd ‘to seek, demand’ (<
Caucasian ?), I. kuryn/k,yrd, D. korun/kurd ‘to ask’. Similar forms for a small
animal, young are also found in geographically close languages: Hitt. /kurka-/ (c.)
‘foal, colt’, Gr. к®©руос ‘bastard son’ (Hes.), Arm. k‘urak ‘foal’ (< Hitt., Ir. ?).The
Skt. form does not fit in this category very well: different origin ? The Lith. cognate
kurtas ‘greyhound’ quoted by Mayrhofer, EWAia I: l.c. appears to be an old Slavic
borrowing *x»rt» ‘id.’, which can hardly be traced back to IE.
*PIE— > LIV: —| Pok.:
*REFERENCES: KPF II: 262 f.; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 532, 36, 602; WIM I: 366; Szemerényi 1977: 12 ff.; WIM
П/2: 693; Vahman — Asatrian 1991: 112 f.; Cabolov 2001: 525; Cheung 2002: 192, 198
*kauš! ‘to fight, struggle; to kill’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. kuš- ‘to fight, struggle’ = Liste: 16
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. fra(-ca) kusaiti (V 5.34)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP kws-, qws- ‘to struggle; kill’, BMP kwhs- /koxS-/ ‘to strive,
struggle, endeavour’, BMP kws- (NKSWN-) /kus-/ ‘to kill’, BMP kwhssn /köxsisn/
‘strife, combat? > DMMPP: 215a f.
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. MMP qwsym, 3sg. ВМР kwhsyt /koxSéd/, ВМР kwsyt /kuséd/, BMP
kwsynd /kösend/, etc.
*PARTHIAN: ? kwš- ‘to struggle’ = Ghilain: 66 | DMMPP: 215a
Partic.: perf. pass. II ? kws’d (not found in DMMP}
*CHORESMIAN: mjkš- ‘to butt (with the horns)’ = Samadi: 105
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP kustan/kus- ‘to kill, slay; to beat, bruise’, Bal. kust/kus-,
Kurd. kustin/kuz-, Zaz. kistis/kiSen-, Anar. -ikust/ (impv.) Ikiš (or ikus ?), Awrom.
kuštáy/k”š-, Abyan., Abz. kösta/kös-, Gz. kes-/kust, Gil. (Rsht.) kustoen/kus-, Gur.
(Kand.) kust-/-kus-, Ham. kostän/koS-, Isfah. kosdän/k(e)S-, Khuns. kus-/kust, Mah.
kus-, Qohr. küsta/küs-, Semn. kustä/ (impv.) -kus, Sang. -kóst-/kosSaen-, Siv. kusten
/kus-, Shamerz. -küst-/kosam-, Soi küst-/-küs, Sorkh. -kust-/kus-, Lasg. -košt ‘to
kill’, NP kusti ‘fighting, wrestling’
© This well attested Ir. root goes back to has an ingress. so-formation of IE *keHju-,
cf. OCS kovati ‘to forge’, Lith. käuti ‘to murder, beat, hew’, OHG houwan, OE
héawan, Engl. to hew, etc. This formation has an exact correspondence in Toch.
“PIE ingress. *keHzu-s°/,- > LIV: 345 f. | Pok.: 535
*IE COGNATES: Toch. A kos-, B kaus- (pres.) ‘to kill, strike down, destroy’
252 *kaus2
*REFERENCES: КРЕТ. 83a, 208b, 248a f.; Ivanow 1926: 421; КРЕП: 216 f.; Christensen, Contributions I:
71; Christensen, Contributions II: 61, 117, 161; Abrahamian 1936: 117, 130; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 603;
MacKenzie 1966: 100; EVS: 40a; WIM I: 70; WIM II/1: 78; WIM III: 112; Adams 1999: 208, 210; Paul
1998: 303b; Steblin-Kamenskij 40a; Cabolov 2001: 525 f.; Lecoq 2002: 121, 123, 126 (passim); Korn
2005: 318, 392
*kaug ‘to look, see’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *us-) ? OKh. uskus- ‘to act frivolously’ = SGS: 17
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ati-) SSogd. tkws ‘to look after, nurse’, BSogd. tk’ws ‘to examine,
look’, CSogd. tkws, MSogd. tkws ‘to look, observe’
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 2sg. BSogd. tk’ws, 3sg. BSogd. tk’wst, BSogd. tk’wyst, CSogd. tkwst,
MSogd. tkwst (BBB: 35), etc.
*NEIR: ? Yi. kös-/kist ‘to search for’ (rather *kas! ?)
0 The Iranian evidence for a root *kauš is confined to Sogd. and possibly Khot. /
Yidgha. This "root" may be a so-formation of a root cognate with Skt. Кау 0
intend to’ (EWAia I: 328).
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 219b; DKS: 63
*kauz! *to search, seek"
*KHOTANESE: kus- ‘to search, seek’ = SGS: 23
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. ywyz- (yw(y)z-), MSogd. xwj- ‘to wish, demand’ (initial
fricative < ?)
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ywyzt, 3pl. BSogd. ywyz’nt, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. ywyz’t, OPT. 3sg. BSogd.
ywyz’y, BSogd. ywz’y; Inf.: BSogd. ywyz’y, BSogd. ywz’y, POT.-SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. ’ywst’ wn’’t,
BSogd. ’ywstw wn” t; Inf.: pret. BSogd. ’ywst’, BSogd. ’ywstw
*CHORESMIAN: kwzy- ‘to ask for, plea, beg’; ? kwcy- ‘to seek, search; ask for’ (with
unexplained -c-) = Samadi: 106 f.
*NEIR: (+ *us-) ? M. wuskuj-/wuskujoy- ‘to seek’ (Zarubin)
No IE etymology.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 264a; DKS: 62a
*kauz? ‘to throw (esp. of water/liquid)’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP дух ‘jug ?? = DMMPP: 215b
*KHOTANESE: (+ *us-) OKh. uskos- ‘to throw out, [Skjzrve apud Samadi: 182] ?
pile up’ || (+ *nis-) OKh. naskos- ‘to bale out (water) — SGS: 17, 50
*CHORESMIAN: ? kwzy- (kwry-) ‘to let (water) flow’ || (+ *us-) m/skwry- ‘to poke,
stoke’, (”)skwryk ‘poker’ (164.4) || (+ *ni-) m/nkwzy- ‘to dunk’. ç MacKenzie IV:
522 derives m/nkwzy- from *ham-gaudaja- (rather *ham-gauzaja- ?), for which we
*mad2 253
rather expect the meaning ‘to cover (together) with a piece of textile, leather, sim.’.
= Samadi: 107, 182, 130
*NWIR: Abyan. küza ‘jug, pot’, Abz. küza ‘pot, can’, Qohr. küza, Tr. küi ‘jug’, Soi
küzä ‘mug’
*NEIR: Pash. kuz ‘low’
*MISC: (+ niS-) Orm. nikiz- ‘to sow’
9 An IE origin for this apparently exclusively Ir. root cannot be ascertained. — LIV:
— | Pok.: —
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 253b; IIFL I: 24; Lecoq 2002: 579b, 596b, 649a, 666
M
*mad! ‘to become intoxicated, joyous’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. maö- ‘to become intoxicated, joyous’ — Liste: 42
MED.; Pres. them.: INJ. Zeg YAv. madaite (N 30); Aor. s-: INJ. 35р. ? OAv. masata (Y 54.1); Caus.:
pres. IMPV. 25р. YAv. maöaiian'ha (Vr 8.1)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP mst ‘drunk, bemused; in rut (of animals)’ = DMMPP:
232b
*PARTHIAN: mst ‘drunk, bemused; in rut (of animals)’ > DMMPP: 232b
*KHOTANESE: *mad- ‘to be intoxicated’ = SGS: 108
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. mst’wny ‘drunkenness’, BSogd. mst-k’r’k ‘intoxicating’, MSogd.
mst-k’ryy ‘intoxicating’ || (+ *us-) ? BSogd. am "ën ‘scent, perfume’
*NWIR: NP mast, Kurd. mast, Sang. mast, Nn. mas, Siv. mass (ppp.) ‘drunk’
*SANSKRIT: mad ‘to become exhilarated, intoxicated’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 299
«PIE *med- ‘to be intoxicated, exhilarated’ (cf. Harðarson 1995: 225 ff.) = LIV: 423
f. | Pok.: 694 f., 706
*IE COGNATES: Gr. рестбс ‘saturated, full’, Lat. madeo ‘I am intoxicated’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 329, 339b; Werba 1997: 361; Cabolov 2001: 622
*mad ‘to curdle, coagulate’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP m’s- ‘to coagulate, become hard’ = DMMPP: 227a
Pass.: pres. SUBJ. 1sg. MMP m’syh’n
*PARTHIAN: m’s- ‘to coagulate, become hard’. > A different meaning is also
possible: ‘to swell up’ ?, cf. Kurd. (Sor.) masan/mase- ‘to swell up, inflate [intr.]’,
Zaz. masayis ‘to swell up, become fat’ (*damH?). > DMMPP: 227a
Perf.: SUBJ. 3sg. m’s’d
*CHORESMIAN: Q The Chor. form. ’nb’zy- ‘to cause to curdle?’ (cf. Henning 1971:
28b) is probably unrelated (s.v. *bad).
254 *mag ?
*NWIR: NP mäsidan/mäs- ‘to coagulate’, Bal. mast/mad-, (?) Kurd. mayin ‘to
curdle’, (LW) Gz. mäs-/mäsä ‘to coagulate’, Khuns. mäs-/mäsidan ‘to become
solid’, mäsn-/mäsnä (caus.) “to solidify, harden’, NP mäst ‘yoghurt’, Ard. maske
‘butter’, Anar. maske, Soi mäsgä ‘fresh butter’, ? Tt. (Xoz.) mäs- ‘to stick [intr.]’,
(Esh.) mäs- ‘to stick [tr.]
*NEIR: Yghn. mayd- ‘to curdle’, Wa. moö-, mod-/mo6t- ‘to turn sour, curdle’, Oss.
mast ‘bitter(ness)’, I. mæstæg ‘thick’, Pash. masts (pl. f.) ‘curds’, ? matar (m.)
‘coagulated milk’ (-t- < ?), war-moláy ‘fermentation’, Ishk. mid ‘cream’, Sariq. moo
‘buttermilk’ || (+ *ni-) Sh. (Baj.) nimäö-/nimost ‘to prepare cream and sour milk’,
Sariq. патиӨ-/патиӨ ‘to turn sour’, Khf. nimöö ‘cream coagulated in a trough’,
Yghn. nimodin ‘freshly fermented, boiling milk’
*SANSKRIT: Skt. mástu- (n.) ‘sour cream’ (< *mad-stu-) = EWAia П: 336
9 The root is apparently Ш. It may be cognate with Arm. mac- ‘to coagulate’, except
that -c- would need an explanation.
*PIE — = LIV: – | Pok.: 694 f.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 253b; EVP: 48; IIFL II: 529a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 103; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 76 f., 103;
Yarshater 1969: 191; EVS: 43a, 49а; WIM I: 71; WIM II/1: 79; DKS: 329; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 235;
Lecoq 2002: 609b, 619a; NEVP: 52; Shahbakhsh: s.v. mad-
*mag ? ‘to offer, worship, glorify (vel sim.)’
*AVESTAN: OAv. mag- ‘to offer, worship (vel sim.)’ — Liste: 43
Partic.: desid. OAv. mimayZo (Y 45.10)
*KHOTANESE: ? māja- ‘delightful’, majime ‘payment (for service)’. © Bailey, DKS:
l.c., connects the Khot. form with Oss. mond ‘desire’, which is formally difficult.
*SANSKRIT: ? mah ‘to bring about, accomplish ?’ (RV) || maghá- (n.) ‘gift, reward,
wealth, wellbeing’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 336
9 Further Ir. cognates are unknown.
«PIE ? *m(e)Ho;g"- (*mH2(e)g"-) ‘to be able (to accomplish something)’ > LIV: 422 |
Pok.: 695
*IE COGNATES: OCS того (mošti), Lith. mae (magéti) ‘I want, like’, Goth. mag ‘is
able to, can’, Engl. may, etc.
*REFERENCES: DKS: 327a; Werba 1997: 434.
*maH! ‘to measure’
*AVESTAN: mä- (mi-) ‘to measure’ || (+ *ä-) ‘to be ready’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to allow,
permit’ — Liste: 44
Pres. athem. red.: IND./SUBJ. 2pl. OAv. framima0a (Y 32.4); Caus.: pres. SUBJ. med. 3pl. ҮАУ.
amaiiante (V 7.36), OPT. med. 3р1. YAv. amaiiaiianta (V 7.37); Partic.: perf. pass. YAv. ämäta- (Yt
10.122, V 7.39)
*maHl 255
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *fra-) framä- ‘to order, direct’. © The old etymology of OP amata-
‘noble’ <a-m-a-t-a> (DB 1.7), <a-m-a-ta-> (DBa 11), i.e. an old past participle of
*à-maH! (cf. Kent: 201b), is best to be discarded, on which see also EWAia I: 95.
Incidentally, the OP form may be continued in MMP sr-’m’dg’n (pl.) ‘distinguished,
prominent’ (sr ‘head’), cf. DMMPP: 308b. = Kent: 201b
MED.; Pres. ja-: impf. IND. 35р. framayata <f-r-a-m-a-y-t-a> (XPg 5); Partic.: perf. pass. (NAsg. n.)
framatam <[f]-[r]-[m]-a-t-m> (DSf 56)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *4-) MMP *’m’dg ‘prepared, ready’ || (+ *(ä-Juz-) BMP
'(w)zm'd- /uzmay-/, /azmay-/ (?) ‘to prove, test, try’ || (+ *pati-) MMP pym’d (pret.
stem), BMP ptm’d- /paymäy-/ ‘to measure’ || (+ *pari-) ? MMP prm’y- ‘to
contemplate, consider’ || (+ *fra-) MMP prm’y-, BMP plm’(d)y- ‘to order,
command’ || (+ *ni-) MMP nm’y- ‘to show’ || + *ui-) ? MMP gwm’y- ‘to suffer,
endure’ (diff. root ?, cf. Skt. ámiva- (Ё) ‘suffering, illness") > DMMPP: 36b, 289b,
279a, 156a, 243a f., 167a
(+ *(a-)uz-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. ВМР ’wzm’(d)t /uzmayéd/; Inf: BMP ’wzmwtn /uzmüdan/; Partic.: perf.
pass. ВМР ’wzmwt /uzmüd/ || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3р1. BMP ptm’dynd /paymayénd/; Partic.: perf. pass.
MMP pym’d || (+ *pari-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP prm’yd; Perf. pass.: perf. pass. MMP prm’d || (+ *fra-)
Pres.: IND. 1sg. BMP plm’ym /framayem/, 3sg. MMP prm’yd, etc. || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP
Dm vd nm’yyd, SUBJ. 15р. MMP nm’y’n, IMPV. Zeg. MMP nm y; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP nmwd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *pati-) pdm'd- (pret. stem) ‘to measure (against)’ || (+ *pari-) prm’y-
‘to contemplate, consider, believe’ || (+ *fra-) frm’y- ‘to order’ || (+ *ni-) nm’y- ‘to
show’ || (+ *ui-) wm’y- ‘to experience, endure’ (diff. root ?, cf. Skt. amiva- (Е)
‘suffering, illness’) — Ghilain: 86 f. | DMMPP: 269b, 279a, 156a, 243a, 342b
(+ *pati-) Partic.: perf. pass. pdm'd, pdm’dg; Inf.: pdm’dn || (+ *pari-) Pres.: IND. 1sg. prm’y’m, 2sg.
“prm’yh, 3sg. prm’yd, 3р1. “prm’ynd, SUBJ. 2sg. prm’y’h, 3sg. prm’y’h; Partic.: perf. pass. prm'd || (+
*fra-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. prm’yd, SUBJ. 3sg. frm’y’h, IMPV. 25р. frm’y; Partic.: perf. pass. frm’d; Inf.:
prm’dn || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. nm’yd, 3р1. "nm’ynd, nm’yynd, SUBJ. 1sg. nm’y’n, IMPV. 2pl.
nm vd Partic.: perf. pass. nm’d; Inf.: nm’d || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. wm’yynd {unpubl.}; Partic.: perf.
pass. wm’d
*KHOTANESE: (+ *apa- ?) LKh. pim- ‘to measure’ (SVK I: 72 f.) = SGS: 83 f.
*SOGDIAN: (+ *api-ä-) ? SSogd. py’m-, CSogd. py’m- ‘to heal, cure’, CSogd. pyms-
(pass./inch.) ‘to be healed’ || (+ *a-) BSogd. ’’m’-, CSogd. ’m’- ‘to prepare’ || (+
*uz-) SSogd. zm’, CSogd. zm’y ‘to tempt’ || (+ *pati-) BSogd. ptm’k, ptm’’k,
ptm’ky, CSogd. ptm’q ‘measure’, BSogd. ptm’t’y ‘measured, frugal’ || (+ *pari-)
CSogd. prm'qycq ‘experience’, BSogd. m’ny-prm’t’y ‘thought, intention’ || (+ *fra-)
SSogd. prm’y, BSogd. prm’(’)y, CSogd. frm’y, MSogd. frm’y ‘to command, say’, ||
(+ *ni-) SSogd. nm’y, CSogd. nm’y, MSogd. nm’y ‘to judge’. Ф Also attested 15 the
nominal deverbative, BSogd. ’’m’n ‘power, authority’ (Vim 140), which is perhaps
secondary: it does not agree with the assumed verbal forms in meaning, BSogd.
”m’-, CSogd. ’m’-). It seems to be formed after the noun, CSogd., MSogd. frm’n
(corresponding to SSogd. prm’y, etc.).
256 *maHl
(+ *api-ä-) Pres.: SUBJ. 159. SSogd. py’m’n, POT.-SUBJ. 15р. tr. SSogd. py’mtw Куп п, IMPV. 2pl.
SSogd. py mó; Fut.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. py’mtq’; Pret.: tr. IND. 3sg. SSogd. py’mtw ó rt; Inch.: pres. OPT.
3sg. CSogd. pymsy; Partic.: pres. MSogd. py’mnyy, perf. pass. SSogd. py mt °, CSogd. *py’m’tyt (pl.),
CSogd. (f.) “py’m’c ‘cured’ || (+ *4-) Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. ’’m’t’y, CSogd. "mit, CSogd. ’m’c (Е)
‘ready, prepared’ || (+ *uz-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. zm’ynt, Perf.: tr. IND. 3sg. SSogd. хт? ö’rt, Partic.:
perf. pass. CSogd. zm’yty ‘tempted’ || (+ *fra-) Well attested: Pres.: IND. 2sg. SSogd. prm’y, CSogd.
frmy, 3sg. BSogd. prm "yt, dur. 35р. SSogd. prm’ytskwn, CSogd. frmytg, etc. || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 15р.
dur. CSogd. nm’ymsqn; Impf.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. nym’y; Fut.: IND. 1sg. CSogd. nm’yngq’; Inf.: SSogd.
prnm’y
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pati-) рсту- “о weigh, measure’ || (+ *fra-) sm’- ‘to order, turn
(into). © Samadi apparently reconstructs on the basis of the subj. forms a stem
Sm'h-, which she derives from *fra-mä-h(a)-. This can be discarded, not only
because an intervocalic *h has regularly disappeared in Chor., but also because the
appearance of -h- in the subj. seems to be intrusive in origin, viz. probably from the
subj. (3sg.) y’h’c of y- ‘to be’ (s.v. *Hah). = Samadi: 142, 153, 195
*BACTRIAN: (+ *fra-) ọpopa- ‘to order, command’ = S-W, Bact.: 230b
*NWIR: (+ *4-) NP ämädan/amäy- ‘to prepare’ || (+ *a- + *uz-) NP azmüdan/azmay-
‘to try, test, prove, tempt’, NP 4zmudan/azmay-, Gz. uzn-/uznä ‘to try, test, prove,
tempt’ || (+ *pati-) NP paymüdan/paymäy-, Kurd. (Kurm.) pivin/piv-, payvin, pivan,
(Sor.) péw-, Awrom. pimay/pim-, Gz. pääm-/päämä, Khuns. p&im- ‘to measure,
traverse’ || (+ *pari-) NP parmäsidan ‘to know’ || (+ *fra-) NP farmudan/farmay- ‘to
order, command; [in polite address] to say’, Awrom. farmaway/farmaw- ‘to order,
deign’, Fariz. bäfärmä ‘order !’, Gil. (Rsht.) farmoestoen/farmaj-, Ham. färmayän/
färmon-, Jow. ba-farma:niya, Sang. -farmij-/farmoen-, Shamerz. -farmim-/farmam-,
Sorkh. -farm-/farma- ‘to order’, NP farman ‘order, command, decree’, Tal. hamue
‘to order, command’ || (+ *ni-) NP nimäy-/nimüdan ‘to appear, show’, Kurd. (Sor.)
niwen-, Awrom. nimana, (sec. caus.) Gz. numn-/numnä ‘to show’
*NEIR: (+ *a-) Oss. I. amajyn/amad, D. amajun/amad ‘to build up (a wall, logs, etc.)
|| (+ *pati-) Pash. pyamal ‘to measure (as liquids, grain, etc.)’ = pem-/pem(d) (cf.
Sims-Williams, apud NEVP: 63), Wa. patm(a)y-/patmat- ‘to measure’ || (+ *fra-)
Yghn. farmóy-/farmóyta ‘to order, command, wish’, Ishk. ferma(y)-, Sangl. farmé-,
Sh. (Baj.) rimi(y)-/rimöd, Rosh. rimay-/rimüd, Bart. rimiy-, rimay-/rimöd, Sarig.
rimey-/rimud, Yzgh. Xamay-, Wa. ram(a)y-/ramat- ‘to command, order; to send’ || (+
*ni-) Oss. I. nymajyn/nymad, D. nimajun/nimad ‘to count, value, esteem; to read’,
Sh. (Baj.) rimi(y)-/rimöd, Rosh. rimay-/rimüd, Bart. rimiy-, rimay-/rimöd, Sarig.
rimey-/rimud, Yzgh. Xamay-, Wa. rom(o)y-/romot- ‘to command, order; to send’
*MISC: (+ *uz-) Orm. izmaw-, wuzmaw~ék ‘to try, test? = ázmaw-/ázmawók (etc.) ||
(+ *pari-) Arm. (LW) parmayel ‘to test’
*SANSKRIT: та ‘to measure’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 341
«PIE *meH_- ‘to measure’ => LIV: 424 f. | Pok.: 703 f.
*maié (mac) ? 257
*IE COGNATES: Lat. metior ‘I measure (out), Toch. A me-, B mai- ‘to measure’,
Goth. mel ‘time, hour’, OHG mal ‘moment’, Russ. méra ‘measure’, etc.
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 388b; Christensen, Contributions I: 70, 168; Christensen, Contributions II: 59, 116,
160; IIFL II: 537a; Abrahamian 1936: 113; Lambton 1938: 78a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 49; Andreev —
PeSéereva: 251b; MacKenzie 1966: 104, 94; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 199 Ё; EVS: 62, 67b; WIM I: 71; WIM
II/1: 80 f., 85; Asatrian — Livshits: 82; Cabolov 1997: 72; Werba 1997: 310 Ё; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999:
281, 301; Cheung 2002: 209; Lecoq 2002: Kiefer 2003: 192
*maH? ‘to be, become’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *fra-) hämä- ‘to be, become’ = SGS: 152
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. m’t, CSogd. m’t (pret. stem) ‘to be’ || (+ *a-) SSogd. "m- ‘to
come to’ || (+ *ui-) SSogd. wm’-, BSogd. wm’- ‘to be(come)’ (supplet. past stem of
BSogd. ’y-/’s- ‘to be’, s.v. *Hah!)
Pret.: intr. IND. 15р. SSogd. L’ m’t’ym ‘I was not’, CSogd. “m’tym, 3sg. SSogd. m't, CSogd. m’t, 2sg.
SSogd. m’tys, 2р1. CSogd. m’tt, 3р1. SSogd. m’t’nt, CSogd. m’tnt || (+ *a-) Perf.: IND. intr. 1sg. SSogd.
"mtk "ym; PPerf.: IND. 3sg. SSogd. "mtk wm't || (+ *ui-) Pret.: IND. 3sg. SSogd., BSogd. wm’t, SSogd.
wm tw, 3р1. SSogd. wm’t’nt, BSogd. wm’t’nt, INJ./IRR2 15р. SSogd. wm’t’w ‘I would rather be’, 35р.
SSogd. wm’t’y
*NEIR: Yzgh. mi-/mad ‘to be’, Wa. ытыу- (һыт(ә)у-, уыт(ы)у-) ‘to be’ (sr- < ?),
Yi. forme ‘it may be, 5
© Sokolova 1973: 23, postulates the existence of an Iranian root *mai/mi ‘to be’ (the
past partic. would then be *mita-). Szemerényi, Iranica IV: 515 ff., on the other
hand, connects the forms above to the root *(d)män ‘to remain’ (q.v.), which is
morphologically difficult. The corresponding participles would then have been
*mata- or (secondarily formed) *mänta-. It is uncertain whether *maH? can be traced
back to IE, despite the fact that it is remarkably similar to Toch. mäsk- ‘to be’,
which is thought to derive from IE *mn-ske/o- ‘to remain’ (IE *men-, *(d)män).
See, for instance, Adams 1999: 458 f.
«PIE? > LIV: – | Pok.:
REFERENCES: IFL П: 208b f.; EVS: 43a; DKS: 482b f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 455
*maié (*ma£) ? ‘to suck’
*AVESTAN: 9 The inclusion of the rather isolated formation YAv. maékant- ‘oozing
?' (Y 38.3) is problematic: not only is this formation morphologically obscure
(denominative ?, cf. Kellens 1984: 132, n. 8), it is also semantically not satisfactory.
Perhaps, only YAv. maékant- can be connected to the Slavic ‘moisten’ forms (see
below).
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP myc- /méz-/ ‘to suck?
*NWIR: NP mazidan/maz-, (LW ?) NP makidan/mak-, Bal. miht, mitk/mic- ‘to suck’,
Kurd. (Kurm.) mötin, miZtin, miZin/miZ-, (Sor.) miZin/miZ- ‘to suck; to kiss’,
258 *maiH
Awrom. mistáy/miZ- ‘to suck’, Gz. meg-/mega, mek-/meka, (Lor. LW ?) mez-/meza
‘to suckle, suck (out)’, Nn. i-mij-, Qohr. mij-, Lor. meZ-, Khuns. mek-/meka, Siv.
mek- ‘to suck’, NP таё, Gil. (Rsht.) macci (etc.) ‘kiss’ (+ suff. *-cr ?). © The
vocalism -é- of Kurd. métin is from (caus.) pres. *macaja-, Asatrian — Livshits: 101,
n. 18.
*NEIR: (+ *uz-) Yghn. zimák-zimákta ‘to suck’. © The previously cited Pash.
zmöx(t) ‘adstringent, dry to the taste’ is no longer mentioned in МЕУР.
The root is largely confined to WIr. The peculiar (stem) vowel variants may be
due to the expressive character of the root. An JE origin cannot be ascertained. The
comparison to OCS mociti, Cz. makati ‘to moisten’, Russ. makät’ ‘to dip’ (Pokorny,
IEW: 698) made by notably Bailey, DKS, l.c. can be discarded for semantic reasons.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 146; EVP: 102; Christensen, Contributions I: 122a; Andreev — PeSéereva: 367b;
MacKenzie 1966: 102; MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 56; WIM Т: 71; WIM W/1: 79 f.; DKS: 322b, s.v. mande;
Asatrian — Livshits: 88, 101; Cabolov 2001: 650; Shahbakhsh: s.v. mic-; Korn 2005: 95, 314, 403
*maiH ‘to harm, damage, fade, decrease (?)’
*AVESTAN: (+ *ui-) Y Av. vimitö.dantänö ‘with lost teeth’ (V 2.29 f.), YAv. vimiti-
‘destruction, loss’ (N 65). > Cf. Insler 1971: 577; De Vaan 2003: 245.
SOLD PERSIAN: mi0a" <mi-i-0> ‘damage, harm’ (DNb.7, DNb.9, DNb.11, etc.). 9 Not
‘evil’, as given by Kent, l.c. — Kent: 203b
*PARTHIAN: myh-g’r ‘damage, harm’ || (+ *ui-) wmys- (orig. inch.) ‘to fade, wither’
= Ghilain: 82 | DMMPP: 235a, 343a
(+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 35р. “wmysyd {hapax}
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ä-) BSogd. ’’m’yk ‘dirt, mixture’, CSogd. ‘туд ‘taint, infection’,
MSogd. "mv ‘dirt’, MSogd. ’’myty ‘harmful’ (cf. BBB: b30). o On the connection
of the Sogd. forms with Skt. may’ cf. Henning, BBB: 92, b30.
*BACTRIAN: Ht0-YO po, un-yapo ‘damage, loss’ = S-W, Bact.: 205a
*NWIR: (+ *ui-) ? NP gum ‘lost’
*NEIR: Oss. І. тупазо, D. minæg ‘weak [of light, sound], dim, fading’
“SANSKRIT: may’ ‘to damage, to lessen, to harm, to frustrate’? (RV+) = EWAia II:
316
«PIE *meiH- ‘to lessen, diminish’ = LIV: 427 | Pok.: 711
*IE COGNATES: Gr. Liv 8q@ ‘I disappear, lessen’, Gr. neiwv ‘smaller’, Lat. minuö ‘I
diminish, lessen’, Lat. minor ‘smaller, less’, Goth. mins ‘less’
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ II: 140; Werba 1997: 311 f.
*maij! ‘to blink, wink’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ВМР mycsn /mézisn/ ‘blinking, winking’, myc(k) /mij(ag)/
‘eyelid, eyelash’
*maißHl 259
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ni-) OKh. nämäs- ‘to wink’ > SGS: 55
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ni-) BSogd. nymz- ‘to blink’, ? CSogd. nmzy’ ‘wink, blink’
Partic.: pres. nymz’y ‘blinking’ (Vim. 201)
*NWIR: NP muže, meZe ‘eyelash’
*NEIR: (+ *ni-) Yi. nomíZ ‘winking’, nemig-/nemosk' (Zarubin), Ishk. nu-mul- ‘to
shut one’s eye’ (Zarubin)
*SANSKRIT: ? mes ‘to open the eyes’ (RV+), mil ‘to close the eyes’ (contaminated ?)
c» EWAia П: 379
Ó The Ir. formation *maig'á- ‘(dark) cloud’ (< *‘which covers (the eyes)’), Skt.
meghá-, Y Av. maéya-, etc., may also contain this root, on which see Cheung, Fs
Klingenschmitt.
«PIE *mei-g/""- ‘to blink, cover (the eyes)’ = LIV: 427 | Pok.: 712 f., 714
*IE COGNATES: OCS po-méZiti (oct) ‘to close (the eyes)’, Lith. miegü (miegöti) ‘I
sleep’, Lith. miégas ‘sleep’
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 232b, 404b; DKS: 184a f.; Werba 1997: 361 f.
*maif^ (Hmaij) ‘to move (to places)’
*CHORESMIAN: ’m’xy- (caus.) ‘to move, shake (something)! = Samadi: 110
*NWIR: ? Gil. (Rsht.) va-moeytoen/va-meej- ‘to seek’
*NEIR: Yzgh. mex"-/max"t ‘to move, shake’, max“ an- (caus.), Yi. müZ-/muyd- ‘to
move [intr.], to be swung’ || (+ *ni-) Yzgh. namoxs-/namoxt ‘to go out’, Yzgh.
namoacé-/namast (caus.) ‘to take out, drive away’
*MISC: ? Par. muz-, muš- ‘to go’ (LW ?)
*SANSKRIT: Skt. niméghamana- ‘moving down’ (RV) = EWAia П: 381
9 An Ir. root *maij ‘to move to (places)’, which corresponds to Skt. niméghamana-,
may be postulated on the basis of the evidence above. On the possible IE etymology,
see further Cheung, Fs Klingenschmitt.
«PIE *meig"- ‘to move, go (to places)” > LIV: – | Pok.:
*IE COGNATES: Lat. migrare ‘to move (from place to place), change residence or
position?
*REFERENCES: Christensen, Contributions I: 61; IFL I: 274b; UEL П: 230a; Cheung, Fs Klingenschmitt
*mai0H! ‘to dwell’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. mið- ‘to rest, dwell’ = Liste: 45
Pres. пӣ-: IND. 35р. YAv. mi0naiti (Yt 10.39 ff., V3.20), ? YAv. paiti miOnaiti (< *mai0H ?, У 3.20);
SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. mi0nat (Y 16.10, V 3.32), IMPV. 3sg. YAv. mi@natu (Y 10.1), ? YAv. mitaiiatu (Y
10.1). © The inclusion of Y Av. mitaiiatu is uncertain, it may go back to (pre)llr. *mitnHia °> Ir. *mitaia °
> Av. mitaiia? (shortening of a in front of *1).
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pari-) parmiha- (f.) ‘village’
*SOGDIAN: my0 PN
260 *mai0H2
*NWIR: NP méhan ‘homeland’
*NEIR: Pash. mal ‘to stay, dwell’, ? Oss. I. min-as, D. mijn-asz ‘feast, reception’
( *mai0na- ‘(host-) dwelling’), ? Pash. mést ‘settled, residing’
9 This Ir. root is probably of IE origin, having cognates in Balto-Slavic.
«PIE *meitH- ‘to dwell’ = LIV: — | Pok.: 715
*IE COGNATES: OCS město ‘place’, Lith. mintü (misti) ‘to feed’, Latv. mitu (mist) ‘I
dwell, live; make a living’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 48; Morgenstierne 1942: 264; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 119 £; DKS: 219a; NEVP: 49, 53
*mai0H? ‘to change (position), deviate, tauschen, täuschen (?)*
*AVESTAN: OAv. таёба- (f.) ‘deviating, changeable’ (Y 30.9), YAv. 1100 ‘wrongly,
falsely’ (Y 33.1), YAv. mi0ah-uuacah- ‘speaking falsely’ (Y 31.12) || (+ *a-) ? OAv.
a.mouastra (pl) ‘changes of events’ (cf. Humbach 1991 П: 55). © On the
interpretation of the Avestan forms see also Insler, mith: 163 ff., EWAia II: 375 f.
= Liste: 45
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ui-) ? MMP wymys (М2 І Vii,1), MMP wmys ‘mirage,
Täuschung’ = DMMPP: 343a
*KHOTANESE: (+ *fra-) hamäh- (hämä-) ‘to change [intr.]’, (caus.) OKh. hamih- ‘to
change [tr.] = SGS: 147
*NEIR: (+ *à- or *ham-) Pash. amleyal ‘to conceal’
*SANSKRIT: meth ‘to be opposite’ (RV+), (adv.) mithäs ‘opposite, in opposition’
c» EWAia II: 375
9 On the range of meanings see Insler, l.c.
«PIE *meitH,- ‘to change position, deviate [esp. in negative sense]’. 0 To be
separated from the similar (homonymous ?) root for *to throw', which 1s on the basis
of the semantics certainly justified (contra LIV: Lei © LIV: 431 | Pok.: 715
*IE COGNATES: Lat. müto ‘I exchange’, Goth. inmaidjan ‘to change, turn into’, OHG
midan ‘to evade, hide’, OE midan ‘to conceal, avoid, evade’, (pref.) Engl. mis- (e.g.
mis-use), etc.
*REFERENCES: Morgenstierne 1942: 262; DKS: 460a f.; Werba 1997: 311; NEVP: 8
*maidH’ ‘to throw, discard, mittere’
*AVESTAN: OAv. mið- (moi0-) ‘to rob, discard, (e)mittere ?’ || (+ *ham-abi-) ‘to con-
nect, join, admit (entrance), admittere ?’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to throw down’ = Liste: 45
Aor. athem.: INJ. 3sg. OAv. höm.aibi.möist (Y 46.12), SUBJ. 3sg. OAv. moi0at (Y 46.4), OPT. 35р.
OAv. həmióñiiat (Y 53.9); Partic.: perf. pass. YAv. hamista- (Y 8.6); Partic.: perf. pass. YAv. homista- (Y
8.6)
*NWIR: ? NP mihan (mehan ?) ‘fresh butter; sheep’s milk’
*maiz2 ? 261
*NEIR: ? Oss. I. misyn, D. mesin, Yghn. mesin ‘buttermilk’ (contam. with *maisa-
‘sheep’)
© Further (Dir. correspondences are unknown. See also *maiz!.
«PIE *m(e)itH- ‘to throw, let go’. 0 See *maiß?. > LIV: 430 | Pok.: 968
*IE COGNATES: Lat. mittere ‘to throw, release’, Toch. B mit- ‘to go; set out’
*REFERENCES: Adams 1999: 461
* maiz! ‘to mix, mingle’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *а-) MMP ’(’)myz-, BMP ’myc- /améz-/ ‘to mix’, MMP
’C)myxs- (inch.) ‘to be mixed’ || (+ *ui-) BMP gwmyc- /guméz-/ ‘to mix, mingle’,
MMP gwmyxs- (inch.) ‘to be mixed, mingled’ = DMMPP: 41b f.
(+ *а-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP ’mycyt /amézéd/, 3р1. MMP *’myzynd, IMPV. 250. MMP ’myc /amez/;
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP ’myxtg, MMP ’(’)myxt, Inf: BMP "myhtn /amextan/; Inch./Pass.: pres. IND.
3sg. MMP *’myxsyd, 3р1. MMP ’myxsynd, MMP ’’myxsynd || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP gwmycyt
/gumézéd/, 3pl. BMP gwmycynd /gumözönd/; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP gwmyxtg, (pl) MMP
gwmyxtg’’n, MMP “gwmyxtg’n; Inf: BMP gwmyhtn /guméxtan/; Inch.: pres. SUBJ. 3pl. MMP
gwmyxs’nd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *4-) ’myj- ‘to mix’, "myxs- (inch.) ‘to be mixed with’ || (+ *ш-)
wmyxs- (inch.) ‘to be mixed’ = Ghilain: 81, 80 | DMMPP: 41b
(+ *а-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. "myjyd; Partic.: perf. pass. "myxt, ’myxtg; Inch.: pres. IND. 3sg. ’myxsyd, 3pl.
"myxsynd; Inf.: *’myxtn || (+ *ui-) Inch.: pres. IND. 35р. wmyxsyd; Partic.: perf. pass. wmyxt, wmyxtg
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ш-) SSogd. wmxsk PN
*NWIR: (+ *а-) NP amextan/amez- ‘to mix’, Kurd. (Sor.) am&Zän ‘addition; ligature’
*NEIR: (+ *uz-) ? Oss. I. yzmis, D. (@)zme(n)sz ‘sand’ (semantically difficult)
*MISC: Most Iranian forms apparently derive from the (IE) root variant *meig-. NP
mihan (mehan ?) ‘fresh butter; sheep's milk’, Oss. I. misyn, D. mesin, Yghn. mesin
‘buttermilk’, which are assumed to contain this root, are probably unrelated. NP
mihan might contain the root жтаіӨН? ‘to throw, discard’, to which, considering the
very close meaning, we have to add the Ossetic and Yghn. forms. The latter form
probably show contamination with the ‘sheep’ *maisa- formation(s), cf. Av. maesi-
(f.) ‘ewe’, maesina- ‘sheep-, ovine’.
*SANSKRIT: meks ‘to mix, to mingle’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 373
«PIE *meik(-s)-, *meig(-s)- ‘to mix, to mingle’ = LIV: 429 | Pok.: 714
*IE COGNATES: Gr. (e) yvop, nioyo, Lat. misceo, Olrish mescaim, Lith. miesiü
(miésti) ‘I mix’, etc.
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ II: 123 Ё; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 281 Ё; Werba 1997: 393; Cabolov 2001: 77
*maiz” ? ‘to take care, foster ?’
*AVESTAN: OAv. miz- ‘to take care, foster’ — Liste: 45
Pres. n-: INJ. Zeg OAv. minas (Y 46.14), 3р1. OAv. mizön (Y 44.20)
262 *man
© On the basis of the passage with OAv. mizon Bartholomae, AIW: 1108 f.,
postulated an Av. root “maëz ‘to foster’ ("hegen"), to which, Humbach 1959 II: Le.
cautiously added OAv. minas as another attestation. The existence of an Ir. *maiz
‘hegen’ is very doubtful. It has no further Ir. reflexes and there is no IE support at
all: the comparison of the Av. root to MHG schmeichen ‘schön tun’ (cf. OE
smacian, Norw. smeikja ‘to flatter, stroke’, Du. smeken ‘to beg, implore’) is flawed.
The original meaning of the Germanic root is ‘to make smooth, stroke’, cf. Norw.
smika "d". on which see Pokorny: 966 f. Insler, Gäthäs: l.c. emended OAv. mizen
to “izdn ‘they are eager’ (with m- wrongly added under the influence from preceding
him), following Geldner 1926: 3, fn. 11., whilst he apparently ignored Humbach’s
interpretation of minas.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Humbach 1959 П: 72; Klingenschmitt 1972: 91, Insler, Gathas: 253; n. 3; Kellens 1984:
165 f.
*man ‘to think, consider’
*AVESTAN: män- (тәп-) ‘to think’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to contemplate, deliberate, [lit.] to
think hither’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to contemplate, deliberate, [lit.] to think thither’ = Liste: 42
MED. ? (exc. Caus.); Pres. {1} ia-: IND. 15р. ? YAv. "maniie (Yt 10.106), 3sg. OAv. maniiete (Y 44.12),
YAv. mainiiete (Yt 10.71, Yt 10.106, Yt 10.139), 1р1. YAv. mainiiamaide (Vr 12.4), 3pl. OAv.
mainiiente (Y 44.12), YAv. mainiiente (V 2.41), YAv. maniiente (Yt 13.147), INJ. 352. OAv. mainiiätä
(Y 45.11), YAv. framaniiata (V 19.43), YAv. vimaniiata (V 19.43), 3pl. OAv. mainiianta (Y 34.8, Y
45.11), SUBJ. 1sg. ? OAv. mainiiai (Y 43.9), 3sg. ? YAv. “mainiiate (GS 163 f.), OPT. 35р. ҮАУ.
maniiaeta (V 18.28), IMPV. 25р. ? YAv. (act.!) mainiia (Aog 25); Pres. {2} inch.: INJ. 3sg. ? OAv.
masata (Y 54.1); Aor. {1} athem.: INJ. 2sg. OAv. mönghä °(Y 39.4), 3sg. OAv. manta (Y 31.7, Y 31.19,
Y 33.6, Y 51.6), SUBJ. mönäi’ (Y 45.3), 1р1. OAv. mainimaidi ° (Y 35.3); Aor. {2} s-: IND. Ipl. OAv.
amohmaidi (35.7), INJ. 1sg. OAv. manhi (Y 29.11, Y 31.8, Y 43.5, etc.), 3sg. OAv. masta (Y 45.11),
Y Av. masta (V 2.31), 1р1. OAv. möhmaidi (Y 46.13), SUBJ. 1sg. OAv. mönghäi (Y 43.4); Perf.: 35р.
Y Av. mamne (P 17, P 24), 3du. YAv. *maimnaite (Y 13.4); Partic.: pres. YAv. mainimna- (Y 70.4, Yt
5.7, Yt 5.11, etc.), caus. YAv. manaiiant- (cf. Dresden, Gs Henning: 137, fn. 28; Humbach II: 87), aor.
{1} YAv. maghana- (Yt 19.47, Yt 19.49), perf. ? YAv. mamnüs- (Yt 8.39), YAv. mamnana- (Yt 13.88);
Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. OAv. manaiieiti (Y 49.2), OPT. 3pl. YAv. manaiion (Y 71.8, Yt 1.19, Yt 13.2,
etc.). 0 Ad OAv. mainiiätä: the lengthening of (middle) vowel -a- > OAV. -à- is due to assimilation to the
following long vowel -a, cf. De Vaan 2003: 71 f. || Ad ҮАУ. (act.!) mamnüs-: the expected form would be
(med.) *mamnano. The attested mamnüs is influenced by mainiiu- in the previous line (?), cf. Panaino,
Tist.: 128 f. Or, it rather points to root *man* ‘to remain’ ? || On OAv. mainiiäi see Pirart 1986: 163 f.
*OLD PERSIAN: man- ‘to think’ — Kent: 202a
MED.; Pres. ja-: IND. 15р. maniyaiy < m-n-i-y-i-y> (DNb 38), impf. 1sg. amaniyaiy <a-m-n-i-y-i-y>
(081 3), SUBJ. 2sg. maniyahay <m-n-i-y-a-h-y> (DB 4.43, DPe 20), maniyàiy <m-n-i-y-a-i-y> (XPh 47),
“maniyähaiy <m-n-[i]-[y]-a-[h]-[y]> (DB 4.39), 3sg. *maniyataiy <m-n-i-y-a-[t]-[i]-[y]> (DB 4.50)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP m(y)n-, BMP m(y)n- /men-/ ‘to think, reflect’ || + *ur-)
MMP рут п ‘doubt? > DMMPP: 229a, 167a
*manH ? 263
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP mnyyd, BMP mynyt /menéd/; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP mynyd, BMP mynyt
/menid/
*PARTHIAN: (+ *pati-) pdms- ‘to understand’ = Ghilain: 80 | DMMPP: 269b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. pdmsyd
*KHOTANESE: mañ- ‘to consider as’ || (+ *aua-) vamas- (inch.) ‘to apply oneself (to)
(cf. Skjerve, SVK III: 135 f.) || + *ni-) Khot. nimäna- ‘to regret? = SGS: 108, 119
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. myn-, BSogd. myn-, CSogd. myn- ‘to think’ || (+ *para-) CSogd.
prm’nty (f.) ‘pity, forgiveness, absolution’ || (+ *fra-) SSogd. prm’n ‘to think’ || (+
*ni-) CSogd. nm’n ‘penitence’, CSogd. nm’ny’ (obl. f.) ‘judgement’ || (+ *ui-)
CSogd. ’wm’ncn ‘doubtful’
Pres.: IND. 15р. SSogd. myn’m, 3sg. BSogd. туш, 3pl. CSogd. mynnt, OPT. 3sg. BSogd. myn’y;
’z-Impf.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. myn’znt
*CHORESMIAN: m’ny- ‘to suspect, regard’ || (+ *a-) m/’m’nsy- (pass.) ‘to be led’,
m['m'ny- (caus.) ‘to lead’ || (+ *uz-) ? "zmny- ‘to care for someone ?, grant
someone's wish ?' || (+ *fra-) Smny- ‘to be arrogant, (?) opinionated’ = Samadi:
111, 5, 263 f., 196
*NWIR: Qohr. münoya/mün- ‘to believe’, man ‘mind, character’ || (+ *ui-) NP guman
‘doubt; belief, opinion’, Qohr. gemun ‘opinion, belief (< МР?)
*NEIR: Oss. I. mat, D. mætæ ‘anxiety, restlessness’ || (+ *a-) Oss. I. amonyn/amynd,
D. amonun/amund ‘to admonish’
*SANSKRIT: man ‘to think, believe, consider’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 305
© This root has an impeccable IE etymology.
«PIE *men- ‘to think, consider, contemplate’ — LIV: 435 f. | Pok.: 726 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. рёцоуо (рЁ) ‘I intend to’, Lat. memini ‘I remembered’, Olrish
do-moin- ‘to think, believe’, Lith. mifiti ‘to remember, recall’, Goth. man ‘to think,
believe’, Engl. to mean, mind, etc.
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 52 f.; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 107 f.; DKS: 322a, 375, 184a; Werba 1997: 215
f.; Lecoq 2002: 126, 646b, 649b
*manH ? ‘to press on ?'
*AVESTAN: (+ *а-) ? YAv. aman- ‘to pierce, bore ? || (+ *ui-) YAv. vaéman- ‘to
press to and fro, [hence ?] to stir’ ?
Pres. them.: SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. vaémanat (N 72); Aor. s-: INJ. med. 3sg. YAv. "ämasta ‘pierced [= Pahl.
PWN swpt]’ (F 116). 0 Ad YAv. vaémanat: cf. Waag 1941: 83: ‘Er soll ... durcheinanderriihren’. But the
apparent unique full grade vae ° needs an explanation. || Ad YAv. “amasta: different etymology
Klingenschmitt 1968: 47: *man0H ‘to agitate, stir’, cf. fn. 1.
*KHOTANESE: man- (min-) ‘to harm, injure’ — SGS: 108
© The existence of this root in Iranian is uncertain. The etymology given for Khot.
mindä, etc. by Leumann (and accepted by Emmerick, Bailey) is semantically
difficult: the connection with the root *mar(H) is unlikely, particularly because the
264 *man0H
root *mar(H) is continued by Khot. murr- (q.v.). The inclusion of YAv. “man- is
suggested by Sims-Williams 1989: 258. If the root does exist, it would have a good
IE etymology: *menH- ‘to press, trample’, OCS meno (шей), Russ. mnu (myat’) ‘I
knead’, Lith. minu (minti) ‘I tread, trample down; to brake (flax)’, Olrish men (f.)
‘flour, dust’ (Pokorny: 726; LIV: 438).
*REFERENCES: DKS: 323a
*manOH ‘to agitate, stir, churn’
*KHOTANESE: OKh. mamth- ‘to churn, stir? = SGS: 108
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. mnö- ‘to agitate, stir’
Pres.: SUBJ. 250. BSogd. mnô’; Inf.: BSogd. (pl.) mnöt
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ni-) ömn- ‘to tan (hide, leather)’ (< Pamiri ?) = Samadi: 65 f.
*NWIR: Bal. mant- ‘to churn, shake (a churn)’, (EHB) mat0/mat"- ‘to shake of churn’
*NEIR: Oss. I. macyn, D. mzecun ‘to wallow in something watery’, (?) Pash. (ksé-)
mandol ‘to shampoo, knead’ (Indian influence ?) || (+ *a-) Oss. I. amaentyn/amest,
D. amzntun/amest ‘to knead the dough; to soil, stain’ || (+ *uz-) Oss. I. yzmantyn/
yzmast, D. ezmentun/ezmest ‘to minx, stir (upy || (+ *ni-) Rosh. (Orosh. ?)
deman- ‘to rub’, Sariq. óimon-/óimond, óümon-/óümond ‘to grease, oil with a paste
(a hide to be tanned)’, Yzgh. óoman-/0omüd ‘to rumple, knead (a skin, hide)’, Yi.
lemón-/lemi- ‘to rub’ (all with n-dissim.)
*SANSKRIT: тат! ‘to shake, wallow, rub, whirl around’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 311
«PIE *mentH»- ‘to stir, whirl’ > LIV: 438 f. | Pok.: 732
*IE COGNATES: Toch. mänt- ‘to eradicate, destroy; to pour out; [med.] to disturb,
meddle with’, OCS meto (mest ‘I confuse’, Lith. menciü (mésti) ‘I throw, hurl,
fling’, Lith. menté ‘trowel; blade’
«REFERENCES: EVP: 45; IFL II: 223b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 51; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 90; EVS: 31b; DKS: 323a
f.; Weber 1993: 105 £; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 281 f.; Werba 1997: 310; Adams 1999: 453 f.; Cheung 2002:
203; Shahbakhsh: s.v. mant-
*тпаг ‘to die’
*AVESTAN: YAv. mar- ‘to die’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to die (off)’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to die, wither,
wilt (to death)’ — Liste: 43
MED.; Pres. -ja-: IND. 3sg. YAv. framiriieite (V 3.33), INJ. 25р. ҮАУ. auua.miriiagha (H 2.34), SUBJ.
3sg. YAv. auua miriiaite (V 7.37); Partic.: fut. pass. ? YAv. framərə0Ba- (Yt 2.13), perf. pass. ҮАУ.
morota- (V 5.36, V 5.38, V 8.33), YAv. auua.morota- (H 2.34)
*OLD PERSIAN: mar- “о die” = Kent: 202b
MED.; Pres. ja-: impf. IND. 35р. am(a)riyatä <a-m-r-i-y-t-a> (DB 1.43); Partic.: perf. pass. m(a)rta-
<m-r-t- > ‘dead’
"MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP myr-, ВМР myr- (YMYTWN-) /mir-/ ‘to die’ = DMMPP:
236a
*maré (mark) 265
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP myryd, SUBJ. 152. MMP myr’m, 3sg. MMP *myr'd, OPT. 3sg. MMP myryh;
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP mwrdg, BMP mwltk /murdag/ ‘dead’, MMP mwrd
*PARTHIAN: myr- ‘to die" = Ghilain: 90 | DMMPP: 236a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. myrynd; Partic.: perf. pass. mwrd ‘dead’
*KHOTANESE: mär- ‘to die’ = SGS: 109
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. myr-, CSogd. myr-, MSogd. myr- ‘to die’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. myrty, SUBJ. 2р1. SSogd. myr’6, 3р1. BSogd. myr’nt, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: "my- ‘to die; be extinguished’ || (+ *pari-) prmy- ‘to wither, fade (of
plants, fire)’ — Samadi: 113
*BACTRIAN: pip- ‘to die’ > S-W, Bact.: 204b
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP mir-/murdan, Bal. murt-/mir-, Kurd. (Kurm.) mirin/mir-,
(Sor.) mirdin/mir-, Zaz. merdis/miren-, Abyan. mardan, Abz. marda/mér-, Anar.
marte/mir-, Awrom. mardáy-/mur-, Fariz. -mard-/-mär-, Yar. -mard-/mer-, Gz. mér-/
märt, Gil. (Rsht.) mardoen/mir-, Gur. (Kand.) märd-/-mr-, Ham. märtän/mer-, Khuns.
mir-/mert, Mah. märd, Nn. marte/mir-, Natan. mardän/mor-, Qohr. marda/mir-,
Semn. -märd-/-mär-, Sang. -márt-/márcen-, Shamerz. -mörd-am-/mir-äm-, Siv. mer-/
mérd, mird, Soi bä-märd-/ä-mir-, Sorkh. -mord-/meer-, Lasg. -mard-/meer-, Tal.
marde ‘to die’ || (+ *pari-) NP paZmurdan/pazmir- ‘to wither, fade’ || (+ *ui-) Bal.
gimurt/gimur- ‘to die, wilt’
*NEIR: Oss. I. maelyn/mard, D. mzlun/mard, Sh. mar-/müd, Rosh. mir-/müg (etc.),
M. тәг-/тәг-, Yi. mor-/mur-, Pash. mrol/mr-, Yghn. mir-/murta-, Wa. mor(o)y-/mort
‘to die’, Oss. I. maryn/mard, D. marun/mard (caus.) ‘to kill, murder’ || (+ *pari-) Sh.
(Baj.) parmir-/parmud, Wa. pormor-/pormord- ‘to wither’, Yi. parmorya ‘withering’
*MISC: Par. mer-/mur-, Огт. mr-/mulluk ‘to die’ = mr-/mo I(I)ók, mölok, Par.
mér-/mat (caus.) ‘to kill’
*SANSKRIT: mar ‘to die’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 318
© This root has an impeccable IE etymology.
«PIE *mer- ‘to die’ = LIV: 439 f. | Pok.: 735
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /merzi/ ‘disappears’, /merta/ ‘he died’, Gr. € woptev ‘ané8avev,
died’ (Hes.), Lat. morior, Arm. meranim, OCS mréti, Lith. mm ‘to die’, etc.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 84b, 146b f., 209b, 249b; Ivanow 1926: 421; IIFL I: 273a, 400b; KPF II: 223;
Christensen, Contributions I: 75, 173, 263; IIFL II: 228a, 529; Christensen, Contributions II: 64, 118,
162; Abrahamian 1936: 117; Lambton 1938: 77b; MacKenzie 1966: 102; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 75, 89, 70 f.,
86 f., 96; EVS: 45a, 58b; Lecoq 1974: 63; WIM I: 71; WIM II/1: 79 Е; WIM III: 112; Werba 1997: 218
f.; Paul 1998: 305b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 239; Cabolov 2001: 663; Lecoq 2002: 122, 125, 127
(passim); NEVP: 51; Kiefer 2003: 200; Shahbakhsh: s.v. mir-, gimur-; Korn 2005: 314, 404 (passim)
*maré (*mark) ‘to destroy, damage’
*AVESTAN: Ау. mərənc- (maraxs-) ‘to destroy’ || (+ *para-) ‘to damage, injure’ || (+
*ш-) ‘to ruin, spoil’ = Liste: 43f.
266 *mard
Pres. n-: IND. 3sg. med. Y Av. (them.!) marancaite (Yt 10.2, V 21.1, V 21.3), ҮАУ. para.merencaite (V
13.3), YAv. moroyonte (Yt 8.44), 2р1. med. OAv. merengeduiie (Y 53.6), 3pl. YAv. merencinti (Yt 6.3,
Ny 1.13), 3pl.med. OAv. vimoroncaite (Y 31.1), OPT. 2sg. med. ? YAv. *moroncisa (SrB 3), Zeg OAv.
morasiiät (Y 45.1), 3sg. med. YAv. marancita (V 18.55), IMPV. 250. med. YAv. (them.!) (“)marancan‘ha
(V 19.1, V 19.6); Aor. s-: SUBJ. 3sg. med. OAv. maroxsaite (Y 51.10); Partic.: pres. aja- ҮАУ.
meroncaiias ° (V 7.58), pass. (+ priv.) YAv. amarsant- (Y 9.4, Yt 19.12), fut. YAv. amoroxSiiant- (Yt
19.94), aor. med. Y Av. maroxsana- (Yt 19.41); Inf.: pres. OAv. morongoidiiai (Y 46.11); Desid.: SUBJ.
3sg. med. mimaroxsäite (V 15.14), IMPV. 25р. med. YAv. mimaraxSar‘ha (V 15.14)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP mwincyn- /murnjén-/ (caus.) ‘to destroy’, MMP mwrz(hy)-
(sec. pass.) ‘to be harmed; to be persecuted’ || (+ *ui-) MMP wymrz- ‘to destroy’,
ВМР gwmlc'k /gumarzag/ ‘the pernicious’ (Gershevitch 1977: 66) = DMMPP:
234b, 354a
Caus.: pres. IND. 1sg. BMP mwlncynym /murnjéném/, 3р1. ВМР mwincynynd /murnjénénd/; Pass.: pres.
IND. 3sg. MMP mwrzyhyd, 3pl. MMP mwrzyhynd; Partic.: perf. pass. II MMP mwrzyd, mwrzydg, caus.
BMP mwincynyt /murnjenid/ || (+ *ui-) Partic.: pres. MMP wymrz’g
*KHOTANESE: OKh. *maljs- ‘to destroy, injure’, LKh. maich- (pass.) ‘to miscarry’,
Khot. mulch-/mich- (sec. caus.) ‘to cause to miscarry’. 9 The etymology of LKh.
maich- etc. is deduced by Maggi, SVK III: 127, on the basis of ОК. mulchafiate
(KV 1.5) which clearly derives from the stem *mré-a- On OKh. malstä see
Sims-Williams, SVK III: 122 f. = SGS: —
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. mrync ‘to destroy’
*CHORESMIAN: ? mwrnyk (ppp.) ‘slaughtered’ (302.1) = Samadi: 112
*NWIR: NP marg ‘death’
*NEIR: Oss. marg ‘poison’
*MISC: Par. mat (supplet. of mör-, *mar') ‘killed’, Orm. mak (ppp.) ‘withered, faded’
*SANSKRIT: marc ‘to damage, hurt, injure’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 323
«PIE *melk*- ‘to damage’ = LIV: 434 f. | Pok.: 737
*IE COGNATES: Gr. BAG 0 “I hurt, damage’
*REFERENCES: JIFL I: 273a, 400a; GMS: §153, 600; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 72 f.; Werba 1997: 219
*mard ‘to despise, disparage (?); to neglect, abandon (?)’
*AVESTAN: OAv. marəd ‘to despise, disparage’ {hapax} = Liste: 44
Aor. athem.: SUBJ. 3sg. OAv. maredaiti (Y 51.13)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pari-) prmrcy- ‘to blame’ = Samadi: 153 f.
*SANSKRIT: (*)mardh ‘to despise, disdain’ > EWAia П: 328, s.v. mardh
o Rejecting the interpretation of Bartholomae, AIW: 1150 (‘to ruin’, *Hmard),
Humbach, Kellens, Narten (et al.) assign the meaning ‘to neglect, abandon’ to the
Avestan verb marad-’, on the basis of the Skt. cognate root mardh ‘to neglect,
abandon’ (accepted by Mayrhofer, EWAia: Lei This interpretation appears rather
bland and stylistically weak to me, especially as the Av. form is embedded in a quite
pronounced context. Insler, Gathas: 107, 317 translates marodaiti as ‘misses’, on
*marHl 267
which no further (etymological) comment is provided though. Under the same entry
MARDH, Mayrhofer also cites the forms mfdh- (Е) ‘disdain’, vi-mrdhá- ‘chasing
the despiser away’, etc., which are semantically hardly compatible with the root
MARDH with the presumably basic meanings ‘to neglect, be negligent, abandon’
("vernächlassigen, nachlässig sein, im Stich lassen"). Rather, we are probably
dealing with two separate, (near-) homonymous roots mardh' ‘to neglect, abandon’
(Goth. un-mildjai nom. pl. ‘loveless’, OE milde, Engl. mild, ? Gr. ролдокӧс
‘weak’) and mardh’ ‘to despise, disdain’ (Gr. BAo- mrdhrä-väc-).
Envisaging the latter root, we may interpret Av. marodaiti as ‘despises, disparages’.
If this meaning is accepted, we can now also include Chor. prmrcy-, which was
connected to the ‘crush’ root *Hmard by MacKenzie I: 547 f. ("spoil, destroy").
«PIE *meld"- ‘to despise, disdain’ ? > LIV: 431 | Pok.: 719
*IE COGNATES: Gr. ВА&б-фт\нос 'slandering, calumniating’
*REFERENCES: Humbach 1958 П: 90; Narten 1964: 199; Werba 1997: 219; Humbach 1991: I 189, П 229;
Kellens — Pirart III: 259 f.
*marH! ‘to rub; crush’
*KHOTANESE: LKh. mur(r)- ‘to rub; crush’ || (+ *aua-) LKh. vamurr- ‘to vanquish,
crush’ || (+ *fra-) OKh. hamur- ‘to crush’ || (+ *ui-) OKh. ggumerafi- (caus.) ‘to
remove’ => SGS: 110, 119, 148, 30
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ui-) ? ym’r- ‘to break into pieces, shatter’. ó This formation may
contain *marH', rather than *maz ‘to break’: all the attested forms have , /r/ without
the diacritic dot (5 /z/). = Samadi: 257
*NWIR: Awrom. таѓау/таѓ- ‘to break [tr.]’, märiäy/mäfia- (pass.) ‘to break [intr.],
be broken’, Ard. made, menäde/mär-, Gur. (Kand.) marian/-mar- ‘to break, break up
[tr.], Mah. mir-/mär-d, Yzd. mart/mar- ‘to break’, (nomin./inch. ?) Kurd. masa (f.)
‘pincers; poker’ || (+ *fra- ?) Anar. hmarte/ hmar, Fariz. -hamard-/-hmar-, Yar.
-hmard-/-hmar-, Gz. emartmün/emarön- (tr.), Ham. hä-märtän/hä-mär- (intr.), Kafr.
hamartemün/hamerön-, Kesh. ehmardémiin/a-hmar-, Khuns. hämer-/hämirt, hemer-/
hemirt ((in)tr.), Meim. bem-hama/a-hmer- (tr), Nn. &mä/&mär- ((in)tr.), Natan.
-h(a)mard/-h(a)mar- (tr.), Qohr. hamardén/a-hmer- (tr.), Sede a-matan, a-maridén/
a-maran- (tr), Soi bä-xmärd-/ä-xmär- (intr.), Tr. hemardaya/hmar- (tr.), Varz.
hemarte/hemar- (tr.), Von. xemertän/et-xemer- (tr.), Zef. bi-hemert/hemer- (tr.) ‘to
break’
*NEIR: Yzgh. marn-/marnt ‘to roll, rub, grind’ || (+ *fra-) Oss. I. lemaryn/lameerst,
D. lemarun/laemarst ‘to press out [e.g. wet linen], squeeze out [e.g., juice from a
fruit]’
*MISC: ? Par. mar- ‘to smear’, Orm. mar- ‘to knead, grind’ = mar-/marök
*SANSKRIT: mar ‘to crush; to grab’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 230
268 *marH2
«PIE *merH»- ‘to crush; to grab’ = LIV: 440 | Pok.: 735
*IE COGNATES: Gr. papai уо ‘I rub, destroy’, Gr. uapvanaı ‘I battle’, ON mera ‘to
strike’
*REFERENCES: Zhukovskij I: 154a f.; Zhukovskij П: 269b; КРЕТ: 82a f., 142a f., 247a; Ivanow 1926: 421;
KPF II: 204; Christensen, Contributions I: 166 £, 261; Abrahamian 1936: 115; Bailey 1936: 341;
Lambton 1938: 72a, 78a, 42a; MacKenzie 1966: 102; EVS: 45a; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 27 f.; DKS: 335b f.,
375b, 460b, 87a; WIM I: 69; Werba 1997: 312 f.; Cabolov 2001: 644; Lecoq 2002: 128, 130, 133, 135
(passim); Kiefer 2003: 201
*marH ‘to block, hinder
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ui-) MMP gwm’r- ‘to appoint’, ВМР gwm'l- /gumär-/ ‘to
appoint, entrust, commission’? > DMMPP: 167a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP "gwm'ryd, IMPV. 2sg. BMP gwm’! /gumar/; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP gwm’rd,
BMP gwm’Itk /gumardag/; Inf.: BMP gwm’Itn /gumardan/
*NWIR: (+ *ui-) NP gumästan/gumär- ‘to put someone to work, appoint; to send; to
send back; to employ; to let alone; to give permission, authorize; to deliver, set free;
to entrust, rely on’.
9 Cf. Dehkhoda: 16995b f.:
||... os £ Sa ||... oS) Ale ||... gous ||... oS vi, GT ol 2 b ||
ge ушш уй. ||... 535 ls oasis; ||... gale a, э Ы ||... AUS Ka. || As for the
semantics, cf. Pth. hyrz- ‘to let, leave, abandon; to establish, appoint’. The meaning
of the Pers. verb was probably originally *‘unblock’ (with negative/reversive *ui-):
> *'to let go, allow’, etc.
*NEIR: (+ *ni- ?) Yzgh. némar-/némard ‘to stop’ || (+ *nis-) Sh. (Baj.)
niymar-/niymart ‘to be obstinate’
*SANSKRIT: mar ‘to hinder’ (RV) > EWAia II: 321
«PIE *merH- ‘to hinder, block = LIV: — | Pok.: 970
*IE COGNATES: Lat. mora (f.) ‘delay, obstacle’, Olrish mar(a)im ‘I stay’, Bret. mar
‘doubt’
*REFERENCES: EVS: 49b, 48b; Werba 1997: 313
*marš ‘to forget’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *fra-à-) MMP fr’mws-, ВМР pl’mws- /framos-/ ‘to forget’. ©
Henning 1933: 185 is sceptical about the connection of the Persian forms with
*mars (on account of the Pahlavi and Manichaean forms), for which he quotes
Hübschmann 1895: 84. > DMMPP: 154a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP pl’mwsyt /framosed/, IMPV. 2р1. MMP m’ pr’mwsyyd, ВМР m’ plmwsyt /ma
framosed/ ‘don’t forget!’; Partic.: pres. BMP pl’mws’n /framosan/, perf. pass. MMP fr’mwst
*PARTHIAN: fr’mwS- ‘to forget? > DMMPP: 154a
Pres.: IND. 35р. fr'mwšyd, SUBJ. 2sg. fr’mws’; Partic.: perf. pass. fr’mwst
*maucl 269
*KHOTANESE: ? marsyarä (impv. 2р1.) ‘forget’? {hapax} || (+ *fra-a-) hämura-
‘forgetfulness, forgetting’ = SGS: —
*SOGDIAN: (+ *fra-a-) ? BSogd. fr’’wyscy, BSogd. Br'wcy, MSogd. fr’wycyh
‘forgetfulness’
*NWIR: (+ *fra-à-) NP firämüstan, Bal. Samust/Samüs- (intr.), šamošt/šamoš- (tr.) ‘to
forget’
*NEIR: (+ *fra-(a-)) Yghn. firomic/S- ‘to forget’ (< NP ?), Yi. formo-/farmísc-, M.
formiy-/formisk-, Wa. rom(s1)s-/romost ‘to forget’
*MISC: (+ *fra-) Огт. š'amot ‘forgetfulness’, Par. nhamur ‘forgetful’
*SANSKRIT: mars ‘to forget’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 332
«PIE *mers- ‘to forget’ = LIV: 440 f. | Pok.: 737 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lith. uz-mifsti, Toch. märs-, Arm. mofana- ‘to forget’
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 209a, 537a; DKS: 324b f., 477b f.; Werba 1997: 366; Adams 1999: 455 f.;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 302; Shahbakhsh: s.v. Samus-; Korn 2005: 117, 132, 146 f., 316, 387
*marZd ‘to have pity, forgive’
*AVESTAN: OAv. moroZd- ‘to have pity’ = Liste: 44
Pres. them.: IMPV. 2р1. OAv. mereZdatà (Y 33.11)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ā-) MMP "'()mwrz- BMP "mwic- /amurz-/ ‘to forgive,
absolve’ = DMMPP: 41а
Pres.: IND. 1sg. BMP /amurzém/, 1р1. BMP /amurzem/, 3pl. MMP "mwrzyynd ‘they show mercy [=
Sogd. prm’ndy’ kwn’nd]’; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP ’mwlcyt /amurzid/, MMP ’mwrzyd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *4-) "тууа ‘compassion’ = DMMPP: 40b
*KHOTANESE: mulysdi- (f.) ‘compassion’
*NWIR: Bal. marzit/marz- ‘to absolve, forgive, bless, encourage, support’ || (+ *a-)
NP amurzidan/amurz- ‘to forgive, absolve’, borrowed into Bal. amurzit/amurz- ‘id.’,
Qohr. ämerz-, Yzd. amorz- ‘to forgive’
*SANSKRIT: тага ‘to take pity, pardon’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 326 f.
© The Пг. root *marzd has no IE correspondences. On the possible interpretations of
the peculiar structure of this root see EWAia, l.c.
*PIE — = LIV: 444 f. | Pok.: 737 f.
*REFERENCES: Bailey 1936: 338; DKS: 338a f.; Werba 1997: 365; Kümmel 2000: 375; Lecoq 2002:
641b; Shahbakhsh: s.v. marz!-, amurz-
*maut! ‘to release, let loose/free’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *uz-) m/zmxs- (intr./inch.) “о (go to) sleep’, m/zmx’sy- (sec.
caus.) ‘to let (someone) sleep’ || (+ *pati-) pcmxs- (pcmxš-) ‘to become numb’. > Cf.
MacKenzie I: 554; 141 f. © Samadi: 264
*MISC: Orm. moZ-/mók ‘to loosen, untie’ = möZ-/mök ‘to open’
270 *mauc2
*SANSKRIT: moc ‘to release, be(come) free; to liberate, free’ (RV+) = EWAia II:
382
9 Further Ir. cognates are unknown.
«PIE *meuk- ‘to take, untie, etc.’ > LIV: 443 f. | Pok.: 744 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. uócoopnoa ‘I blow my nose’, Lat. e-mungö ‘I blow out, snuff’,
Lith. maükti ‘to take off’
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 401b; Werba 1997: 217 f.; Kiefer 2003: 201
*maud? ‘to learn, teach’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ham-) MMP hmwc- ‘to teach’, (pass./inch.) MMP hmwxs-
‘to learn [i.e. to be teached, instructed] > DMMPP: 179a
(+ *ham-) Well attested: Pres.: IND. 15р. MMP hmwcym, BMP hmwcym /hammözem/, 3sg. BMP
/hammozed/, 3р1. BMP hmwcynd /hammözend!, etc.
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ham-) ’mwc- ‘to teach’ = Ghilain: 63 | DMMPP: 40a
,
Pres.: IND. 3pl. *’mwcynd, SUBJ. 25р. ’mwc’h; Partic.: perf. pass. ’mwxtg ‘learned’, "mwxt, П "mwc'd;
Inch./Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. ’mwxsyd, SUBJ. 3р1. hmwxs’nd; Inf.: *’mwxtn
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. mwck, BSogd. mwck’, SSogd. mwz’’k’ ‘teacher’, (pl.) SSogd.
*mwz'kty
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *4- ?) "mxs- ‘to learn’, mwcy- (caus.) “to teach, instruct’
= Samadi: 113, 112
*NWIR: Zaz. misayis/misen- (inch. ?) ‘to learn, experience’, misnayis/misnen- (caus.)
‘to teach, show’, Awrom. mısäy/*mıs- ‘to learn, understand’ || (+ *à-) NP ämöxtan/
amoz-, Ham. ämotän/ämuz- ‘to learn; teach’ || (+ *fra- or *ham- ?) Anar. ihmut ‘he
learnt’ || (+ *ham- ?) Kafr. hamiitemiin/hamis- ‘to learn’
*NEIR: (+ *ni-) Oss. L nymuzyn/nymygd, D. nimozun/nimugd ‘to point out; to carry
to, out; to recommend’
9 The root is exclusively Iranian. It is perhaps no coincidence that it is formally
similar to *jaué ‘to teach, learn’: таиё may have been abstracted from *ham-Hauc
(cf. Skt. oc ‘to be accustomed, to get used to’), comparable to *iaué, which has been
abstracted from prefixed formations in *abi-, *ni-, etc. (q.v.).
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Zhukovskij II: 96; Ivanow 1926: 419; Abrahamian 1936: 107; MacKenzie 1966: 102;
Abaev, Slovar’ II: 205; Paul 1998: 306a
*maud ? ‘to mourn’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP mwy- ‘to mourn’, BMP mwst /must/ ‘mourning’
c DMMPP: 234b f.
Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP mwyynd, SUBJ. 1sg. MMP mwy’n; Partic.: pres. pl. MMP mwy’g’n, perf. pass.
BMP mwst /must/
*maus(H) ? 271
*NWIR: NP möyidan ‘to mourn; weep and cry aloud’, NP must ‘trouble, distress of
mind, complaint, lamentation’
*MISC: ? Arm. (LW) moyr ‘begging’ (semantically not evident, Benveniste 1964: 5)
© The Persian forms are isolated within Ilr.: they might be connected to the IE
correspondences cited by Pokorny: 743: Lith. maudziu (maüsti) ‘I long for’, Gr.
u$00c (m.) ‘word; tale’, OCS mysle ‘thought’, etc. However, if the Persian forms
were from older *maud as assumed generally, they would be identical with the
semantically antonymous root *maud ‘to rejoice’ (Skt. mod), which is attested in
Iranian: not only in Avestan (maoóano.kara- “providing joy’), but apparently also in
OP (*maudabaga- ‘who pleases God’, Mayrhofer 1973: 208, ad 8.1185). The co-
existence of two formally identical roots with opposite meanings within one
language is inconceivable. More likely, we are dealing with the root *nau(H) ‘to
mourn’ (q.v.), which became contaminated with the antonymous root *maud ‘to
rejoice’ at a certain stage. Cf. NP noyidan ‘to cry aloud, lament’, navistan ‘to groan’,
NP nöyah ‘plaint, moan’, nöstah, navastah ‘noise in the throat by one’s crying’.
*PIE — = LIV: — | Pok.: 743
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 223 f.
*maug (*mauz) ? ‘to err, be foolish’
*AVESTAN: YAv. aSamaoya- (m.) ‘teacher of false doctrines’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP *himwg’n (pl.) ‘heretics’ (LW) = DMMPP: 34b
*KHOTANESE: LKh. muys- ‘to be foolish’ © SGS: 110
*SANSKRIT: moh ‘to become confused’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 384 f.
0 This Ш. root appears to have two variants: *maug and *mauj". The strange palatal
"alternation" that can be observed in the root conveys the impression that it is not of
IE origin. Alternatively, they could point to influence from or contamination with
semantically similar roots, e.g. *draug" (Ir. *drauj ‘to lie, deceive’), *gauj" ‘to hide,
conceal’ (> Skt. goh, Ir. *gauz), cf. EWAia: Le
*PIE — = LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: DKS: 335b; Werba 1997: 218
*maus(H) ? ‘to conceal, steal ?'
*KHOTANESE: OKh. mussa (pl.) ‘robbers’ (Z 22.136)
*NEIR: Wa. mbi$-/most ‘to conceal’, ? Oss. D. mos (in mos esun ‘to take revenge")
*SANSKRIT: mos(‘) ‘to steal, to take away, to rob’ (RV+) EWAia II: 383
© The evidence for an Ir. root *maus(H), which would correspond to Skt. mos(.), is
limited, being confined to East Iranian. An IE provenance cannot be ascertained.
Two IE forms are generally cited as cognate with notably Skt. mos(‘). OFr. chréo-
mösido ‘robbing the dead bodies’ (from the Lex Salica) is isolated within Germanic,
272 *maz
whilst the comparison to Toch. B mus- ‘to lift, move aside’ is seman-tically not
quite satisfactory, but cf. semantically Engl. shoplifting. One might have to consider
the meaning of the Skt./Ir. root secondary.
«PIE? c LIV: 445 | Pok.: 743, 753
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 530; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 131; DKS: 338b f.; Werba 1997: 335; Steblin-Kamenskij
1999: 241
*maz ‘to break’
*PARTHIAN: (+ *4-) ’mz- ‘to destroy, break’ = Ghilain: 99 | DMMPP: 42a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. *’mzyyd; Partic.: perf. pass. ’mst, "mstg, П ? ’mz’d; Inf.: ’mstn. © On *’mzyyd cf.
Henning 1965: 32, fn.3: ""mz- at last supplies the present of the common Parthian verb ’mStn ‘to break’.".
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. (’)ms (inch.) ‘to plough’ (or < *Hmarz ?, cf. Bal. marz- ‘to
plough’)
Impf.: IND. 1sg. MSogd. m’msw (M 109 R.10)
*CHORESMIAN: mZ- ‘to break [tr.]’, mzy- (pass./intr.) ‘to break’ || (+ *ui-) ? ym’r- ‘to
break into pieces, shatter’. Q Alternatively, ym’r- may contain the ‘crush’ root
*marH!, which is preferable: all the attested forms have , /r/ without the diacritic dot
G/z/). = Samadi: 114, 257
*BACTRIAN: (+ *4-) aua- ‘to break up, dispose of (property); break off, give up (a
claim or dispute)’ = S-W, Bact.: 179a
*NWIR: NP maz ‘wrinkle’ (old LW)
*NEIR: Yi. moz-/masc, M. maz-/mosk’- ‘to kill’, Pash. mat (ppp.) ‘broken’, ? Sh.
(Вај.) m6z-/mizd ‘to make, form, build, prepare’
*MISC: Orm. méz-, maz-/mastak ‘to break’ = mézaw-/mézawók, me-, mi- ‘to break
[tr.]', miz-/moxtok, muxtuk, mizök ‘to break [intr.]’
«PIE ? *mag- (*mHse£-) ‘to knead, smear’ => LIV: 421 | Pok.: 696
*IE COGNATES: Gr. рассо ‘I knead’, Arm. macaw ‘attached, curdled’, OCS mazo
(mazati) ‘I smear, anoint’, OHG mahhon, OE тастап, Engl. to make (etc.)
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 401b; EVP: 48; IIFL: II: 230a; GMS; par. 973, 1265; EVS: 46b; Hasandoust
2001-2002: 38; NEVP: 53; Kiefer 2003: 201
* man ‘to resemble’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. manaliən ahe уада ‘resembling, just like’ (Y 71.8, Yt 17.20, etc.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP mine BMP m’n’k /manag/ ‘resembling, like’
*PARTHIAN: m’n- ‘to agree, be similar, resemble" = DMMPP: 225 f.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. m’nyd, 3pl. m’nynd; Partic.: pres. m’nh’g, perf. pass. m’n’d
*KHOTANESE: mafi- (müm-) ‘to resemble’ > SGS: 109
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. myn- ‘to resemble’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. mynt, MSogd. myndk ‘is similar’; Impf.: IND. 3sg. med. CSogd. mynt, 3pl.
CSogd. mynnt
*miHu 273
*CHORESMIAN: m’ny- ‘to resemble’ || (+ *fra-) Sm’ny- ‘to resemble, to look like’
c» Samadi: 108 £, 195
*NWIR: NP mänistan/män-, Gz. mün-/münä, Gil. (Rsht.) manén, mancestoen/man-,
Khuns. mün-/münä ‘to resemble’
*NEIR: Yzgh. manek ‘like, resembling’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) nman ‘like, equal’, Toch. menak (LW) ‘comparison, example’ (<
Sogd. ?)
Derived from *maH! ‘to measure’.
*REFERENCES: Christensen, Contributions I: 75; EVS: 44b; WIMI: 71; WIM W/1: 80; DKS: 327b f.
*mar (*mar2) ‘to moan, complain’
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. m’r’nt’y ‘lamenting, sorry’, CSogd. m’r’wt(y) ‘sorry, mourning’,
mr’wt ‘crying’
*CHORESMIAN: m’ry- ‘to complain, moan’. 0 Samadi's connection of Chor. m’ry- to
the root *hmar ‘to remember, recall, sim.’ (q.v.) is semantically difficult and not
compelling, especially if the Sogd. forms are also taken into consideration.
= Samadi: 109
*NWIR: (+ *aua-) Bal. Omarit/omar- ‘to wail, moan, complain’
*NEIR: ? Rosh. mary-/maryd, Bart. mary-/maryd ‘to growl, bark, snarl, roar’
© The root appears to be exclusively Iranian. > LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: EVS: 45a; Gharib: 208a; Shahbakhsh: s.v. ömär-
*miHu ‘to move’
*AVESTAN: (+ *aua-) Y Av. auua.miuu- ‘to eliminate, remove ?’ = Liste: 45
Pres. them.: IND. 1pl. YAv. auua.miuuamahi (V 18.55, V 18.59); Partic.: pres. pass. a-muiiamna- (Yt
13.35)
*PARTHIAN: (+ *aua-) ? "wmws- ‘to cause, incite evil ? [Henning 1934: 883]; to be
terrified [i.e. emotionally moved, cf. Ghilain, Le: Weber 1970: 91] ?’ || (+ *para-,
*pari-) prm’w- ‘to terrify’. © On ‘sp’w- (caus.-iter. ?) ‘to terrify, affright’ see *pau.
= Ghilain: 82 | DMMPP: 279a
Partic.: perf. pass. II "wmws'd || (+ *para-, *pari-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. prm’wyd, 3р1. prm’wynd; Partic.: perf.
pass. II prm’w’d
*KHOTANESE: mvir- (denomin.) ‘to move’. 9 From the nominal formation *mura- =
Skt. müra- ‘swift’. © SGS: 110
*CHORESMIAN: ? "mm'w(y)- ‘to lick, smack with the lips’ || (+ *fra-) smwy- ‘to
loosen’ = Samadi: 110, 197
*NEIR: Oss. I. mi, D. miwe ‘thing, matter; work, affair’
*MISC: Hung. (LW) mú ‘work’ (< pre-Oss./Alanic)
*SANSKRIT: miv ‘to move’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 359
«PIE *mieuH;- ‘to set into motion’ = LIV: 445 f. | Pok.: 743
274 *mraH
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. mu-u-ta-iz-zi ‘stirs up’, Lat. moveo ‘I move’, Lith. máuju
(maäuti) ‘I rush, tear along?
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ II: 112 f.; DKS: 341b; Werba 1997: 362
*mraH ‘to soften’
*AVESTAN: YAv. mrata- (ppp.) ‘softened (by water)’ (Yt 17.12)
*NEIR: (+ *pari-) Oss. I. fellajyn/f&llad, D. fzellajun/fzellad ‘to get tired’
*SANSKRIT: т/а ‘to wilt? EWAia II: 388 f.
© Although limited, the evidence for an Ir. root *mraH cognate with Skt. mia is quite
clear. Less clear though is whether this Skt./Ir. verbal root has any IE
correspondences: only two nominal formations, Gr. ролокос ‘soft, tender’, Olrish
mláith ‘soft, weak’, are usually cited.
«PIE? e LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar' I: 438 f.; Beekes 1969: 198
*mrau ? ‘to mistreat, slaughter ?'
*AVESTAN: OAv. mrao- ‘to mistreat ?' = Liste: 46
Pass.: aor. INJ. 3sg. OAv. mraoi(Y 32.14)
© The existence of an Ir. root *mrau ‘to mistreat, vel sim’, which would have no IE
origin, may prove to be illusory. The interpretation of OAv. mraor is disputed, it
may be an injunctive form of mrao- (mrü-) ‘to say, speak’ (*mrauH), on which see
most recently De Vaan 2003: l.c.
*PIE LIV: - | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Humbach II: 37; Kellens 1974: 48, 325; Hoffmann — Forssman: 371; De Vaan 2003: 371 f.
*mraué ‘to float, submerge ?'
*AVESTAN: (+ *para-) OAv. mraoc- ‘to float, submerge’ || (+ *ni-) YAv. nimraoka-
(m.) ‘junction (of a river), tributary’ (Yt 8.46) — Liste: 46
Partic.: pres. OAv. para(cä) mraocant- (Y 53.7)
*SANSKRIT: mroc/mloc ‘to set (of the sun), to disappear; to crawl (in, away); to
withdraw, hide’ (AV+) = EWAia II: 388
9 This apparently IIr. root has no further known continuations in Ir. No certain IE
cognate forms can be mentioned.
*PIE— > LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 220
*mrauH ‘to say’
*AVESTAN: mrao- (mrü-) ‘to say, speak’ || (+ *à-) ‘to call on (to come closer)’ || (+
*upa-) ‘to call upon’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to answer, reply’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to proclaim’ || (+
*ni-) ‘to utter (softly ?)’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to argue, dispute [med.]’ — Liste: 45f.
*mu(n)0 ? 275
Pres. athem.: IND. 1sg. mraomi (Y 53.5, etc.), med. OAv. mruiié (Y 49.6), YAv. upa.mruiie (Y 9.27),
3sg. YAv. mraoti (Yt 10.106), med. YAv. fra mruiie (Y 19.10), YAv. nimrüite (Yt 8.23), them. YAv.
nimrauuaite (Yt 8.29), 3du. Y Av. ä.mrütö (N 24), 1pl. med. YAv. ni mrümaide (Y 68.21), 3pl. med. YAv.
framr(a)uuaire (Yt 13.64), impf. 3sg. (+ *a- ?) YAv. paitiiämraot (Y 21.4), YAv. fr(a)amraot (Y 19.12, Y
19.15, Y 21.4), med. YAv. amrüta (Y 19.15), INJ. 1sg. YAv. mraom (V 2.3 Ё), 25р. OAv. mraos (Y
34.13, Y 43.12), mraot (Y 32.12, Y 45.5, Y46.9, etc.), YAv. amraot (Y 19.12), OAv. paiti.mraot (Y 32.2),
Y Av. framraot (Y 19.15, Y 19.20, Y 20.1, etc.), YAv. vimraot (Yt 2.13), 2pl. OAv. mraota (Y 43.11),
3р1. them. med. Y Av. nimrauuanta (Yt 13.93), SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. framrauua (Yt 13.1), YAv. framrauuäni
(Yt 12.2, Yt 15.56), med. YAv. paiti.mrauuane (Yt 5.82), YAv. framrauuai (Y 71.15), 3sg. OAv.
mrauuaiti (Y 51.8), mrauuat (Y 45.2, F 152), them. YAv. mr(a)uuat (GS 163 f.), OPT. 25р. YAv. mruiia
(V 18.1, V 182 Ё), YAv. paiti.mruiia Dat 25), YAv. framruiia (Yt 11.6, Yt 13.20, V 17.5, etc.), med.
Y Av. framruuisa (Yt 10.119), 3sg. OAv. mruiiät (Y 51.8, Y 46.5), 35р. med. ҮАУ. viiamruuità (Y 12.6),
IMPV. 2sg. YAv. mrüiói (Yt 3.2, Yt 12.1, V 19.34, etc.), them. YAv. mrauua (Yt 4.4), 3sg. mraotü (Y
31.17, etc.); Partic.: pres. YAv. framrü (Y 65.10), med. YAv. framruuäna- (FrW 9.1), them. YAv.
nimraomna- (Y 71.16, H 2.2, Vyt 54), perf. pass. YAv. -mrüta- (V 10.3, V 10.7, V 10.9, etc.); Inf.: pres.
OAv. mrüite (Y 49.6), Y Av. framrüite (Y 8.4, ? N 71). 0 On the attested forms with *ni- cf. *ni-uac ‘to
utter kindly’ (*yaé). AIW: 1196 gives as meaning: ‘sich (hoffend oder fürchtend) etwas einreden,
verheissen’. The passage Yt 8.23 nimrüite is translated by Panaino, Tist.: 115 as ’wails’, which is perhaps
too freely interpreted. This meaning is not appropriate in e.g. Y 68.21 or Y 71.16. || framrü is from Nsg.
*fra-mruanh < *fra-mruHan(t)s. On the subsequent phonetic developments to °й see De Vaan 2003: 313 f.
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pari-) ? pari- ‘to order; to deign’. 0 The exact preform of parT- is
uncertain, on which see also SGS: l.c. = SGS: 73
*SANSKRIT: brav ‘to say, speak’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 235
The root *mrauH is clearly attested only in Avestan: it has apparently been ousted
by the other roots for ‘to speak’, *џаќ and *gaub respectively, in the other Iranian
languages, cf. Hoffmann, Aufs.: l.c.
«PIE *mleuH- ‘to speak’ = LIV: 445 f. | Pok.: —
*IE COGNATES: Toch. B pälw- ‘to complain, bewail one's fate’, Cz. mluviti ‘to
speak’, ORuss. тъ/уа ‘chatter, rumour’, Russ. molvá ‘chatter, rumour’
*REFERENCES: Hoffmann, Aufs.: 75; Werba 1997: 305 f.; Adams 1999: 379 f.
*mu(n)0 ? ‘to flee’
*OLD PERSIAN: 1110(")0- ‘to flee’ = Kent: 201b
Pres. ? n-: impf. IND. 3sg. amu(^)0a <a-mu-u-0a> (DB)
© The root, whose meaning is clarified on the basis of the Babylonian and Elamite
versions of DB, is attested exclusively in OP. It has no certain IE correspondences.
The connection with Skt. munt ‘to go away, flee ?; to protect ?' is useless
("Unverwertbar", EWAia, III: 408), whereas the Baltic forms, Lith. munku ‘I run
away’, Latv. muku ‘I free, flee’, appear to point to a root with a non-palatal velar
(*meuk'"-) This of course cannot be reconciled with the OP form in -6.
Brandenstein — Mayrhofer: 133 therefore assume a parallel root with a palatal *-K.
*PIE — => LIV: — | Pok.: 744
276 *nab
N
*nab ‘to make wet, moisten’
*AVESTAN: YAv. napía- (ppp.) ‘moist, wet’ || (+ *abi-) YAv. aiBi.naptim
*moistening' (V 7.12 f.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP nmb ‘moisture’, MMP npt ‘moist, damp, naphtha’, BMP
npt /naft/ ‘moist, damp; naphtha’ Ò Also Akkad. naptu ‘naphtha’! > DMMPP: 244a
*PARTHIAN: "nf ‘moist, damp; naphtha’ > DMMPP: 244a
*KHOTANESE: (+ *à-) ? anahà ‘moistened’
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. nßt’k, nBtk, MSogd. nBtyy, nBtyy, SSogd. "ntc" (f.) ‘moist’
*CHORESMIAN: nfdk, npc, nBdc (f.) ‘moist, humid’
*NWIR: NP namidan/nam- (denomin.) ‘to grow moist', Kurd. nim ‘dampness’
(*nambV-), Awrom. nim ‘damp’ (< Kurd. ?), Gz. nám-o-nà ‘wet’
*NEIR: Sangl. nav-, Yi. nov-/nivd, M. nav-, niv-/nivd- ‘to rain’, Wa. пыу-/поуа ‘to
moisten, make wet’, Pash. nund, numd ‘wet’, Pash. naw (m.), Sh. namb ‘moisture,
humidity’, Sariq. nom ‘wet, moist’
*SANSKRIT: abhrá- ‘cloud’ (RV+), nábhas- (n.) ‘moisture, cloud, mass of clouds,
mist’ (RV+) > EWAia I: 94, II: 13
© The verbal forms of *nab are attested in some Pamiri languages.
«PIE *neb'- ‘to moisten, be wet’ > LIV: 448 | Pok.: 315 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. ovvvé get, Extveger ‘is cloudy, clouded; [Zeus] makes cloudy,
clouded’, Hitt. /nepis-/ (n.) ‘sky’, Gr. уёфос (n.) ‘cloud, mass of clouds’, OCS nebo,
nebes-e (n.) ‘heaven’, OHG nebul (m.), NHG Nebel, etc.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 52 f.; IIFL II: 233b, 532a, 405b; MacKenzie 1966: 103; MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 57;
EVS: 49a; WIM 1/2: 709 f.; DKS: 18b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 252; NEVP: 59
*nad ‘to sound, make noise’
*AVESTAN: OAv. nad- ‘to grumble, voice opposition ?’ = Liste: 40
Partic.: pres. OAv. nadant- (Y 33.4)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP n'y, BMP n'd /nay/ ‘reed, cane; tube, pipe, flute, clarion’
238b
*PARTHIAN: nd ‘pipe, flute; cane, rod? > DMMPP: 240a
*KHOTANESE: *nay- ‘to sound’, nayai ‘sound’ || (+ *pati-) LKh. panay- ‘to make a
noise’ = SGS: 70
*NWIR: NP nay ‘reed, cane; flute, pipe’
*NEIR: ? Oss. I. natyn, D. naetun/nett ‘to moan, sigh, pant, groan’ (why -t- ?), Pash.
nul ‘sorrow, grief’, ? nal (m.) ‘reed, pipe’ (< IA ?)
*SANSKRIT: nad ‘to thunder, roar, howl, rustle’ (AV+) = EWAia П: 8
*naid 277
9 On the interpretation of OAv. nad- see Hoffmann, Aufs.: 270. Although the “flute,
reed’ forms are already IE (cf. EWAia II. 7; IEW: l.c.), the verbal forms attested in
(Dir. cannot be traced back to IE. Hence, these verbal forms may be originally
denominative.
«PIE *nedo- ‘reed’ — LIV: 448 f. | Pok.: 759
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /nata-/, /nati-/, Skt. nada-, nada- ‘reed’, Arm. net ‘arrow’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 52; DKS: 179b f., 210b; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 172; Werba 1997: 354
*nad ‘to be in distress’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. nað- ‘to be in distress’, naidiiah- ‘poorer, weaker’ = Liste: 41
MED .; Pres. them.: SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. naóatae(-ca) (Yt 13.66)
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ui-) ? OKh. binäs- (inch. ?) ‘to be hungry, starving’. 9 Bailey,
DKS: lc. denies a connection to *nas? ‘to disappear; to perish’, but his own
derivation from *abi-nä-s- ‘to grasp, be hungry for’ (*Hnas) is semantically difficult
though. Perhaps Khot. binäs- is an inchoative formation of *na(H)d? => SGS: 96
*SANSKRIT: nädh ‘to be in trouble, oppressed’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 34
0 No Ir. evidence for “nad other than Y Av. naó- and perhaps Khot. binds- is known.
The comparison to Gr. vw8pdc ‘flat, slow’ is semantically difficult. It can be noticed
that this root rhymes with *bad.
*REFERENCES: DKS: 284b; Werba 1997: 416
*naic ? ‘to fight, attack’
*AVESTAN: ? Y Av. darsi-nika- ‘boldly attacking’ (Yt 9.30)
*KHOTANESE: OKh. näjs- ‘to fight" = SGS: 53
9 Further (DIr. cognate forms are unknown.
«PIE *neik- ‘to fight, attack’. o This root is probably unrelated (or only distantly
related ?) to *neik- ‘sich erheben’, Hitt. /ninikzi/ ‘lifts’, OCS vsz-niko (3pl.pret.)
‘stood up’ (LIV: 451 f.). Although a semantic shift from ‘to stand up’ to ‘to fight’ is
certainly conceivable, the meaning ‘to fight (vel sim.)’ is not only attested in Ir., but
also in two other IE languages, Gr. and Lith. Hence, this point to a different, perhaps
homonymous PIE neik- ‘to fight’. A single root *neik- ‘anfallen, lossttirzen, heftig
beginnen’ is reconstructed by Pokorny: 761, which is semantically not very
attractive.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. veikog ‘strife’, Lith. apnikti ‘to attack’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 181b f.
*naid ‘to flow’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *aua-) gganih- ‘to moisten’ (on gga- see SGS: 230) © SGS: 28
*NWIR: Bal. nidit/nid- ‘to cause to overflow, make brimful’
*SANSKRIT: ned ‘overflow’ (YV+) = EWAia II: 55
278 *naiHl
© Although the evidence for an Ir. root *naid is sparse, it can be established quite
firmly, being attested in an East and a West Ir. language. No verbal forms other than
in Пг., are attested, whence the Ur. root may actually be denominative.
«PIE *neido- ‘flowing’ => LIV: 449 | Pok.: 761
*IE COGNATES: Gall. Nida river name, Lith. Nieda river name
*REFERENCES: DKS: 79; Werba 1997: 430; Shahbakhsh: s.v. nid-
*naiH! ‘to lead’
*AVESTAN: naii- (паё-) ‘to lead’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to take, lead, bring down; to flow
rapidly [of water]’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to lead on, upon’ || (+ *para-(a-)) ‘to lead, carry
forth’ || (+ *fra-) ? ‘to bring to’ (cf. Waag 1941: 81). © On the translation of ҮАУ.
natieinte (Yt 10.42), Y Av. franaiiata (N 70), together with possible OP parallels, see
Hoffmann, Aufs.: 314, fn 2. = Liste: 41
Pres. them.: IND. 35р. YAv. naiieiti (V 5.8 Е), med. 3sg. ? YAv. "naiiete (? P 59), med.(-pass.) 3р1. ҮАУ.
naiieinte (Yt 10.42), INJ. med.(-pass.) 3sg. ? YAv. fränaiiata (N 70), SUBJ. 15р. YAv. upanaiieni (Yt
9.18); Aor. s-: SUBJ. 3sg. OAv. naëšat (Y 31.20); Fut.: 3sg. YAv. naéSiieiti (Vn 6, rep.)
*OLD PERSIAN: nay- ‘to lead’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to lead forth, provide’ = Kent: 193
Pres. them.: impf. IND. 15р. franayam <f-r-a-n-y-m> (DB 1.87), 35р. anaya <a-n-y> (DB 2.88, DB 5.12),
3р1. “anaya” <a-n-y> (DB 5.28), med.(/pass.) 3sg. anayata <a-n-y-t-a> (DB 1.82, DB 2.73)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP n’y- (BMP DB(Y)LWN-) ‘to lead’ || (+ *a-) MMP ’’ny-
(ВМР HYTYWN-) ‘to bring, lead’ = DMMPP: 239a, 49b f.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP n‘yd, SUBJ. 3pl. MMP nyy’nd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP n‘yd, MMP nyd, nyyd;
Inf.: MMP nyydn || (+ *a-) Pres.: IND. 15р. MMP "om, 2sg. MMP "on, 2pl. MMP ’nyd, SUBJ. 2sg.
MMP ’n’yh, IMPV. 2pl. MMP ’nyd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP ’’nyd
*KHOTANESE: (+ *4-) ānāñä (gdv.) ‘to be brought’ = SGS: —
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. n’y- ‘to lead’ || (+ *ati-) BSogd. tyny-, CSogd. tny- ‘to bring in,
lead in, introduce’ || (+ *a-) BSogd. "och, CSogd. "ny, MSogd. ’’ny ‘to lead, fetch,
bring’ || (+ *para-à-) SSogd. pr’ny, BSogd. pr’n’y, CSogd. pr’ny ‘to lead, bring’ || (+
*niZ-) SSogd. nyzn’y ‘to lead from’
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. SSogd. n’y’ty || (+ *ati-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. CSogd. tny't, 3р1. CSogd. tny’nt, Impf.:
IND. 3sg. BSogd. tyny, 3р1. CSogd. “tynynt, Pret.: tr. IND. 2sg. CSogd. tny’d’ry; Inf.: pret. BSogd.
tyny’ty || (+ *a-) Well attested: Pres.: IND. 2pl. MSogd. *’’nyd’, SUBJ. 2р1. BSogd. ”’n’yö, OPT. Ipl.
CSogd. "mm, 3р1. CSogd. *’nynt, POT. 35р. MSogd. пуу "nyt qwndyh ‘he cannot bring’, etc. || (+
*para-à-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. pr’n’yt, BSogd. pr’’n’yt, BSogd. pr’’nyt, BSogd. pr’n’’yt, SUBJ. 15р.
CSogd. pr’nyn; Fut.: IND. 35р. CSogd. pr’nytq’; Partic.: pres. SSogd. pr’nyny || (+ *niZ-) Inf.: pret.
SSogd. nyznyt, Pass.: pret. IND. 3sg. SSogd. nyznyt’y
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *apa-) bny- ‘to remove’, byny- (pass./intr.) ‘to remove oneself?
c» Samadi: 23, 33
*NWIR: Anar. niye/yon-, Sorkh. bé-n-, bé-nn- -Bord- (supplet. -Bord- < *bar'), Lasg.
bi-n (supplet. -bard-) ‘to bring, carry (away, along)’, Tr. niya/neg- ‘to lead’ || (+ *a-)
Kurd. (Kurm.) anm, inam/m-, (Sor. hanin/han-, hénan/hén-, inän/m-, Zaz. an-
*naij 279
(supplet. ärdis < *ä- + *bar') ‘to bring, lead to’, Abyan. ünia/t-ün-, Nn. yonte/t-on-,
Qohr. hunda/hun-, Sorkh. a-vi-n-, a-ve-n- (supplet. -cerd- < *ä- + *bar') ‘to bring,
lead’ || (+ *ham-) ? Isfah. ämnän/ämn- ‘to bind, tie’
*NEIR: (+ *ati-) Wa. tan(a)y-/tanat- ‘to drive, chase (cattle) into the stable; to hunt,
catch (birds, animals)’ || (+ *upa-) Yi. van-/vad-, M. vín-/vád- ‘to carry, bring, carry
off (animate beings)’
*MISC: (+ *аџа-) Par. un- ‘to lead’ || (+ *a-) Par. &n-/ant- ‘to lead to’
*SANSKRIT: nay ‘to lead’ (RV+) > EWAia I: 17
«PIE *neiH; з- ‘to lead’ = LIV: 450 f. | Pok.: 760
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /nai-/ ‘to lead’
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 234a; Christensen, Contributions I: 151 f.; Christensen, Contributions II: 50, 49;
IFL П: 545, 258b; Abrahamian 1936: 126; DKS: 18b; Werba 1997: 300 f; Paul 1998: 291;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 363; Cabolov 2001: 79 f.; Lecoq 2002: 121, 123 (passim)
*naiH? ‘to churn (butter)’
*KHOTANESE: LKh. fiye, fie ‘buttermilk’, LKh. niyaka- ‘fresh butter’
*NWIR: Kurd. nivisk, Bal. némag ‘butter’, Abyan. nimesk ‘fresh butter’, Tr. nimesk
‘churned butter’, Tal. niyə ‘churn’ || (+ *pati-) NP panir ‘cheese’
*NEIR: Rosh. nay-/nid, Sariq. ney-/nüd, nid ‘to churn’, Sh. nim-öörg 'churnstaff',
Sangl. niduk, Ishk. nuduk ‘buttermilk’, M. niyo, Yi. niya ‘sour milk’ || (+ *pari-)
Wa. pornsc ‘churn’
*SANSKRIT: nita- ‘fresh butter’ (ApSS), návanita- ‘fresh butter’ (Käth+), et al.
= EWAia П: 25 f.
The verbal forms appear to be attested in a few Pamiri languages. This IIr. root
may have an IE provenance, as it has a correspondence in Baltic. This can hardly be
regarded as mere "convergence", considering the very specific nature of the
meaning.
«PIE *neiH- ‘to make butter, churn’ = LIV: — | Pok.: —
*IE COGNATES: Latv. sviestu nit ‘to make butter’, pa-nijas, pa-ninas ‘buttermilk’
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 235a, 404a; EVS: 52a, 49b; DKS: 184b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 277; Lecoq
2002: 581, 668a; Korn 2005: 232 f.
*naij ‘to wash (out)’
*AVESTAN: YAv. niz- ‘to wash (out)’ = Liste: 41f.
Intens.: pres. IND. 35р. Y Ау. naeniZaiti (Yt 8.43)
*SANSKRIT: nej ‘to wash, clean’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 54
9 No further Ir. cognate forms are known.
«PIE *neig"- ‘to wash (out) = LIV: 450 | Pok.: 761
*IE COGNATES: Gr. víGo ‘I wash, clean’, (ррр.) Gr. &vıntog ‘unwashed’, Olrish
nigim ‘I wash’, Olrish necht ‘clean’
280 *nam
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 204
*nam ‘to bend, bow’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. nəm- (nam-) ‘to bend’ || (+ *apa-) ‘to yield, cede, depart, leave’ ||
(+ *fra-) ‘to flee from’, caus. ‘to bend down’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to put, spread apart’
= Liste: 40
MED. (exc. Caus.); Pres. them.: IND. 35р. YAv. ()fränsmaite (Yt 19.95 Ё), 3р1. YAv. franomonte (Y
57.18), INJ. 3sg. YAv. арапәтаіа (Yt 19.35 f£), SUBJ. 159. YAv. fra.nmane (Yt 9.4, Yt 17.25), 35р.
YAv. fränämäite' (Y 57.18, Yt 19.95), 3pl. YAv. frä nomante (Yt 9.4), IMPV. 2sg. YAv. fra(-ca)
nomar'ha (V 2.10, V 2.18), ҮАУ. vinamanha (V 2.10); Caus.: pres. 3pl. YAv. (fra) namaiieinti (Yt 13.39,
Yt 14.56), YAv. vi namaiieinti (Yt 13.39). 0 On the long stem vowel -ä- in YAv. “namäite see Kuiper
1939: 41, Kellens 1984: 115, fn. 6.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *apa-) MMP ’bn’m- ‘to cause to go out, depart’ || (+ *abi-)
BMP ’dynpt /ayinaft/ (pret. stem) ‘to reach, get at, touch’ || (+ *а-) MMP ’n’m- ‘to
remove, drive away; to remove oneself, go away’ || (+ *fra-) MMP frnm-, prnm- ‘to
go, proceed’ = DMMPP: 11b, 43b, 156b
(+ *apa-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. MMP *’bn’m’d, 3pl. MMP ’bn’m’nd || (+ *abi-) Partic.: perf. pass. BMP
’dynpt /ayinaft/ || (+ *a-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3pl. MMP ’n’m’nd, IMPV. 2р1. MMP ’n’myd; Partic.: perf. pass.
MMP "n pt, ’n’pt || (+ *fra-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3pl. MMP ртт па; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP prnpt, BMP plnpt
/franaft/; Inf.: MMP prnptn
*PARTHIAN: (+ *apa-) *bnf- ‘to withdraw, depart’ || (+ *abi-) ’bnft (pret. stem) ‘to
approach, draw near to’ || (+ *fra-) fram- ‘to go forth, depart, proceed’, frn’m-
(caus.) “о cause to depart, send away’ = Ghilain: 73 | DMMPP: 156b, 12a, 156b
(+ *apa-) Partic.: perf. pass. ’bnft, ’bnft || (+ *abi-) Partic.: perf. pass. "bnft || (+ *fra-) Partic.: perf. pass.
frnft, frnpt, Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. frn?mynd
*KHOTANESE: nonda-, LKh. nauda- ‘obeisance, worship’ || (+ *pati-) OKh. panam-
‘to bend’ || (+ *fra-) OKh. hanam-, Khot. hanem- (hanaim-, hana-) ‘to bend down’ ||
(+ *ui-) Khot. binam- ‘to split apart’, LKh. binem- (caus.) ‘to split? = SGS: 69, 146,
96 f.
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. nm-, BSogd. nm-, CSogd. nm- ‘to consent, agree, accept’ || (+
*pati-) BSogd. ptn’ym- ‘to imitate’
Pres.: IND. 35р. dur. CSogd. nmtysq, INJ. 1sg. SSogd. nm’w, ОРТ. 2sg. BSogd. nm’y || (+ neg.) BSogd.
L’ nm’y; Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. nm’; ’z-Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. nm’z || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3sg.
BSogd. ptn’ymt
*NWIR: Kurd. dà nawin, Awrom. (ara-)namiay/ (ara-)namia- ‘to bend down’ || (+
*abi-) NP inaft ‘petition, demand, need’
*NEIR: Oss. I. пута, D. nindz ‘bashfulness, customary submissive attitude [of the
bride]’ || + *uz-) Oss. D. eznemun/zzn&(m)t ‘to move back [of animals]’
*MISC: (+ *ni-) Огт. піт-/піпт ek ‘to descend’
*SANSKRIT: nam ‘to bend (oneself), bow’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 14
«PIE *nem- ‘to bend, bow’ = LIV: 453 f. | Pok.: 764
*nar 281
*IE COGNATES: Toch. näm- ‘to bow’
*REFERENCES: TFL I: 402a Ё; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 228; MacKenzie 1966: 103; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 204 f.;
DKS: 173a, 210a; Werba 1997: 201 ff.; Cheung 2002: 13, 210
*namH ‘to strike, beat’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pati- ?) panam- ‘to touch, feel’ || (+ *pari-) OKh. parnam- ‘to
touch, feel’ = SGS: 75
*NEIR: Oss. I. nemyn/nad, D. nemun/nad ‘to hit, strike’, ? Sh. nimü, (Baj.) nimaw,
Khf. nimaw, Rosh. nimöw, Bart. nimaw, Orosh. namaw ‘reproach, abuse; regret ?’
© The existence of an Пг. root *namH- ‘to strike, beat’ was first postulated by
Schmidt 1959: 113 ff., and accepted by Bielmeier 1979: 201; Abaev II: 169 f. The
laryngeal presence for this root is most clearly indicated by the Ossetic past
participle nad (< *nmHto-). The Oss. present stem is not an "enlargement" of a root
*na-, as assumed by Bielmeier 1979: 201, 327, n. 123. The so-called "root *na-"
actually reflects the (IE) zero grade *nmH-. The IE cognate forms that are quoted
here, Gr. уёреслс, etc. can hardly contain the IE root *nem- ‘to take, assign, etc.
(Gr. ухёро ‘to apportion, pasture’, Goth. niman ‘to take’, etc.), as assumed by
Pokorny (IEW: 763). IIr. *namH- would then derive from IE *nemH_- ‘to strike,
beat’, as reconstruced on the basis of the Gr. evidence. Further IE verbal
correspondences are unknown.
«PIE *nemHi- ‘to strike, hit? = LIV: – | Pok.: 763
*IE COGNATES: Gr. VE [EOS ‘divine retribution’, уғрётор ‘avenger’, Olrish name
‘foe’, (?) Alb. (Tosk) némé, (Gh.) namé ‘curse’
«REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ II: 169; EVS: 49a; DKS: 210a, 218b
*nar ‘to roar, bray, thunder ?’
*PARTHIAN: ? n’r- ‘moan, groan’ (rather *nard ?) = Ghilain: - | DMMPP: 238a
Pres.: IND. 3р1]. *n’rynd
*KHOTANESE: ? nar- ‘to roar’. 0 The existence of this root, postulated in DKS: 174b
is doubted by Skjarve, SVK П: 64 f., 73 f., especially since one of the two forms in
support of its existence, пага, must be read as tfärä.
*CHORESMIAN: mjnr- ‘to roar, moan, bray’ (or mjnr- ?, cf. MacKenzie I: 544)
= Samadi: 132
*NEIR: Oss. I. пагуп/пазгѕі, D. naerun/nzrst ‘to thunder’
% An IE provenance for *nar cannot be established. This Ir. root is perhaps
expressive, similar to Du. sneren, Engl. to sneer.
«REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ II: 171 f.; DKS: 174b
282 *nard
*nard ‘to lament, moan’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ВМР nt /näl-/ ‘to lament, moan’, MMP n’rysn ‘moaning’
{unpublished} = DMMPP: 238b
Partic.: pres. BMP n'I'n /nalan/
*PARTHIAN: ? n’r- ‘moan, groan’ (rather *nar ?) > DMMPP: 238a
Pres.: IND. 3р1]. “n’rynd
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. nrö- ‘to lament’ (Benveniste, TSP: 25 f., 175 ad 507)
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. nrött {hapax}
*CHORESMIAN: nrö- ‘to lament’? — Samadi: 132
*NWIR: NP nälidan/näl- ‘to lament’, Bal. narit/nar- ‘to groan’, Kurd. (Kurm.)
nalin/nal-, Zaz. nalayis/nalen- ‘to moan’, Anar. nolo/enol- ‘to groan’, Gz. nal-/nala,
Khuns. nal-/nala ‘to lament’
*NEIR: Pash. naral/nar- ‘to screech (of birds, etc.); to bray, bellow, low’
*SANSKRIT: nard ‘to hum (while singing samans), to roar, to bellow (of animal,
human, cloud)’ (Br.+) = EWAia II: 22
9 This apparently Ilr. root is probably expressive in nature, similar to ME snurtin ‘to
snore’, MHG snarz ‘rattle; landrail’.
*REFERENCES: Ivanow 1926: 421; EVP: 53; WIM I: 71; WIM II/1: 80; Omar 1992: 423a; Gharib: 242,
no. 6054; Werba 1997: 464; Paul 1998: 306b; NEVP: 58; Korn 2005: 220, 319, 408
*narp ? ‘to decrease, wane (of moon)’
*AVESTAN: norof- “о decrease, wane (of moon)’, OAv. narapis- (n.) ‘decrease,
waning’ = Liste: 40
Pres. inch.: IND. 35р. OAv. nerofsaiti (Y 44.3), YAv. norofsaiti (Yt 7.2, Ny 3.4); Partic.: pres. YAv.
norofsas ° (Yt 7.2, Ny 3.4)
9 With no further correspondences, the Av. forms are hardly of Ir./IE origin.
*REFERENCES: Kellens 1984: 157 ad 15.
*nas ‘to disappear; to perish’
*AVESTAN: näs- ‘to disappear’ || (+ *apa-) ‘to vanish’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to vanish’. 0 YAv.
na@ation (V 3.20) cannot belong to this root at all (pace Kellens 1984: 297).
= Liste: 41
Pres. /а-: IND. 2sg. YAv. apanasiiehi (ІВ 3.3), 3sg. YAv. nasiieiti (Y 10.7, Y 10.15), SUBJ. 3sg. ҮАУ.
nasiiat (Yt 3.17), IMPV. 2sg. YAv. nase (V 8.21, SrB 3), 2р1. YAv. apa.nasiiata (Yt 3.9, Yt 3.12); Perf.:
IND. 3sg. OAv. vi.nonasa (Y 32.15); Partic.: pres. OAv. nasiiant- (32.4), perf. OAv. nasuuäh- (Y 51.13)
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *ui-) vinäd- ‘to injure, harm’ = Kent: 192b f.
Partic.: perf. pass. vinasta- <vi-i-n-s-t-> (DNb 18); Caus.: pres. IND. 35р. vinädayatiy <vi-i-n-a-0-y-t-i-y>
(DNb 17), impf. 35р. viyana0aya <уі-1-у-п-а-0-у> (DB 4.66), OPT. 3sg. vina@ayais <vi-i-n-a-0-y-i-8>
(DNb 20)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ui-) MMP wn’h- ‘to sin; damage’, BMP wn's- /winah-/ ‘to
injure, harm, corrupt = DMMPP: 343a
*nas 283
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP wn'syt /winahéd/, 2pl. MMP wn’hyd, 3р1. BMP wn’synd
/winahénd/, etc.
*PARTHIAN: n’s- (caus.) ‘to destroy’ || (+ *ара-) "bns- ‘to perish’, "bn's- (caus.) ‘to
destroy’ || (+ *fra-) frnstg ‘destroyed, ruined’ || (+ *ui-) wnst (pret. stem) ‘to destroy,
injure’ = Ghilain: 69 | DMMPP: 238b, 12a, 156b, 343b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. n’syd || (+ *apa-) Pres.: IND. 35р. *’bnsyd, ’bnsyyd, 3р1. 'bnsynd; Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg.
"bn'syd; Pass.: IND. 3sg. "bnsyd || (+ *fra-) Partic.: perf. pass. frnstg, pl. frnstg’n || (+ *ui-) Partic.: perf.
pass. wnst, wnstg
*KHOTANESE: (+ *apa-) panas(s) (panas-) ‘to perish’, LKh. panas- (caus.) ‘to lose’ ||
(+ *aua-) LKh. уапаѕ- (vanäs-) ‘to quiver, shake’ || (+ *fra-) hanas- ‘to perish’,
hanass- (caus.) ‘to destroy’ = SGS: 70, 118
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. nys (intr./pass.) ‘to perish, be destroyed’, CSogd. nyš- (caus.) ‘to
destroy’ || (+ *apa-) BSogd. pn’ys, CSogd. pnys ‘to lose’ || (+ *fra-) CSogd. fnys ‘to
be deceived, err’, CSogd. fnys- ‘to deceive, lead astray, seduce, entice’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. nystyy (BBB: 41); Fut.: IND. 1sg. CSogd. nysnq’; Partic.: pres. CSogd. nysnyt
(pl.) ‘destroying, destructive’, perf. pass. BSogd. n’stk ‘spoilt, destroyed’; Caus.: pres. IND. 35р. CSogd.
nyst, fut. IND. 3р1. CSogd. nysntq'; Pass.: pres. IND. 35р. BSogd. n'stk Bwt ‘is spoilt, destroyed’, dur.
MSogd. nstyy "Bwtskwn (BBB: 38) || (+ *apa-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. pn’ySt || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 2sg. dur.
CSogd. fnysysq; Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd. fnysty ‘seduced’; Pass.: pres. SUBJ. 3pl. CSogd. fnystyt ny
Sw’nt ‘should not be deceived’, IMPV. 2sg. CSogd. fn’ys’, impf. IND. 3pl. CSogd. f'nysnt
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *apa-) bn’sy- ‘to lose’ || (+ *fra-) sNsY- ‘to err; to forget’, Sn'3y-
(caus.) ‘to cause to err; (to cause) to forget? > Samadi: 22, 198, 197
*BACTRIAN: vap- ‘to destroy" = S-W, Bact.: 208b
*NWIR: Bal. nasit/nas- ‘to grind up, destroy, ruin, defeat’, Kurd. nast (orig. ppp.)
‘withered’, Khor. nas(t) ‘something burnt’ || (+ *ui-) NP gunäh ‘sin, fault’, ? Zaz.
vini ‘disappeared’
*NEIR: Pash. nat-/natal (caus.) ‘to sack, spoil, ravish’, Wa. nas-/nast ‘to perish, be
lost; to disappear’, пыѕ-/поѕі (caus.) ‘to lose, ruin, destroy’, Sh. nixs, nuxs ‘wound’,
nuxtj ‘galled horse’ || (+ *apa-) Rosh. binis-, Bart. binis-, Yzgh. penas-, Yghn.
penás-, pinás-/pénásta, pinásta ‘to be lost’, (orig. caus.) Sh. bünos-, Ishk. apanis-,
Yghn. pénáys-, pindys-/péndysta, pináysta ‘to lose’ || (+ *a-) Yzgh. anüxt/anos- ‘to
forget’ || (+ *fra-) Ishk. fsrnis-, Sh. (Baj.) rinäs-/rinüXt, Rosh. rinés-/rinoxt, Bart.
ranis-/ranóXt, Orosh. ranis-/ranuxt, Sariq. ranos-/ranixt, Sangl. farnis-/farnit ‘to
forget’
*MISC: (+ *ui-) Arm. (LW) vnas (< Pth.), Arab. (LW) junah ‘sin’ (< NP)
*SANSKRIT: nas ‘to die, perish, disappear’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 28
«PIE *neK- ‘to perish, die; to kill, destroy, ruin’ > LIV: 451 f. | Pok.: 762
*IE COGNATES: Lat. necäre ‘to kill, destroy’, nocére (caus.) ‘to damage, hurt’, Toch.
näk- ‘to ruin’, Gr. vexpög (m.) ‘body, dead person’, etc.
284 *nau
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 532, 392b; EVP: 53; Andreev — PeSéereva: 305b; EVS: 51b, 20a, 51b, 68a; DKS:
210a, 284b, 451b; Monchi-Zadeh 1990: 129; Werba 1997: 203; Paul 1998: 317b; Steblin-Kamenskij
1999: 243, 252; Shahbakhsh: s.v. nas-; NEVP: 59
*nau ‘to move’
*PARTHIAN: nwy- ‘to go, walk’ || (+ *a-) ’n’w- (caus.) ‘to set into motion, move’ || (+
*yi-) wnw-, wynw- ‘to tremble, shake; to shake down, cast out’, ? wnwhg
‘trembling, shaking’ © The pres. stem is probably nwy-, rather than nw-, on which
see Sundermann 1973: 129b. — Ghilain: 67, 77 | DMMPP: 246a, 248b, 44a, 343b
Pres.: IND. 3р1. ?nwynd, 2р1. nwyyd, 3р1. nwynd || (+ *à-) Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. ’n’wynd; Partic.: perf.
pass. "n^w'd || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. wnwyd; Partic.: perf. pass. П wnw'd, wynw'd
*KHOTANESE: (+ *aua-) OKh. van(a)u- ‘to become inactive’, LKh. vanvafi- (caus.)
‘to make inactive’ — SGS: 118
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. nw- ‘to go slowly’, (caus.) MSogd. n’w ‘to shake’ || (+ *abi-)
BSogd. Bn w ‘to shake [intr.]’, MSogd. "Bnw ‘to tremble’
Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. dur. MSogd. "n’wyndskwn; Inf.: MSogd. “nw’y || (+ *abi-) Pres.: IND. 35р.
MSogd. ‘Bnwtyy; Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. B’n’w
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *upa-) bnw- ‘to win, triumph’, bn’wy- (caus.) ‘to let someone
win, bestow someone the victory’ || (+ *pati-) pcnw- ‘to thread’, pcnwsy-
(intr./pass.) ‘to be threaded’ || (+ *ham-) m/nw- ‘to collide’ = Samadi: 23, 142 f.,
133
*NWIR: NP navidan/nav- ‘to shake, tremble; to move (esp. when rising from a place)’
*SANSKRIT: nav ‘to move into [intr.] (TS+) = EWAia II: 23
9 This Пг. root may have meant originally ‘to nod, give a nod’ (as can be inferred
from the IE evidence), which would have evolved into ‘to move in a shaking way’ ?
«PIE *neu- ‘to nod (the head) ? = LIV: 455 f. | Pok.: 767
*IE COGNATES: Gr. vedo ‘I nod’, Lat. ad-nuit ‘nodded’, Lith. niatisti ‘to nod’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 374b f.; Gharib: 233a f.; Werba 1997: 204
*nau(H) ‘to cry, wail’
*KHOTANESE: ? OKh. nuva- ‘to make a noise (i.e. howl ?)’ > SGS: 58
*SOGDIAN: 9 Sogd. nwß ‘noise’, cited in DKS: 190a, does not exist, Sims-Williams
1983: 43.
*NWIR: NP noyidan ‘to cry aloud, lament’, navidan ‘to complain, lament’, navidan
‘to complain’, navistan ‘to groan’, NP nöyah ‘plaint, moan’, NP navä ‘sound, song;
grief, pain (etc.)’, nöstah, navastah ‘noise in the throat by one’s crying’, Kurd. new-
new ‘mew’ || (+ *uz-) NP zinudan/zinav-, zunudan/zunav-, zunoyidan ‘to wail’
(LW)
*NEIR: Oss. I. niwyn/niwd, D. newun/niwd ‘to cry’, (with long *-a-) Sariq. niuw,
new-/niwd ‘to weep’, Wa. nbrw-/nowd ‘to weep, wail’, Sh. naw-/ntid, Rosh. naw-/
*naz 285
nawd ‘to weep’, Yghn. nuyok ‘crying, howling’, novva ‘sound’ || (+ *а-) Yi. anuv-
‘to bellow’ || (+ *fra-) Sh. (Baj.) rinäw-/rinewd (orig. caus.) ‘to tease, mock, make
weep’
*SANSKRIT: nav” ‘to roar, cry’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 23
«PIE *neu(H)- ‘to cry out, shout’ — LIV: 456 f. | Pok.: 767
*IE COGNATES: Toch. nu- ‘to cry out; threaten’, Lat. nuntius ‘(official) message’,
Olrish nuall ‘cry, alarm, proclamation’
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 191a; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 184 f.; EVS: 50b, 68a; DKS: 190b; Gharib: 245a; Werba
1997: 355; Adams 1999: 339 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 253; Cheung 2002: 102, 208
*naj ? ‘to turn, roll’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: 9 Bailey, DKS: 180a, s.v. пауѕ- ‘be proud, delicate’ cites BMP
nazénd ut garténd (Dd 36.22), the first verb would contain the base näz-, naZ- ‘to
roll, turn’. In fact it should rather be read as the very common verbal form /wazend/
‘they fly, move’ (cf. Jaafari-Dehaghi: 118 ad 36.22).
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. n'z, MSogd. n? ‘to roll, twist, turn around’ || (+ *pari-) BSogd.
prn’z ‘to roll, turn’
Pres.: IND. 2sg. MSogd. *n’jyh, 3sg. BSogd. n’zt; Partic.: pres. BSogd. n’Z’ntk turning’
*NEIR: Sh. noy-/näyd, Rosh. noy-/néyd ‘to turn, whirl [intr.], wander about’, (caus.)
Sh. näy-/näyd, Rosh. niy-/niyd, nayén-/nayént ‘to turn round’, Sh. ndyijak, Khf.
neyojak ‘handle of the axis of a spinning wheel’ || (+ *aua-, *ui- ?) Sangl. woniZ-/
wanist ‘to go round, walk about’ || (+ *upari-) Sh. birnäy-/birnäyd ‘to wave, bran-
dish, raise one’s hand (against)’, (Baj.) barnäy-/barnäyd ‘to turn, twist around some-
body/something' || (gil- < ?) Sh. gilnäy-/gilnäyd ‘to turn, wind’
9 The evidence for a root *naj appears to be restricted to East Ir. languages: regional
borrowing ?
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 419b; GMS: §266; EVS: 48a f., 20b, 35a; DKS: 180a; Sims-Williams 1983: 43;
Gharib: 230b, 288b
*naz ‘to take pleasure in, coquet; to be glorious, proud, delicate (< *‘to be soft,
mild, tender’ ?)’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP n’z- ‘to take pleasure, delight; exult, triumph’, BMP n’csn
/nazisn/ ‘boasting; kindness’
Pres.: IND. 3р1. MMP n’zynd, n’zyynd, SUBJ. MMP 1р1. n’z’m; Partic.: pres. MMP n’z’g, pl. n’z’g’n
*PARTHIAN: n’z- ‘to take pleasure, delight; exult, triumph’, n’z ‘pleasure, delight’
= Ghilain: 59 | DMMPP: 238b f.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. n’zyd, 3pl. n’zynd, SUBJ. 3sg. n’z’h
286 *раё
*KHOTANESE: (+ *fra-) ? LKh. hanäys- ‘to be proud, delicate’. o The Khot. entry
nasa- ‘tender, caressing’ in DKS: 180b is unconnected, on which see Emmerick, Fs
Gignoux: 64; SVK Ш: 175. © SGS: –
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. n’zwk’, MSogd. n’zwk ‘dear, beloved’
*NWIR: NP näzidan ‘to dissemble (as lovers); counterfeit, feign, coquet, etc.’, Gz.
naz-/naza ‘to caress’, NP пах ‘glory, glorification; pride; coquetry, playfulness;
delicacy’, NP nazan ‘sporting, toying (as lovers)’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) nazim ‘I act proudly, coquettishly, caress’, nazeli ‘lordly,
worthy’, Georg. (LW) nazi ‘delicate beauty’
The root seems to be denominal: no IE etymology can be cited.
*PIE— > LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: DKS: 180a, 451b; WIM II/1: 80; Gharib: 234
*pat ‘to cook’
*AVESTAN: YAv. pac- ‘to cook’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to boil away’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to cook’
= Liste: 32
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. ham.pacaiti (Y 62.7), INJ. med. 3sg. YAv. pacata (Y 9.11. rep.), SUBJ. 3sg.
Y Av. pacat (V 16.17), 3pl. ҮАУ. pacan (V 8.73), OPT. 3pl. ҮАУ. pacaiion (Yt 8.58, rep.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP pwx- (pret. stem) ‘to cook’ = DMMPP: 288a
Inf.: MMP pwxtn
*PARTHIAN: pc- ‘to cook = Ghilain: - | DMMPP: 260b, 288a
Partic.: pres. “pcg ‘cook’, perf. pass. pwxt
*KHOTANESE: pajs- (pas-) ‘to cook’, pach- (pas-) ‘to be cooked, digested’ || (+
*pari-) LKh. parvach- (parvas-) ‘to ripen’ || (+ *ui-) gvas- ‘to be digested’ = SGS:
65, 63, 75, 32
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. (?)рс-, CSogd. pc- ‘to cook, boil’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’pcty, 3р1. BSogd. pc nt; Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. pc’; Inf.: pret. BSogd. pwyt’
*CHORESMIAN: pc- ‘to cook’, ps- (pass./intr.) ‘to be cooked, become ripe’
= Samadi: 138 f.
*NWIR: NP puxtan/paz- ‘to cook; to ripen; (dial.) ‘to digest, defecate’, Bal. patk/pac-
‘to boil, cook’, past, passit/pass- ‘to ripen (of dates)’, Zaz. pewtis/pewZen-, Abz.
powa/pec-, poc-, Abyan. päya/paj-, Anar. -ipex/ (impv.) ipez, Ham. petän/pej-, Nn.
paxte/pez-, Qohr. päda/pic-, pac- ‘to cook’, Khuns. pez-/pet ‘to ripen; to cook’,
Sang. (ppp.) be-piZé, Shamerz. bá-petá, Sorkh. (ppp.) pat, Lasg. Ба -pizoe ‘cooked’
*NEIR: Oss. I. fycyn/fyx(t), D. ficun/funxt ‘to boil, be boiled; to bake, be baked’,
Yghn. pac-/pásta ‘to cook, bake’, Sh. pis-/päxt, Yghn. püxs-/püxta (inch.) ‘to be
*pad 287
boiled, ripen, etc.’, Wa. pacé-/past ‘to ripen, be cooked’, Rosh. péj-/poxt, Bart.
pēj-/püxt, Ishk. pac-/pex(t) Wa. pac-/pact (caus.) ‘to boil, cook’, Yghn.
püxsón-/püxsónta (sec. caus.-inch.) “о cook, bake’, Pash. pox (m.), paxá (f.) ‘ripe,
cooked’ (*paxua-), paxláy ‘cooking’ || (+ *pati- ?) Sang, padbis-/padbext (inch.) ‘to
pine, waste (from heat); to be purged, defecate’
*MISC: Par. p&c-/phök, Orm. biZ-/puxók ‘to cook’ = biZ-/biZók, puxók
*SANSKRIT: pac ‘to cook, bake’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 64
«PIE *pek"- ‘to cook, bake’ = LIV: 468 | Pok.: 798
*IE COGNATES: Gr. néooo, лётто ‘I bake, cook, ripen’, Lat. coquö ‘I cook’, OCS
peko ‘I bake’, Lith. kepu ‘I bake, roast’, etc.
*REFERENCES: КРЕТ. 135b; Ivanow 1926: 421; IIFL I: 278a f., 390b; Christensen, Contributions II: 51,
112, 156; IFL II: 533a, 535b; Abrahamian 1936: 118; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 487; Andreev — PeSéereva: 301a,
310b £; EVS: 61b, 53b; WIM I: 71; DKS: 199b f.; Werba 1997: 205; Paul 1998: 308a; Steblin-Kamenskij
1999: 256, 273; Cheung 2002: 128, 190; Lecoq 2002: 121, 124, 126 (passim); Kiefer 2003: 193; NEVP:
67; Shahbakhsh: s.vv. pac-, pass-; Korn 2005: 224, 313, 359 (passim)
*pad ‘to fall, be stuck in’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. paó/0- ‘to fall, be stuck in’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to lie, lay down (esp. to have
sexual intercourse)’ (cf. Henning 1937: 85). Ф The Y Av. ni-formation corresponds
exactly to Skt. ni-pad ‘id.’. = Liste: 33
MED.; Pres. ja-: IND. 35р. YAv. ham.paidiieite (Vyt 35), 3р1. YAv. nipaiöiiente (V 5.27), SUBJ. 3sg.
YAv. paiöiiäite (V 4.52, V 13.37, V 15.6), 3р1. YAv. paidiiänte (Yt 10.113, Vyt 28), IMPV. 2sg. ҮАУ.
nipaióiiar ha (Yt 17.57); Partic.: pres. YAv. ni paiöiiamna- (Yt 1.17)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ni-) MMP nb’st- (pret. stem) ‘to throw down’ = DMMPP:
239a
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP nb’st
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ni-) ? nb’y- ‘to lay down’ = Ghilain: 70 | DMMPP: 239a
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. nb’y’d
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ni-) nuvad- ‘to lie down’ = SGS: 58
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ni-) BSogd. nypö- ‘to lie down’, BSogd. np’yö (caus.) ‘to lay’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. nypöty, 3pl. BSogd. nypö’nt, POT. 3sg. BSogd. np’st’ Bwt, Caus.: pres. SUBJ.
3sg. BSogd. np’yö’t
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ni-) ’nb’zy- ‘to lie down’ {hapax} = Samadi: 116
*NWIR: (+ *ni-) Kurd. (Kurm.) nivin, nivistin/niv-, (Sor.) nustin/nu- ‘to lie down,
sleep’, (Kurm.) шуш ‘literie’
*NEIR: ? Pash. post, (pl.) pasta ‘soft, yielding’ || (+ *ni-) M. naliv-/nuvost- ‘to lie
down’, Yi. nuwöstiy ‘lying down’, Yghn. népid-, népéd-, nipid-/népista, nipista ‘to
lie down (to sleep)’. Ф A different etymology is given in МЕУР: 66: Chor. pdm,
Sariq. poóm ‘soft, smooth’.
*SANSKRIT: pad ‘to move, go, fall’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 76
288 *paHl
9 The formally and semantically similar roots *pad and *pat probably show mutual
interference: the original meaning of *pad may have been preserved in *pazd".
«PIE *ped- ‘to move at a walking pace, be on one’s feet? = LIV: 458 | Pok.: 791
*IE COGNATES: Lat. pessum ‘to the bottom, to the ground, downward’, OCS pasti ‘to
fall’, Lith. pédinti ‘to go slowly’, ON fata ‘to find one’s way’, Engl. to fetch
*REFERENCES: EVP: 60; IIFL II: 232a; Andreev — PeSéereva: 293a; Asatrian — Livshits: 82; Werba 1997:
205 f.; Cabolov 1997: 75
*paH! *to protect, guard (esp. of sheep, cattle), pasture?
*AVESTAN: pà- ‘to protect’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to guard against; to guess’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to
protect; to pledge’ = Liste: 34
Pres. {1} athem.: IND. 2sg. YAv. nipähi (Yt 10.78), 3sg. med. OAv. nipanhé (Y 28.11, Y 49.10), ? ҮАУ.
panhe, 3sg. YAv. päiti, med. Y Av. paiti.päite (Yt 10.19), INJ. 3sg. OAv. pat (Y 46.4), SUBJ. (or Inj.?)
3sg. OAv. pat (Y 32.13), OPT. 2sg. YAv. nipaiia (Y 57.25), 3sg. OAv. paiiat (Y 46.8), IMPV. 3sg. YAv.
nipatu (Y 58.2), 2р1. YAv. pata (Yt 1.13, Yt 10.80, F 460); Pres. {2} (a)ia-: IND. 1sg. YAv. nipaiiemi (Yt
5.89), OPT. 2sg. YAv. nipaiiois (Yt 1.24); Partic.: pres. {1} YAv. pant- (Yt 10.45), pres. (2) ? ҮАУ.
*paiiant- (Yt 10.46), med. ? YAv. "paiti.paiiamna- (P 20); Inf.: OAv. poi (Y 44.15 f.)
*OLD PERSIAN: pä- ‘to protect’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to guard, be on guard against” © Kent:
194a
Pres. {1} athem.: IMPV. 2sg. pädiy <p-a-di-y> (DPe 21), 3sg. pätuv, 3р1. pä”tuv <p-a-tu-u-v> (A’Sd 4,
A’Pa 25); Pres. {2} aja-: impf. IND. med. lsg. apayaiy <a-p-y-i-y> (XPf 39), IMPV. 25р. med.
patipayauva <p-t-i-p-y-u-v-a> (DB 4.38); Partic.: perf. pass. pata- <p-a-t-> (DPe 22)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP p’y-, BMP p'd /päy-/ (NTLWN-) ‘to protect, guard’ || (+
*aua-) MMP ’wb’y- ‘to protect, defend, guard, (?) permit’, MMP ’wb’yn- (caus.) ‘to
make to protect || (+ *a- BMP 'рт /abad/, BMP ’p’t’n /abadan/ ‘thriving,
prosperous, cultivated’, BMP ’p’tyh /abadih/ ‘prosperity; village’ || (+ *ni-) BMP
np k /nibag/ ‘pledge’ = DMMPP: 260a, 65b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP p’yd, BMP p’yt /payéd/, 3pl. MMP p’ynd, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP p’y’d, 3pl. MMP
p’y’nd, IMPV. 2sg. MMP p’y; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP p’tk /padag/, MMP pd MMP p’yyhyst, Pass.:
pres. SUBJ. 3pl. MMP p’yh’nd || (+ *aua-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP ’wb’yyd, MMP ’wb’yd; Partic.: perf.
pass. caus. MMP ’wb’ynyd; Caus.: pres. SUBJ. 3р1. MMP *’wb’yn’nd
*PARTHIAN: p’y- ‘to protect, guard’ || (+ *a-) ’b’d ‘prosperous, cared for’ = Ghilain:
86 | DMMPP: 260a, 7b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. p yd, 3р1. p'ynd, SUBJ. 2sg. pv, 3sg. p’y’h, p’y’, IMPV. 25р. p’y, 2р1. p’yd; Partic.:
perf. pass. p’d, p’dg
*KHOTANESE: pā- (pai-) ‘to protect’ || (+ *ni-) ? nvi ‘pledge’ = SGS: 86
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. p y, BSogd. p y, CSogd. p’y, MSogd. p’y ‘to protect, observe,
watch over, guard’ || (+ *aua-) BSogd. ’wp’y ‘permit, consent’ || (+ *a-) SSogd.
"pv ‘to think’, BSogd. ’’p’y, CSogd. "pm MSogd. ’’p’y ‘to watch, consider,
perceive’ || (+ *pati-) SSogd. pcp’y ‘to expect, be ready for’ || (+ *ni-) SSogd. np’k,
SSogd. np’kh ‘pawn’
*paH2 289
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. ? SSogd. p’y’m, 3sg. BSogd. p’yt, 3pl. BSogd. p’y’nt, CSogd. p’ynt,
SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. p’y’t, CSogd. p'yt, POT. 3sg. BSogd. p't wnty, etc. || (+ *a-) Well attested: Pres.:
IND. 159. MSogd. ’’p’ym (BBB: 42), 2sg. BSogd. ’’p’y’y, BSogd. "p'y« y», 3sg. BSogd. ’’p’yt, SUBJ.
2sg. BSogd. ’’p’y”’, etc. || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 1р]. SSogd. pcp'ymn
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ni-) nb’k ‘pawn, pledge’
*BACTRIAN: (+ *4-) оВобо ‘cultivated’ || (+ *ni-) vaßaryo ‘pawn, pledge, hostage’
c» S-W, Bact.: 172, 206b
*NWIR: NP payidan/pay- ‘to watch, guard’, Tt. (Cha.) pa/pas, (Tak., Xia.) pa/past,
Gz. pä-/päft (analog. -fi-), Siv. pä-, pö-/päi, poi ‘to watch, mind’ || (+ *а-) NP abad
‘inhabited, cultivated (place, settlement); prosperous’, Bakht. abodi ‘village,
inhabited place" (LW), Gz. -évà in PN, Kurd. (um) āvā, (or) awa ‘inhabited;
cultivated; founded; prosperous, beautiful’ (genuine or LW ?) || (+ *ni-) NP nava
‘pledge, "protection" money (in order to save the country from plunder)’. © NP
payidan/pay- with the meanings ‘to wait, expect, remain’ may have a different
origin, on which see *pad.
*NEIR: Pash. ріау-/рбуш ‘to graze’, Yghn. poy-/poyta/póyna/póyak, Sh. poy-/páyd,
Rosh. poy-/peyd, Sariq. puy-/puyd, Yzgh. pay-/payd, Wa. рыу-/роуа ‘to herd, look
after the cattle’ || (+ *pati-) Oss. I. fippajyn/fippajd, D. feppajun/feppajd ‘to remark,
guess'
*MISC: (+ *à-) Arm. (LW) apat ‘inhabited’ || (+ *ni-) Toch. (LW) B fiaipa ‘pledge’
*SANSKRIT: ра ‘to protect, to keep’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 112
«PIE *peH»- ‘to pasture, graze; to guard, protect, watch over (the cattle)’ = LIV: 460
| Pok.: 787
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /pah-s-/, Toch. A раѕ-, B päsk- ‘to guard, protect’, Lat. pasco,
OCS paso ‘I pasture, graze’, etc.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 62; IFL П: 536a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 475; Andreev — PeSéereva: 309a; Yarshater
1969: 182; EVS: 65a; Nyberg 1974: 16; DKS: 228a, 196a; WIM II/1: 91; WIM II/2: 662; WIM III: 114;
Benzing 1983: 466; Adams 1999: 338; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 286; Cabolov 2001: 94 f.; Cheung 2002:
110 f., 189
*paH? ‘to drink’
*AVESTAN: ? OAv. vispö.paitiis (Apl.) ‘having drinks for all, having all sorts of
drinks’ (Y 38.5). © Rather from "vispo.pitis (cf. Av. pitu-, Skt. pitü- ‘juice, food’), on
which see De Vaan 2003: 241.
*NWIR: NP nabid ‘wine, date-wine’ || (+ *fra-) Kurd. (Kurm.) ravin ‘to dine, taste’
*NEIR: Wa. puv-, pov-/pit-, Ishk. ppv-/psvd-, Sangl. póv-/póvó ‘to drink’
*SANSKRIT: ра ‘to drink’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 113
*PIE *peHs(-i)- ‘to drink’ = LIV: 462 f. | Pok.: 839 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /päs-/ ‘to take a sip’, Gr. rivo ‘I drink’, Lat. bibere, OCS piti,
Arm. ompel, Alb. pi- ‘to drink’, etc.
290 *paič ?
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 230; IFL II: 409b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 272; Asatrian — Livshits: 83
*pait ? ‘to pinch ?'
*AVESTAN: OAv. pic- ‘to pinch ?° = Liste: 35
Pres. ja-: IND. 3р1. OAv. pisiieinti (Y 44.20); Partic.: pres. OAv. pisiiant- (Y 50.2)
*SANSKRIT: ? pec ‘to arch, to contract” = EWAia II: 166
© On the interpretation of the Avestan forms see De Vaan 2000: 71 ff. Further cor-
respondences are unknown.
*PIE— = LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 206
*paiH ‘to lactate, (breast-)feed'
*AVESTAN: Y Av. pi- ‘to lactate, (breast-)feed', YAv. paiiah- (n.) ‘milk’ || (+ *fra-)
‘to flow forth to’ — Liste: 34
Pres. nu-: IND. 3sg. YAv. frapinaoiti (V 3.31), INJ. med. 3sg. ? YAv. frapinuuata (Yt 19.51); Partic.:
perf. YAv. pipiius- (V 15.8)
“MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP pym /pém/ ‘milk’
*KHOTANESE: ? pyau ‘swelling, overflowing’
*NWIR: NP pinu ‘cream-cheese; butter-milk?
*NEIR: Sh. pai, Sangl. poy, Yi. poya, M. poya 'sour milk" (LW ?), Pash. poy (f.
sg./pl.) *milk (esp. in or from the breast or udder)'
*MISC: Par. pe, pi, Orm. pak ‘milk’, ? Par. phyó ‘wet’
*SANSKRIT: pay ‘to swell, overflow’ (RV+), páyas- (n.) ‘milk’ > EWAia II: 83
© Further verbal forms are unknown in Ir.
«PIE *peiH- ‘to swell (with milk)’ => LIV: 464 f. | Pok.: 793 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lith. pyju (руй) ‘I give milk’, Gr. musi (f.) ‘fat, lard’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 55; IIFL I: 278a, 279a, 403b; EVS: 65; DKS: 252b; Werba 1997: 303; NEVP: 68
*pair ‘to believe’
*KHOTANESE: pir- ‘to believe’, pirättäti- ‘belief? = SGS: 84
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. pyr-, CSogd. pyr- ‘to believe, trust’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. pyrt, IMPV. 2pl. CSogd. pyr
*BACTRIAN: лтро ‘belief, trust, faith’ > S-W, Bact.: 217b
*NEIR: ? Oss. D. ævellon ‘extraordinary, astonishing’ (< *unbelievable’, Cheung
2002: 166)
*MISC: Toch. (LW) perak ‘believing’ (7 BSogd. pyr’k ‘believer’, Isebaert 1980: 160,
155; Sims-Williams 1983: 44)
9 This root is limited to East Ir.: a regional borrowing ? The attested verbal forms
are probably denominative and derive from a noun *paira- ‘belief’: the peculiar
structure of this noun does not warrant an IE origin. Bailey, DKS: 239 wrongly
*pais 291
assumed that the forms above derived from the passive stem of a root *par- ‘to
convince’, which is non-existent. The meaning implicitly assigned to an Av. root
par- is illusory, on which see *par! ‘to equalize, vel sim.’ The IE *per- root envis-
aged by Bailey, l.c., i.e. Pokorny: 817: ‘to sell, assign’ is semantically impossible.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 201
*pais ‘to adorn, paint; to write’
*AVESTAN: YAv. paés- ‘to adorn’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to embellish’ = Liste: 34f.
Partic.: pres. them. YAv. anku.paésomna- (Yt 17.10), perf. pass. YAv. frapixsta- (Yt 14.27)
*OLD PERSIAN: рї??Ө- ‘to cut, engrave, adorn’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to engrave, inscribe’
= Kent: 194
Pres. them. / n-: impf. IND. 3pl. api(")0a" <a-p-i-9> (DSf 54); Aor. s- IND. lsg. niyapaisam
«n-i-y-p-i-0-m» (DB 4.71); Partic.: perf. pass. nipista- <n-i-p-i-8-t-> (DB 4.47), <[n]-[i]-p-i-8-t-> (DSe
52, XV 22, XPh 31); Inf: nipistanaiy <n-i-p-i-S-t-n-i-y> (XV 24); Pass.: impf. IND. 35р. "niyapiOiya
<n-i-y-p-i-[0]-i-[y]> (РВ 4.91 |)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP pyys-, BMP pys- /pes-/ ‘to adorn, colour’ || (+ *ni-) MMP
nbys-, BMP nps- /nibis-/ ‘to write, copy a book = DMMPP: 291b, 239b
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. MMP pyys’d; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP pysyt /pésid/ ‘(-)coloured’ || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IND.
35р. MMP nbysyd; Partic.: pres. MMP nbys’g’n (pl.), perf. pass. BMP npstk /nibistag/; Inf.: BMP npstn
/nibistan/; Pass.: IND. 3sg. MMP nbyst, BMP npst /nibist/, 3р1. MMP nbystynd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ni-) nbys- ‘to write’ = Ghilain: 61 | DMMPP: 239b
Pres.: IND. 35р. nbysyd, SUBJ. 15р. “nbys’n, 1р1. nbys’m, IMPV. 2pl. nbysyd; Partic.: perf. pass. nbyst,
nbystg; Inf.: nbystn
*KHOTANESE: pisaa- ‘painter’, pisa- ‘artistic work, painting’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ni-) SSogd. np(’)ys, BSogd. np ys, CSogd. npys, MSogd. npys ‘to
write (down)’
Well attested: Pres.: OPT. 2sg. SSogd. “np’ysy, SSogd. npysy, SSogd. np’y’sy, IMPV. 25р. SSogd. пру”,
SSogd. “np’ys, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ni-) m/nps- ‘to write” = Samadi: 131
*BACTRIAN: (+ *ni-) vaßıo- ‘to write, describe, state (in writing)’ = S-W, Bact.:
207a
*NWIR: (+ *4-) Kurd. (Kurm.) 4vitin, ауёіп/ауё(2)-, (Sor.) havistin/havez-,
havitin/hav- ‘to compose (a song); to change (colour); to cultivate (a garden)’ ||
Widely attested: (+ *ni-) NP nivistan/nivés-, Kurd. (Kurm.) nivis-/nivisin, (Sor.)
nus-/nusin, Zaz. nustis/nusen-, Awrom. nıwistay/-nıwis-, Abz. nevesta/neves-,
Abyan. nömüsta/nömüs- (-m- < ?) Anar. niviste/ nvis, Fariz. nevist-, Gz.
nevis-/nevist, Gil. (Rsht.) nivistoen/nivis-, Gur. (Kand.) nüwis-, Khuns. nevis-/nevist,
Meim. bem-neveft/a-nevi:s-, Qohr. nüsta/nüs-, Semn. -nävistä-, Siv. nivis-/nivist,
Tr. nevesta/nves- ‘to write’. © On account of the wide-ranging meanings Kurd.
292 *pais
(Kurm.) ävitin, etc., may have two different origins, viz. *pai$ and *pais, but not
from *(H)uaij, Y Av. vij- ‘to shake, swing ?' (pace Cabolov 2001, ibid.).
*NEIR: Oss. I. fyssyn/fyst, D. finsun/finst, Orosh. pis- ‘to write’, (?) Pash. pez-/pez-
‘to darn’ (with unexplained -z-) || (+ *ni-) Yi. nuvíš-/nuüxt, M. nuvüs-/nuvüxt-,
nuvisk’-, Yghn. nipíš-, nëpíš-/nipíšta ‘to write’
*MISC: Orm. pis-/pistak ‘to write’
*SANSKRIT: pes ‘to adorn, hew out, carve (out), form, decorate’ (RV) = EWAia П:
168
«PIE *peik- ‘to paint, adorn’ => LIV: 465 f. | Pok.: 794 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. pingö ‘I paint’, Toch. A pik-, B pink- ‘to write, paint’, OCS
ppsati ‘to write’, Lith. piésti ‘to draw lines, draw, adorn’, Gr. лоікілос
‘multicoloured, coloured, stitched with many colours’, OHG féh ‘multicoloured’
*REFERENCES: КРЕТ. 209b; Ivanow 1926: 421; HFL I: 405a; КРЕП: 224; Christensen, Contributions I:
76, 174; IIFL II: 234a; Lambton 1938: 43a; Abaev, Slovar' I: 501 f.; Andreev — PeSéereva: 294a;
MacKenzie 1966: 103; WIM I: 71; WIM II/1: 80; DKS: 241b; WIM III: 113; Cabolov 1997: 72; Werba
1997: 357; Paul 1998: 307b; Cabolov 2001: 96 £; Lecoq 2002: 121, 123, 126 (passim); NEVP: 68.
*pais ‘to crush, grind’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. pis- ‘to grind’ = Liste: 35
Partic.: pres. pisant- (Yt 14.19)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP pst /pist/ ‘browned Йош?
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. pyz ‘to beat, hit, tap; throw’, CSogd. pyz ‘to strike’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. pyzt, 2pl. BSogd. pyzö, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. pyz’t, Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. pyz,
CSogd. pyz, 3pl. BSogd. pyz’nt
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *fra-) sPY- ‘to grind’ = Samadi: 199
*NWIR: NP pist ‘bruised corn, a meal (of wheat, barley, vetches)’, NP pistah ‘the
pistachio-nut’ || (+ *4-) Kurd. (Kurm.) avitin, avetin/ave(Z)-, (Sor.) havistin/havez-,
havitin/hav- ‘to throw, wipe’. Ф Because of the wide-ranging meanings this Kurdish
verb may have two different origins, viz. *pais and *pais, but not from *(H)uaij,
YAv. vij- ‘to shake, swing ?’ (pace Cabolov 2001, ibid.).
*NEIR: Yghn. piz-/pista ‘to beat’, Sh. pixt, Bart. pixt, Rosh. pixt, Sariq. paxt
‘mulberry flour’, Yzgh. paXt ‘broken’, Yi. püsc ‘flour made from dried apples’, ?
Wa. pituk ‘flour’ (borrowed into Bart. petuk, Rosh. petük ‘ceremonial scattering of
flour, as a sign of honouring somebody on entering or leaving’), ? M. puma
‘avalanche’ || (+ *ham-) ? Yi. äbüya, M. abiy ‘moraine’, (Zarubin) áboy (m.) ‘rock’,
? Ishk. ambol (Grierson) ‘a place covered with stones, like a moraine’
*SANSKRIT: pes ‘to crush, grind, destroy’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 169
«PIE *peis- ‘to ground, grind’ = LIV: 466 f. | Pok.: 796
*par2 293
*IE COGNATES: Gr. лтіссо ‘I ground, husk’, Lat. pinsere ‘to crush, grind (finely)’,
Lith. paisyti ‘to cut off the beards of chaff, peel’, Lith. pisti ‘to mate’, RussCS ръхай
‘to thrust, to sprout’, OCS рьёепо ‘millet’
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 188a, 237b, 241a, 380; EVS: 64b, 63a, 64b; DKS: 24b, s.v. argavemstifie; Werba
1997: 206 f.; Cabolov 2001: 96 f.
*par! ‘to get even, equalize, commit oneself (to a legal obligation, contract)’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. pər- (pär-, pir-) ‘to get even, equalize’ or ‘to condemn, confiscate
?’ (Kellens 1984: 114 ad 3.2.5), Y Av. pāra- (m.) ‘debt’ || (+ *api-) ‘to settle a debt;
[intr.] to do penance’ = Liste: 33
Pres. nu-: IND. 35р. Y Av. fraporonaoiti (A 3.10 f£); Partic.: pres. them. med. Y Av. aipi.paramna- (V
8.107); Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. piriiete (V 4.17), SUBJ. 3pl. YAv. piriiante (Vyt 40); Partic.: perf.
pass. Y Av. po$ö.tanü-. 0 On Y Av. posö.tanü- cf. SVK Ш: 100: "one who has committed his body, who
has promised to pay his dues for/with his body." and Gershevitch, Mithra: 245 ff.: "one whose body is
engaged, due, who owes his body." On the formal aspect of paso see Hoffmann 1986: 170; De Vaan
2003: 586.
*PARTHIAN: p’r ‘debts’, p’r bwrd ‘debtor’ > DMMPP: 259a
*KHOTANESE: *раг- (pud-) ‘to promise, commit oneself? (SVK Ш: 96ff.), pāra-
‘debt, to be paid’. o The form päda- ‘paid as debt’, cited by Bailey, DKS: l.c., s.v.
pāra- ‘debt, to be paid’, can be interpreted differently: ‘raised’ (*parH^), on which
see SVK III: 90. © SGS: 72
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. p r ‘loan’
*BACTRIAN: лобСбо ‘debt’, лорбо ‘proper’ = S-W, Bact.: 219 f.
*NEIR: Pash. por (m.) ‘loan, debt’
*MISC: Toch. (LW) A pare, В peri ‘debt’, Arm. (LW) partk‘ ‘debt’
9 Further verbal IE cognates are unknown. Only one nominal formation in Lat. can
be cited as related.
«PIE *per- ‘to equalize, make equal, get even’ = LIV: 473 | Pok.: 817
*IE COGNATES: Lat. par ‘equal’ (with unclear vocalism)
*REFERENCES: Hübschmann 1897: 228; EVP: 59; GMS: par. 487; DKS: 231a; Gharib: 258b; SVK III: 90,
96-100; NEVP: 64
*par? ‘to go over, cross over’
*AVESTAN: par- (fr-) ‘to go over, cross over’ || (+ *ni-) caus. ‘to bring, lead down to’
|| (+ *fra-) ‘to go forward’ = Liste: 33
Aor. them.: SUBJ. 1sg. OAv. frafrä (Y 46.10), 2sg. YAv. frafra (V 7.52); Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. ҮАУ.
niparaiieinti (Yt 6.1, Yt 17.54), SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. frapäraiieni (Y 19.6, rep.), med. 2sg. YAv. fraparaiianhe
(Y 71.16), OPT. med. 3pl. YAv. nipäraiianta (V 19.26)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP xwrpr’n ‘west’ || (+ *aua-) BMP hwl-C)wpln /xwar-ofran/
‘sunset, the West’ || (+ *ham-) BMP hnb’rsn /hamparisn/ ‘confluence’? > DMMPP:
369
294 *par3
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ni-) nwrd (pret. stem) ‘to set (of the sun)’, hwr-nyfr’n ‘sunset, West’
= Ghilain: 49 | DMMPP: 248a
Partic.: perf. pass. nwrd
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pari-) parbira- ‘round, circumference’
*NWIR: (+ “*fra- ?) ? Kurd. (Kurm.) lavaryam/lavarye-, (Sor.) lawaran,
lawarin/lawar(é)- ‘to graze’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) par(a)berem ‘to encircle’
*SANSKRIT: par ‘to bring across, over’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 85
© The nominal formation *pära- ‘across, further’ is well attested in (I)Ir.: Av. pāra-
‘farthest, extremus', OKh. pära- ‘boundary’, Sogd. -p’r ‘to, towards’, Oss. far-, fal-
‘across’, Pash. pore ‘across, beyond’, etc.
«PIE *per- ‘to transfer, come, bring across’ = LIV: 472 f. | Pok.: 816 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. neipw ‘I pierce, penetrate’, Gr. nöpog (m.) “way through, ford’,
Lat. porto ‘I carry’, Lat. portus (m.) ‘entrance, port, refuge’, ORuss. porom» ‘ferry’,
Goth., OE faran, ON fara, Engl. to fare, etc.
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 207; DKS: 230b f.., 218b f.; Cabolov 2001: 580 f.
*раг? ‘to fight, struggle’
*AVESTAN: YAv. pər- ‘to fight, struggle’. Ф Strunk 1986: 445 ff. compares the Av.
forms to Gr. niAvaraı (intr.) ‘approaches’, on account of its formal similarity.
Semantically this not quite evident, despite his ingenious explanation: "sich nähern"
> "(sich {feindlich bzw. im Kampf}) nähern" > "angehen gegen", "losgehen auf",
"(be)drohen", "überkommen", i.e. ‘to approach’ > ‘to approach (in battle, with
hostile intent)’ > ‘to engage’ > ‘to threaten’. = Liste: 33
MED .; Pres. nä-: IND. Isg. YAv. porone (V 2.8 f., V 2.12 ff., V 2.16 f., etc.), 3р1. ? YAv. *pərəņte (N 13),
SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. poronai (F 10), YAv. poronane (V 9.45, rep.), 3sg. YAv. (them.!) poronaite (V 9.47);
Partic.: pres. them. Y Av. “poronamna- (F 234)
*KHOTANESE: pur(r)- ‘to overcome, win’ (cf. SVK III: 84) = SGS: 84
*MISC: (+ *ui-) ? Arm. (LW) gupar ‘fight’
«PIE *per- ‘to hit, fight? => LIV: 473 | Pok.: 818 f.
*IE COGNATES: Arm. (aor.) ehar ‘struck’, OCS рыўо (psréti) ‘I argue, quarrel’, Russ.
pru (perét’) ‘I push, drag’, Lith. peru (perti) ‘I beat, lash with а besom (in a bath)’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 244
*parë ? ‘to fill’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ham-)’nbrs-/m/nbrs- ‘to be satisfied’. Ф Henning 1971: 29a
derives the Chor. form "nbrs-/m[nbrs- from the (new) inch. of *ham-par- ‘to fill’
(accepted by MacKenzie 1975: 393 and Samadi, l.c.), which is hardly acceptable
both phonologically and morphologically. If the inchoative formation indeed arose
only recently, we would expect the formation being based on the stems ’nbf- ‘to
*parHl 295
become saturated, (caus.) ’nb’fy- ‘to saturate’ (*parH’). If it was (relatively) old, the
outcome should have been similar to *nbs- ‘to ask’ (*ham-fras-/prs). Besides, the
already established presence of an intransitive/transitive pair ’nbf-/’nb’fy- does not
favour a new intransitive stem. The Chor. form may derive from a root
etymologically related to *parH!, viz. *par& (with increment *-¢), cognate with Skt.
parc-. The cluster *¿i regularly becomes Chor. s. = Samadi: 117
*SANSKRIT: parc ‘to mix; [sec.] to fill, saturate’ (RV) = EWAia II: 96
9 The evidence for the Ir. correspondences of Skt. is confined to Chor. only. Al-
though Skt. parc (and Ir. *parc) may indeed have an IE origin, the exact etymology
and reconstruction are uncertain: two PIE preforms are possible.
PIE 1. *perk- ‘to fill up’ || 2. with increment *-k-, *pel-k- ‘to fill’ => LIV: 476 |
Pok.: 820
*IE COGNATES: 1. Olrish ercaim ‘I fill’, Lat. com-pescö ‘I restrain, refrain’, Slov.
рай se ‘to have sex’ || 2. cf. *pelH;-/pleH,-, Ir. *рагН!.
«REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 208
*pard ‘to break wind, fart’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. poroó- ‘to break wind, fart = Liste: 34
Pres. them.: INJ. 3pl. YAv. poroóon (V 3.32)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP pwlyt, pwwlyt /pulid/ (pret. stem) *to break wind"
*KHOTANESE: (+ *nis-) LKh. naspul- ‘to hiss’ or ‘to spit’ {hapax}. Ф Khot. pulafii
(DKS: 245b, s.v. pul- ‘efflate’) is probably not connected with *pard-, on which see
Maggi (SVK III: 47). = SGS: 51
*NEIR: M. pisk’em, Yi. pil-/pisc-im ‘to break wind’, M. pilyiyä, Yi. pilyo ‘flatus’
*SANSKRIT: pard ‘to break wind, fart? > EWAia II: 98
«PIE *perd- ‘to fart (loudly)? = LIV: 473 f. | Pok.: 819
*IE COGNATES: Gr. лёрдорол, Lith. pérsti, Russ. perdet’, Alb. pjerdh, OHG ferzan,
NHG furzen, Engl. to fart, etc.
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 236b f.; DKS: 177b f.
*parH! ‘to fill; to nourish’
*AVESTAN: pər- (fr-) ‘to fill’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to fill, stuff with’ = Liste: 33
Pres. nà-: IMPV. 2sg. OAv. porona (Y 28.10); Perf.: IND. med. 3sg. pafré (Y 49.1, V 11.4), SUBJ. med.
3sg. Y Av. ham.pafraite (V 4.48)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *us-) MMP ‘spwr, BMP spwlyk, BMP ’wspwlyk ‘complete,
entire, perfect’ || (+ *ham-) MMP hmb’r-, BMP hnb'l- /hambar-/ ‘to fill’
c DMMPP: 65a f., 87a
(+ *ham-) Pres.: IND. 1р1. MMP "hmb'rym, 3р1. MMP "hmb’rynd, BMP hnb’lynd /hambarend/, SUBJ.
1р1. MMP hmb'rwm; Partic.: pres. MMP hmb’r’g’n
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ham-) ? ’mb’r- ‘to fill’ = Ghilain: 75 | DMMPP: 39a
296 *parHl
Pres.: IND. 15р. ’mb’r’m
*KHOTANESE: pār- (orig. caus.) ‘to nourish’, OKh. pir- (intr./pass.) ‘to be filled’ || (+
*us-) LKh. uspurra- ‘full, completed’ || (+ *ham-) OKh. hambir- (etc.) ‘to be filled
[intr./pass.]’, OKh. hamber- (caus.) ‘to fill = SGS: 81, 84, 143
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. p’r, CSogd. p’r ‘to fill, nourish’ || (+ *us-) BSogd. ’spwrn,
MSogd. ‘spwrn ‘perfect, compete’, BSogd. ’spt’k, ’sptk, 'spty, CSogd. spt-
‘complete, perfect’ || (+ *ham-) ’mbyr- ‘to fill’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. p’rt; Impf.: IND. 1sg. BSogd. p’r’w; Partic.: pres. CSogd. p’my ‘nurturing’,
MSogd. "p'rynyy
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ham-) ’nbf- ‘to become saturated’, ’nb’fy- (caus.) ‘to saturate’. ©
For Chor. "nbrs-/mjbrs- ‘to be satisfied’ see s.v. *paré. => Samadi: 116
*NWIR: (+ *us-) NP sipari ‘complete’ (+ Sudan: ‘to end, pass, be finished’) || (+
*ham-) NP anbästan/anbär- ‘to fill’, NP anbar ‘full to the brim, replete; filth,
manure, dung’. Ò Differently NP anbar ‘ricks, stacks of corn’, Arm. (LW) (h)ambar
‘store’, Arab. (LW) anbar ‘ricks, stacks; storehouse’, on which see *bar!.
*NEIR: (+ *api-us- ?) Pash. ЬӘ$рәг ‘complete, full, perfect’ || (+ *us-) Sh. (Baj.)
sipen-, Rosh. sipön- ‘to strew, scatter, pour into, fill into (excess), place, Sariq.
spon-, Yzgh. s(o)pan- ‘to fill, replenish’, Wa. sppm-/spat- (spat-) ‘to fill (up); swell’
|| (+ *ham-) Yi. bär-/bary, bär-/bary ‘to be satisfied’
*MISC: (+ *us-) Arm. (LW) aspar ‘entirely’
*SANSKRIT: раг ‘to fill’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 89
9 The meaning ‘to nourish, feed’ attested in Sogd. and, notably, Khot. can easily
derive from ‘to fill’ and does not necessarily point to a different origin, as hinted by
Bailey, DKS: 230. Almost all of the IIr. / IE forms cited by Bailey, 1.с. in support of
a root *par- / IE *per ‘to rear’ prove to be wrong or irrelevant: Skt. palayati does not
mean ‘nourishes’, but rather ‘protects, guards’ (EWAia II: 124), whereas päranä-
“breaking fast’ is a quite obscure form; although the origin of Khot. para- ‘cake’, MP
/pésparag/ ‘an appetizer’ (pés- ‘before’, parah 1. ‘portion, piece’, 2. ‘gift, offering’),
is not wholly clear (Khot. pāra- ‘cake’ < *‘sacrificial offering’, *parH? ‘to give,
present’ ?), these forms do not unequivocally point to a (separate) root *par- ‘to
feed’ though. Also, the IE forms quoted by Bailey, l.c. from Pokorny: 818, are
unconnected: the meaning of Lat. pario (peperi, partus) ‘I give birth’, parens ‘parent’
is secondary and has developed from older ‘to procure’ (Emout — Meillet: 699), cf.
*parH’; Lith. peréti ‘to brood’, whose meaning is probably also secondary, is related
to OCS pariti ‘to steam up’, Slov. peréti ‘to glow’ (Fraenkel I: 573), ? Gr. riunpnuu
‘I kindle’.
«PIE *pelH;-/pleH;- ‘to fill” = LIV: 482 f. | Pok.: 798 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. лірлАтрл, Lat. pléo, Olrish Iinaim ‘I fill’, Arm. Inu-, Engl. to
fill, etc.
*parn 297
*REFERENCES: IFL П: 199a; Morgenstierne 1942: 263; §GMS: 890; EVS: 74b; Werba 1997: 406;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 316
*рагН? ‘to give, present’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP p’rg, BMP p’Ik /parag/ ‘gift, offering, bribe’ = DMMPP:
259b
*KHOTANESE: ? pära- ‘cake’ (from *sacrificial offering’ ?, *parH?). © The form
puda- ‘presented’ (DKS: l.c.) can be interpreted differently, v. *par'.
*NWIR: NP parah ‘gift; bribe’
*NEIR: ? Pash. pirawdal ‘to buy’. Ф The verb is no longer quoted in МЕУР.
*SANSKRIT: раг ‘to give, grant’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 90
Ó No verbal formations of *parH seem to be attested in Ir.
«PIE *perH;- ‘to give, grant? = LIV: 474 f. | Pok.: 816 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. лореїу (aor.) ‘to provide, to give, grant’, (med. perf.) лёлротол
‘is determined (by fate)’, Lat. paro ‘I provide, appoint; I produce’, Olrish ernaim ‘I
grant’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 59; Morgenstierne 1942: 264; DKS: 242b f.
*parn ‘to fly off, take wing’
*AVESTAN: parana- ‘wing’ (Yt 10.39, Yt 10.101, etc.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP pr, BMP pl /parr/ ‘feather, wing’
*PARTHIAN: png ‘foliage, leaves’ > DMMPP: 276a
*KHOTANESE: pärra- ‘feather, wing; leaf, petal’
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. prn’’y’n (partic.) ‘flying’ (SCE: p. 35 f.), BSogd. prn’k ‘leaf,
petal’, BSogd. prn ‘feather’
*CHORESMIAN: pn (m.) ‘feather’
*NWIR: NP parridan/parr-, Abyan. parroya/parr-, Abz. parowa/par- ‘to fly’, Qohr.
parada/par- ‘to fly away’, Tr. para/par- ‘to fly, jump’, Varz. parra/parr- ‘to fly; to
jump; to flee’, Bal. pan(n) ‘leaf?
*NEIR: Pash. pana (Ё), Sh. pun, Bart. pont, Yi. pünä, M. pungy ‘feather’, Yi. pónék
‘leaf’
*SANSKRIT: parnä- (n.) ‘wing’ = EWAia П: 97
9 The denominatives above derive from the noun *parna-, which has impeccable IE
credentials.
«PIE *por-no- ‘wing, feather’ => LIV: – | Pok.: 850 (Nachtrag)
*IE COGNATES: OCS pero, Lith. spafnas, Latv. spārns (m.) ‘wing’ (with sec. s-),
OHG farn, OE fearn (m.), Engl. fern, etc.
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 65 f.; IIFL II: 238a; DKS: 231a f.; EVS: 56b; Benzing 1983: 521; Lecoq 2002:
122, 125, 127 (passim); NEVP: 63; Korn 2005: 133, 361
298 *pars
*parš ‘to sprinkle, strew’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. parsat.gauu- PN ‘having a speckled cow’ (Yt 13.96, Yt 13.127)
*KHOTANESE: ? OKh. pruha-, prraha, praha- ‘hoar-frost, dew’. © The connection of
these Khot. forms to this root, as made in DKS: 1.с., is both semantically and
formally difficult. It may rather have a different (substrate ?) origin.
*NWIR: NP pasidan/pas-, (LW) Bal. pasit/pas-, Gz. pas-/pasa, Siv. pas- ‘to sprinkle,
strew’, Gz. раёп-/раёпа (caus.) ‘to scatter, spread’, ? Гог. perxa ‘sprinkling’
*NEIR: ? Sh. purx-/purxt, Rosh. parx- ‘to sprinkle, splash water’, Sariq. pirx-/pirxt ‘to
vomit’ (why -x- ?), Pash. pana ‘sprinkling water, irrigating’, ри? ‘sprinkling’, M.
porx (Ё) ‘hoarfrost, hail’ (Zarubin), ? Oss. I. pyrx, D. purx(&), purf ‘sprinkled,
scattered’ (LW ?, with dissimilation f... x> р... х?)
*MISC: Par. phis- ‘to strew, scatter, sow’, (?) Orm. prusnaw- ‘to sprinkle’
*SANSKRIT: pfsant- “dappled, with white spots’ (RV, AV+) = EWAia П: 164
«PIE *pers- ‘to spray, sprinkle’ = LIV: 788 f. | Pok.: 823
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /pappars-/ ‘to spray’, Toch. pärs- ‘to sprinkle’, OCS ras-praso
(ras-prasiti) ‘I scatter’, Lith. purskiu (purksti) ‘I spray, (be)sprinkle’
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 279a, 404b, 375, 240a f.; EVP: 63; Morgenstierne 1942: 264; Abaev, Slovar’ II:
245 f.; EVS: 60b; WIM II/1: 81; DKS: 256a; WIM III: 114; Werba 1997: 357; NEVP: 63; Shahbakhsh:
s.v. pas-
*part ‘to fight, struggle’
*AVESTAN: YAv. porat- ‘to fight, struggle’ = Liste: 34
MED.; Pres. them.: IND. 3pl. YAv. paratonte (Yt 13.27, Yt 13.45), INJ. 3sg. YAv. paratata (Yt 5.50),
SUBJ. 34и. YAv. 'porotaiüe (Yt 19.46); Partic.: pres. YAv. porotomna- (Yt 17.13), perf. Y Av.
рарәгәіапа- (Yt 10.8)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ni-) ? MMP nbrd, BMP nplt /nibard/ ‘fight, struggle, battle’,
BMP npltk /nibardag/ ‘tried, experienced’ > DMMPP: 239a
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ni-) nbrd- (pret. stem.) ‘to fight’, nbrd ‘fight, struggle, battle’
= Ghilain: 53 | DMMPP: 239a
Partic.: perf. pass. II nbrd’d
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. ’prtk ‘indebted’, BSogd. ’prtk, BSogd. ’prt’yt (pl.) ‘guilty’
*CHORESMIAN: ? ргсу- ‘to blame, rebuke’ (cf. MacKenzie I: 547 Ё) = Samadi: 151
*NWIR: (+ *ni-) NP nabard, naburd ‘battle; war’, NP nabardah ‘warlike, brave’
*SANSKRIT: pft- (Ё) ‘battle, strife, fight? (RV) > EWAia П: 160
© This Ur. root appears to be an incremented root of IE *per- ‘to hit, fight" (*par’),
but it has no further IE cognates.
*PIE — = LIV: 477 | Pok.: 818
*REFERENCES: Strunk 1986: 445 ff.; Kiimmel 2000: 648
*pat 299
*pas ‘to bind, tie’
*AVESTAN: YAv. pas- (pas-) ‘to bind, tie’. © According to Kellens 1984: 109 (also
De Vaan 2003: 432), the formation derives from *auua.pasiiät, with shortening of
the first long *-a-, cf. Hoffmann — Forssman: 58 f.; De Vaan 2003: 136f. — Liste: 34
Pres. them.: SUBJ. 3sg. Y Av. auua.pasat (V 4.51)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP pst /past/, BMP pstk /pastag/ ‘a binding promise, pact’
*PARTHIAN: pstg ‘bound, fettered’ = Ghilain: 96 | DMMPP: 285a
*KHOTANESE: (?) pasa- 1. ‘load’, 2. ‘leash, fastening’, 3. ‘company, band’. > Khot.
pàsa- may also be a borrowing from IA, cf. Pkt. раѕа- ‘snare, bond’ (?).
*NWIR: ? Zaz. pesiyen- ‘to embrace’ (from *hHai ?), Siv. pas ‘thread, string’, pasin
‘rope’
*MISC: Russ. pásmo, Ukr. pásmo, Bulg. pasmo ‘part of a ball of yam’, etc.
(ultimately from Ir. via Chuv., Tatar basma ‘skein’)
*SANSKRIT: päsa- ‘snare, bond, chain, noose’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 125
«PIE (7) *peHk- ‘to tie, fasten’ > LIV: 461 f. | Pok.: 787
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /paske-/ ‘to plant, fasten’, Lat. paciscö ‘I make a treaty’, Lat.
pax (f.) ‘peace’, Goth. fahan, OHG fahan ‘to catch’, OE fangan ‘to catch, snare’,
OHG fuogen, OE fogian ‘to join’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 234b Ё; WIM III: 337; Rasmussen 1989: 147; Paul 1998: 308b
*paš ‘to shave, shear’
*NEIR: Oss. I. fasyn/fast, D. fasun/fast ‘to comb’ || (+ *ni-) Pash. (Waz.) Imezol,
Yghn. nipós-/nipósta, Yi. nuvás-/nuvísC-, M. nuvos-/nuvast ‘to comb’, ? Wa.
nabédsn, nobóst ‘comb’
*SANSKRIT: páksman- ‘eyelashes’ (YV+) = EWAia II: 62
9 For the verb *pas there are only modern Iranian continuations, the corresponding
nominal formation YAv. pasna- (n.) ‘eyelash, eyelid’, BMP psm /pasm/, Khot.
pe’ma- ‘wool’, etc. is well attested. The Пг. root perhaps goes to an IE ingressive
formation *peK-se/o- ‘to shave, shear’, with no exact correspondences in IE.
*PIE — — LIV: 467 | Pok.: 797
*IE COGNATES: cf. Gr. лёко ‘I comb, shear’, Lat. pectö ‘I comb’, Lith. pest (pesti) ‘I
pluck’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 37; UEL II: 234a, 238a; Morgenstierne 1942: 265; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 424;
Andreev-PeSéereva: 294a; DKS: 249a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 247
*pat ‘to fly, rise; (?) fall’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. pat- ‘to fly’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to fall down, off’ || + *4-) ‘to come, rush
to [daévic]’ || (+ *us-) ‘to come, go ош [daévic]’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to fly up; to enter
[daévic]’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to fall, crash’ = Liste: 32f.
300 *pat
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. frapataiti (Yt 8.61, V 18.54, V 18.65), YAv. ham.pataiti (V 19.41), 3pl.
Y Av. patonti (Yt 10.128 ff., V 13.42 £), impf. 3sg. YAv. 4... apatat (Yt 19.41, Yt 19.82), INJ. 3sg. YAv.
patat (Yt 3.13, F 475), YAv. auua.patat (Yt 19.58), YAv. us.patat (Yt 19.57, Yt 19.60, Yt 19.63), SUBJ.
2sg. ? Y Av. “frapatäi (Yt 19.50), 3pl. YAv. frapatanti (Yt 14.53, Yt 8.61), YAv. fra patan (V 5.12), OPT.
3pl. YAv. pataiion (Yt 19.80), YAv. apataiion (Y 9.15), IMPV. 3pl. YAv. patontu (Y 10.1); Partic: pres.
Y Av. patant- (Yt 15.50); Caus.: pres. SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. uspataiieni (Yt 19.44)
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *uz-) udpat- ‘to rise up, rebel’ = Kent: 194
MED.; Pres. them.: impf. IND. 3sg. udapatatä <u-d-p-t-t-a> (DB 1.36, DB 1.38, DB 2.10, etc.),
<u-d-p-t-t-a> (DB 2.14), <u-d-p-t-[t]-[a]> (DB 1.78)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ВМР pt- /pad-/ ‘to fall’ || (+ *aua-) MMP ’wbys- ‘to fall off,
BMP ’wpt- (NPLWN-) /öft-/ ‘to fall’ || (+ *а-) MMP ’bd’g ‘assailant (a kind of
demon)’ || (+ *ni-) BMP npd- (SKBHWN-) /nibay-/ ‘to lie down, sleep’, MMP
nb’st- (pret. stem), BMP np’s- /nibas-/ (caus.) ‘to lay, throw down’ || (+ *ham-)
MMP hmbh- ‘to collapse, fall down’, MMP hmb’st- (pret. stem) ‘to fell, cast down,
demolish’. Ф The -h- in MMP hmbh- is perhaps from the past participle: -h- < OP
*-0- < Ir. -s-. = DMMPP: 65b, 9a, 239a, 178a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP ptyt /padéd/ ‘falls’; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP ptyt /padid/ || (+ *aua-) Pres.: IND.
3sg. BMP ’wptyt /ofted/, 3pl. BMP "wptynd /oftend/; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP ’wbyst, BMP "wpstk
/obastag/ || (+ *ni-) Partic.: perf. pass. BMP npst /nibast/, caus. MMP nb'st, BMP np'st /nibast/ || (+
*ham-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3pl. MMP hmbh’nd; Partic.: perf. pass. caus. MMP "hmb’st
*PARTHIAN: (+ *аџа-) IPth. (Nisa) "wpst ‘fell down; poured out’ || (+ *fra-) frbd- ‘to
fall down’, frb'd- (caus.) ‘to hurl down’ || (+ *ham-) ’mbd- ‘to collapse, fall down’
= Ghilain: 53 | DMMPP: 154b, 39a
(+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. frbdynd, SUBJ. 1sg. frbd’n; Partic.: perf. pass. frbst, Caus.: pres. SUBJ. 15р.
frb’d’n || (+ *ham-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. "mbdynd; Partic.: perf. pass. ’mbst ‘it collapsed’
*KHOTANESE: OKh. pat- (pit-) ‘to fall’ || (+ *aua-) OKh. vavat- (vapat-) ‘to fall’
= SGS: 66, 120
*SOGDIAN: (+ *aua-) BSogd. ’wpt, CSogd. ’wpt, MSogd. ’wpt ‘to fall’ || (+ *ni-)
BSogd. ’npt ‘to fall’ || (+ *ham-) CSogd. ’mpt ‘to fall’
(+ *aua-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. ’mptt, 3pl. CSogd. ’mptnt, IMPV. 2sg. CSogd. ’mpt; Impf.: IND. 3sg.
BSogd. mnpt, MSogd. *m'pt (GMS: §633); Fut.: IND./OPT. 3sg. CSogd. трі || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 3sg.
BSogd. ’npt, BSogd. ’nptt, 3р1. BSogd. ’npt’nt, Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. ’np’st
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *aua-) wbd ‘to plunge into’, ? (LW) hwg- ‘to fall down; collapse’
|| (+ *para-) prpd- ‘to fall off || (+ *ni-) m/npd- ‘to fall down’, (caus.) m/np‘cy- ‘to
tear down (of houses)’. ó The etymology of hwf- is uncertain. Samadi remarks that
the forms are similar to Skt. subh- ‘to suffocate; to strike’ in appearance, whereas
MacKenzie 1990: 112 cautiously suggests a connection with Oss. xawyn ‘to fall’.
Both etymologies meet unsurmountable difficulties and are best to be discarded.
Borrowing from (dial.) Persian seems to me the best solution to account for the
Chor. forms: the initial h- may be considered "prothetic" or it may be identified as
the (productive) preverb *fra-. For the Middle and New Persian development of
*pau 301
postvocalic РІг. *p > b, v (= B]) compare ВМР npstn, MMP nbyst-/nbys-, NP
nibistan (rare), nivistan, nivés- (< *ni-p(a)is-). || Samadi: 211, 155, 130
*NWIR: (+ *aua-) NP öftadan/uft-, (Judeo-Pers.) ’wBst- ‘to fall (down); to happen,
vorfallen’, Bakht. vastan ‘to fall’, Sist. aft, aftid ‘to fall’, Isfah. oftän/ous-, Ham.
dor-oftan/dor-ows- (inch.) ‘to sleep’, vor-osayán/vor-aws-, Isfah. ver-osän/ver-os-
“to stand up’
*NEIR: (+ *uz-) Wa. z(a)bat-, z(o)bo0-/z(o)bon- ‘to snap (of boots)’ (= zübüt- ‘to
burst, IFL II: 556) || (+ *ham-) Sh. ambi0- Rosh. ambé6-/Ambost, Sariq.
imbis-/imbist, Yzgh. ambis-/ambust ‘to fall down, roll down, crumble’, Ishk. ambid-
‘to fall down, be destroyed’, Wa. bə0-/bə0t, bot-/bon- ‘to fall; to throw off, down; to
collapse (of wall)’
*MISC: (+ *ni-) Orm. nwastak ‘to lie down, go to sleep’
*SANSKRIT: pat ‘to fly, fall (down)’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 71
9 In some instances it is rather difficult to distinguish this root from the formally and
semantically similar root *pad.
«PIE *pet(H,)- ‘to fall down, collapse; to fly?'. o On the possible presence of a
laryngeal see Oettinger 1979: 473 (et al.). = LIV: 477 f. | Pok.: 825 ff.
ТЕ COGNATES: Hitt. pít-ti-ia-an-zi ‘they run’, Gr. métopor ‘I fly’, Gr. noth (f.)
‘flying’, Lat. peto ‘I hurry, go somewhere (?)’, OWelsh hedant * volant?
*REFERENCES: JIFL I: 403a; Abrahamian 1936: 131, 112, 124, 134; EVS: 13b; Lazard 1974: 84a; DKS:
203b f.; Vahman — Asatrian 1987: 143; Werba 1997: 301; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 439, 111
*pau ‘to be afraid ?’
*PARTHIAN: (+ *us-) ‘sp’w- (caus.-iter. ?) ‘to terrify, affright’, *spwh- (pass.) ‘to be
terrified’, ‘sp’w ‘terror = DMMPP: 86 f.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. *‘sp’wyd, 3р1. ‘sp’wynd, IMPV. 2р1. *‘sp’wyd; Partic.: perf. pass. ‘spwd; Pass.: pres.
IND. 3pl. ‘spwhynd, IMPV. 2pl. ‘spwhyd
© According to Szmerérenyi, Iranica: 206 f., these Parthian forms represent ОП.
*us-paua- from an IE root *peu- ‘to run’ (presumably the unenlarged root of
*(s)peud- > Ir. *paud). From this root also Lat. pavere and Gr. mtota would have
derived. There are several problems with this postulation. The Parthian forms are
isolated within IIr. and they look very similar to prm’w- ‘to terrify’ (*miuH ‘to
move’), perhaps ‘sp’w-, etc. actually reflects *us-mjauHa-, which has been
contaminated with *paud (?). Lat. pavére may have a different origin. This Latin
verb (implicitly, also Gr. mio ?), has been connected to an IE root *pieH’- ‘to
strike’, cf. LIV: l.c. 481 f.
*PIE— > LIV: – | Pok.:
302 *paud
*paud ‘to run’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP pwd- /pöy-/ ‘to run, flow’
Inf.: BMP pwytn /poyidan/
*PARTHIAN: “pwd- ‘to speed, move quickly, run’ = Ghilain: 65 | DMMPP: 286a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. *pwdynd {unpublished}
*KHOTANESE: LKh. pusta- (ppp.) ‘driven’ || (+ *niš-) naspusta- ‘driven, thrown out’
= SGS: —
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. pwt ‘woof?
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *a-) Буа ‘woof? (14.7)
*NWIR: NP pöyidan/pöy- ‘to wander; to run; to trot’, NP püd, Nn. puy ‘woof, weft’,
Tr. pöyetön, Varz. pu ‘carpet weft’
*NEIR: ? Wa. bit ‘woof
© This root is connected to Gr. oneÖ8@ ‘I hurry’, Lith. spüdinti ‘to hasten’, etc. by
Pokorny, l.c. (but the Ir. forms are omitted in LIV, Lei Both forms have an initial
s-: hence they cannot be treated as mere "mobile" s-variants of Ir. *paud, which is
perhaps rather a "Reimbildung" (with e.g. *taud) ? Some etymological references,
notably Arm. (LW) hrapoyr, hrapurem ‘allure’, Skt. pota- ‘boat’, cited by Bailey are
hardly tenable, cf. EWAia Ш: 338. Also Pth. pwwd ‘small vessel, skiff’ and MSogd.
pwtyk’h (misspelled as pwty’kh) ‘ferry, skiff are not genuinely Iranian, being rather
old borrowings from an Indo-Aryan source (Szemerényi 1957: 628b).
*PIE — — LIV: 581 | Pok.: 998
*REFERENCES: Szemerényi, Iranica: 205 ff. MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 69; DKS: 247b, 178a;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 97; Lecoq 2002: 635a, 669b, 682a
*pauH ‘to stink, smell, rot’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. pu- ‘to stink, smell, rot’ = Liste: 35
Pres. /а-: IND. 3sg. YAv. puiieti® (V 6.28); Partic.: pres. YAv. apuiiant- ‘not stinking, rotting’ (Yt 19.11,
Yt 19.19, Yt 19.23, Yt 19.89)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP pwtk /pudag/ ‘foul, rotten’
*PARTHIAN: pwd ‘decay’ > DMMPP: 286a
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ham-) OKh. hambuta-, hambuva- ‘rotted, festering’
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. pws (inch.) ‘to rot’ {hapax}
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. pwst
*CHORESMIAN: pwn- ‘to rot, stink’ = Samadi: 164
*NWIR: NP püsidan/püs-, Abyan. püsoya/püs-, Gz. püs-/püsa, Khuns. pis-/pisà
(inch.) ‘to rot’, Kurd. (Kurm.) püc ‘rotten; useless’ || (+ *ham-) NP anbusidan/
anbus- ‘to rot’
*NEIR: Sh. pi(y)-/pud, Rosh. pay-, Sariq. pey-/püd, Yzgh. piw-/pod, Yi. piy-/pio,
Yghn. pus- ‘to rot’, Ishk. puduk, Pash. puda, Wa. pitk ‘rotten, foul’, Sh. pow, Rosh.
*paxš 303
puw, Bart. paw ‘rotten core of a tree’ || (+ *ham-) Oss. I. ambyjyn/embyd, D.
azmbujun/zembud ‘to rot’
*SANSKRIT: pu ‘to become foul, putrid, to stink’ (YV, Вг+) = EWAia II: 155
«PIE *p(e)uH- ‘to rot, decay, stink’ — LIV: 480 f. | Pok.: 848 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. т%Өоңно ‘I rot, decay’, Gr. лос (n.), Lat. pus (Ё) ‘pus’, ON
feyja ‘to let it rot’, (ppp.) füinn ‘rotten’, Lith. püti ‘to rot, decay, decompose’
*REFERENCES: IIFL П: 235b, 535b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 141; EVS: 65a, 116a, 64a; WIM I: 71; WIM П/1:
81; DKS: 463a; Werba 1997: 444; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 263; Lecoq 2002: 127
*paus ‘to dress, clothe, cover’
*AVESTAN: YAv. pusa- ‘head dress’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP pws- /pöS-/ ‘to cover, put on, wear’, MMP pwsg ‘garland’
(LW) = DMMPP: 287b
*PARTHIAN: pwsg ‘garland’ = DMMPP: 287b
*KHOTANESE: (+ *niS-) *naspus- (naspus-) ‘to dress, arrange’ ? pviys- (püls-) ‘to
cover’ = SGS: 90
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. ’ps’kh, MSogd. ’ps’k, ps’k ‘garland, crown’ (GMS: §171)
*NWIR: NP pösidan/pös- ‘to wear, put on, cover’, borrowed into Abz. pesta-/pus-,
Abyan. püsta/püs-, Gz. pust/pus-, Khuns. pusa/pus-, Tr. pösta/pös-, Ard. poste/pus-,
Nn. puste/pus-, Varz. puste/pus-, etc. © The Pers. denominative goes back to "quasi"
Pir *pusia- > ОР *pu@ia- >> *pausia- >(>) MP *posi-. The stem vowel is no doubt
secondary, being imported from semantically related forms, e.g. MMP pymwc-,
BMP ptmwc- /paymöz-/ ‘to don, wear’ or MMP pwst, BMP /pöst/ ‘skin, hide; bark,
shell’.
*NEIR: 0 Wa. bat ‘clothes, garment, robe’, cited in DKS: Le, is rather a borrowing
from Indo-Aryan, cf. late Skt. pata- ‘woven cloth, robe, covering (vel sim.)’,
Steblin-Kamenski 1999: 111.
*MISC: Arm. (LW) psak 'garland, crown?
The denominative verbal formations derive from a noun *pusa-, which does not
appear to have an IE provenance. It is probably a cultural borrowing, perhaps from
the same unknown "substrate" source that passed on the strikingly similar item OP
pavasta-, Skt. (RV) pavásta- ‘cover(ing)’, cf. Lubotsky, Early Contacts: 307.
*PIE — > LIV: - | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: WIM I: 71; WIMII/1: 81; DKS: 178a; Lecoq 2002: 122 f., 126, 128 (passim)
* pax ‘to cook’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP pxs- ‘to grow ripe; wither, fade? DMMPP: 288a
Pres.: IND. 3р1. MMP pxsynd; Partic.: pres. ? MMP "pxs?n
*CHORESMIAN: px- ‘to cook [intr.] = Samadi: 164
304 *pazdl
*NWIR: NP paxsidan/paxs- ‘to burn; to waste away with grief’, Zaz. peysayis/peysen
‘to roast, cook’, Gz. páxt/pes-, Nn. pesaye/pes- ‘to cook’, Siv. pat/pas- ‘to bake
(bread)’
The evidence for this root is confined to mainly WIr. (Chor. can theoretically go
back to a denominative *paxua-). This "root" may reflect an IE ingress. *so-for-
mation, which would also be continued in Toch., of *pek”- (*pa£).
*PIE ingress. *pek"-s/,- > LIV: 468 | Pok.: 798
*IE COGNATES: Toch. B paks- ‘to cook; [med.] to ripen’ (Hackstein: 89)
*REFERENCES: WIM II/1: 81; WIM III: 114; Paul 1998: 308b; Lecoq 2002: 133
*pazd! *to blow, smoke'
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP pzd- /pazd-/ ‘to blow (the flute)’, MMP n'y pzd’’n (pl.)
‘flute-players’ = DMMPP: 238b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. BMP pzdynd /pazdénd/
*PARTHIAN: pzd- ‘to blow, play (flute), play a tune’ = Ghilain: 53 | DMMPP: 291b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. pzdyd (Sundermann 1992: §14)
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. pzt- ‘smoke’
*NWIR: Abz. pözowa/pöz- ‘to sneeze’
*NEIR: Oss. fæzdæg, Yghn. payst ‘smoke’
© On account of the semantic differences, it is advisable to postulate two separate
roots of *pazd, cf. Nyberg II: 160a. The often cited preform given for *pazd from
*pa-zd ‘absitzen’, with prefix *pa-, by Fischer 1979: 224, is unlikely, on which see
Cheung 2002: 109 f. and Henning, BSOAS 28: 246, fn. 29. This apparently
exclusively Ir. root may in fact reflect a causative da-present stem (cf. Kellens 1984:
155 ad 6.2.) of IE *pes- ‘to blow’ (Pokorny: 823 f.), similar to MMP rwzd- ‘to
desire’ (*rauf?), CSogd. sxwrd- ‘to shout’ (*hyar’). See also *pazd’.
*PIE— > LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 467; Andreev — PeSéereva: 304b; DKS: 43a f., 145a, 177b; Cheung
2002: 109, fn. 56; Lecoq 2002: 125
*pazd2 ‘to cause to thread, go’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. pazd- ‘to chase, pursue’ = Liste: 34
Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. pazdaiieiti (V 15.5), INJ. med. 3pl. YAv. pazdaiianta (Yt 17.55 £.)
*PARTHIAN: pzd- ‘to scare, frighten’, pzdgr ‘chaser, hunter? = Ghilain: 53 |
DMMPP: 291b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. pzdyd, 3pl. "pzdynd, IMPV. 2pl. pzdyd
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ati-) LKh. tvasd- ‘to transfer’ || (+ us-) LKh. uspasd- ‘to produce,
cause’ || (+ *niš-) LKh. naspasd- ‘to remove’ = SGS: 41, 18, 51
9 All previous attempts to find an etymology for notably Av. pazd- and Pth. pzd- are
set with problems: the reconstruction posited by Fischer (1979: 224) is
*rag ? 305
morphologically impossible (*pa-zd- ‘absitzen’, from *had), on which see *pazd'.
The connection with IE *pesd- ‘to break wind (softly)’ (Pokorny: 829; LIV: 477),
recently suggested in Cheung 2002: 109, fn. 56 is actually not compelling
semantically. A new suggestion may be made, if we regard these Ir. forms
secondarily, viz. reflecting a causative da-stem (cf. Kellens 1984: 155 ad 6.2.) of a
root *pa'/, or *pa'/;. The best fitting root is *pad with the (original) meaning ‘to
thread, go’ (Skt. pad, IE ped-): *pad-da- > *pad’da- > *pazda-. Hence, the meanings,
‘to scare’ and ‘to chase’ would derive from *‘to cause to thread, go’. This causative
meaning could also be the starting-point of the wide semantic range exhibited in the
Khotanese forms that have been brought into the equation by Bailey, KT IV: 123.
*PIE — > LIV: — | Pok.:
*pad ‘to stand’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP p’y-, BMP p’d/pay-/ (NTLWN-) ‘to stand, wait; remain’
Pres.: IMPV. 2sg. MMP p’y
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. p ó y ‘on foot, standing’
*NWIR: NP päyistan/päy- ‘to stand, wait; remain’. 0 Contrary to the assertion of Horn
1893: Le, the semantic differences between päyistan/päy- ‘to stand, wait; remain’
and päyistan/päy- ‘to watch, guard’ (*paH!) are such that we have to assume two
different origins, too.
*NEIR: Oss. I. fadyn/fast, D. fadun/fast ‘to split, separate’. 0 The verbs may derive
from I. fadyg, D. fadug ‘piece of cloth, stripe; trouser-leg’, which are suffixed
formations of fad ‘foot’.
*SANSKRIT: pád- (m.) ‘foot? (RV+) = EWAia II: 77 f.
The denominative forms derive from the noun *päda- ‘foot’ (the vocalism is from
Asg. *padam, cf. Skt. padam). The Oss. and MP formations appear to have arisen
independently of each other. The noun *päda- is of course widely attested in Ir.: OP
“pada-, MP, NP pay, Pth. pd Khot. paa-, Sogd. p’ö, Oss. fad, Sh. pöö, etc.
«PIE *pod-/ped- ‘foot? = LIV: – | Pok.: 790 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. (Dor.) пос (Gsg. noöög), Lat. pes (Gsg. pedis), Arm. оѓ, Goth.
fotus, OHG fuoz, OE fot, Engl. foot, etc.
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 63; Abaev I: 414 ff.; DKS: 228a; Gharib: 257a
R
*rag ? ‘to attach, cling to ?'
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pari- ?) parajs- ‘to be supported’ — SGS: 81
306 *raH
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *4-) ? m/’rxs- ‘to cling on; to seek refuge’ (rather from inch. of
*Hraxš ?) || (+ *pari-) "|pryy- ‘to mend (clothes)! = Samadi: 6, 152
*MISC: Par. (LW) lag- ‘to stick to, strike’ (< Indo-Aryan)
*SANSKRIT: Skt. lag ‘to attach to, stick to’ (Ep.+, ? SB) = EWAia II: 473
9 The evidence for the root is confined to East Ir.: regional borrowing ? the Skt. root
is (relatively) late.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: JIFL I: 269a; KPF II: 198; Werba 1997: 374
*raH ‘to howl, cry’
*AVESTAN: YAv. ra- ‘to howl, cry’ — Liste: 57
Partic.: pres. (a)iia- Y Ау. raiiant- (Yt 13.105)
*KHOTANESE: ? OKh. “rai- ‘to cry aloud’ {hapax}
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. r^y, CSogd. r’y ‘to weep, cry’
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 2sg. dur. BSogd. r’y’y ’skwn, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. r’y’t, etc.; Partic.: pres.
BSogd. r’y’nt, intens. BSogd. r’yr’y’n. Ò The reduplicative formation BSogd. r’yr’y’n may have an exact
match in Germ., according to Gershevitch, GMS: §249, §1033A: OHG rérén ‘to bleat, roar, shout’.
Perhaps, it is sheer coincidence.
*NWIR: Kurd. (Kurm.) reyin/rey- ‘to bark’, ? (Sul.) Jalan, (Sina) latian-, Awrom.
latiay/latia-, Gur. (Kand) läliyä ‘to beg, implore’ (< ppp. prefixed *frärita- or
express. ?), ? Zaz. lawayis/lawen ‘to bark’ || (+ *uz-) Zaz. zirayis/ziren- ‘to bray’
*NEIR: Pash. rayal/ray- ‘to bray’, Oss. І. ræjyn/ræjd, D. rajun/rejd ‘to bark’,
(caus.-iter.) ? Oss. I. rajyn/rad, D. rajun/rad ‘to enjoy, be satisfied; [D.] to boil’,
Yghn. röy-/röyta- ‘to weep’, Wa. гыу-/тоуа- ‘to bark’ || (+ *abi-) Wa. vrery-/vroyd-
‘to howl [of dogs]’, (with tr. n-suff. ?) ? Wa. varand-/varat-, vrond- (perf. stem),
Ishk. vrön-, (with lost -v- ?) Sang, ron-/rond- ‘to scold, abuse’ (Paxalina 1975:
282a) || (+ *uz-) Wa. zrery-/zroyd ‘to howl (of wolves, dogs)’
*MISC: ? Par. ruh-/roita- ‘to bray’
*SANSKRIT: rà ‘to bark’ (RV, Br) = EWAia II: 443
*PIE *leH>- ‘to bark’ = LIV: 400 f. | Pok.: 650
*IE COGNATES: Gr. Aatet ‘to sound, фӨёуүғсӨол’ (Hes.), OCS lajati, Russ. lajat’,
Lith. Jon Alb. leh-, Lat. latrare ‘to bark’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 65; КРЕП: 208; IFL II: 538b, 547; Andreev — PeSéereva: 315a; MacKenzie 1966:
101; EVS: 67b; Abaev, Slovar' II: 371, 347; DKS: 369a; Werba 1997: 446; Paul 1998: 304b, 320b;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 305, 377 f., 383, 439; Cheung 2002: 215 £; NEVP: 71
*raHz ‘to shout, call’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. rāz- ‘to call out’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to boast, brag’ = Liste: 57
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. virazaiti (Yt 14.47); Partic.: pres. caus. Ү Ау. räzaiian (V 8.100)
*та1б 307
*KHOTANESE: rrays- ‘to cry out (of birds)’. 0 Different etymology in SGS: 115:
cautiously from *ra- ‘to howl’ + z-enlargement. The z-enlargement from ysär- ‘to
sing’ ? = SGS: 115
*BACTRIAN: paC- ‘to call, name’, (раѕѕ.) pi- ‘to be called, be named’ = S-W, Bact.:
220b
*NEIR: ? M. raZdn ‘language’ (Gauthiot)
© The Ir. root may be connected to Gr. Ado«w. The *-z of the Ir. root *raHz would
have to be explained though: contamination with semantically similar roots ?, cf.
SGS: l.c.
«PIE ? *leH5K- ‘to call’ = LIV: 402 | Pok.: 650
*IE COGNATES: Gr. А&ско “I call’, €AaKov (aor.) ‘I called’
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 245a; Chantraine: 622; DKS: 361b
*raié ‘to leave, let, abandon’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. raec- ‘to leave, let’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to desert’ — Liste: 58
Pres. n-: IND. 35р. YAv. irinaxti (Yt 10.68); Aor. s-: OPT. med. 25р. YAv. paiti raexsisa (P 40); Caus.:
pres. IND. 35р. YAv. рай raécaiieiti (V 5.8, Yt 10.41), 3pl. YAv. raecaiieinti (Yt 10.41), INJ. 3sg. ҮАУ.
raécaiiat (Yt 5.78), SUBJ. 3sg. Y Av. “paiti. raecaiiat (ViD 2), IMPV. 25р. YAv. raécaiia (Yt 5.77);
Intens.: pres. IND. med. 3sg. ? Y Av. iririxsaite (Y 65.7)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *pati-) MMP phryz- ‘to keep away from, abstain, avoid’ || (+
*ш-) MMP wryxt- (pret. stem), BMP wlyc- (‘LYKWN-) /wiréz-/ ‘to flee, run away’.
© On the interpretation of MMP phryz- see Humbach — Skjarve 1983 II: 86 ff.
c DMMPP: 346a, 274b
(+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP phryzyd, 3pl. MMP "phryzynd || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. BMP wlycynd
/ wirezend/; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP wryxt
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ш-) wryxs- (orig. inch.) ‘to flee? = Ghilain: 94 | DMMPP: 346a
Pres.: IMPV. 2р1. “wryxsyd; Partic.: perf. pass. wryxt
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pari-) OKh. pars- (pars-) ‘to escape’, OKh. parrij- (caus./tr.) ‘to
deliver, rescue’ || (+ *fra-) hars- ‘to be left, remain’ — SGS: 76, 74, 150
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. rxm’k, MSogd. rxmyh ‘remains’ (BBB: 34) || (+ *apa-) BSogd.
prys-, CSogd. prxs- (intr./inch.) ‘to remain, be left || (+ *pari-) BSogd. pr’yc,
CSogd. pryc, MSogd. pryc (caus.) ‘to leave behind, desert’
(+ *apa-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. prxsty, MSogd. prxst, MSogd. prxstyy, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. prxs't, etc.
|| (+ *pari-) Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 2sg. SSogd. prycy, BSogd. pr’yc’y, 3sg. BSogd. pr’yct, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: rycy- ‘to spread out’ || (+ *apa-) pryX- ‘to leave behind’ = Samadi:
160
*BACTRIAN: pnyo ‘remains, what is left’ = S-W, Bact.: 221a
*NWIR: NP ristan ‘to set at liberty, absolve’ || (+ *ui-) NP guréxtan/guréz-, Fariz.
-wret-/-wrej-, Yar. -wret-/-wrej-, Jow. ba-urut-/a-urud3-, Meim. ba-rveft-/a-iru:ds-,
308 *raip ?
Nn. virite/viriss- ‘to run away from, flee’, Sang. -urít-/-uriZaen-, Sorkh. -owrut-/
owriZ- ‘to flee’
*NEIR: Oss. I. lizyn/lygd, D. lezun/ligd ‘to run away; to abandon a settlement; to
move to another place, resettle’, Pash. raZedol ‘to cast off, shed, to fall (as leaves)’,
Sh. (Baj.) ris-/réd, Rosh. rays-/rayd, Bart. ra(y)s-/rid, Sariq. ris-/reyd, Yzgh. raxs-/
rayd ‘to remain, be left’, Rosh. raysén-, Sariq. rayzon- ‘to leave behind’, Wa. rac-/
rayd- (caus.) ‘to leave’ || (+ *apa-) Pash. päts, paté ‘remaining, left over’ (Cheung
2004: 129), Yghn. piraxs- (inch.) ‘to stay behind, remain’, Sariq. barézj ‘leavings’ (<
*apa-raicaka-, EVS, l.c.) || (+ *aua- ?) ? Sariq. (Shaw) wareiz- ‘to be tired’, Wa.
worac-/woroyn- (woroyd) ‘to remain, be left behind, leave behind’, Yzgh. woraxs-
/worayd (inch.) ‘to pass (a place, time), outmarch, fall down [of fruit]’, worxan-
(caus.) ‘to shake down’ || (+ *fra-) ? Sh. f()r(i)xdu ‘remaining, left over’ (LW ?)
*SANSKRIT: гес ‘to leave, let, release, set free’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 457 f.
*PIE *leik" “to leave, let? > LIV: 406 f. | Pok.: 669 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. Aeíno, Aur vo ‘I let, leave’, Lat. linguö ‘I leave’, Arm. Ik'anel
‘to leave’, Lith. liekmi, OPr. po-linka ‘to stay’, Goth. leilvan ‘to lend’
*REFERENCES: КРЕТ. 145b; EVP: 65; Christensen, Contributions I: 171 f.; Christensen, Contributions II:
62, 118; Lambton 1938: 41a, 76b; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 44 f.; EVS: 68a f., 92b, 21a, 34a; DKS: 216b f.;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 300, 397; Lecoq 2002: 133
*raip ? ‘to smear’
*NEIR: (+ *ui-) Oss. D. ilivd (old ppp.) “pitiful, wretched’
*SANSKRIT: rep, lep ‘to smear, attach’ (RV) = EWAia II: 460
Except for the fossilised Oss. past participle, no certain Ir. cognate forms of Skt.
rep, lep can be cited: even the Oss. form is semantically not evident. Several Iranian
forms frequently cited as cognate are probably unconnected: BMP pldp- /fréb-/, NP
fireb- (fareb-) ‘to deceive’ (< *fra-dab, *dab), Oss. I. felivyn, D. fzelevun ‘to
deceive; to be unfaithful’ (< Oss. fiel- + I. тууп, D. evun ‘to (ex)change’ < *yaip,
Cheung 2002: 185). The NP form rév ‘deceit, ruse’ is difficult to assess: Ir. *p can
hardly yield NP -v in final position, cf. tab ‘fever’, tab ‘glow’ (*tap), x'ab ‘sleep’
(*huäp-an-, *huap/f). It cannot be excluded that the NP form is a rhyming word. In
Persian script rev (,.,) is almost identical with dev (>) ‘devil’.
«PIE *leip- ‘to stick, be sticky’ — LIV: 405 f. | Pok.: 670 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. Aınatvo ‘I oil’, Aınapog ‘fat, oily’ Lith. тро (lipti) ‘I stick’,
Russ. lipkij ‘sticky’
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 543; Werba 1997: 228
*rai§ ‘to suffer (damage, illness)’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. raes- ‘to get hurt, suffer damage’ = Liste: 59
*га102 309
Pres. ja-: IND. 350. YAv. irisiieiti (V 13.38, V 15.4, V 15.6, V 15.8, etc.), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. irisiiat (V
7.38, V 13.37, V 15.4, etc.), 3pl. YAv. irisiian (V 15.22, V 15.40); Partic.: pres. YAv. irisint- (V 15.12, V
15.22, V 15.40, Vyt 44); Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. Y Av. "raesaiieiti (V 5.12), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. raesaiiat (V
15.11, Vyt 44)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP lys- /rés-/ ‘to wound, hurt’
*NWIR: NP res ‘wound’, also borrowed into Kurd. ris, Bal. res ‘id.’
*NEIR: Oss. I. rissyn/ryst, D. resun/rist, Wa. riZ/rizd- ‘to be ill’, (caus.)
riZ(bI)v-/riZovd- ‘to cause illness’ (pres. -Z- from pret.), Oss. I. ris ‘illness’, Wa. rizg
‘illness, disease’, ? Sariq. rizd ‘pain’ (rather *rais ?) || (+ *upa-) Pash. bréx (m.)
‘twitch of pain, cramp, spasm’, ? Sh. biréj ‘a worm dangerous for sheep’ (<
*upa-raisa-Ci- ?)
*SANSKRIT: res ‘to get harmed, hurt’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 462
9 The root appears to be exclusively Ш.
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 142; EVP: 15; MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 72; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 411 f.; EVS: 20b,
71b; Nyberg II: 169b; Werba 1997: 229; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 296 f.; NEVP: 15
*rai0! ‘to lead, go forth; [euphem.] die, pass away’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. IrI0- ‘to die, pass away’ || (+ *para-) ‘id.’. Ф Kellens 1984: 320 also
assigns iridontom (Yt 5.130) to this root, but the passage is rather obscure. = Liste:
58
Pres. ja-: IND. 35р. ҮАУ. iridiieiti (V 6.10, V 6.12, V 6.14, etc.), 3р1. YAv. para.iriinti (V 6.1 ЁЁ), INJ.
25р. Y Av. para.iri0iiö (H 2.16), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. iriiiat (V 5.27, V 5.39, V 8.1, eet Perf.: OPT. 35р.
irraidiiät (ViD 17); Partic.: pres. YAv. para.iridiiant- (H 2.16), perf. YAv. iririüus- (Y 24.5, Y 26.6, Y
59.21 f£, Vr 11.7), med. YAv. iririüana- (Р 23, P 34), perf. pass. YAv. irista- (Yt 13.9, Yt 19.11, Yt
19.89, etc.)
*NEIR: (+ *apa- or *abi-) Oss. I. evrityn/aervyst, D. aervetun/zrvist ‘to send, lead’
9 Further Ir. cognates are unknown.
«PIE *leitH- ‘to go (forth), pass (away)’ = LIV: 410 | Pok.: 672
*IE COGNATES: Toch. Ш- ‘to pass on, move’, Goth. ga-leiban ‘to go’, ON Iida ‘to go
(away), to pass away’ (< МІС ?), OE /édan, Engl. to lead, etc.
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 183 f.; Adams 1999: 554
*rai02 ‘to mix, mingle, pervade’
*AVESTAN: гаёб- ‘to mingle, mix, pervade’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to attach, mingle (down
below)’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to affect’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to mix together’ = Liste: 58
Pres. {1} ja-: IND. 3sg. Y Av. iridiieiti (V 6.10, V 6.12, V 6.14, etc.), SUBJ. 3sg. ҮАУ. iriĝiiāt (V 16.14);
Pres. {2} ua-: IND. 35р. YAv. raé6Baiti (N 61 £), YAv. upa.raöößaiti (V 10.1), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. rae0pat
(У 3.14, V 7.50); Perf.: IND. 3pl. YAv. iririüaro (V 5.4, V 5.7, ? V 8.34); Partic.: pres. {1} ҮАУ.
auuaoiriüint- (Yt 16.9 = Yt 16.10), pres. {2}OAv. roi0pant- (31.7), YAv. roi0Bant- (Y 12.1);
Caus./Denomin. ?: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. rae0Baiieiti (Yt 8.13, Yt 13.81, N 80), ҮАУ. paiti.ra&6ßaiieiti (V
5.33, V 5.28), Y Av. ham.raeBaiieiti (Yt 10.72, V 18.62, V 19.20, V 5.33), 3р1. YAv. ham.rae0Baiieinti
(N 61 £), SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. ham.rae0paiieni (Yt 19.58), 3sg. Y Av. rae0paiiat (N 76)
310 *raizl
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ui-) wryh- ‘to throw into confusion, overthrow’ = Ghilain: 90 |
DMMPP: 345b
Pres.: SUBJ. 1sg. wryh’n; Partic.: perf. pass. II wryh’d
*KHOTANESE: (+ *à-) OKh. 4rih- ‘to share’ = SGS: 11
*SOGDIAN: (+ *aua- or *ш-) MSogd. wryö- ‘to mix’, CSogd. wyry@’mnt ‘mixing.
union’ || (+ *a-) BSogd. ’’r’yé ‘to mix’ || (+ *pati-) BSogd. ptr’yö-, CSogd. ptrys- ‘to
mix, mingle’
(+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. MSogd. ptryö’nd (ВВВ: 50), OPT. 3sg. BSogd. ptr’yé’y; Inf.: pret. CSogd.
ptryst
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *aua- or *ui-) m/wrYs- ‘to knead (dough)’. © Chor. m/wrYs- and
also Sogd. wryö may have a different preverb than the one suggested by Samadi.
= Samadi: 218
*BACTRIAN: (+ *4-) opioto ‘joined, acting collectively’ {hapax} = S-W, Bact.:
181a
*NEIR: Rosh. ri0-/ri0t, Yzgh. rid-/rast ‘to rub’ || (+ *upa-, *api- ?) Sh. xusgow-bireo
‘certain bovine (a cross between a yak and cow)’ || (+ *pati-) ? Yi. padrésko ‘small
wooden milk-bowl’
9 An IE provenance for this root cannot be ascertained. Toch. A ritw-, B ritt- was
suggested as cognate by Bailey 1967: 406 f., which has been incorporated in DKS,
l.c. and subsequently accepted by Adams 1999: 534 f.. This is very uncertain, in
view of the multitude of meanings assigned by Adams to the Tocharian forms: *to be
attached / hitched / connected / linked to, persist in ..., be suitable for ...’. The
comparison is therefore meaningless.
*PIE— => LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 236a; EVS: 20b, 69b; DKS: 23b f.
„1 ç A a
*raiz ‘to lick
*AVESTAN: YAV. riz- ‘to lick = Liste: 58
MED. Intens.: pres. IND. 35р. Y Av. (“)raGrizaite (N 68)
«MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP Is- /Iis-/ ‘to lick’
Pret.: IND. 3sg. BMP Ist /list/
*KHOTANESE: rri$- ‘to lick’? © SGS: 116
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. rys- (inch.) ‘to lick’
Inf.: BSogd. rys’ty
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP listan/lés-, Kurd. (Sor.) lēsīn, listin/les-, Abz., Abyan.
lesta/les-, Anar. lesse/les-, Bakht. listan/lés-, Gz. les-/lesa (intr.), les-/les(a) (tr.),
Khuns. Iis-/Iisa, list, Nn. leste/les-, Qohr. lisada/lis-, Siv. Irs-/I1se, Varz. lese/les- ‘to
lick’ || + *a-) Kurd. (Kurm.) alastin, aléstin/alés- ‘to lick’
*NEIR: Sangl. l&s-/let, Ishk. les-/list, Wa. lix-/lixt, Yzgh. yiz- ‘to lick’ (with sec. g- ?)
|| (+ *ni-) M. neriz-/norizd, Yi. nariz-/norizd- ‘to lick’, ? Wa. narizm ‘stuffed calf?
*raiz3 311
*MISC: Par. Jis-/lust, Orm. las- ‘to lick’
*SANSKRIT: reh, Ich ‘to lick’ (RV) = EWAia II: 463
© The unexpected /- found in many Iranian cognate forms is a notorious problem, cf.
Asatrian 1988: 172 f.
*PIE *Jeig®- ‘to lick" = LIV: 404 | Pok.: 668
*IE COGNATES: Gr. aixo, Lat. lingo, OCS liZo, Lith. lieZü, Arm. liz(an)em, Goth.
bi-laigon, OE liccian, Engl. to lick, etc.
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 269b, 400a; IIFL II: 401a, 233a; EVS: 38a; WIM I: 71; DKS: 364a; WIM II/1: 79;
WIM Ш: 112; Vahman — Asatrian 1991: 112; Werba 1997: 229; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 226, 249;
Cabolov 2001: 72; Lecoq 2002: 121, 123, 126, 133 (passim)
*raiz? ? ‘to jump’
*NWIR: Kurd. (Kurm.) Jistin, laystin/liz- ‘to play; to dance’, (caus.) Iistandin/listin-
‘to let play, dance’ || (+ *a-) NP aléxtan/aléz- ‘to jump, kick out’, Khor. alij, aliz
‘jumping up of animals’ || (+ *ui- ? or sec. ?) Zaz. weristis/werzen-, Gil. (Rsht.)
viriStoen/viriz- ‘to stand up’
© The evidence for this root is limited to some modern Wir. languages. The initial 1-
is rather atypical for an Ir. word: it could suggest borrowing, but perhaps in this case
it is due to the influence of Pers. larzidan ‘to shake, tremble’ (*rarz) ? An IE
provenance for this root, which is solely continued in a few modern Ir. languages, is
conceivable, but difficult to establish. A connection with Goth. laikan ‘to jump,
hop’, OE läcan ‘to jump’, Lith. láigyti ‘to walk, run around wildly’, is mentioned by
Lehmann 1986: 225a; Fraenkel I: 330b f. (and also cited in EWAia II: 459 s.v. rej
*zittern, beben").
*PIE ? c» LIV: 405 | Pok.: 667 f.
*REFERENCES: Christensen, Contributions I: 59; DKS: 364a; Monchi-Zadeh 1990: 8; Paul 1998: 318b;
Cabolov 2001: 593
*raiz? ‘to fall (out), drop’
*PARTHIAN: ryz- ‘to fall (of leaves)’ = Ghilain: 94 | DMMPP: 304a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. ryzynd. © On the interpretation of this form see Henning, l.c.
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. ryz ‘to drop’ (GMS: §900A) || (+ *aua-) MSogd. ’wryz ‘to drop’
Inf.: BSogd. ryz’y || (+ *aua-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. ’wryzt (Cosmog.: 307); Partic.: pres. Iter. MSogd.
"wryzyh ‘dropping’ (Sogdica: 31)
*CHORESMIAN: ryz- ‘to fall ош” = Samadi: 176
*NWIR: NP réxtan/réz- ‘to drop’, Bal. rézit/réz- ‘to atrophy, become thin, decay’
*NEIR: Pash. raZ-/raZed-, rez-/rezed- ‘to fall (leaves)'. © The Pash. verb has also the
meaning ‘to pour’, which is perhaps a calque on Pers. réxtan/réz- ‘1. to be shed; 2. to
pour’, МЕУР: l.c.
9 An IE provenance for this root cannot be established.
312 *ram
*PIE— > LIV: — | Pok.:
*IE COGNATES: —
*REFERENCES: EVP: 65; Henning, Cosmog.: 309, ad 32; NEVP: 71; Shahbakhsh: s.v. réz-
*ram ‘to go, move’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ati- or *fra-) MMP ’hr’m-, BMP ’hl’m- /ahram-/ (orig. caus.)
‘to lift up, raise’ || (+ *ni-) MMP nyr’m- ‘to cast, throw down’. ç MMP "hr'm-, BMP
*hl’m- /ahram-/ are from Pth. or just from an unspecified Wir. dialect ? On the initial
"h- cf. Sundermann, CLI: 106 f. Differently Ghilain: < *ati-°. However the form
BMP ’hl’mydyt /ahramiyéd/, connected by Nyberg 1974: 11b to MMP ’hr’m-, can
also be interpreted differently: /axramed/ ‘he strides’, s.v. *xrämH. > DMMPP: 34b
f., 253a
(+ *ati- or *fra-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP "hr'myd, ’hr’m<y>d, MMP (in Sogd.) ’xr’myd, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP
*hr’m’d, 3р1. MMP ’hr’m’nd, IMPV. 25р. MMP ’hr’m; Partic.: perf. pass. supplet. MMP рі ’hr’pt,
*hr’ ft, Inf.: MMP ’hr’ptn, ’hr’ptn || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP nyr’myy, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP nyr’m’d,
IMPV. 2sg. MMP nyr’m; Partic.: pres. MMP nyr’m’g, perf. pass. MMP nyr’pt, nyr’pt
*PARTHIAN: (+ *fra-) 'hr'm- (orig. caus.) ‘to lift up, raise’ || (+ *ni-) n(y)r’m- ‘to
hold back, restrain, suppress’ = Ghilain: 73 | DMMPP: 35a, 253a
(+ *fra-) Partic.: perf. pass. П "hr'm'd || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 35р. nyr’myd, 3р1. “nr’mynd, SUBJ. 2sg.
nyr’m’, IMPV. 2pl. nyr’myd
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ati-) t(t)ram- ‘to cross over; enter’ || (+ *ni-) naram- ‘to go out’ ||
(+ *pati-) LKh. param- ‘to grasp, understand’ — SGS: 40, 49, 73
*NWIR: NP ramidan/ram- ‘to be afraid, terrified; to flee in terror’ (or Pth. LW *hram-
< *@ram ?), Bal. ranbit/ranb-, ram(b)it/ram(b)- ‘to shy, become startled, run, rush,
uproot’ (-b- < *Hrab/f'), Kurd. (Kurm.) rav-/ravin, (Sor.) faw- ‘to run away, flee;
[Sul.] to be scared’, Gur. (Kand.) rämä-/-räm- ‘to run (away), flee’, Abz. ram kar-
‘to flee, save oneself? (< *Oram ?)
*NEIR: (+ *ati-) ? Pash. drümedol ‘to go’ (alternatively from *dram) || (+ *upa-) M.
varém-/varemd ‘to stand’ (Zarubin)
*MISC: Par. ram-/rami ‘to go round’, (caus.) Par. rém- (supplet.?) rhant ‘to turn’
No IE etymology can be suggested, it may be a blend of similar roots of motion,
e.g. *Har! or *Hran and *gam.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: EVP: 22; IIFL I: 284b; IIFL II: 259b; KPF II: 201 f.; Cabolov 1997: 71; Lecoq 2002:
601a; Shahbakhsh: s.v. ram(b)-
*rand ‘to scrape, smoothen’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ВМР Ind- /rand-/ ‘to scratch, grate, abrade, rake’
Pass.: IND. 3sg. BMP Indyt /randid/
*ra(n)j 313
*KHOTANESE: LKh. ran- ‘to scrape’ || (+ *aua-) OKh. varras- (varri-) ‘to scratch’ || (+
*fra-) haran- ‘to throw’ — SGS: 115, 119, 149
*NWIR: NP randidan ‘to scrape’, NP razdah ‘tired, exhausted, hindered’ (= Skt.
raddhá-), Bal. rast, randit/rand- ‘to comb; to draw (a sword)’, ? Bashk. (North.) ron-/
rönd- ‘to cover (an ewe), mate’ (Gershevitch 1977: 64 f.), Bashk. (North.) aran-/
ärand, агаг-, (South.) yiran-/irant-, yiranst ‘to comb’ || (+ *?) ? Sh. (Baj.) piriü-/
pirüst, Rosh. par&0-/paröst, Orosh. pará6-/parüst, Sariq. para0-/pariist ‘to burst, tear
[intr.]’, (caus.) Sh. pirénd-/pirént, Rosh. parénd-/parént, Sariq. parin-/parind ‘to tear,
burst [tr.]’
*NEIR: Oss. D. randun ‘to smooth, iron’, Yghn. rant-/ränta- ‘to wipe (out)’ (-t- < *-0-
< Ir. *-d- ?) || (+ *uz-) Wa. zrand-/z(a)rast-, z(o)rond- ‘to scratch, scrape’
*SANSKRIT: randh ‘unterliegen’ (RV+), randháya- (caus.) ‘unterwerfen = EWAia
II: 431
9 The semantic range of meanings displayed by the Ir. forms is difficult to reconcile:
the meanings may go back to originally ‘to depress (soil, hair, clothes, etc.)’
«PIE *]end'- ‘to lower, go down’ — LIV: 412 | Pok.: 865
*IE COGNATES: Lith. Jendu (listi) ‘I crawl, crouch’, OPr. lindan ‘valley’
*REFERENCES: Andreev — PeSéereva: 312a; Sokolova 1967: 48; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 375; EVS: 117b, 59a;
DKS: 357b, 467a; Werba 1997: 369; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 438; Shahbakhsh: s.v. rand-
*ran(H) ? ‘to fight, enjoy (to fight)’
*AVESTAN: YAv. rona- (n.) ‘battle, fight" (Yt 14.25, V 7.52), OAv. rāniið.skərəiti-
‘dispensing joy’ (Y 44.6, Y 47.3, Y 50.2, Y 18.4)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP rn ‘refreshment’? > DMMPP: 296a
*KHOTANESE: ? Khot. ranam (Gpl.) ‘fighters’
*CHORESMIAN: rns- ‘to be in heat? => Samadi: 172
*SANSKRIT: ran” ‘to rejoice, be pleased’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 427
9 This apparently Пг. root has no certain IE provenance.
*PIE — > LIV: - | Pok.: 327
*REFERENCES: DKS: 361a; Werba 1997: 369
*ra(n)j ‘to colour, dye’
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *4-) ? El-OP /äranjanam/ <ha-ra-an-za-na-um> ‘decoration’ (cf.
Hinz 1971: 23)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP me BMP rng /rang/ ‘colour’ || (+ *abi-) BMP ’brng
/abrang/ ‘splendour’ > DMMPP: 296a
*KHOTANESE: rräsa- ‘dark coloured’
*SOGDIAN: ? BSogd. rxs- ‘Rakhsh [= Rustam’s horse]? || (+ *fra-) CSogd. (f)$(n)y
šw ‘lamp-black, soot’ (Sims-Williams 1983: 50)
314 *rap/f
*CHORESMIAN: rxtyk, rxtk ‘red’
*NWIR: NP razidan/ ‘to colour, dye, taint, tinge’, NP rang ‘colour’, NP raxš ‘a
mixture of red and white, Rakhsh [= Rustam’s horse]’ (LW, < Sogd. ?), Bal. rajit,
ratk/raj- ‘to tan (skin)’, (EHB) raxt/raj ‘to dye’, Kurd. ras ‘black’ (LW ?) || (+ *abi-)
NP abranjan ‘a bracelet or anklet (of gold or silver)’ (also auranjan), NP aurang
‘throne, beauty, glory, honour’ (au-: "Eastern" pronunciation ?)
*NEIR: Rosh. réz-, Yzgh. raz- ‘to colour the eyes’, Ishk. reZ-/rüyd ‘to colour
brows/eyelashes’, Yzgh. cam-raZak ‘stick for applying collyrium’ || (+ *fra- ?) Sh.
arizm, Sariq. rizm, Wa. rizm ‘lamp-black, soot’ (Sims-Williams, Lei
*MISC: Arm. (LW) erasx ‘reddish’, ? Arm. erang ‘colour’
*SANSKRIT: raj ‘to colour, to become red’ (AV+) = EWAia II: 424
«PIE *(s)reg- ‘to colour (dark)’ ? = LIV: 587 | Pok.: 854
*IE COGNATES: Gr. péGo ‘I dye, paint’, Gr. pñyoç (n.) ‘carpet, rug’, Gr. (inscr.)
poyevc (m.) ‘dyer’
*REFERENCES: Morgenstierne 1942: 265; EVS: 16a, 71a, 23b; DKS: 362a f.; Benzing 1983: 564; Polomé
1989: 220; Werba 1997: 224; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 296; Shahbakhsh: s.v. raj-
*rap/f ‘to help, assist, support’
*AVESTAN: rap- ‘to help, assist’ = Liste: 56
Pres. them.: ОРТ. Zeg. OAv. rapöis (Y 41.4), IMPV. 25р. OAv. агара (Y 49.1); Partic.: pres. rapant-
*KHOTANESE: Khot. tcarampha- ‘staff, stick’ || (+ *pati-) parah- (parih-) ‘to be
established’, LKh. pariph- (caus./tr.) ‘to establish’, paraha- ‘support’? = SGS: 81 f.
9 Further Ir. cognates are unknown.
“PIE LIV: - | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: EVP: 65; IIFL II: 259a, 420a, 549a; Abrahamian 1936: 124, no. 63; EVS: 91a; Puhvel III:
176 ff.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 398
*rarz ‘to shake, tremble’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP llc- /larz-/ ‘to shake, tremble’, MMP mz ‘(fever’s)
shivering, ague’ > DMMPP: 296b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP Ilcyt /larzed/, 3р1. BMP Ilcynd /larzend/
*PARTHIAN: Irz- ‘to tremble’ || (+ *ui-) wirz- ‘to tremble’ = Ghilain: 52 | DMMPP:
222b, 342b
Pres.: IND. Isg. Irz’m, 1р1. Irz’m, 3р1. “глупа || (+ *ui-) Partic.: perf. pass. П wirz’d
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ui-) BSogd. wyr’rz, CSogd. wirz, CSogd. wdrz ‘to tremble, shake’
(cf. GMS: §60, fn.)
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. wyr’rzt (P2 9 R.411), CSogd. wirzt, 2pl. CSogd. wdrzt’sqn
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *abi-) Brzyk ‘shaking fever, ague’
*raub 315
*NWIR: NP Jarzidan, Kurd. larzin/larz-, (also Sor.) larzän/larze-, Zaz. lerzäyis/
lerzen-, Gz. lärz-/lärzä, Gur. (Kand) -lärüä-, Khuns. lerz-/lerza, Tal. larze ‘to shake,
tremble’
*NEIR: Pash. reZdedol ‘to tremble, quiver’, Sh. réyj-/ryzd ‘to tremble, shiver’, (Baj.)
rayja ‘trembling, fever, ague’, Yzgh. riwz-/rawzd ‘to tremble, shiver’, Yzgh. riwza,
Rosh. rawza ‘trembling, fever, ague’, Pash. larye ‘trembling’
*SANSKRIT: — = EWAia II: 458
© This Ir. root may be related to *Hraiz. The initial /- found in the Wir. forms is
probably the result of dissimilation of two homosyllabic r... r$: 1 ...r$.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 65; KPF II: 222; Henning 1971: 11а; EVS: 67a; WIM I: 70; WIM ПЛ: 79; Paul
1998: 304b; Cabolov 2001: 578 f.
*raš ‘to harm, damage, shed ?’
*AVESTAN: ras- ‘to harm, damage’ = Liste: 57
MED.; Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. YAv. raSaiiente (Yt 10.21); Inf.: pres. caus. OAv. raSaiienhé (Y 49.3, Y
51.9)
*NWIR: NP rasidan/ras- ‘to pour out, spill, shed?
*NEIR: Pash. ras (m.) ‘dirt, filth, ordure, sim. from a wound’ (LW ?) || (^ *fra-) ?
Yghn. f'rüs-/f’rüsta ‘to be torn’ (why -ü- ?)
*SANSKRIT: ráksas- (n.) ‘damage; harmful demon’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 423
On the basis of Av. (and Skt.) an Ir. root *ras is reconstructed, the Ir. cognates
cited above are uncertain though. Further IE connections are also unreliable. A Gr.
cognate, ёрёҳӨо ‘I tear’, is cited by Pokorny, l.c. (and accepted in LIV: Lei
«PIE? > LIV: 505 | Pok.: 864
«REFERENCES: EVP: 64; Andreev — PeSéereva: 253b
*raub ‘to become confused, afflicted (with love)’
«MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP pdrwb- ‘to throw into confusion, rout’ (< Pth.)
=» DMMPP: 271a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP pdrwbynd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *pati- pdrwb- ‘to throw into confusion, rout? = Ghilain: 65 |
DMMPP: 271a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. pdrwbynd; Partic.: perf. pass. pdrwft
*NEIR: NP 4luftan ‘to rage, grow mad (with love); to be confounded, afflicted,
enamoured’ (-/- < ?)
*SANSKRIT: lobh ‘to be/make confused, insane’ (AV, AitB) = EWAia II: 483
Further Ir. cognates are unknown.
«PIE *leub"- ‘to fall in love, love, desire’ > LIV: 414 f. | Pok.: 683 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. lubet ‘it pleases’, lubido ‘desire’, OCS ljubiti ‘to love’, OHG
liob, ‘dear, sweet’, Engl. love, etc.
316 *rauc
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 376; Jamison 1983: 144 f.
*rau ‘to shine, radiate’
*AVESTAN: YAv. raoc- ‘to shine, radiate’, caus.(-iter.) ‘to make light’, raocah- (n.)
‘light’ || (+ *abi-) caus. ‘to set on fire’ || (+ *uz-) caus. ‘to light up’ || (+ *pati-) caus.
‘to let (the woods) reburn’ = Liste: 59
Caus.: pres. IND. 35р. YAv. raocaiieiti (Yt 10.142), YAv. aißi.raocaiieiti (V 5.2), SUBJ. 159. ҮАУ.
uzraocaiieni (Yt 19.50), 2sg. YAv. uzraocaiiäi (Yt 19.48), 3р1. ? YAv. aißi ®raocaiiänti (V 19.23), IMPV.
2sg. Y Av. paiti raocaiia (V 18.19); Partic.: pres. Y Av. raocint- (A 4.5, A 4.7)
*OLD PERSIAN: raucah- <r-u-c> ‘day’ = Kent: 205
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP rwc- ‘to shine’, MMP rwcyn- (caus.) ‘to make bright, make
light’, MMP гус ‘day’ || (+ *abi-) MMP ’brwc- ‘to illuminate, kindle (esp. of
candles)’ || (+ *pati-) BMP plwkyh- /frogih-/ (denomin.) ‘to shine’ || (+ *fra-) BMP
plwkyh- /frögih-/ ‘to shine’? = DMMPP: 298, 14b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP rwcynd, SUBJ. 3pl. MMP *rwe’nd; Partic.: pres. MMP rwc'g, caus. MMP
rwcyn'g, perf. pass. MMP rwzyst, rwcyst, Caus.: pres. IND. 2sg. MMP rwcynyh, 35р. rwcynyd, SUBJ.
3sg. MMP rwcyn:d-, IMPV. 25р. MMP rwcyn || (+ *abi-) Pres.: IMPV. 2р1. MMP "brwcyd-; Partic.: perf.
pass. MMP ’brwxt, ”’brwxt|| (+ *pati-) Partic.: perf. pass. BMP plwkyhst /frogihist/
*PARTHIAN: гус ‘day’ || (+ *abi-) *’brwc- ‘to kindle’ || (+ *ш-) wrwe ‘lightning’
= Ghilain: 91 | DMMPP: 297b, 14b, 345b
(+ *abi-) Pres.: IND. 3р1. ""brwcynd {hapax}
*KHOTANESE: OKh. rrus- ‘to shine’ || (+ *pati-) OKh. parrus- ‘to shine" > SGS: 116,
74
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. гус, MSogd. mc ‘day’ (+ *ui-) CSogd. wyrw[x]$- ‘to shine’
(GMS: $216)
*NWIR: NP röz, Kurd. (Kurm.) roj, Abz. гоў ‘day’, Bal. roc ‘day; sun’, Anar. rus ‘lit’
|| (+ *abi-) NP afroxtan/afroz- ‘to set alight, kindle’ || (+ *fra-) NP furöxtan/furöz-
‘to inflame, kindle, set on fire’ (with haplological loss of *-ra- ?), NP furög 'splen-
dour, light, brightness’ || (+ *ui-) Kurd. (Kurm.) birusin/birus-, (Sor.) biriskanawa/
biriske- ‘to flash, sparkle’ (not from *braHz as suggested by Cabolov, l.c.)
*NEIR: ? Yzgh. roz-/royd ‘to rub and paint the eyes with a specially cut stone-pin’ ||
(+ *upa-) Pash. brésna ‘brightness, brilliancy’ || (+ *ui-) Sh. (Baj.) warz-/warzd ‘to
shine, flash’
*SANSKRIT: roc ‘to shine, to be bright, to be radiant? (RV+) = EWAia II: 463
© The root has an impeccable IE etymology.
«PIE *leuk — ‘to shine, be bright’ © LIV: 418 f. | Pok.: 687 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /Jukkizzi/ ‘lights’, Toch. luk- ‘to shine’, also Gr. Aevkóg ‘light,
white, bright’, Lat. Јох (f.), Goth. Iruhap, Engl. light, etc.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 15; EVS: 116a, 92b; Werba 1997: 372 f.; Cabolov 2001: 188; Lecoq 2002: 601b,
611a; Korn 2005: 137, 377, 378 (passim)
*rauH 317
*raud ‘to hinder, block, ward off”
*AVESTAN: raoö- ‘to hinder, block, ward off’ || (+ *apa-) ‘to exclude (from service),
lock out’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to exclude (from service), neglect, ignore’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to
ignore, neglect’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to leave out’ = Liste: 59f.
Pres. them.: IND. 3pl. YAv. auua.raoóonti (N 42); Perf.: IND. 1sg. YAv. auua.urüraoóa (Y 1.21 f.), pperf.
3sg. OAv. urüraost (Y 51.12); Partic.: pres. caus. med. ? YAv. "apa.raoóaiiamna- (N 54); Pass.: pres.
SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. 'niuruuióiiat (V 16.7); Caus.: pres. 3sg. YAv. viraoóaiieiti (N 11), med. 3sg. YAv.
aparaoóaiiete (Y 19.7), SUBJ. 3sg. Y Av. auua.raoóaiiat (N 85), OPT. med. 35р. YAv. apa.raoóaiiaeta (V
13.49)
*PARTHIAN: ? dwj-’rws ‘difficult to avert/ward off (?)’. 0 "rws- can be interpreted
differently, on which see *yrais. > DMMPP: 144b
Pres.: IMPV. 25р. ’rws
*KHOTANESE: ? rrüy- ‘to lose’. 0 Different etymology Bailey, DKS: Le: Goth.
fra-liusan, OHG far-liosan, OE forleosan, Engl. forlorn, to lose, etc. (*rauH).
c SGS: 116
*SANSKRIT: rodh ‘to restrain’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 467
© Iranian cognates, other than Av. raoö-, are uncertain. This Ur. root has no verbal
correspondences in IE. Some relatively late (and isolated?) nominal forms in Celtic
are cited by Hamp 1978: 65 ff.: MWelsh arlludd ‘obstacle’.
«PIE? e LIV: 415 f. | Pok.: —
*REFERENCES: DKS: 366b; Werba 1997: 230 f.
*rauH ‘to pluck, pull out, shear off (hair)”’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP Iwn- /run-/ ‘to pluck, pull out’
Inf.: BMP Iwtn /rüdan/
*NWIR: Judeo-NP res rudan ‘to tear out beards’, (partic.) runa-an (pl.) pulling out
their hair’, NP rud ‘a plucked bird; a sheep stripped of its wool’, rudah-kardah
‘stripped of its feathers (a bird), or its wool (a lamb)’, Kurd. we-rutin ‘to pluck, strip
off, Bal. runit, rutk/run- ‘to reap, harvest, pluck’
*NEIR: Wa. rut (+ car- ‘to do, make’), Sariq. rut ‘pulling out, plucking’ (< Pers.) || (+
*иѕ-) ? Sh. (Baj) siräw-/sirud, Rosh. siréw-, Bart. siräw-/siräwd, Sariq.
s(i)rew-/s(i)rid, s(i)rüd ‘to sort out, select, separate’, ? Wa. sraw-/Srawd- ‘to peel off
(bark); to wipe off? || (+ *ni(3)-) Sariq. nasiroö-/nasirod ‘to cleanse a vessel (with the
fingers)’ || (+ *ui-) ? Sh. wiröw, Khf. wuruw ‘parting of the hair (on the crown of the
head)’, Sariq. warew ‘parting of the hair (on the crown of the head); furrow,
boundary’ (less likely from *hrau ‘to flow’). > Oss. I. Гур, D. lux ‘cut, cutting (off)’,
is perhaps a borrowing from a Germanic language.
*SANSKRIT: Јау ‘to shave, cut (off? (Br +) > EWAia II: 476
o The Пг. root is often connected to the ‘loosen’ forms, Gr. Awo ‘I release, loosen’,
Engl. to lose, loosen, etc., which is questioned by notably Mayrhofer, l.c., especially
318 *raujl
if there is a possible Ir. cognate, on which see *raud. On the etymology see also
Geiger 1962: 70 ff.
«PIE *leuH- ‘to shear (off) ? = LIV: 417 | Pok.: 681 f.
ЈЕ COGNATES: Lith. liáutis ‘to be cut off, mutilated’, ON lé (m.) ‘sickle’, lá (Е)
‘hair’, ? OHG, MHG 10, Engl. lye
*REFERENCES: De Vries, Altnord.: 343a, 349a; EVS: 50a, 69b, 75b, 92a; Werba 1997: 316;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 299
*rauj! ‘to break, burst
*AVESTAN: (+ *aua-) YAv. an-auua-uruxti- (+ neg.) ‘the non-breaking of the oath,
upholding of the oath’ (Y 70.3) || (+ *fra-) Y Av. fra.uruxti- ‘destruction’ (N 84)
*KHOTANESE: LKh. *rrus- (intr./inch.) ‘to burst, break? || (+ *ni-) LKh. *nirus- ‘to
burst, disappear’, niruj- (caus.) ‘to break open’ || (+ *ui-) LKh. gurva- (ppp.)
‘broken’ => SGS: 116, 55, 230
*NWIR: Bal. rujit, rutk/ruj- ‘to break, dig’, Kurd. (Kurm.) va-roZ- ‘to scrape’, (Sor.)
Tusé- ‘to be wiped off through rubbing’ || (+ *?) Bal. karuht, karutk, karujit/karuj-,
haruht/haruj- ‘to break and fall down’ (orig. of ka-, ha- unknown)
*NEIR: Bart. ruj-/ruxt, Orosh. ruj-/ruxt ‘to dig’, Wa. riz-, raz-/razd- ‘to tear apart, rip
up a seam’, Yghn. ruc-/rácta, rusta ‘to shave off the skin, skin off’ || (+ *pati-) Yi.
poruy, (Zarubin) péruy ‘bolt of a door’ || (+ *ui-) Sh. (Baj.) wirtij-/wiruyd, Rosh.
wirüj-/wiräwd, Bart. wirüj-/wiräwd, Yzgh. woroj-/wiroyd ‘to tear, rip up, undo, rop
up’, (inch.) Sh. (Baj.) wiraws-/wiruyd, Bart. wirtw-/wiruyd, Yzgh. woroxs-/woroy(d)
‘to be torn apart, etc.’, (ppp.) Oss. I. rygd, D. irugd ‘confused (person), awkward’
*SANSKRIT: roj ‘to break, break open’ = EWAia II: 465
«PIE *leug- ог *leug- ‘to break’. Ф A variant *leug-, deduced from the Baltic evid-
ence, is usually postulated beside *leug-, on account of the Ir. (and Arm.) forms. No
reason is given for this peculiar distribution, which would be PIE. The variation pro-
bably suggests contamination with semantically similar forms. The velar of the Ir.
forms for instance is shared with notably *baj and *braj. = LIV: 415 f. | Pok.: 686
*IE COGNATES: Pal. /luki-/ ‘part’, Gr. ё-Аокто-лёёт (Ё) ‘unbreakable chain’, Lat.
lügeö ‘I mourn’ (semantics ?), Arm. lucanem ‘I break up’, Lith. lauzti, Latv. laüzt
‘to break’, OE to-lücan ‘to interrupt, break’
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 239a, 538b; Andreev — PeSéereva: 315b; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 444; EVS: 68b, 118a,
91b; DKS: 175a, 88a; Werba 1997: 373; Cabolov 1997: 72; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 296; Shahbakhsh:
S.v. ruj-, karuj-
*rauf? (*raučĵ) ? ‘to please, desire’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP rwzd- (denomin. ?) ‘to desire, covet’, MMP rwzd ‘greedy’
|| + *a-) MMP "wrzwg, "wrzwg, ’wrzwwg, ВМР ’Icwk /arzog/ ‘desire, lust’. 0 The
*raup 1 319
additional -d- of MMP rwzd- may point to denominative origin or reflect a pres.
stem in *-d-, cf. CSogd. sxwrd- ‘to shout’ (*huar?). || According to Henning 1945:
487, fn. 2, the Persian and Parthian ‘desire, lust’ forms derive from *barj, which is
semantically implausible. A more suitable root is *rauf. The Manichaean and
Pahlavi forms perhaps reflect the different outcomes of syncope of the zero grade
stem vowel: *á-ruj? > *ar"z° > MMP /awrz?, BMP /ärzY. Alternatively, MMP
/awrz’/ reflects a Pth. development (or pronunciation). > DMMPP: 303b, 70b
Partic.: pres. MMP rwzd’n, perf. pass. MMP rwzdyst, rwzdyst
*PARTHIAN: (+ *а-) 'Wrjwg, "wrjwq ‘desire, lust’ (see above) || (+ *ui-) wrws- ‘to
desire, sigh’ = Ghilain: 70a, 49 f. | DMMPP: 345b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. wrwsyd, IMPV. 2sg. wrws
*KHOTANESE: rrauta- (Ё), (with palatalisation) LKh. r(r)is’a- ‘desire’, LKh. a-risai’
(+ neg. a-) ‘stinking’, LKh. rais’a- ‘appetite’ || (+ *a-) ? araus- ‘to please’ (Bailey,
KT III: 58,26)
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. rwZ ‘to desire’, CSogd. rwzty’ (Е) ‘desire’, also with palatal-
isation (GMS: $187), SSogd. ryz, BSogd. ryz, CSogd. гуў (denomin., impers., only
3rd pers.) ‘to be pleasing, be desirable’, BSogd. ryz, ryzh, CSogd. гу? (m.) ‘will,
wish, desire’ || (+ *a-) MSogd. ’’rwytky’ ‘greed’, MSogd. ’’rwxst (Apl.) ‘greeds,
desires’
Pres.: IND. 2sg. dur. CSogd. rwZysq, 3sg. CSogd. rwžt, Partic.: pres. CSogd. rwZnyt (pl.) ‘desiring’ ||
denomin.: Pres.: IND. 35р. SSogd. "ryzt skwn, BSogd. ryzt, CSogd. ryzt, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. ryz’t,
SSogd. ryz’t, CSogd. ryZt, etc.
*NWIR: NP rez ‘desire’ (< Sogd., Henning 1939: 99) || (+ *a-) NP ärzö ‘desire, wish’
9 An IE provenance for this root cannot be established.
*PIE — = LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: BBB: 566; DKS: 369
*raup! ‘to take away, up, rob, cueillir
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP Iwpk /robag/, BMP Iwp /rob/ ‘pillage, plundering’ || (+
*ham-) MMP hrwb- ‘to collect, gather; receive’. 0 The cluster *-mr- in MMP hrwb-
has been assimilated: MMP -rr- <-r->. > DMMPP: 185a
(+ *ham-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP hrwbyd, SUBJ. 152. MMP hrwb’’n, 2р1. MMP hrwb’d-, IMPV. 25р.
MMP hrwb; Partic.: perf. pass. I MMP hrwpt, hrwpt, П MMP "hrwbyhyst
*KHOTANESE: rrv- ‘to remove, peel off? || (+ *ш-) LKh. bur(r)v- (burtivafi-) ‘to
destroy’ — SGS: 117, 101
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. гур ‘to gather’, CSogd. гур ‘Өғрібо’, MSogd. гур ‘to harvest?
Pres.: IND. dur. 1sg. CSogd. rwpmsq, 2sg. CSogd. гуру ‘OepiCetc’, SUBJ. 3р1. MSogd. "rwp’ndt, Impf.:
IND. 3sg. BSogd. rwp’
*CHORESMIAN: rwby- ‘to rob; take away [of horse]’, ? m/rwBY- ‘to take with one’s
fingertips’ > Samadi: 173 f.
320 *raup2
*NWIR: NP rubodan/rubay- ‘to rob, seize, carry off; to withdraw from sight’, (opp)
rubödah ‘seized, plundered, robbed’, Bal. rupt/röp- ‘to collect’, Gz. rübä-/rübä, ?
Kurd. fifanin, бгапіп, Awrom. arfáy/-rfán- ‘to snatch’, Gur. (Kand.) rifanin ‘to rob’
|| (+ *ш-) Kurd. (Kurm.) guramgure-, gurö-, (Sor.) gurun/guru- ‘to skin, remove
(skin)’
*NEIR: Yghn. rup-, rub-/rüpta, rübda ‘to harvest’
*SANSKRIT: ? yop ‘to wipe out, efface, remove, erase’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 420
Ó In view of the semantic similarity, the root *raup? is perhaps connected with Skt.
yop. The initial r- of *raup^ should therefore be regarded secondary and may have
been imported from (for instance) *rauH. As for an IE provenance, Skt. yop is
connected to Gr. үзү ‘vulture’, which is analysed as a compound *g”u-jup- ‘taking
away cows’ by Thieme 1954: 569, n. 2, but this analysis remains rather conjectural.
*REFERENCES: KPF II: 199; Andreev — PeSéereva: 316a; MacKenzie 1966: 88; DKS: 367a; 298a f.; WIM
II/1: 82; Kümmel 2000: 410 f.; Cabolov 2001: 405
*raup2 ‘to sweep’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP “rwb-, BMP Iwp- /röb-/ ‘to rub, sweep’ || (+ *ui-) MMP
wrwb- ‘to sweep down, away’ = DMMPP: 297b, 345b
Inf.: MMP *rwptn || (+ *ui-) Pass.: pres. IND. 35р. wyrwbyhyd; Inf.: MMP wrwptn
*PARTHIAN: rwb- ‘to sweep’ (Sundermann 1997: 62, line 40k). Ф On rwbysn
‘change, Wandel (Mir. Man. III: 875) see *jaup^. > Ghilain: 65 f. | DMMPP: 297b
Pres.: IND. 35р. *rwbyd {hapax}
*KHOTANESE: (+ *4-) OKh. arüh- (ärau-) ‘to move, shake’ = SGS: 11
*SOGDIAN: (+ *upa-/apa-/pari-) BSogd. pr’wp- ‘to sweep’
Pres.: SUBJ. 35р. pr’wp’t (Dhy. 1); Inf.: BSogd. pr’wp’y (Dhy. 68)
*CHORESMIAN: rfš (f.) ‘broom’
*NWIR: NP röb-/ruftan ‘to sweep, dust’, Bal. rupt/röp- ‘to sweep up’, Kurd. (Abd.) ti-
ruf- (supplet. inf. mestén < *Hmarz), Anar. ha-..-ruft/ (impv.) ha-ru, Gz. rön-/ruft,
rona, Kesh. rutmiin/a-rov-, Khuns. rü-/ruft, Qohr. rüten (supplet. a-reg-, impv. bä-
rug < *rauj'), Sang. hö-ründen/hö-rün-, Shamerz. be-rüten/rüm-, Von. ruften/er-rü-,
Zef. bo-ruft/rov- ‘to sweep, wipe’ || (+ *ui-a-) NP jaru ‘broom’ (dial. ?)
*NEIR: Sh. rüb-/rüvd, Rosh. rub-/rubt ‘to sweep up, shovel’, Pash. rabaj, Bart. rafc
(Ё) ‘broom’, Yzgh. гаі ‘broom; name of a plant’, Yzgh. rabag ‘wooden shovel’,
Sangl. ref ‘broom’, Yi. rufó ‘small, soft broom’, M. réfiko ‘mill-broom’, Wa. ropk
‘trash, garbage’ || (+ *fra-) Yi. faru ‘mill-broom’
*MISC: Par. rüy-/rüt ‘to sweep’
This root is probably originally identical to *raup', which has developed a more
specialised meaning ‘to sweep’.
*rauxsn 321
*REFERENCES: Zhukovski I: 134a f.; Zhukovskij II: 234b f.; Ivanow 1926: 421; IIFL I: 285b; IIFL II:
520, 243a, 208b; Fraenkel II: 743; EVS: 65b f., 66b; WIM I: 72; WIM II/1: 82; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999:
150; Lecoq 2002: s.v. rop-; Korn 2005: 97, 111 (passim)
*rauxá ? ‘to break’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ш-) bu(r)s- ‘to break up’ = SGS: 101 f.
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. ’rwxs ‘bandage, gag’ || (+ *pati-) BSogd. ptrwxs- ‘to obstruct’,
CSogd. ptrwxs- ‘to shut up, cease speaking’. 9 CSogd. ’rwx$ has a prothetic vowel,
on which see GMS: §158. The comparison to BSogd. ptrwxs (etc.) is suggested by
Schwartz, Gs Henning: 391.
Pres.: IMPV. 2sg. CSogd. "ptrwxs' ‘shut up!'; Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. ptrwysty, BSogd. ’ptr’ywstk
© The evidence for this root is confined to Khot. and Sogd. The root itself appears to
be an ingress. s- pres. formation of *rauj'.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: DKS: 298b; Gharib: 60
*rauxSn ‘to shine’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. raoxsna- ‘light, shining’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP rwsn, BMP Iwsn /rös(a)n/ ‘light, bright’
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ui-) wrwsn- ‘to shine’ = Ghilain: 90 |
*KHOTANESE: rründata- ‘light’ || (+ *fra-) LKh. har(r)uf- || (+ *ui- or *abi- ?)
b(ä)rün- ‘to shine’ = SGS: 150, 99
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. rywsn-, CSogd. *rwxsn-, M. rwxsn- ‘light, bright’, CSogd.
rwxsny'q- (f.) ‘light’ || (+ *ui-) BSogd. wyrxws, CSogd. wyrw(x)s- ‘to shine’
*CHORESMIAN: rxn- ‘to shine, become clear’, rxny- (sec. caus.) ‘to make clear’, rxn
“beginning of daylight = Samadi: 174 f.
*NWIR: NP rösan (rausan) ‘light’, raxsan (LW) ‘shining, splendid’, raxsidan (LW)
‘to shine’
*NEIR: Pash. run ‘bright’, Oss. I. ruxs, D. roxs ‘light’, Sh. rux, Rosh. rux, Bart. ruxn,
Orosh. roxm ‘dawn’, Yzgh. roxn ‘white’, Ishk. rosnäi, Sangl. Sonat ‘light; fire’,
Sariq. rix-sipeyd ‘very white’, rux-rast “bright red’ (LW or diff. formation ?) || (+
*3-) Yi. arunyo ‘light, brightness’
*MISC: Par. rhiné ‘daylight, light, fire’, Огт. run ‘fire’
9 The attested denominative formations derive from the adjective *rauxsna- ‘light’,
which itself is a nominal derivative of *raué.
«PIE *louk-sno- ‘light? > LIV: — | Pok.: 687 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. luna (Ё), Praeneste losna ‘moon’, Olnsh Juan ‘light, moon’,
OHG liehsen ‘shining’, OCS luna, OPr. lauxnos ‘moon’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 63; IIFL I: 284a, 405b; IIFL II: 191b, 414b; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 435 f.; EVS: 70b;
DKS: 366a f.
322 *raxš
*raxš ‘to aim, shoot; mark’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *abi-) CSogd. brxs- ‘to loosen, release, shoot’, BSogd. Br'xs ‘to shoot’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. Br’xst; Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. b’rxs; Inf.: Brxs’y
*NEIR: ? Oss. I. raxsyn ‘to throw out; to shoot at’
o The Sogdian forms can only derive from a prefixed formation *abi-raxs-, as
pointed by Gershevitch 1970: 305; also Sims-Williams 1985: 176 ad 94V.14. Oss. I.
raxsyn may be included, although it may alternatively derive from *fra- + *Haxš. As
for a possible IE etymology, Gershevitch (l.c.) cites Lat. laxsus ‘slack, wide, loose’
as cognate. Since both the Sogd. and Lat. forms are relatively isolated with their
respective branch, this remains uncertain. It cannot be excluded that Lat. laxsus is a
secondary/recent formation. It is similar to lassus ‘tired’, which appears to have a
(more) certain IE origin ( *leH;d- ‘to let (go)’, LIV: 400).
*PIE — = LIV: - | Pok.: 959
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 221 f.
*raz ‘to leave, escape (one's notice)’
*AVESTAN: 9 The often cited YAv. razah- is unconnected, as it should rather mean
*clime, expanse’ (V 8.97), on which see Gonda 1956: 164.
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *aua-) avarad- ‘to leave, abandon’. Ф See most recently R. Schmitt
2000: 32. = Kent: 205b
Pres. them.: INJ. 2sg. avarada <a-v-r-d> (DNa 60)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP rh-, BMP I(’)h- /rah-/ ‘to escape, become free, let go’
MMP r’z, BMP Гс /raz/ ‘mystery, secret’ (LW) = DMMPP: 294b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP Isyt /raséd/, 3р1. MMP rhynd; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP Ist-y /rast-é/ ‘set free’
(Psalter); Inf.: BMP Istn /rastan/
*KHOTANESE: rraysaa- ‘empty’
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. r'zh, BSogd. r’z’y, CSogd. r’z, MSogd. r’z ‘secret, mystery’ || (+
*apa-) SSogd. ’pr’st (pret. stem) ‘to flee’, CSogd. pryZ ‘to flee’
Pres.: ОРТ. 3sg. CSogd. pryZy, IMPV. 25р. CSogd. pryž, Impf.: IND. 35р. CSogd. p’ryZ; Pret.: intr. IND.
3pl. SSogd. prst’nt ‘they ran away’
*CHORESMIAN: r’z (f.) ‘secret’ (genuine ?)
*NWIR: NP rastan/rah- ‘to be liberated, escape; to let go’, NP raz ‘secret’ (LW),
Abyan. rahoya/rah- ‘to be saved’
*NEIR: ? Sh. (Baj.) raz-/rixt ‘to fall (leaves, fruit); to crumble, scatter’, Ishk. roZ- ‘to
crumble, fall (leaves, etc.)’, Sh. razén-/razént (caus.) ‘to cause to fall etc.’, ? Rosh.
réxt ‘snowfall’ (contaminated with Фаіс !) || (+ *apa-) Yghn. piráyZ- ‘to run away’ ||
(+ *abi-) Oss. I. irvezyn/irvezt, D. ervezun/ervazt ‘to be saved, delivered; to slip
away, escape’ || (+ *a-) Pash. aratdl ‘to let loose; break wind, fart’, Pash. ár(o)t,
(Waz.) ‘open, wide, loose’
*sacl 323
*SANSKRIT: rah ‘to be lost, be lonely’ (GrSu.+), || rahas- (n.) ‘secrecy, loneliness’
(Ер.+) > EWAia П: 442
9 Henning, l.c. derived SSogd. ’pr’st and Yghn. piráyZ- from *apa-raz-, to which he
added as cognates, Skt. rah, OP rad-, MP rastan [wrongly cited: rastan], NP rastan.
Mayrhofer, Le, has apparently overlooked this footnote and only acknowledges the
Ir. ‘secret’ forms as related to Skt. rah: MP, NP raz, etc. The meanings ‘secret’ and
‘to flee, escape’ are not necessarily incompatible, if we assume an older meaning *to
escape (one’s notice)’.
«PIE 0 The IE etymology cited in his previous work KEWA III: 49 (IE *leg"- ‘to
lay’, Gr. Aéxoc ‘bedstead’, etc.) is doubted by Mayrhofer in EWAia, l.c. = LIV:
401 f. | Pok.: 651
*REFERENCES: Henning, Anc. Lett.: 612, fn. 5; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 549; Andreev — PeSéereva: 306b f.;
EVS: 71a; DKS: 359a f.; Werba 1997: 370 f.; Lecoq 2002: 127; NEVP: 10
Š
*sač! ‘to fit, be suitable, be able, be in command of; to prepare’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP sz-, BMP sc- /saz-/ ‘to be fitting, becoming, necessary,
due’, BMP s’c- /saz-/ (caus.) ‘to make, prepare; [+ zyn /zén/] to saddle’, BMP scyn-
/sazen-/ (sec. caus.) “to put into practice’ || (+ *pati-) MMP ps’c- (caus.) ‘to prepare,
arrange’ || (+ *ham-) MMP hs’c- ‘to make ready’ or ‘to fix, dispose’, MMP hs’cyh-
(pass.) ‘to be fixed, built, constructed’ > DMMPP: 306, 284a, 185b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP szyd ‘it should’, BMP scyt /sazéd/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP scyt /sazid/; Caus.:
pres. IND. 3sg. BMP scynyt /sazénéd/, 3pl. BMP s’cynd /sazénd/, IMPV. 2pl. BMP s’cyt /sazéd/; Inf.:
BMP scstn /sazistan/ || (+ *pati-) Pres. IND. 1sg. BMP ps’cm /passazum/, 3sg. BMP ps’cyt /passazéd/,
3р1. MMP ps’cynd; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP ps’htk /passaxtag/, MMP ps’xt, ps xt, Inf: BMP ps’htn
/passaxtan/ || (+ *ham-) Pass.: pres. SUBJ. 3sg. MMP hs’cyh’d; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP hs’xt, hs xt
*PARTHIAN: sc- ‘to be prepared, fitting, ready’, s’c- (caus./tr.) ‘to prepare, form’ || (+
*abi-) hw-’bs’gyft ‘docility, gentleness’ (+ hw- ‘well-, eu-’) || (+ *pati-) ps’c- ‘to
make, prepare, fashion, arrange’ || (+ *ni-) nys’Z- (caus.) ‘to prepare, make ready’
= Ghilain: 50, 68 | DMMPP: 306a, 305a, 191b, 283b f., 254a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. scyd; Partic.: perf. pass. caus. s’c’d; Caus.: pres. IMPV. 2pl. s’cyd || (+ *pati-) Pres.:
IND. 3sg. ps’cyd, ps’cynd; Partic.: perf. pass. psxt, II ps’c’d || (+ *ni-) Pres.: SUBJ. 2pl. nys’c’d, IMPV.
2р1. nys'Zyd
*KHOTANESE: säj- ‘to learn’ = SGS: 132
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. s'c, CSogd. s’c ‘to be proper, behove’, BSogd. s'c, MSogd. s’c
‘to be necessary’ || (+ *abi-) BSogd. ’Bs’xs- ‘to be trained, accustomed, tamed’,
BSogd. 'Bs"'c- ‘to tame, train’ || (+ *a-) CSogd. ’s’qy ‘suitable’ || (+ *pati-) BSogd.
324 *sac2
pts’y, CSogd. pts'c ‘to arrange, order’ || (+ *ham-) BSogd. ’ns’xs-, CSogd. ’sxs- ‘to
be arranged, reconciled’, BSogd. ’ns’’c ‘to fix, erect, dispose’
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 2sg. SSogd. L’ s’cy ‘it does not fit you’, 3sg. SSogd. s’ct, BSogd. s’ct, etc. || (+
*abi-) well attested: Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. ’Bs’xsty, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. ’Bs’xs’t, OPT. 35р. BSogd.
‘Bs’xs’y, etc. || (+ *a-) Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. ’’s’ytk ‘compatible’ || (+ *pati-) well-attested: Pres.:
IND. 2sg. CSogd. “pts’cy, SUBJ. 1р1. MSogd. pts’cym, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *aua-) m/ws’cy- ‘to make peace with’ || (+ *ni-) nscy’k ‘mean,
vile’ || (+ *ui-) m/wsxs- ‘to separate’ || (+ *ham-) m/sxs- ‘to be united, familiar with
each other’, m/s’cy- ‘to make straight, in order; to behave like, pretend’ > Samadi:
219, 221, 188, 178
*BACTRIAN: oaxo- ‘to be assessed’ = S-W, Bact.: 223a
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP sazad ‘it is fitting’, saxtan/saz- ‘to build, construct,
prepare’, Bal. sacit/sac- ‘to adjust, be suitable, agree’, Gz. säz-/sät (intr.) ‘to be
reconciled with’, Abyan., Abz., Nn., Tr. sata/saj-, Anar., Varz. sate/saj-, Ard.
sutte/suj-, Ham. satän/saj-, Isfah. satän/saz-, Jow. bam-sa:t/a-sa:d3- ‘to do, build’,
Khuns. saz-/sät, Mah. sat/saj- ‘to prepare, do’ || (+ *a-) NP äsagdah ‘prepared,
disposed’ (< Sogd., cf. Henning 1939: 103 f.) || (+ *pati-) NP pasaxt, NP pasagdah
‘disposed, prepared, experienced’ (< Sogd., cf. Henning 1939: 104)
*NEIR: Oss. I. s&zyn/sagd, D. s&zun/sagd ‘to get stuck in’, I. sazyn/sagd, D.
sazun/sagd ‘to place (in), dig in; [also D.] to build, construct’, Pash. satol/sat- ‘to
keep, protect’, Yzgh. saj-/saxt ‘to prepare (a bed, etc.) || (+ *fra-) Oss. D. raesazun/
resagd ‘to drive, strike, stick in’. © Yzgh. saj-/saxt is probably a loan word, on
account of -xt-, instead of regular -yd- (EVS: 1.c.). ||
*SANSKRIT: Sak ‘to be able, capable’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 600
© Although this Ir. root has a good IE etymology, it has no further IE verbal
correspondences.
«PIE *Kek”- ‘to achieve, accomplish, be able, capable’ => LIV: 322 | Pok.: 522
*IE COGNATES: Olrish cécht ‘might, power’, (?) MWelsh pybyr ‘strong, solid’, ON
hagar ‘it is fitting, suitable’
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 82a, 141b; EVP: 70; Abrahamian 1936: 120, 132; Lambton 1938: 78a; EVS: 73a;
DKS: 423b f.; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 376; WIM I: 72; WIM II/1: 82; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 55, 7 Ё; Werba
1997: 240; Lecoq 2002: 123, 126, 128 (passim); Shahbakhsh: s.v. sac-
*sai£ чо pass'
*AVESTAN: Y Av. sac- ‘to pass’ => Liste: 61
Pres. them.: IND. med. 3sg. YAv. sacaite (V 18.16, V 18.24), med. 3pl. YAv. fra sacinte (V 5.10), SUBJ.
3sg. YAV. pairi.sacäiti (N 46 ff.), med. 3sg. YAv. sacäite (V 6.43), med. 3pl. YAv. sacante (V)
"OLD PERSIAN: Oak- ‘to pass, complete’ => Kent: 187
Partic.: perf. pass. 0akata- <0-k-t-°> (DB 1.38, DB 1.42, DB 1.56, etc.)
*saH 325
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP sc- /saz-/ ‘to pass’, MMP sxt ‘passed’ (in dating) || (+ *fra-)
BMP plsng /frasang/ ‘Persian league, parasang' > DMMPP: 311a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP scyt /sazed/
*PARTHIAN: sxt ‘passed’ (in dating) || (+ *aua-) "wsxt (pret. stem) “о descend’ || (+
*fra-) frsng ‘Persian league, parasang’ = Ghilain: 96 | DMMPP: 311a, 71a, 156b
Partic.: perf. pass. sxt || (+ *aua-) Partic.: perf. pass. "wsxt; Inf.: "wsxtn
*KHOTANESE: skyäta-, LKh. scáta- ‘(passing) time’
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. sy- ‘to pass’, CSogd. syt- (f.) ‘day (of the month)’ || (+ *fra-)
BSogd. Bs ny ‘parasang’
Partic.: perf. pass. SSogd. syth, SSogd. sxth ‘past’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *aua-) wsNc- ‘to descend, appear’ = Samadi: 220 f.
*NWIR: (+ *fra-) NP firsang ‘Persian league’ (old LW)
*NEIR: Ishk. $Bxs-/Sbxt-, Sangl. Spxs-, Wa. Soxs-, Sixs-/Sox(a)st-, Six(o)st- ‘to pass’,
Soxs(bI)V-/Saxsovd- (caus.) ‘to cross, transfer’ (with sec. S-), Pash. sag(kal) ‘this
current year’
*MISC: (+ *fra-) Gr. napacayyng ‘Persian league’ (< OP LW *fra-sanga-), Arm.
(LW) hrasax, Syr. (LW) prsh’, Arab. (LW) farsax (< NW Ir.)
«PIE *(s)Kek- ‘to pass, happen’. Ф To be separated from *skek- ‘to jump’, OCS skaco
(skakati), (?) MWelsh kesgyc shakes, stirs’ ? = LIV: 551 f. | Pok.: 922 f.
*IE COGNATES: OHG scehan, МНС schehen ‘to run’, OHG gi-skehan, MHG
geschehen, NHG geschehen ‘to happen, take place’, (?) Olrish scuichid ‘moves;
passes’ (contaminated with *skek- ?)
*REFERENCES: EVP: 72; IIFL II: 414; DKS: 430b f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 338; NEVP: 73
*saH ‘to whet, cut’
*AVESTAN: OAv. si- (sä-) ‘to sharpen, cut’ ?. 0 The verbal root may be non-existent.
The attested forms can be interpreted differently: siiodum (< *siazd), sazdum (<
*saHh), v. Lubotsky 2001: 34. = Liste: 62
Pres. ja-: IMPV. 2р1. OAv. paiti siiodüm (Y 48.7); Aor. s-: ІЧЈ.ЛМРУ. 2р1. OAv. sazdüm (Y 31.18)
*KHOTANESE: OKh. säta- ‘smooth’ (Z 23.44)
*NWIR: Bal. sat/say-, sah- ‘to shave’, Kurd. (Kurm.) hasun/has- (ha- < *ham- or sec.
2), (Sor.) sün/sü- ‘to whet, sharpen’, Gz. sün-/sünt ‘to rub, shave off’, NP sad
‘smooth, plain; rubbed, worn out’ || (+ kardan ‘to do, make’) ‘to castrate, cut all
clean away’ || (+ *ham- ?) Kurd. hasan, hasan (m.) ‘whetstone’
*NEIR: ? Pash. sūlēdəl ‘to become ground, grated’, Oss. I. sart ‘chisel’, ? Sh. säd (f.)
‘flat stone, flagstone’, Sariq. sad ‘slate, baking pan’, Yi. sur ‘slate’ (< *saHti-
‘whetstone’ ?), Sariq. suóy “flat, smooth (surface)’ ( *saH-ta-ka-, with fric. assimil. ?:
-dy- > -óy- ?), (av- < *a-apa- ?) D. avinsun/avinst ‘to whet; to incite, direct’ || (+
*abi- ?) Yi. áfseno, yufseuno ‘whetstone’ || (+ *pati-) Sh. pisen (f.), Rosh. pisen (f.),
326 *saHh
Orosh. pison (f.), Sariq. pisan (f.), Yzgh. posan ‘whetstone, hone’ || (+ *ham-) Oss. I.
yssyn/yssad, D. insun/insad ‘to whet, sharpen’
*SANSKRIT: 58 ‘to sharpen, whet? = EWAia П: 627
9 There are no IE verbal correspondences of Ir. *saH / Skt. sa. A possible variant of
*saH is *sauH! (q.v.).
«PIE *KeHs- ‘to sharpen, whet’ = LIV: 319 f. | Pok.: 541 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. cds ‘whetstone’, catus ‘sharp(-minded)’, Olrish cath ‘wise’,
Arm. sur ‘sharp’, ON hein (f.) ‘whetstone’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 67; IIFL II: 245b, 188b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 85; EVS: 72a, 61b f.; Abaev, Slovar’ II:
36; DKS: 424a, 290a; WIM 1/1: 82; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 278; Werba 1997: 320; Cabolov 2001: 426, 424;
Korn 2005: 110, 313, 381
*saHh ‘to teach, instruct’
*AVESTAN: OAv. säh- ‘to teach, instruct’ || (+ *fra-) ‘id.’ © Liste: 62
Pres. athem.: IND. 3sg. OAv. sasti (Y 48.3), OPT. 3sg. OAv. sahit (Y 50.6), IMPV. 3sg. OAV. fro ... sastü
(Y 45.6); Aor. redupl.: OPT. 35р. OAv. sisöit (Y 43.3), IMPV. 2sg. OAv. sīšā (Y 34.12), бо... siSa (Y
28.11)
«OLD PERSIAN: Ф OP 6atiy is derived from this root by Kuiper 1960: 159 ff., but see
also Hoffmann apud Goto 1987: 303, fn. 721.
*SANSKRIT: 825 ‘to teach, instruct, command’ = EW Aia II: 632
9 Further Ir. cognates are unknown.
«PIE *KeHs ‘to proclaim, point out, instruct ? = LIV: 318 f. | Pok.: 533
*IE COGNATES: Toch. A kas- ‘to call names’, Alb. thom ‘I say’
*said! ‘to break, split, destroy’
*AVESTAN: (+ *aua-) Y Av. auua.siö- ‘to split? = Liste: 62
Perf.: OPT. 3sg. YAv. auua.hisióiiat (Yt 8.54)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ара-) ВМР ’p(y)shyn- /ab(e)sihen-/ (caus.) ‘to destroy’,
MMP ’bysyh- (раѕѕ.), BMP ’ps(y)h- ‘to be destroyed, perish’ || (+ *fra-) MMP
prsyst (pret. stem), BMP plsn- /frasinn-/ ‘to break’ || (+ *ui-) BMP wsyn- /wisin(n)-/
‘to break, split? = DMMPP: 17b, 156b
(+ *apa-) Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. BMP /abesihénéd/; Inf.: BMP ’ps(y)hytn /abesihidan/; Pass.: pres. IND.
35р. BMP /abesihéd/, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP ’bysyh’d, BMP ’bysyh’t /abesihad/ || (+ *fra-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg.
BMP plsn’t /frasinnad/; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP prsyst || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. BMP wsynynd
/wisinénd/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP wsyst /wisist/
*PARTHIAN: systg (ppp.) ‘broken’ || (+ *apa-) ’bsyst- (pret. stem) ‘to stop, cut off,
end (?)’ || + *fra-) frsyst- (pret. stem) ‘to break [tr.] = Ghilain: 83 | DMMPP:
312b, 14b, 156b
Partic.: perf. pass. systg || (+ *apa-) Partic.: perf. pass. ’bsyst || (+ *fra-) Inf.: frsystn
*saif 327
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. syö-, CSogd. syö- ‘to destroy’ || (+ *apa-) ? CSogd. psyd- ‘to
fail’, ’ps’yö ‘failing, stint’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. syöt || (+ *apa-) Fut.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. psydtyq’
*BACTRIAN: (+ *apa-) oBouo- (pret. stem) ‘to finish, conclude, bring to an end’
c» S-W, Bact.: 176b
*NWIR: Bal. sist/sid-, sind- ‘to break, split (cords, sim.)’ || (+ *apa-) Gz. fisisse ‘torn
out, spread out’, Tr. fésés- (pret. stem) ‘to break’ || (+ *ui-) NP gusistan (supplet.
gusil-) ‘to shatter, break’. 9 The initial fi- of Gz. fisisse is hardly from *ui-, cf. NP
gusistan/gusil- (!) ‘to break off’, pace Eilers, WIM П/2, l.c.
*NEIR: Pash. slédal ‘to break’ || (+ *fra-) Ishk. fersend-/fersest- ‘to be torn apart’,
Wa. rosod-, rosoó-/rosn- ‘to break [intr.]; to get sour [of milk]’
*MISC: Orm. syök ‘to break’
*SANSKRIT: ched ‘to split, to cut off, to hew off, to destroy, to divide’ (RV, AV+)
c EWAia I: 561
Q Contamination with other roots for ‘to split, break’, especially *séand, can be
observed in several languages.
*PIE *skeid- ‘to split? = LIV: 547 f. | Pok.: 920 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. oxtCw ‘I split, cut through’, Lat. scindö ‘I cut open, tear up’,
Lith. skiedZiu (skiesti) ‘I split, separate’, etc.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 74; IFL I: 407b; IFL П: 538a; WIM Ш2: 663; Werba 1997: 186;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 302; Lecoq 2002: 128; Shahbakhsh: s.v. sid-; Korn 2005: 79 (fn. 25), 87
(passim)
* said” ‘to call’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ui-) ВМР wsydy /wisé/ ‘despatch’
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ui-) wsyst (ppp.) ‘sent out’, wsyyd, wsyd ‘leave, despatch’
= Ghilain: 83 | DMMPP: 347a
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ham-) BSogd. ’ns’yö ‘to exhort’
Pres.: IMPV. 2sg. BSogd. ’ns’yö (SCE: 546)
*NWIR: (+ *ui-) NP gusi (guse ?) ‘dismission; sending away’
*NEIR: Oss. I. sidyn/sidt, D. sedun/sidt ‘to call (for), invite’ || (+ *ham-) Oss. D.
znsedun/ensidt ‘to incite (against)
«PIE *Keid- ‘to call’ = LIV: 321 | Pok.: 538
*IE COGNATES: Olrish as-cesar 'exseri', Goth. haitan, OHG heizan, ON heita (etc.)
‘to call’
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ III: 105 f.; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 165 f.
*saif ‘to flog, cane, rake ?’
*AVESTAN: (+ *abi-) Y Av. aißi-sif- ‘to flog, cane’ = Liste: 62
328 *saiH
Pres. them.: INJ. 35р. YAv. aißisifat (V 2.10), YAv. auui sifat (V 2.18), ОРТ. 25р. ҮАУ. aißi.sifois (Yt
14.35)
*SOGDIAN: 9 Gershevitch 1977: 69 connects BSogd. ’Bs’ypt ‘to sweep’ to Av. sif-:
rather from *sap ?
*NEIR: (+ *ham-) Oss. I. essivyn/essyvd ‘to rake up, together [grain, vel sim.]; to
make folds in textile’
Q Further Ir. cognates are unknown. An IE provenance for this postulated root
cannot be established.
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 189
*saiH ‘to lie down, go to sleep’
*AVESTAN: YAv. sae- (saii-) ‘to lie down, go to sleep’ || (+ *a-) YAv. äsitö ‘lying,
resting’ (Y 10.14). © On äsitö ‘lying, resting’ (Y 10.14) see Humbach 1960: 27f.;
Oberlies 1990: 159 and 166, fn. 55. = Liste: 62
MED .; Pres. athem.: IND. 3sg. YAv. saéte (V 18.5), 3р1. YAv. söire (Yt 10.80), YAv. "saere (V 7.45 ff.,
et al), INJ. 3sg. YAv. saeta (V 3.24); Partic.: pres. YAv. saiiana- (Yt 14.31, FrA 9), them. ҮАУ.
sailamna- (V 3.25, V 18.26), perf. pass. YAv. äsitö.gätu- (Y 62.5, Yt 19.39). 0 The compound YAv.
äsitö.gätu- is interpreted as ‘who never sees his bed’, with ä- from negative *a- ‘un-’, by Lubotsky 1998:
91 ff.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP sy- ‘to lie (down)’ || (+ *a-) BMP ’s’d- to rest, repose’,
BMP ’s’n /asan/ (ptc. pres.) “calm, quiet’ || (+ *ui-) MMP wys’y- ‘to (come) to rest;
come in peace’, ? MMP wys’yn- (caus.) ‘to let (it) rest?’ > DMMPP: 356b f.356b f.
Pres.: IND. 25р. MMP syy ? || (+ *a-) Pres.: IND. 35р. ВМР ’s’dyt /asayéd/, 3р1. BMP ’s’dynd /asayénd/ ||
(+ *ui-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. MMP wys’y’d, IMPV. 2sg. MMP wys’y; Partic.: pres. MMP wys’n, perf. pass.
П caus. MMP wys’yn’d
*PARTHIAN: sy- ‘to lie (down), sleep; be exist” — Ghilain: 55 | DMMPP: 311b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. s‘yd, 3pl. synd, syynd, SUBJ. 2sg. sy’h; Partic.: perf. pass. II s‘y’d
*KHOTANESE: Ssä- Чо lie down’ © SGS: 127
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. ’sy- ‘to lie’ || (+ *ui-) CSogd. wys'q ‘peace’
Pres.: IND. 3pl. BSogd. ’sy’nt (SCE: 175)
*NWIR: (+ *a-) NP asudan/asay-, Kurd. (Sor.) hasanawa/hasé- ‘to rest’ (with sec. h
?), Ham. he-sayän/he-s- ‘to be put’, Bakht. asida ‘content, happy, quiet’
*NEIR: Oss. I. saejyn/sad, D. s&jun/sad ‘to be ill; to lie down’
*SANSKRIT: Say’ ‘to lay, lie’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 613
«PIE *KeiH;- ‘to lay, lie" > LIV: 320 | Pok.: 539 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /kitta(ri)/ <ki-it-ta(-ri) >, Pal. /kitar/, Lyc. siténi ‘lays’, Gr.
кетрол ‘I lay, lie down, am somewhere’
«REFERENCES: Abrahamian 1936: 115; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 60; DKS: 398b; Vahman - Asatrian 1991: 77;
Werba 1997: 380; Cabolov 2001: 454
*sam 329
*saiH/siH ‘to freeze’
*NEIR: Oss. I. syjyn/syd, D. sujun/sud ‘to freeze’, ? Yghn. si- (rather *Чан? N),
Yzgh. Sed/Siy- ‘to freeze’, Sh. Sito, Sariq. S(1)tu ‘cold, ice’. Ф The initial š- of Yzgh.
Sed/siy- is from (palatalised) *si- or, less likely, from *xš- ?, у. EVS: 100b, s.v.
Xici(y)-.
*SANSKRIT: sya ‘to freeze, coagulate, become rigid’ (Käth+), sitä- (ppp.) ‘cold’
(RV+) > EWAia II: 660 f.
0 See also *&iaH’/GiH.
«PIE? e LIV: 331 f. | Pok.: —
*REFERENCES: Andreev — PeSéereva: 326b; EVS: 100b, 79a; Werba 1997: 412
*saij ? ‘to run, send’
*AVESTAN: (+ *fra-) ? Y Av. frasiiazj- ‘to hunt, chase after’ — Liste: 62
Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. frasiiazjaiti (F 695), ОРТ. 3sg. Y Av. fra(-ca) siiazjaiioit (A 3.13). © ҮАУ.
frasiiazjaitiis emended to “frasiiazjaiieiti by Kellens 1984: 147.
*NWIR: ? Soi a-sig- ‘to walk, run (off)’
*MISC: (+ *abi-) ? Par. wesej- ‘to send, despatch, order. © Cf. IIFL I: ibid.:
"Scarcely < *abi-säcaia- [v. *sat']... Apart from other considerations, ў < č would be
irregular (Gr. 50)’.
*SANSKRIT: sighra- ‘fast, rapid’ EWAia П: 642 f.
© An Iranian root *sizj (as inferred from YAv. frasiiazj-), may be non-existent, on
which see Lubotsky 2001: 40 and 2004: 326: the very late form frasiiazjaiti is
perhaps a corruption of "frasiiazdaiieiti, a caus. of *siazd, also fra(-ca) siiazjaiioit (>
fra(-ca) "siiazdaiioit). Still, the modern languages, Soi a-sig- and Par. wesej-,
possibly point the existence of a root *saij, which would correspond to Skt. sighrä-
(cf. Kuiper 1937: 40). Skt. sighrá- does not have a good IE etymology though, cf.
EWAia, l.c.
«PIE? > LIV: — | Pok.: 542 f.
*REFERENCES: JIFL I: 297b; KPF: 245b; Kellens 1984: 147, fn. 36.
*sam ‘to agree, conclude an agreement’
*KHOTANESE: sam- ‘to agree, accord’. 0 Bailey, DKS: 420a also relates sama-
‘suitable’, samu ‘fittingly, just, only’ to sam-: rather from Skt. sama- ‘same, equal’ ?
c» SGS: 131
*NEIR: Oss. I. somy, D. somi ‘oath’ (< *samija- ‘pertaining to an agreement’), ?
Pash. sam(a) ‘even, plain, straight’ (< IA ?). Ф Bailey, l.c.: 61 also connects Oss. D.
somun/sund ‘to winnow (grain)! to Oss. somy, somi, which is semantically
inadmissible. This D. verb somun, which specifically refers to the handling of grain,
bears an uncanny resemblance to Germanic forms such as OHG samo, OSax. samo,
330 *samH
NHG Same(n) ‘seed’ (nominal derivatives of ‘to sow’) and ON samna, OE samnian,
OHG samanön, NHG sammeln ‘to collect’. Somun is perhaps an ancient borrowing
from Germanic.
*MISC: NP samah (obs.) ‘covenant, oath’
*SANSKRIT: ? Skt. sam (indecl.) ‘hail !, blessing !’ (RV) = EWAia II: 609 f.
9 The Ir. root has no certain IE origin. Bailey 1957: 62 ff. postulates a Skt. root sam
‘to fit’ (in order to suit Khot. sam-, Oss. I. somy, D. somi), deriving notably Skt. sam
(indecl.) ‘hail!, blessing!" from ‘fitness’ (of things) and a late formation ni-sam’ ‘to
observe, notice’ from ‘to be applied’, see further EWAia II: 609 f., 611. The Gr.
cognates cited by Bailey, l.c.: 64 f., Gr. к@нуо, etc. may be rather connected to
*samH. According to Wiist 1960: 598, Skt. sam goes back to an IE ritualistic
interjection *Kem (related to *Kens- ?, *sanh).
«PIE? e LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Bailey 1957: 59 ff.; Abaev, Slovar' III: 133 f.
*samH ‘to become quiet, tired (?), rub, wipe (out)’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pari-) BSogd. prsm ‘to rub, wipe’, BSogd. prs’ym ‘oppression,
enquiry, punishment’, CSogd. "prsym ‘punishment, enquiry, judgment’
Pres.: ? BSogd. "prsm'skwn; Inf.: BSogd. prsm’y ‘massage (?)’
*CHORESMIAN: sm- ‘to wipe out, let (it) disappear’, sms- (intr./inch.) ‘to disappear,
become invisible’ || (+ *ham-) m/sm- ‘to wipe off, clean (the hands)’ (MacKenzie
IV: 527) > Samadi: 183, 182
*NEIR: ? Yzgh. 0amt/0am- ‘to sweep’ (Edel’man 1971: 82). © The initial 0- is from
*Oanj ?
*SANSKRIT: sam’ ‘to become extinguished, become appeased, become quiet, stop’
(RV+) > EWAia II: 610
«PIE *KemH»- ‘to become exhausted, appeased, calm, extinguished’ = LIV: 323 f. |
Pok.: 557
*IE COGNATES: Gr. кбруо ‘I tire, labour, toil; expire, pass away’, @-к®ноут-
(partic. aor.) *un-tiring', ot Kapdvtes ‘the expired ones, those who have passed
away’. © Gr. корёо ‘I take care of, look after’; Gr. inno-xöuog (m.) ‘horse-
watcher’, Olrish cumal ‘female slave’ can hardly belong to the root *KemH»-, on
which see *0am.
*REFERENCES: DKS: 420a; Werba 1997: 319 f.
*san ‘to mount, ascend’
*AVESTAN: YAv. san- (san-) ‘to mount, ascend’ || (+ *a-) YAv. ason- ‘to ascend’
= Liste: 61
*san 331
Pres. nu-: IND. 35р. YAv. asənaoiti (V 19.28, V 19.30), YAv. "asonaoiti (Yt 10.13); Aor. them.: INJ. 3sg.
? Y Av. sanat (14.7, Yt 14.9, G 5.5). 0 On YAv. "asonaoiti, see Klingenschmitt 1970: 72; also De Vaan
2003: 472 f.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *aua-) MMP ’ws’n- ‘to push (someone or something) off,
throw down’, BMP ’ws’n- /ösän-/ (caus.) “о throw down’ || (+ *à-) MMP xwr’s’n
‘east’, BMP hwl’s’n/xwarasan/ ‘sunrise, the East" > DMMPP: 71a, 369a
(+ *aua-) Pres.: IND. 35р. MMP ’ws’nyd, BMP "ws'nyt/osaned/, 3р1. MMP ’ws’nynd
*PARTHIAN: sn- ‘to rise, come up’, s’n- (caus.) ‘to lead up, take up’, syn- ‘to raise
up’ || (+ *аџа-) ’wsn- ‘to descend’ || (+ *a-) xwr’s’n ‘east’ || (+ *fra-) frsd- (pret.
stem) ‘to rise up’. Ф On syn- Ghilain, 1.с.: 90 comments: "un thème causatif à la
maniere sogdienne", in other words, syn- is a Sogd. borrowing ? = Ghilain: 55 f.,
71, 90 | DMMPP: 307b, 305a, 312a, 71a, 369a, 156b
Pres.: IND. 2sg. snyh, 3sg. snyd, 3pl. snynd, SUBJ. 2sg. sn’, 3sg. sn’h, IMPV. 2pl. snyd; Caus.: pres.
IND. 2sg. s’nyh, SUBJ. 15р. s’n’n, 25р. s’n’h, IMPV. 25р. syn, syn-; Partic.: perf. pass. sd, II sn’d || (+
*aua-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. ’wsnyd, 3р1. ’wsnynd
*KHOTANESE: sat- (pret. stem) ‘to rise’, safi- (caus.) ‘to raise’. 0 Khot. sat- is part of a
suppletive paradigm with (pres.) sarb-, whose origin is unknown. The pres. stem
san-, mentioned in DKS: 419, is not attested at all, on which see SVK II: 148.
= SGS: 132
*SOGDIAN: BSogd., CSogd., MSogd. sn- ‘to rise, ascend, come up’, SSogd. sn-,
CSogd. syn- (caus.) ‘to make to go up, lift up, bring up’
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. snty, MSogd. sndyy, 3pl. BSogd. sn’nt, OPT. 3sg. BSogd. sn’y,
etc.
*CHORESMIAN: m/s’ny- (caus.) ‘to pass (time), fulfil, carry out’ || (+ *aua-) ws’ny-
‘to cause to descend, let (it) go down; to let someone to stay’ || (+ *ni-) m/sn/y- ‘to
pass (away) go down, perish’. Ф According to MacKenzie (IV: 533), the
specialization of the formation m/s’ny- may perhaps suggest prefixation with *ham-.
c» Samadi: 178, 220, 183
*NWIR: (+ *a-) NP x'arasan ‘Khorasan’
*NEIR: M. san-/sanoy-, Wa. san-/sat-, Yghn. san-/säta- ‘to mount’, Yzgh. sin-/sud ‘to
rise, grow up’, (orig. caus.) Sh. sén-/sént, Rosh. sen-/sent, Bart. sön-/sönt, Yghn.
sayn- ‘to raise, lift’, Yzgh. sán-/sánt ‘to let grow’ || (+ *ham-) Oss. I. &ssonyn/
&ssyd, D. ensonun/znsud ‘to push through; to stick in’
*MISC: ? Arm. verb (med.) snanim ‘I grow up’ (< Ir. ?)
*SANSKRIT: ? sanaih “gradually, little by little’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 607
Q An IE provenance for this Ir. root cannot be established. The IE etymology
suggested by Tremblay 1996: 16 (Lat. conari ‘to attempt’, Welsh di-gawn ‘works, is
able', etc., Pokorny: 564; LIV: 353), 1s semantically not compelling, as there is no
hint of a vertical movement in these forms. It cannot be ruled out that the Arm. verb
snanim, which is usually cited as cognate with the Ir. root, is actually an Iranian LW.
332 *sand
Lubotsky, Early Contacts: 314 considers the root a borrowing from a "substrate"
language.
*PIE — => LIV: 324 | Pok.: —
*REFERENCES: TFL II: 540a; GMS: $543, 577; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 189; Andreev — PeSéereva: 318a, 320b;
EVS: 74a, 116b; EVS: 419a; Klingenschmitt 1982: 226; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 307
*sand ‘to appear, seem (good)’
*AVESTAN: Av. sand- ‘to appear, seem (good)’ — Liste: 61
Pres. aja-: IND. 15р. YAv. saóaiiemi (H 2.12), 25р. YAv. saóaiiehi (H 2.11, AZ 1), 3sg. YAv. saóaiieiti
(H, Vyt), INJ. 3sg. YAv. sadaiiat (F 522), 3р1. YAv. saióin (Yt 14.56), SUBJ. 3sg. Y Av. sadaiiät (V
2.24); Aor. s-: INJ. 2sg. OAv. sas (Y 46.19), 3sg. OAv. sas (Y 43.11), IMPV. 2pl. OAv. sastä (Y 29.1);
Caus.: IMPV. med. 25р. YAv. sondaiian‘ha (Vr 8.1)
*OLD PERSIAN: @ad- ‘to seem’ = Kent: 187b
Pres. aja-: INJ. 35р. 0adaya <0-d-y> (DNa 58, DNb 53), SUBJ. med. 35р. 0adayataiy <@d-y-a-[t]-[i]-[y]>
(DB 4.49, DSj 6), <0-d-y-a-t-i-y> (DSa 5)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP shyn ‘apparent; prominent, splendid’ || (+ *pati-) MMP
psyn-, psn-, BMP psnd- /passand-/ ‘to approve’ = DMMPP: 307a, 284a
(+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP psndyt /passanded/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP psndyt /passandid/
*PARTHIAN: ? swnd- ‘to slander’, swnd’g ‘slanderer’, swnd’dyft ‘deceptive talk’ (<
Sogd., see below) || (+ *pati-) psynd- (old caus.) ‘to take a liking to” = Ghilain: - |
DMMPP: 310b, 284b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. swndynd {hapax} || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. psyndynd {hapax}
*KHOTANESE: OKh. sad- (sai-, sei-, sas-) ‘to appear, seem’ || (+ *pati-) pasad- (pasai-,
pasas-) ‘to seem good’ => SGS: 130 f., 78
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. sy-, BSogd. sy-, CSogd. sy-, MSogd. syy- ‘to seem, appear,
show’, CSogd. syd ‘to appear, seem’, BSogd. swntk, swnt’y, CSogd. swnty ‘liar,
deceitful’, MSogd. swndyh ‘liar’ (GMS: §966) || (+ *pati-) SSogd. ptsynt, BSogd.
pts’ynt ‘to approve’, CSogd. ptsynt ‘to consent’, MSogd. ptsynd ‘to agree, be
pleased’. Ó It is difficult to separate BSogd. sy- from the root *sand- (zero grade:
*sad-), especially when the corresponding caus. formation *sandaja- is well attested
in Sogd. The apparent absence or loss of the dental needs an explanation though.
Perhaps, this is the result of a simplification which occurred after the development
of a secondary cluster *sö-. This cluster would have risen after the shift of the accent
(due to the workings of the Rhythmic Law): zero grade Plr. *sadia- > *sóiá-
(simplification of initial só- > s(s)-, with possible prothesis oss- {’s-} ?), or
(monophth.) *sóé- > se written in MSogd. as syy- (GMS: $494). Note that Sogd.
forms with initial cluster sö- or zö- (vel sim.) are not found, with the possible
exception of the borrowing zöxh ‘serpent, dragon’ (cf. MMP ’zdh’g, BMP ’cydh’k).
The coexisting form CSogd. syd (heavy stem) may have been abstracted from
prefigated formations, cf. notably (caus.) BSogd. pts’ynt ‘to approve’, CSogd. ptsynt
*sand 333
‘to consent’: * saóaja- or *-sáóaja- > (epenthesis) *saióa- > seó(a)-. || A different
solution has been advocated by Yakubovich 2002: 547 f., who suggests a connection
with Germanic (Engl. to shine, NHG scheinen), Slav. *ssjati. This is a formally
attractive suggestion, but the Sogdian forms would not by supported by other (Dr.
cognate forms though. | The Sogd. forms of swnd? are probably connected, the
meaning is due to specialisation: ‘having the appearance of good(ness)’ > ‘feigning
goodness’ > ‘duplicitous, deceitful’. On the stem vowel /-u-/ « *-a-, cf. BSogd.
Swnk ‘mussel’ < Skt. sankhä-, GMS: $113. Parthian swnd- is probably a borrowing
from Sogd.
Pres. {1}: IND. 3sg. BSogd. syt, BSogd. sy’ty, SUBJ. 2sg. BSogd. ’sy’y, OPT. 3sg. SSogd. sy’y, SSogd.
syy, 1р1. BSogd. sy’ym, IMPV. 2sg. BSogd. ву”, BSogd. sy’, CSogd. sy’; Impf.: IND. 35р. BSogd. ’sy’,
CSogd. -sy’, BSogd. syt, 3pl. BSogd. sy'nt; Partic.: pres. BSogd. sy’yn’y; Inf.: BSogd. ’sy’y, pret.
CSogd. зу” Pres. {2}: IND. 3sg. dur. CSogd. sydtq || (+ *pati-) Partic.: pres. caus. MSogd. (pl.)
“ptsyndnyt; Caus.: pres. IND. 2sg. BSogd. pts’ynt’y, 3sg. SSogd. ptsynt, 2р1. MSogd. ptsynd’skwn, impf.
IND. 3sg. BSogd. pt’ys’ynt, fut. IND. 2sg. CSogd."ptsyntyq'
*CHORESMIAN: т/ѕсу- ‘to appear’, ? 'snCY- (denomin. ?) ‘to praise’, end ‘praise’ (=
Skt. chändas- ‘song of praise’) || (+ *abi-) m/fsncy- ‘to give, make enough’ || (+
*pati-) psnd- (caus.-iter.) ‘to be content, please’. 0 The voiceless -су- instead of the
expected voiced -zy- is due to assimilation to s-. > Samadi: 161 f., 70 f., 184
*BACTRIAN: Otvdo ‘wish’, “ayt-o1vdo ‘dissatisfied’ || (+ *hu-) vo-o1vdapo,
vo-o1ıvönıo ‘pleased’ || (+ *hu-ni-) DVo-vacoıvönuo, vo-vootvóo ‘content, satisfied’ ||
(+ *hua-) xoo-ouvóoo, xo-ouvóo ‘acting willingly, acting freely in accordance with
one’s own wishes’ = S-W, Bact.: 223b, 177b, 229a
*NWIR: Zaz. 4-sayis/a-sen- ‘to appear’ || (+ *pati-) NP pasandidan/passand- ‘to
approve; cherish’, Abz. pesändowa/pesänd- ‘to agree’, Gz. pisánd-/pisánda, Ham.
pesändayän/pesänd-, Khuns. pisend-/pisendä ‘to approve’
*NEIR: Wa. sodbry-, ѕыа(ы)у-/ѕәаоуа-, sodoyd, sodoyd ‘to appear, seem’ || (+ *pati-)
Sarig. püsan-d ‘to approach, match, suit, correspond to, be equal, come up to’
*SANSKRIT: chand ‘to appear, please’ (RV+), chändas- (n.) ‘hymn of praising’,
chándu- ‘pleasant, agreeable’ = EWAia I: 528
9 This root is widely attested in Ir.
«PIE ? *(s)Kend- ‘to agree, approve; to appear, seem (to agree)’. © Cf. Hoffmann
1965: 165 ff. Note that the meaning ‘to shine’ is absent in Iranian *sand. The Khot.
form cadana- ‘shining’, with atypical c- (rather than regular tc- < Ir. *C-), is most
likely a borrowing from BSkt. = LIV: 546 | Pok.: —
*IE COGNATES: Lat. censeo ‘I approve, judge, am of the opinion’, Gr. кёкос|цол,
кекоёрёуос ‘to excel’, ? OCS sets ‘inquit. 0 Lat. censeo has -s- from ppp. (?), cf.
scandö/scänsus ‘to climb, rise’, or rather from *Kens- (s.v. *sanh) ?
334 *sanh
*REFERENCES: TFL П: 539; Abrahamian 1936: 118; EVS: 61b; WIM I: 71; WIMII/1: 81; DKS: 418b f.,
224b; Werba 1997: 185; Paul 1998: 291b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 320; Kümmel 2000: 181 ff.; Lecoq
2002: 124
*sanh ‘to declare, explain’
*AVESTAN: songh- (ѕарһ-) ‘to declare, explain’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to call names, curse’ || (+
*pati-) ‘to call up, invoke’ = Liste: 62
Pres. them.: IND. 15р. YAv. paiti.sayhämi (V 20.7), 3sg. OAv. songhaiti (Y 43.6), med. 3sg. OAv.
songhaite (Y 32.7), YAv. sanhaite (V 18.1), 1р1. OAv. songhamahi (Y 31.1), INJ. 3sg. YAv. sanhat (V
22.8, V 22.13 f£), SUBJ. 1sg. OAv. sanghani (Y 46.17), Y Av. saghani (Vyt 13), OPT. 25р. YAv. sanhöis
(V 22.7), med. 2sg. YAv. paiti.sanhaéSa (Yt 14.35); Aor. athem.: OPT. 3sg. OAv. saxiiat (Y 44.1, Y
44.9); Partic.: perf. pass. YAv. aißi.sasta- (Yt 14.34); Inf.: aor. OAv. sasté (Y 30.8, Y 46.12), ? OAv.
sazdiiai (Y 30.2, Y 51.16); Intens.: impf. IND. 3sg. ? YAv. asasat (V 19.15, V 19.35), SUBJ. 3р1. ? YAv.
sasanhan (V 2.16). 0 OAv. sazdiiai may have a different etymology, viz. from *sand.
*OLD PERSIAN: Oa" h- ‘to declare, say’. Ф According to Kuiper 1960: 159 ff., OP 0atiy
is derived from a separate root, but see also Hoffmann (apud Goto 1987: 303, fn.
721). = Kent: 188a
Pres. them. {1}: impf. IND. 1sg. аба"ћат «a-0-h-m» (DB 2.30, DB 2.50, DB 2.83, etc.), «[a]-[0]-h-m»
(DB 2.20), Zeg. a6a"ha «a-0-h» (DB 1.75, DB 2.15, DB 2.80, etc.); Pres. athem. (2): IND. 2sg. Өяһу
«0-a-h-y» (DB 4.55, DB 4.58), 3sg. Oätiy «0-a-t-i-y» (DB 1.6, DB 1.8, DB 1.11, etc.), IMPV. 2sg. ?
“@adiy (DB 4.54); Pass.: pres. IND. Ipl. 0ahyamahy «0-h-y-a-m-h-y» (DB 1.7), «0-[h]-y-a-m-h-y» (DBa
10), impf. 3sg. adahya <а-0-һ-у> (DB 1.20, DNa 20), <a-0-h-y> (DB 1.23); Inf.: 0astanaiy <0-s-t-n-i-y>
(DB 1.53)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP sxwn, ВМР shwn (MR Y?) /saxwan/ ‘word, speech’ || (+
*pati-) MMP pswx, BMP pshw /passox/, p’shw /pasox/ ‘answer’? = DMMPP: 311,
284a
*PARTHIAN: sxwn ‘word, saying, utterance’ || (+ *pati-) pswx ‘answer’ = DMMPP:
311, 284a
*KHOTANESE: samja- ‘document’
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. sywn- ‘to utter, recite’, SSogd. sxwn, BSogd. sywnw ‘word,
speech’
Inf.: BSogd. sywn’y
*NWIR: NP suxan, saxun ‘word, speech’ || (+ *pati-) NP päsux, Bal. pas(s)aw
‘answer’
*MISC: (+ *pati-) Arm. (LW) patasxani ‘answer’ (cf. Bailey 1930: 19)
*SANSKRIT: Sams ‘to praise, recite’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 599
«PIE *Kens- ‘to announce, proclaim’. > Perhaps, *Kens- (or *Kems-) is an old
ingressive s-formation of *Kem- (*sam), which would be continued by Ir. only.
c LIV: 326 | Pok.: 566
*IE COGNATES: OLat. censuere ‘to consent’, Lat. censeo ‘I vote for something,
decide, value’, Gr. к©нос (m.) ‘dionysic festival procession’
*sar | 335
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 62; Nyberg II: 153; DKS: 417b f.; Werba 1997: 239 f.; Korn 2005: 122, 139,
360
*sap ? ‘to curse, swear’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *apa-, *api- or *pati-) SSogd. "psypw w’B ‘to preach wrong’, CSogd.
psyp (m.) ‘slander’, MSogd. psyp-w’Bky’ ‘slandering’ || (+ *abi-) BSogd. ’Bs’yp ‘to
curse’ {hapax}. © Gershevitch 1977: 69 connects BSogd. Bs ypt to Av. sif- (*saif)
and translates ‘sweeps’: "krty ywn’yö 'Sk'rty rtysw ZKwyh tmyh c’örs’r ’Bs’ypt ‘and
his action forthwith chases (him) and sweeps (?) him down into hell’. The
translation is not quite convincing as sweeping is a rather odd activity to do in hell.
A connection with *sap is preferable (cf. Gharib: 20a, 300a), especially since the
formation is similar to SSogd. ’psypw, etc.
(+ *abi-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ‘Bs’ypt (Benveniste, TSP: 184)
*NEIR: (+ *ui-) ? Oss. І. seefyn/seft, D. iszefun/isavd (isafi) ‘to get lost, perish’, I.
safyn/seft, D. isafun/isavd (caus.) ‘to loose; to ruin, destroy, nullify’. 0 see also
*Hiab, s.v. Bal. šabt/šaf-.
*SANSKRIT: Sap ‘to scold, curse’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 608
9 There are no (certain) Ir. cognates of Skt. sap other than CSogd. psyp, etc., which
is suggested by Sims-Williams apud EWAia III: 566, and possibly also Oss. I.
sefyn, etc.
PIE *Kep- ‘to curse’ = LIV: 327 | Pok.: —
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /kappilalli-/ ‘to be cursed, hated’
*REFERENCES: Henning 1944: 140, fn. 3; Gershevitch 1946: 141; Gershevitch 1977: 62 ff.; Abaev,
Slovar’ III: 56 f., 10 f.; Eichner 1981: 65 f.; Werba 1997: 241; Kümmel 2000: 514 f.; Cheung 2002: 222
*sar! ‘to conceal, hide’
*AVESTAN: ? OAv. sar- ‘shelter’ (Y 41.6)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP s’rw’r ‘helmet’ (< *sära-bära-) > DMMPP: 306a
*PARTHIAN: S TW r ‘helmet? > DMMPP: 306a
*KHOTANESE: 9 Khot. saraima ‘covering’ (KT2 47,5), cited by Bailey (DKS: 395b),
does not exist: saraima is to be interpreted as sarai ma.
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. sr’kh ‘head covering’ (Livšic 1962: 183)
*NWIR: (+ prev. *?) ? Kurd. (Sor.) Särdinawa, Awrom. saray/Sar- ‘to hide [tr.]’ || (+
*ham-) ? Kurd. (Sor.) hasar ‘ambush, refuge’ (MacKenzie 1979: 526)
*NEIR: Sh. sär-/särd, Rosh. s6r-/sért, sort, Sariq. sur-/sord, Yzgh. sar-/sard ‘to creep,
steal, sneak up to, lie in ambush, spy upon’, Ishk. sur-/surd ‘to creep, slink, sneak’ ||
(+ *ni-) Wa. nisr(br)v-/nisrovd ‘to look closely, spy upon’
*SANSKRIT: särman- (n.) ‘cover, protection, shelter, refuge’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 620
«PIE *Kel- ‘to conceal, hide, cover’ = LIV: 322 f. | Pok.: 553
336 *sar2
*IE COGNATES: Lat. celare ‘to conceal from view, by disguise’, Olrish celim ‘I
conceal’, Goth. huljan ‘to cover, conceal’, OHG helan ‘to hide’, OHG helm, Engl.
helmet
*REFERENCES: MacKenzie 1966: 109; EVS: 75a; Asatrian — Livshits: 92; Werba 1997: 241 f.
*sar? ‘to stir, incite, impel’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP syr- ‘to become angry’, BMP s’lyn- /sarén-/ (sec. caus.) ‘to
provoke, instigate? > DMMPP: 312a
Partic.: perf. pass. II MMP syryd; Inf.: caus. BMP s’lynytn /sarenidan/
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *upa-) bs’ry- ‘to stir’ = Samadi: 24 f.
9 Further Ir. cognates are unknown.
«PIE *Kel- ‘to drive, impel’ = LIV: 348 | Pok.: 548
*IE COGNATES: Gr. кёЛорол ‘I drive’, ex&icanev (aor.) ‘we landed (of ship)’
(Hom.), Lat. celer ‘quick, rapid’. Ф The connection with Germanic (Goth. haldan ‘to
feed, graze’, ON halda, Engl. to hold, etc.) is declined by Seebold 1970: 249.
*sard ‘to smear, rub’
*PARTHIAN: (+ *aua-) ? wsrd ‘poured ?, Ausgeburt ?’ (Andreas — Henning 1934: 880
f.) = DMMPP: 347
*KHOTANESE: (+ *4-) e-saly- ‘to besmear’ || (+ *aua-) ? avasalaka- ‘mark by
smearing’ (LW ?) || (+ *pati-) *pasal-, LKh. pisal- ‘to besmear [tr.] = SGS: 12, 78
*NWIR: Kurd. sirin, Awrom. asariáy/-sar- ‘to wipe’
*NEIR: (+ *ui-) Oss. I. saerdyn/szerst, D. iszerdun/isarst ‘to smear, grease’
*SANSKRIT: (?) chard ‘to pour out, spit out, vomit" (VS, TA+), also sardh’ ‘to fart,
blow to’ (AVP) = EWAia I: 557; II: 620
© An IE provenance for this apparently Ur. root cannot be established.
*PIE — => LIV: 547 | Pok.: 947 ff.
*REFERENCES: MacKenzie 1966: 88; Abaev, Slovar' III: 81 £; DKS: 45b, 380a; Werba 1997: 186;
Cheung 2002: 223
*sarH! ‘to cool, become cold'
*AVESTAN: Y Av. sarota- ‘cold’ (V 1.3)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP srd'g ‘cold(ness)’, BMP sit /sard/ ‘cold’ || (+ *apa-) BMP
"psl- /afsar-/ ‘to cool down’, BMP pel /afsar-/ (caus.), BMP /afsarén-/ (sec. caus.)
‘to cool off, extinguish (fire)’, MMP ’ps’rysn ‘cooling? = DMMPP: 308b f., 50b
(+ *apa-) Pres.: IND. 3р1. BMP ’pslynd /afsarend/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP pelt caus. BMP pelt Caus.:
pres. IND. 3sg. BMP /afsarénéd/; Inf.: BMP "psitn /afsardan/
*PARTHIAN: srd ‘cold’ || (+ *ui-) wys’r- ‘to cool off (Sundermann 1997: 76, 169)
= Ghilain: 74 | DMMPP: 308b, 356b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. wys’ryd
*sarH2 337
*KHOTANESE: säda- ‘cold’
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. srt, srty ‘cold’ || (+ *apa-) MSogd. “psyr’mndyy ‘cooling,
freezing’ || (+ *ham-) BSogd. ’ns’rty ‘cold, cooled’
*CHORESMIAN: srY- ‘to become cold, freeze’, s’ry- (caus.) || (+ *apa-) ps’ry- ‘to cool
off [tr.” © Samadi: 186, 178, 161
*NWIR: NP sard, Bal. sart, Kurd. sar ‘cold’ || (+ *apa-) NP afsurdan/afsär- ‘to
congeal’
*NEIR: Oss. I. salyn/sald, D. s&lun/sald ‘to freeze’, Pash. sor, sara, Sariq. sort
‘frozen, stiff from cold’, Wa. ѕыг ‘cold’ || (+ *a- ?) Yghn. ósir-/ósér-/ósirta ‘to
freeze, chill’ || (+ *pati-) Sang, pacor-, paci-/pacug, pacüg ‘to cool, become cold’ ||
(+ *ui-) ? Oss. I. ser(d)yn/serst, D. iserdun/isard (isarst) ‘to harden, steel; to weld’,
Yghn. oser- ‘to cool’, Wa. wasar-/wasart- ‘to fade, wither [of apricot blossoms]’
*SANSKRIT: ? sisira- (m.) ‘the cool season’ (AV+) > EWAia II: 641
«PIE *KelH- ‘to freeze’. © The accent in the Baltic forms indicates the presence of a
laryngeal. = LIV: 323 | Pok.: 551f.
*IE COGNATES: Lith. šálti ‘to freeze, cool (off), become cool’, Latv. salt ‘to freeze’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 70; IFL П: 540b, 549b; Andreev — PeSéereva: 299b Ё; Fraenkel II: 960b Ё; EVS:
75b, 52b; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 64; DKS: 424a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 325, 399; NEVP: 76; Korn 2005:
189, 381 (passim)
*sarH? “to mix, unite with’
*AVESTAN: OAv. sar- ‘to mix, unite with’ — Liste: 61
MED.; Pres. them.: IND. 3pl. OAv. saranté (Y 51.3); Aor. s-: INJ. 35р. OAv. sarosta (Y 49.5); Partic.:
pres. OAv. saromna- (Y 32.2)
*PARTHIAN: sr ‘communion’ > DMMPP: 308b
*KHOTANESE: ? hissádai ‘kinsman’ (hi? < *huai-)
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ш-) ? CSogd. wsyr- ‘to mix (?), [Syrian] mzg'. © Cf. Sims-Williams
1989: 260. The passage is unclear though. In the Greek original text a finite verb is
missing, being merely implied: @oavdtas кой TO TOTHPLOV petà TO óewrfjcon ‘thus
also the cup after having eaten’. Perhaps the added Sogd. form wsyrd’rt may mean
‘he brought (nearer)', with w- reflecting pref. *aua- ?
Pret.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. wsyrd rt
*NEIR: Pash. sará (adv.) ‘together’, ? Sh. sár, Rosh. ser, Bart. sór, Sariq. sor, Yzgh.
sarag ‘heap of (threshed and winnowed) grain’, Sh. sir ‘heap of snow’, Wa. sor
‘yield of harvest’
*SANSKRIT: a-Sirta- ‘mixed (with milk)’ (RV) > EWAia I: 178
«PIE *KerH>- ‘to mix’ © LIV: 328 | Pok.: 582
*IE COGNATES: Gr. képaovvuju (aor. Exépaca) ‘I mix (together)’
*REFERENCES: EVS: 75a; DKS: 487a; Werba 1997: 321; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 313; NEVP: 75
338 *sarH3
*sarH ‘to break’
*AVESTAN: (+ neg. a-) YAv. asarota- (ppp.) ‘unbroken’ (V 19.4), YAv. sari- (m.)
‘piece, fragment’ (V 8.85)
*NWIR: (+ *aua-) NP gusil- ‘to shatter, break’. Ф The pres. stem NP gusil- is from
*yi-srHd-, with *-d- either from *said! or, perhaps preferably, it reflects a d-stem
formation. The suppletive past stem gusist- also goes back to the same root.
*SANSKRIT: Sar’ ‘to shatter, break’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 617 f.
9 Further Ir. cognates are unknown.
«PIE *KerH>- ‘to break’ = LIV: 327 f. | Pok.: 578
*IE COGNATES: Gr. KepatCw ‘I tear, destroy’, Toch. kärnau ‘disabled’
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 205
*saru ? ‘to hunt’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. sauruua- (m.) name of a daeuua (V 19.43)
*KHOTANESE: (+ *fra-) hasura-, hasura- ‘quarry, hunted beast’
*NEIR: Oss. I. suryn/syrd, D. sorun/surd, Yzgh. sard/sar- ‘to track, hunt’
*MISC: Toch. (LW) A saru, B serwe ‘hunter’
*SANSKRIT: sarvä- (m.) name of Rudra (= Siva) > EWAia II: 621
9 Pinault 2006 is shedding more light on the connection of the Tocharian form with
the (Indo-)Ir. forms, as made by Bailey, DKS, l.c. Pinault further notes that Sarva is
called ästar- ‘archer’ in some Vedic texts. The evidence for this root is limited. The
root is exclusively Ilr.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Edel’man 1971: 232 f.; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 171 f.; DKS: 474a
*saut! ‘to burn, emit flames’
*AVESTAN: saoc- ‘to burn’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to extinguish, put out’ = Liste: 63
Partic.: pres. them. YAv. saocint- (V); Caus.: pres. INJ. 3sg. OAv. saocaiiat (Y 32.14), SUBJ. 2sg. YAv.
frasaocaiiähi (V 8.75)
*OLD PERSIAN: ? "Hauc- ‘to burn’ (Werba 2006: 276 ff.) > Kent: —
Impf.: IND. 3sg. 'aauca' (A Sa)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP swc-, ВМР swc- /söz-/ ‘to burn’, (caus.) MMP swcyn-,
BMP swoyn- /sozen-/ ‘to cause to burn, set ablaze’ > DMMPP: 310a
Pres.: IND. Ipl. BMP swcym /sozem/, 35р. BMP swoyt /sozed/, 3р1. MMP swcynd, BMP swcynd
/sozend/, SUBJ. 3р1. MMP “swc nd; Partic.: pres. MMP *swe’n, MMP swcyndg, BMP swe’k /sozag/,
perf. pass. BMP swht /soxt/, caus. BMP swcynyt /sozenid/; Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. MMP swcynyd, BMP
sweynyt /sozened/; Inf.: BMP swhtn /soxtan/
*PARTHIAN: swc- ‘to burn, emit flames’ — Ghilain: 63 | DMMPP: 309b f.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. *swcyd {hapax}
*sauc | 339
*KHOTANESE: süjs- (sus-, sü-) ‘to burn [intr.]’ || (+ *apa-) pasüs- ‘to burn’, LKh.
pasüj- (caus.) ‘to light lamp)’ || (+ *аџа-) vasus- (vasus-) ‘to become pure’, OKh.
vasüj- (caus.) ‘to purify’ = SGS: 133, 78, 121
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. swy- (intr.), BSogd. swc, CSogd. swe ‘to burn, kindle’, BSogd.
swxs- (intr./inch.) ‘to burn [intr.]’ || (+ *apa-) BSogd. ’ps’wc, MSogd. pswe ‘to
purify, cleanse’, BSogd. ()pswxs-, MSogd. ’ps’wxs- (intr./inch.) ‘to be purified,
cleared’ || (+ *aua-) BSogd. ’wswxs-, SSogd. ’ws’wxs- ‘to be cleansed, become
pure’ || (+ *a-) BSogd. ’’s’wys- ‘to burn, be consumed by fire’ || (+ *pati-) BSogd.
pts’we ‘to set light, kindle’, CSogd. ptswy- (pret. stem) ‘to burn’, BSogd. ptswxs-
(intr./inch.) ‘to be lit, kindled’ || (+ *fra-) CSogd. fswc- ‘to sacrifice’ (rather *sau&?)
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. swet, dur. CSogd. swctsqwn, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. swe’tw, etc. || (+
*apa-) Pres.: SUBJ. 1sg. BSogd.1sg. ’ps’wen, IMPV. 2sg. MSogd. pswe, etc. || (+ *aua-) Pres.: IND. 3sg.
BSogd. ’ws’wxst; Impf.: IND. 350. SSogd. w’s’we; Fut.: IND. 3pl. SSogd. ’ws’wxs’nt k’m; Partic.: perf.
pass. BSogd. ’wswxtk, ’ws’xtk, etc. || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. pts'wct, OPT. 3sg. BSogd.
pts’we’y; Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ptyswe, etc. || (+ *fra-) Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd. fswytyt (pl.)
‘sacrificed’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *abi-) m/fsxs- (inch./intr.) ‘to become pure, clean’, m/fswcy-
(caus.) ‘to purify, cleanse’ > Samadi: 71 f.
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP soxtan/söz-, Kurd. (Kurm.) sotin/soZ-, (Sor.) sutan/suté-,
Bal. sutk/suc- (intr.), sotk/soc- (tr.), Anar. sote/suj-, Abz. sóta/suj-, Abyan. sótta/süj-,
Ard. süziya/süziy-, Awrom. sotáy/soc- (intr.), Fariz. -sut-/-suj- (intr.), -sujin- (tr.),
Gz. süz-/süt(ä), sot, Gil. (Rsht.) soyteen/suj- (intr.), Gur. (Kand.) sücián ((in)tr.),
Ham. sujayän (sot-)/suj-, Jow. bam-sot/-sydz-, -sud3- (intr.), Meim. bem-so:d/
be-sot- (intr.), a-sud3- (tr.), Khuns. siz-/süt ((in)tr.), Nn. sote/suj- (intr.), sot, süin-
(tr), Qohr. sóta/süj-, Sang. -süt-/suzoen- (intr.), Shamerz. -süt-am-/suz-äm-, Soi
stiht-/a-suj-, Sorkh. -sut-/süz- (intr.), Tr. söta/söj-, Varz. sote/sij- ‘to burn’, (caus.)
Ard. sünnahe/sünn-, Awrom. soénay/soén-, Gz. süzn-/süznä, Khuns. sizn-/siznà ‘to
burn [tr.], heat’, Sang. -suzeni-/suzcencen-, Shamerz. suzánám-, Sorkh. -suzán-/
suzán- ‘to burn [tr.]’ || (+ *a-) NP asugdah ‘half-burnt firewood’. 0 NP äsugdah is
from Sogd., cf. Henning 1939: 103.
*NEIR: Oss. I. suzyn/sygd, D. sozun/sugd ‘to burn; to kindle’, Yghn. suc-, soc-/sücta
‘to burn [tr.]’, Pash. sw-/swaj-, Yghn. stixs-, suxs-/süxta ‘to burn [intr.]’, Yzgh. soyd
(vraxti) ‘white (flour)’ || (+ *fra-) Oss. D. reesugd ‘beautiful, beauty’
*MISC: Par. sit(u) ‘sour’, Arm. (LW) sug ‘lament’
*SANSKRIT: Soc ‘to light, glow, burn’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 655
The IE origin of *sauc’ cannot be ascertained, perhaps it is a "Reimbildung" with
*rauc ?
*PIE — = LIV: 331 f. | Pok.: 597
*REFERENCES: КРЕТ. 141b, 246b; Ivanow 1926: 422; IIFL I: 289a; EVP: 71; КРЕП: 204; Christensen,
Contributions I: 68, 165; Christensen, Contributions II: 58, 115 f., 160; Abrahamian 1936: 120; Lambton
340 *sauc2
1938: 42a, 78a; Andreev — PeSéereva: 323b f., 324b; MacKenzie 1966: 108, 107; EVS: 72b; WIM I: 72;
Abaev, Slovar’ II: 380; WIM II/1: 82; DKS: 426b f.; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 165 ff.; Cabolov 1997: 72;
Werba 1997: 243 f.; Lecoq 2002: 122, 125, 127 (passim); Shahbakhsh: s.v. söc'-; Korn 2005: 87, 382,
384 (passim)
*sau ‘to call’
Y Av. saocaiia(-ca) ‘mockery, [BMP] ’psws’ (Vyt 37, Vyt 59, H 2.13)
*KHOTANESE: LKh. such- ‘to call, name’ = SGS: 133
*NEIR: Sh. stig (f.), Rosh. sug (f.), Bart. sug (f.), Sariq. sewg, M. sugo, Yi. süyiko
‘tale’
*MISC: Par. suy ‘word, affair’
*SANSKRIT: Süka- ‘parrot? (RV+) EWAia П: 644
© On the Iranian expression for ‘to swear, take an oath’, as in Sogd. swk’nt xwr-,
MMP swgnd xwrdn, NP saugand xurdan, Kurd. sont xarin, etc., see Schwartz 1989:
293 ff.
«PIE *Keuk- ‘to call, cry’? = LIV: 332 | Pok.: 536
*IE COGNATES: Lith. Saükti, Latv. saukt ‘to call’, Toch. B sausäm ‘calls’
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 287a; IIFL II: 246a; EVS: 72b; DKS: 426b.
*sauH! ‘to rub, wear, whet’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP s'd- /say-/ ‘to rub, wear, tire, tear’ || (+ *ham-) MMP hswd
(ppp.) ‘whetted’ (Henning 1947: 45) = DMMPP: 186a
Inf.: BMP swtn /südan/
*PARTHIAN: s’w- ‘to crush" > DMMPP: 306a
Pres.: SUBJ. 150. s’w’n {hapax}
*KHOTANESE: LKh. sauy- ‘to rub’ = SGS: 134
*SOGDIAN: (+ *apa-) BSogd. ps’w- ‘to touch’ {hapax}
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ps’wt
*CHORESMIAN: sw(y)- ‘to clean (the nose)’ || (+ *apa-) Bs’w- ‘to rub off, polish’ || (+
*pati-) ps’w- to grind’ || (+ *fra-) m/rs’w- ‘to rub, smooth’. © With regard to Chor.
sw(y)- ‘to clean (the nose), Samadi (ibid.) cites Skt. svas- ‘to pant, wheeze’, which
is semantically not compelling. The Chor. form may rather derive from a med. stem
*suHia- of the root *sauH. — Samadi: 187, 25, 161, 172
*NWIR: NP sudan/say- ‘to rub, wear, tear’, Kurd. (Kurm.) sö-, su-/sutin, (Sor.) su-,
Awrom. sawa ‘to rub’, Zaz. sawitis/sawen- ‘to smear, rub’, Nn. sawnäye/sawn- ‘to
grind’
*NEIR: Pash. sulédal ‘to be ground, grated’ (+ *-d-), Sh. (Baj.) säw-/säwd, Rosh.
sew-/sewt, Bart. stw-/stwd, Yzgh. saw-/sed, (with redupl.) Sariq. sasew-/sasewd, (?)
Yi. sa-/sovd-, M. söw- ‘to rub, smear, grind’, ? Wa. sbIX-/soXt- ‘to smear, rub’ (with
sec. -X- ?)
*sad 341
*MISC: Orm. say- ‘to rub’ = say-/sayok
*SANSKRIT: 5а ‘to sharpen, whet > EWAia II: 627
Ó The root *sauH' either reflects a rare ua-stem of *saH (similar to *fiHu, Kellens
1984: 162) or, more likely, may have been the result of contamination with
semantically similar roots: *dauH and *skauH.
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 245, 541b; EVS: 75b ff.; DKS: 429a f.; Paul 1998: 312b; Cabolov 1997: 72; Lecoq
2002: 132; Kiefer 2003: 206
*sauH ‘to bulge, swell up, increase’
*AVESTAN: su- (sáuu-) ‘to bulge, swell up, increase’ = Liste: 63
Fut.: IND. 3sg. YAv. “saoSiiat® (A 4.6); Partic.: pres. pass. YAv. suiiamna- (Y 55.3, Y 70.4, V 4.2, intens.
YAv. süsouuista- (Aog 19), fut. saosiiant-; Inf: OAv. süidiiai (Y 44.2, Y 49.3); Caus.: pres. INJ. 2sg.
OAv. sauuaiiö (Y 51.9), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. sauuaiiat (Yt 13.129)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP swd, swwd, BMP swt /sud/ ‘profit, use, advantage’
=> DMMPP: 310a
*KHOTANESE: (+ *fra-) LKh. hasv- ‘to swell’ 2 SGS: 151
*BACTRIAN: 0000 ‘plenty’ {hapax} = S-W, Bact.: 224
*NWIR: Bal. sit", si0/si- ‘to swell’, NP süd ‘ gain, profit’
*NEIR: Oss. І. sy-var, D. su-var ‘uterus’ || (+ *fra-) Oss. I. resyjyn/resyd, D.
reesujun/resud ‘to swell’
*MISC: (+ *fra-) Orm. Susuk, sras-"ek ‘to swell’
*SANSKRIT: sav’ ‘to swell, to become strong, to increase, to prosper’ (RV+)
= EWAia II: 623
«PIE *KeuH;- ‘to bulge, swell up’ = LIV: 339 f. | Pok.: 592 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. коёо ‘I am pregnant’, Gr. к®но‹ (n.) ‘wave’, Lat. cavus ‘hollow’,
in-ciéns ‘pregnant’, MWelsh cyw (m.) ‘young animal’, OE Aun (m.) ‘young one’.
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 409b; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 380 f.; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 213 f.; DKS: 476; Werba 1997:
320; Shahbakhsh: s.v. si-; Korn 2005: 91, 314, 385
*säd ‘to cover, protect, shield’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. saóaiianti- (f. ?) ‘long trousers ?’ (N 95)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ВМР c'twl /čādur ‘sheet, veil’ (< late Skt.) || (+ *4-) BMP ’s’dk
/asayag/ ‘shelter’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *а-) CSogd. ’s’dty ‘shielded, protected’ || (+ *pati-) SSogd. pts’6(°)
‘shield’, CSogd. pts’6 ‘shield’ (Schwartz 1967: 141 f.)
*NWIR: NP cadur ‘veil’ (< late Skt.)
*NEIR: (+ *4-) Oss. I. asadyn/aseest, D. asadun/asast ‘to become clouded; to cover the
seeds of the land before sowing; to plant (beans, peas)’ || (+ *upa-) ? Pash. psunai
‘ambush’ || (+ *pati-) ? Pash. psöl (m.), psald (obl.) ‘ornament, gold or silver
jewelry’
342 *séand (*skand)
*SANSKRIT: chad ‘to cover, to conceal’ (RV+), chattra (n.) ‘parasol’ (Br.+)
= EWAia I: 554
© The root is exclusively Ir. with no certain IE cognates. The often cited
comparison to the isolated form OE heteru ‘clothes’ can hardly be used for
etymological purposes.
*PIE — => LIV: 546 | Pok.: 919
*REFERENCES: EVP: 60; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 76; Werba 1997: 185; Lubotsky 2001: 40; NEVP: 66
*stand (*skand) ‘to break, cleave’
*AVESTAN: YAv. scind- (scand-) ‘to break, cleave’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to break up’ || (+
*fra-) ‘to break off = Liste: 63
Partic.: pres. caus. YAv. frascindaiiant- (Yt 13.33); Caus.: pres. IND. 25р. YAv. scindatiehi (Yt 10.76),
3sg. YAv. scindatieiti (Yt 10.28, Yt 14.62), YAv. scandaiieiti (Yt 10.36), 3р1. YAv. scindaiieinti (Yt
10.42, Yt 13.39), YAv. scandaiieinti (Yt 13.31), INJ. 3sg. YAv. scindaiiat (F 508), OPT. 3sg. YAv.
upascindaiiöit (FrA 8), IMPV. 2sg. YAv. scindaiia (Yt 10.76), med. 2pl. YAv. scindaiiaößom (Yt 1.27)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ‘Skn-, BMP skyn- (TBLWN-) /sken-/ ‘to break’ || (+ *fra-)
BMP plsn- /frasinn-/ ‘to break’ || (+ *ш-) BMP wsyn- /wisin(n)-/ ‘to break, split’
c DMMPP: 92a
Pres.: IND. 2sg. BMP skyny /Skenné/, 35р. MMP 'sknyd; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP skst /skast/, Skstk
/Skastag/; Inf.: MMP ‘skstn, BMP skstn /Skastan/
*KHOTANESE: (+ *aua-) gatcas- (vatcas-) ‘to break’ || (+ *fra-) hatcafi- ‘to break’,
(intr./pass.) LKh. hatcy- ‘to be broken’ || (+ *ni-) OKh. nitcas- ‘to break up’ || (+
*ui-) LKh. bitcafi- ‘to break up’ = SGS: 28, 145, 53, 96
*SOGDIAN: (+ *apa-) CSogd. р$у.шуї (m. pl. obl.) “pieces, parts’ (Sims-Williams
1985: 59) || (+ *fra-) ? BSogd. ’bskstw, ’b5kstw
*NWIR: NP Sikastan/Sikan-, Kurd. (Kurm.) Skastin/ske- (intr.), skénandin/skén- (tr.),
(Sor.) Sikan/siké (intr.), Sikandin/sikén- (tr.), Zaz. Sikiyayıs/siken- (intr.), siknayis/
Siknen- (tr.), Gil. (Rsht.) iskänen/iskän- (tr.), Tt. (Ram.) -Skenj/skast (-j < ?), Semn.
äskätä ‘to break’, Siv. (e)&ken-/eskend ‘to destroy, break up’, Sang. -Skat-, Shamerz.
-askast-, -askced-, Sorkh. aeskát-, -Skat-, Lasg. b-ceskat- ‘to break up’, (intr.) iskia
‘broke’, Siv. eskän ‘water distribution-place’. 0 On Bal. sist/sind- see *said!.
*NEIR: Oss. I. seddyn/sast, D. seddun/sast (with unexpl. -dd-), ? Ishk. skond-/skost,
? Sh. Xicand-/Xiciyd ‘to cut (off)’, Yi. skod-/skost, M. skód-/skíst-, ‘to cut with an
axe or a knife’, Wa. skad-. Skoó-/Skon- ‘to break (into pieces); to cleave, cut’,
Skand(s1)v-/Skatovd-, $kondovd- (caus.) ‘to break (into pieces), Oss. sendeg
‘crumb’ || (+ *apa-) ? Sh. bixcünd ‘splitter, chip, potsherd’ || (+ *fra-) Ishk. fersend-/
forspst- ‘to be torn apart’ || (+ *ham-) Oss. І. essendyn/zss&st, D. ensendun/
znsast ‘to break (into pieces); to trample, oppress’
*SANSKRIT: ? skandhá- (m.) ‘shoulderbone’ (AV+) = EWAia П: 750
*siazd 343
9 Although the (Dir. root is probably of IE origin, the precise provenance is difficult
to determine. Ф Perhaps, the (Dir. root is a "blend" of *(s)ke(n)dH>- ‘to shatter,
scatter’ (Gr. oxtSvyp1, aor. ёскёдоо(с)о ‘I scatter, strew’, ete., IEW: 929 Ё; LIV:
550) and *(s)keid- ‘to split, tear’ (Ir. *said')? Also within some IE forms ?
«PIE? = LIV: 547 | Pok.: 920
*IE COGNATES: Lat. scindö/scidi ‘I tear, rip (off), split’, Lith. skindü (skisti) ‘I pluck,
pick; to cut, fell’
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 207b; Christensen, Contributions I: 69; Christensen, Contributions II: 59, 116, 160;
IIFL II: 246b, 538a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 188 f.; Yarshater 1969: 182; EVS: 21b, 100b; Abaev, Slovar’ II:
53 ff., 69; DKS: 78b, 449a f.; Blau 1980: 231; WIM III: 104, 312; Omar 1992: 607b; Cabolov 1997: 75;
Werba 1997: 258; Paul 1998: 314a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 346; Korn 2005: 79 fn. 25, 383
*sinj ? ‘to make a certain noise’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *abi-, *ui-) LKh. *bisimj- (bisaij-) ‘to make a noise’ = SGS: 99
*SANSKRIT: Sifij ‘to twang, to tingle (by string), to упт” (RV+) = EWAia П: 635
[A ec
*REFERENCES: DKS: 293a; Werba 1997: 472
*siazd ‘to distance from, repel, oppress’
*AVESTAN: silazd- ‘to distance from, chase away’ = Liste: 63
Aor. athem.: INJ. 2/3sg. ? OAv. siias (Y 32.16), SUBJ. 35р. OAv. siiazdat (Y 34.9), 2р1. IMPV. OAv.
®siiözdüm (Y 48.7); Partic.: pres. ja- YAv. siZdant- (Yt 19.84), med. OAv. siZdiiamna- (Y 32.4). 0 The
paradigm is according to Lubotsky 2004: 327. On Y Av. frasiiazj- etc. see s.v. *saif.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? BMP szd /sizd/ or /sézd/ ‘might, tyranny’, MMP "syzdyn, BMP
szdyn /sizdén/ or /sézdén/ ‘mighty’ (Nyberg II: 176b) = DMMPP: 312b f.
*PARTHIAN: ? syzd ‘might, powerful; might, tyranny’, syzdyft, syzdyft ‘might,
power’, syzdyn, syzdyyn ‘mighty, tyrannous’ > DMMPP: 312b f.
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *apa-) bšZy- ‘to avoid, dislike’ (Schwartz apud Henning —
MacKenzie: 33) = Samadi: 28
*SANSKRIT: sedh ‘to chase, keep, drive away’. Š The equation of Av. siiazd with
sedh was made by Humbach II: 111. The phonological underpinning of this
comparison is given by Lubotsky, 1.с.: 328: Ir. *éiazd’ > IA *syazdh > *siazdh
(sibilant assimilation) > *syedh (loss of *-z- with compensatory lengthening) > sedh
(loss of -y-, cf. sütra- ‘thread’ < *syütra-). = EWAia II: 745
9 A new IE etymology for (notably) Av. siiazd- is proposed by Lubotsky, l.c. 329 f.,
who connects Av. siiazd- / Skt. sedh to Lat. cedo.
«PIE *Kiesd- ‘to yield, avoid’ ? => LIV: — | Pok.: 887
*IE COGNATES: Lat. cedo ‘I yield, give ground, concede’
*REFERENCES: Kellens 1984: 123, n. 18; Lubotsky 2004: 323 ff.
344 *skamb
*skamb ‘to support, use as support’
*AVESTAN: (+ *fra-) YAv. frascinb- ‘to support’ = Liste: 63
Partic.: perf. pass. YAv. frascimbana- (V 18.74); Caus.: pres. OPT. 3sg. YAv. frascinbaiiöit (V 18.74)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *pati-) MMP *pdyskmb’n ‘rooms’ > DMMPP: 273b
*KHOTANESE: skim- ‘to create’ || (+ *pari-) LKh. paltcimph- ‘to check’ || (+ *fra-)
haskim- (haskau-) ‘to make’ || (+ *nis-) LKh. *naltcimph- (nitciph-) ‘to remove’
= SGS: 128, 76, 150, 49
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. sk’np, BSogd. ’Sk’np ‘world’ || (+ *pati-) BSogd. ptsknpy ‘porch,
eaves’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *para-à-) pr’Skm- to rob; to deceive’ = Samadi: 150
*NWIR: (+ *pati-) NP paskam ‘court, vestibule’, Yzd. (Zor.) paskam ‘portico’ || (+
*ш-) Kurd. (Kurm.) biskavtin/biskév-, (Sor.) piskiwin/piskiw- ‘to take out, loosen
[thread]; open [of flowerbuds]’
*NEIR: Pash. skam ‘tent-pole’, ? Yi. Skob-/Skaboy ‘to lift up, raise’ (Zarubin) || (+
*а-) Pash. acawul ‘to throw’ = ácaw-, (Wan.) ac-, (Waz.) wocaw- ‘to throw, fasten,
put, build’ || (+ *pati-) Pash. pecumai ‘acclivity’ || (+ *ui-) Sh. wixkamb-/wixküvd,
Rosh. Xikamb-/Xikavd, Ishk. uskomb-/uskovd ‘to sort, tease wool with the hands’,
Sh. wixkimc ‘working the wool for preparing a warp of threads’, Rosh. Xikimc ‘a
handful of teased wool or cotton’. Ф The ‘tease’ forms have been connected by
Morgenstierne (EVS, І.с.) to OCS skubati ‘to pluck, tear, pull out’, OCz. vlasy skusti
‘to tear out the hair’.
*MISC: (+ *pati-) Arm. (LW) patsgam ‘portico’
*SANSKRIT: skambh ‘to support, prop’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 750
9 This Ilr. root has no certain IE (verbal) correspondences. Only the rather isolated
noun, Lat. scamnum ‘stool, bench [for the feet]’, is cited as cognate in LIV: l.c.
«PIE? c LIV: 549 f. | Pok.: 916
*REFERENCES: EVP: 9; IIFL II: 251a; EVS: 94b f.; DKS: 413b; Werba 1997: 325 f.; Cabolov 2001: 192
f.; Vahman – Asatrian 2002: 25; МЕУР: 73, 7
*skap/f ‘to split, make a crack, crack’
*AVESTAN: ? Y Av. skapta- ВМР] skpt’ (F 521)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ‘skfs- (inch.) ‘to split up [intr.]’, MMP “К°, BMP sk’p-
/skäf-/ (pret. stem) ‘to split, cleave’, BMP škpt /Skaft/ ‘violent, terrible’ || (+ *ui-) ?
BMP wskpt- /wiskaft-/ (pret. stem) “о crook, pervert, corrupt? => DMMPP: 92a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP Skfsynd; Partic.: perf. pass. caus. MMP ‘sk’ft, BMP Sk’pt /škaft/ || (+ *ui-) Partic.:
perf. pass. BMP wskpt /wiskaft/
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) MSogd. pskfs (inch./inch.) ‘to be split, split off’, CSogd. pcq’f
(caus. ?) ‘to strike, pierce, wound’ (Sims-Williams 1985: 106 ad 54V.18)
Impf.: IND. 35р. CSogd. ptySq’f Inch.: pres. IND. 3sg. MSogd. pskfstyy (BBB: 50)
*CHORESMIAN: ? m/skf- ‘to despise, humiliate’ — Samadi: 180
*skar 345
*NWIR: NP sikaftan/Sikaf- ‘to be cleft’, sikaft (old ppp.) ‘cave, grotto; crooked’, sikaf
‘crack, split, fissure’, NP sikaftan/sikaf- (caus.), Gz. öskö-, o§g0-, eskö-/öskuft, Gil.
(Rsht.) va-Skafte/va-skafe, Jow. bam-efkoft/a-fkof-, Khuns. iskaf-/iskaft ‘to split,
break, tear’, Qohr. Sekaf ‘crack, split’ (< NP)
*NEIR: Pash. Cäwul ‘to split, break up’, Yghn. sikufta/sikuf- ‘to split, cut (ice)’, Sh.
xicifUxicaf-, Rosh. xXiceft/xXicaf-, Orosh. xXicoft/Xicaf- ‘to burst, crack, break’, Sh.
Xicaft, XCoft/Xicáf- (caus.) ‘to slit, crack’, Pash. Cäwd (m.) ‘split, crack, fissure’,
Yzgh. Xokaftá ‘a slap’, Wa. skop ‘neutered, castrated, emasculated (of cattle)’
© The nominal forms, NP Кат, Bal. šikam (< NP), uskumag (< NP ?) ‘belly’,
Chor. šknbyk ‘entrails’, etc. may derive from this root too, cf. NP sikaft.
*PIE *skep- ‘to cut, split (with a sharp tool), make a crack’ = LIV: 555 | Pok.: 930ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. сколто ‘I dig, hack’, OCS skopiti ‘to cut up’, Lith. skopiü
(sköpti) ‘I hollow (with a knife)’, skapsné ‘piece of cloth’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 20; Christensen, Contributions I: 69; IIFL II: 542a; Lambton 1938: 78a; Andreev —
PeSéereva: 326b; Klingenschmitt 1968: 158 Ё; EVS: 100b; WIM I: 69; WIM 11/1: 80; Steblin-Kamenskij
1999: 331; Lecoq 2002: 654b
*skar ‘to pursue, drive, look for (the cattle)’
*AVESTAN: ? Y Av. skar- ‘to pursue (?)'. 0 The meaning of the Av. compound YAv.
skärailat.radahe (Yt 13.108), which seems to be a personal name, is unclear. Szeme-
rényi 1970: 513 translates it as “he who speeds his chariot’. Alternatively, it can also
be translated as ‘qui fait rouler son char’ (Kellens 1984: 144), which would have no
further (DIr. correspondences. = Liste: 63
Partic.: pres. caus. Y Av. skaraiiat- ‘pursuing ?’ (Yt 13.108)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ВМР SkIk /Skarag/ ‘(bird of) prey’ || (+ *ui-) ВМР wskl /wiskar/
“hunting-ground, wilderness’
*PARTHIAN: ‘Skr- ‘to hunt, chase’ = Ghilain: 58 | DMMPP: 92a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. * ‘Skryd, 3pl. ‘Skrynd; Partic.: perf. pass. “га
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. (")skr-, BSogd. ’sk’r-, BSogd. sk’r-, CSogd. Sqr-, MSogd. škr- ‘to
lead, take; pursue, persecute’ || (+ *apa- or *upa- or *pati-) BSogd. "pskr- ‘to chase’,
(pass.) MSogd. pskyr- ‘to be chased’, CSogd. psk’r (m.) ‘persecution’ (C2 68V.13) ||
(+ *fra-) BSogd. ’Bskr-, CSogd. fSqr-, MSogd. fSkr- ‘to expel, drive out’ || (+ *ham-)
BSogd. ’nskr- ‘to collect, gather’
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. dur. BSogd. "Skr^m ’skwn, 2sg. BSogd. ’skr’y, 3sg. SSogd. ’Sk’rt, etc. ||
(+ *apa- or *upa- or *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3р1. BSogd. ’pskr’nt, ОРТ. 3sg. CSogd. pSqry; Partic.: perf. pass.
CSogd. psqrtyt (pl.) ‘persecuted’; Pass.: pres. IND. 35р. MSogd. “pskyrtyy || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 3sg.
BSogd. ’Bskrt, Impf.: IND. 3р1. CSogd. fSqrnt || (+ *ham-) Pret.: intr. IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’nsk’rt, Partic.:
perf. pass. BSogd. ’nskrtk, BSogd. ’nskrt’y, BSogd. ’nskrt, Inf.: BSogd. рг... ’nskr’y, Pass.: pperf. intr.
IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’nskrt’y wm’t ‘had been collected’
*BACTRIAN: ор(о)кор-, ғркор- ‘to pursue, chase (off)! = S-W, Bact.: 184b
346 *skard
*NWIR: NP 3ikar ‘hunt’ (LW ?, < Sogd. ?) || (+ *ui-) NP bisgar(d) ‘hunter, fowler;
place for hunting; chase; game’
*NEIR: Oss. I. sk’zryr/sk’zrd, D. (&)sk’zrun/(&)sk’ard ‘to chase (animals)’, (caus.)
І. skaryn/skerst, D. skarun/skarst ‘to explore, look around, seek; to grope one’s
way’, Sh. (Baj.) Xikar-/Xiküd, Rosh. Xikar-/Xiküg, Sariq. Xiker-/Xikawg, Yzgh.
Xokor-/Xokord ‘to seek, search for’ (< LW ?, cf. EVS: 102a), Ishk. skarr-/skul ‘to
seek’, Wa. Skar-/Skard- ‘to mate [of animals]’, Wa. Skur(g)-/Skurd ‘to seek’, Yi.
Skör-/skär-, M. skör-/skar- ‘to send (a thing)’, ? Pash. skärol ‘to incite (against) || (+
*upa-) ? Sh. bixsar-/bixcud ‘to ladle, scoop up (grain, fluid)’ || (+ *pati-) (?) Sariq.
paxéor-/paxcig, paxcug ‘to fill with water, grain (into receptacles from a store)’
9 This root is exclusively Ir.; no reliable IE cognates can be cited.
*PIE— > LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 251, 413; CDIAL, no. 13645; MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 80, 92; EVS: 21b, 64b, 102a;
Abaev, Slovar’ III: 117 f., 122; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 344 f.
*skard ‘to pierce (through)’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *аџа-) vaskala- ‘section, chapter’ || (+ *pati-) LKh. päskal-
(päskäl-) ‘to analyse’ || (+ *fra-) haskala- ‘section, part’ || (+ *ni-) LKh. niskal- ‘to
expound’ = SGS: 83, 57
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. -Skrö’k ‘piercer’ (in synkt-Skrö’k ‘mynah bird’, SCE: 70, 18 ad
321) || (+ *pati-) ? BSogd. ptskrö (TSP: 153 ad 21.11.14, context unclear) || (+ *ui-)
BSogd. wyskyrö, CSogd. wySqyst/wysqyrd ‘to strike, beat; to nail, knock in, set up,
pitch (a tent)’ (Sims-Williams 1985: 74 ad 22), BSogd. wsk’ré ‘nail’ (SCE: 74, 14
ad 247)
(+ *ui-) Pres.: OPT. 3sg. CSogd. "wsqyrdy; Impf.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. wysgyrdnt, Partic.: perf. pass.
CSogd. wysqysty, CSogd. wysqysc (f.) ‘fixed, set up’; Inf.: BSogd. ZKw xrwy wyskyro ‘to break up live
coals’
*NWIR: (+ *ni-) ? NP nisgirdah ‘cobbler’s knife’ (-rd- < ?) || (+ *ui-) ? NP biskalid
“һе made a fissure with his fingertips or (finger-) nails’, biskal(ah) ‘a wooden key’
(Schwartz 1971: 414b)
© The evidence for Ir. *skard is (mainly) confined to Khot. and Sogd.
*PIE *skerd"- ‘to pierce, cut? > LIV: 558 | Pok.: 545, 923 f., 940 f.
*IE COGNATES: Olrish sceirtid ‘shaves, scratches off’, Lith. skerdZiü (skefsti) ‘I
slaughter (pigs), abstechen’, Latv. Skerzu (skörst) ‘to split, hack, cut up’, Russ.
oskörd ‘large axe’
*REFERENCES: Fraenkel II: 803; DKS: 379, 414a, 472b, 187a
*skarf ‘to stumble’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ‘Skrw-, BMP sklw- /Skarw-/ ‘to stumble, to stagger’
c DMMPP: 92a
*skauH 347
Pres.: IND. 1sg. MMP ‘Skrwym; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP ‘skrwst, П MMP ‘skrwyst, ‘Sqrwyst, BMP
Skrwyst /Skarwist/; Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. MMP ‘skrwynynd
*PARTHIAN: ‘skrfysn ‘stumbling’? = DMMPP: 86a
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. "skrwp ‘stumbling (?), trouble (?)’ {hapax}
*NWIR: NP sikarfidan ‘to stumble’
*SANSKRIT: skhal ‘to stumble, stammer’ (Br.+) > EWAia II: 751
© The Ir. cognates of Skt. skhal have a labial increment, which may have been
imported from *kap/f'.
«PIE *(s)g""Hbel- ‘to stumble’ > LIV: 543 f. | Pok.: 929
*IE COGNATES: Gr. o@aAAopat “I fall, to stumble, be mistaken’, Arm. sxalel ‘to
stumble, fail, become crippled’
*REFERENCES: MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 80; Werba 1997: 383
*skauH ‘to poke, touch; to earmark, ? to cover’
*KHOTANESE: OKh. skau- (sko-, sku-), Khot. skauy- (sku-), Khot. *skav- (skü-/skv-)
‘to touch, play an instrument’ || (+ *abi- ?) buskuta- ‘burst? © SGS: 134, 128
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ni-) ? BSogd. nsk’w, CSogd. nysq’w, MSogd. nysk’w ‘to remove,
bring out, take out’
Pres.: IND. 3pl. BSogd. nsk’wnt, OPT. 1pl. CSogd. nySq’wym, CSogd. nySqwym, IMPV. 25р. CSogd.
nyšq `w; Impf.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. nyšq w, 3р1. CSogd. nysSq’wnt, Pret.: tr. 25р. CSogd. nysSqwyd ry, 3sg.
CSogd. nysqwyd'rt; Fut.: IND. 1sg. CSogd. nysq’wmq’, CSogd. nySqwmq’
*CHORESMIAN: k’w- ‘to scratch, rub’; m/kw- ‘to pluck’ || (+ *pari-) prk’w- ‘to curry’
|| m/sksy- (pass./intr.) ‘to be split, slit’ || (+ *fra-) m/skwnd- (tr.) ‘to earmark’. ç The
Chor. forms were considered to have an unclear etymology, cf. Samadi, Le: 99,
despite the apparently precise Pamir correspondences. In view of the meanings
displayed by these forms, a connection with *skauH can hardly be doubted: *kauH
would then be the s-less variant. The sibilant may have been re-interpreted as prefix
*us- and removed accordingly ? || Chor. m/Skwnd- ‘to earmark’ has a peculiar,
probably secondarily arisen, -d-, cf. Sh. sikund ("with secondary -nd", EVS: 73b).
c» Samadi: 99, 105, 153, 192, 194
*NEIR: Oss. I. sk’,ynyn/sk’,yd, D. (&)sk’unun/(z)sk’ud ‘to vomit; to tear up; to
destroy’, (old pass.) I. sk’,yjyn/sk’.yd, D. (&)sk’ujun/(z)sk’ud ‘to vomit; to be torn
up, to be transferred, in transition, wither away, disappear’, I. sk’awyn/sk’awd, D.
(z)skawun/(z)sk’awd ‘to pluck; to comb’, I. sqawyn/sqawd, D. (&)sgawun/
(z)sgawd (old caus.) ‘to peck; to chip; to pull at; to wipe (eyes)’, Pash. sköy- ‘to
scrape, scratch, rub; [lex.] to shear’, ? Pash. skastol/skal-, skustal/skul- ‘to shear,
clip’, Sh. sikünd ‘pitch-fork’, || Yi. &ü-/£üvd-, M. jüv-/juvd, ўйу-/ўйуа- ‘to pick’, Sh.
cäw-t, Rosh. céw-t, Bart. Cäw-t/Eüd, Sariq. čew-/čid ‘to comb, scratch’, Ishk. kow-
‘to pick, cleanse’, Sh. kowun-t ‘to pick’, Yzgh. Kaw (in yuk waóok mún Kaw kya ‘I
348 *snaH
have sewn this doll’) (with analogically removed *s- ?, see above) || (+ *ui- ?)
wiskund ‘wooden hay-fork’, Rosh. (f.) sikun 'pitch-fork'
*SANSKRIT: skav ‘to poke, tear up; to earmark; to cover’ (AV+) > EWAia II: 751
«PIE *skeu(H;)- ‘to poke, mark? = LIV: 561 | Pok.: 954
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /iskuna(hh)-/ ‘to mark, designate’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 67; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 126 f., 120 f.; EVS: 73b; DKS: 430a f.; Werba 1997: 258;
NEVP: 74
*snaH ‘to wash, swim’
*AVESTAN: YAv. snä- ‘to wash, rinse’ || (+ *a-) ‘to wash’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to wash off ||
(+ *us-) ‘to wash out, off — Liste: 65
Caus.: pres. SUBJ. 159. YAv. frasnaiieni (Vyt 49, V 21.6 f., V 21.10 f., etc.), 3sg. ҮАУ. a.snaiiat (N 75),
med. 3sg. YAv. frasnaiiaite (Vd 4), med. 3pl. YAv. frasnaiiante (V 8.11 ff.), OPT. 3sg. YAv. frasnaiiöit
(V 19.22), med. 3sg. YAv. us ѕпайаёіа (V 5.54 f£), 3р1. ?? Y Av. frasnaóaiion (V 7.13 ff., V 7.74 ff., 8.40,
etc.), med. 3pl. ҮАУ. frasnaiiaiianta (Yt 10.122), IMPV. med. 2sg. YAv. ба snaiiag'ha (V 18.19); Partic.:
perf. pass. YAv. snäta- (F 524), YAv. frasnäta- (V 8.40)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ‘sn’z- ‘to wash, ? to swim’, ВМР sn’c- /snaz-/ ‘to swim’ ||
(+ *a-) MMP ’’sn’y- ‘to bathe, wash; to cleanse, purify’ > DMMPP: 93b, 5a
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. MMP ‘sn’z’d; Partic.: pres. MMP ‘sn’z’g || (+ *4-) Pres.: SUBJ. 35р. MMP "sn'y'd
*KHOTANESE: ysänäh- ‘to wash’, ysänäj- (caus.) ‘to bathe’ || (+ *fra-) Khot. haysñ-
‘to bathe’ — SGS: 113, 148
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. sn’y ‘to wash, bathe’, CSogd. sn’y ‘to wash, cleanse’
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 35р. sn’yt, BSogd. sn’’yt, 3р1. CSogd. sn’ynt, SUBJ. 2sg. BSogd. sn’y’, 35р.
BSogd. sn’y’’t, OPT. 3pl. CSogd. sn’y.nt, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: ’sn’- * {о wash (ritually)’, C)sn’d ‘the washing’ = Samadi: 184
*NWIR: NP sind ‘swimming’ || (+ *а-) Zaz. azne ‘swimming’ || (+ *us-) NP usnan
‘washing herb’, Bal. uZnag, (h)uZnag ‘bathing’
*NEIR: Oss. I. najyn/nad ‘to bathe’, D. najun/nad ‘to cross over in a raft, sail on a
boat’, Yi. zanäy-/zonai-, M. zonai- ‘to wash, bathe’, Sangl. zoné-, Sh. (Baj.) zini(y)-/
zinod, Rosh. zinay-/zinüd, Sang, z(i)ngy-/z(i)nud, Yzgh. zonay-/zoned ‘to wash’,
Yghn. sinóy-/Sinóyta ‘to wash’, ? Oss. I. exsyn/exsad, D. exsnun/eksnad ‘to wash
(off) (contamination ?) || (+ *apa-, *abi- ?) Oss. І. zfsnajyn/efsnad, D. zfsnajun/
zfsnad ‘to clean up’ || (+ *aua-, *a- ?) Wa. weizd(s1)y-/wozdoyt-, wozdoyd- ‘to
wash (off)’, Yi. wüzd-/wüzd-, M. üzd-/üzd- ‘to wash (hands and clothes)’ || (+ *ui-)
Oss. I. naj, D. inajz ‘threshing’
*MISC: Par. suni-/suna ‘to wash’
*SANSKRIT: ѕпа ‘to bathe, to wash’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 769
«PIE *(s)neH>- ‘to wash, swim’ = LIV: 572 f. | Pok.: 971 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. nare ‘to swim’, Lat. natare ‘to swim, to drip’, Olrish snaid, -snä
‘swims’, Toch. B näsk- ‘to bathe’, Olrish snam ‘the swimming’
*sna0H 349
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 288a; IFL II: 276a, 551a, 264b Ё; Andreev — Реёќегеуа: 321b f.; EVS: 108b;
Abaev, Slovar’ II: 152, 150; Abaev, Slovar' I: 111 f.; DKS: 351a, 466b; Werba 1997: 328 f.; Abaev, Slo-
var’ IV: 239 f.; Paul 1998: 291b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 404; Cheung 2002: 157; Korn 2005: 178, 348
*snaij ‘to snow’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. ѕпаё2- ‘to snow’. 0 On *ji> Av. Z see Martínez 1999: 127 ff., who
is unwilling though to consider snaeZ- as a ja-pres. stem (p. 130) on account of the
full grade -aé-. Perhaps, the Av. sna&Z- is a blend of a them. stem *sna&ja- and
Ja-stem *sniZa- (= Skt. snihya-) ? = Liste: 65
Pres. them.: IND. med. 3pl. YAv. snaeZintae? (Yt 5.120), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. snaézat (V 2.22); Partic.: pres.
YAv. snaéZint- (Yt 16.9, V 6.36, V 8.4)
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. snys ‘to snow’
Pres.: PREC. 150. MSogd. Snystw ‘may I snow’
*NEIR: Sh. (Baj.) Zinij (m.), Rosh. Zinij, Bart. ZiniZ ‘snow’ (with sib. assimilation)
*SANSKRIT: sneh ‘to stick, remain [? RV, Kath.]; to (overwhelm with) snow [? RV]’
|| Pkt. sineha (m.), sinha (Ё) ‘snow, fog’. Ф The Skt. meaning ‘to stick, remain’ can
hardly reflect the IE original meaning, as proposed in Hoffmann 1965: 24 and
assigned accordingly in LIV: l.c. All IE cognates point to ‘to snow’. The Skt.
meaning ‘to stick, remain’ of sneh should therefore be considered secondarily: Hoff-
mann’s alternative explanation that this meaning may have coexisted with ‘to snow’
is not convincing. The Skt. ‘snow’ forms have probably acquired the (slang ?) mean-
ing(s) ‘to stick, remain; sticky fluid, sim.’ perhaps from whiteish bodily fluids which
are compared to snow, notably snot and spit ? Another argument for the older mean-
ing ‘to snow’ is perhaps found in RV 9.97.54 sneháyati (caus. pres. 3sg.), which
Jamison 1983: 91 translates as ‘overwhelms with snow, destroys’. = EWAia П: 772
«PIE *sneig""- ‘to snow’ = LIV: 573 | Pok.: 974
*IE COGNATES: Gr. veiget ‘it is snowing’, Gr. viga (Asg. f.) ‘falling snow’, Lat.
ninguit, Lith. sniéga ‘it is snowing’, Lat. nix (f£), OCS snégs, Latv. sniegs, Goth.
snaiws, Engl. (to) snow, etc.
*REFERENCES: EVS: 110b; Werba 1997: 261
*sna0H ‘to strike’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. sna0- ‘to strike’ = Liste: 65
Pres. them.: IND. 3pl. (partic. pres. f. ?) YAv. sna0onti (FrW 8.2), INJ. 3sg. YAv. snadat (V 7.52C)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP sn’h /snah/ ‘blow, strike, violence’
*SANSKRIT: snath' ‘to push (down), strike (down), pierce’ (КУ) > EWAia II: 659
© The evidence for an Ir. root *sna@H is limited. An IE provenance for this Пг. root
cannot be established.
*PIE — = LIV: 337 | Pok.: —
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 447
350 *snaud ?
*snaud ? ‘to weep; be moist’
*AVESTAN: YAv. snaoö- ‘to weep’, ? YAv. snaoda- ‘cloud(s)’ (V 2.22, Vyt 31)
= Liste: 66
Partic.: pres. them. YAv. snaodant- (Yt 19.80)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP snwd /snöy/ ‘cloud’
*PARTHIAN: snwhn ‘atmosphere’ (< Pers. ?) = DMMPP: 308a
*NWIR: Bal. nöd ‘(rain) cloud’
*SANSKRIT: ? snuh ‘to be moist’ (Dhä.). Š The root is late and thus unreliable.
c EWAia III: 527
9 Further Ir. cognates are unknown. An IE origin cannot be ascertained.
*REFERENCES: Kellens 1984: 109, fn. 21; Werba 1997: 261; Korn 2005: 128, 409
*spaH ‘to satisfy, eat one's fill’
*KHOTANESE: spai- (spyä-, spa-) ‘to satisfy; be satisfied’ = SGS: 136
*NEIR: Oss. I. &fsadyn/zfsad, D. efsadun/efsad ‘to nourish’, Sariq. spon-/spond ‘to
fill, replenish’, Yzgh. s(o)pán-/s()pànt ‘to saturate’
*SANSKRIT: spha ‘to become fat, increase’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 776
«PIE *speH;- ‘to satisfy, eat one’s fill; flourish’ — LIV: 584 | Pok.: 983
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. 1$-pa-a-i ‘eats his/her fill’, Hitt. i3-pa-a-an ‘saturation’, OCS
spéti ‘to flourish’, Latv. spét ‘to be able’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 437a f.; EVS: 74b, 116b; Werba 1997: 329
*spaic (*spaij) ‘to shine; to bloom’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ‘spyz-, ВМР spyc- /spiz-/ ‘to shine; sprout? = DMMPP:
88a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP ‘spyzyd(-), 3pl. MMP ‘spyzynd, IMPV. 2sg. MMP ‘spyz; Partic.: pres. MMP
‘spyz’n ‘blooming’, perf. pass. MMP ‘spyxt
*PARTHIAN: ? ‘spyxt (ppp.) ‘radiant’. 0 Differently Sundermann 1981: 154b: “Vor-
sicht’. "Wohl kaum ,,Licht, Leuchten”. Besteht Verwandtschaft mit aw. spaxSti-
„Spähen” (AiW 1610) ?" = DMMPP: 88a
*KHOTANESE: Khot. spätaa- ‘flower’. Ф The suggestion of Bailey 1956: 103 f. to de-
rive OKh. haspäs- ‘to strive’, Khot. haspij- from *spaic is semantically implausible.
The Khotanese forms may rather go back to *spaué.
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. ’spyxsk PN (UppInd.173)
*NEIR: ? Pash. spec, spej ‘clean, pure’, spec-, spej- ‘to clean, pure’
9 The root appears to be Iranian, with no further IE cognate forms. It may have
ended in a originally voiced velar consonant, on which see Sims-Williams 1992: 43,
S.V. ‘spyxsk.
*PIE— => LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: DKS: 437a, 475a f.; NEVP: 74
*spar 351
*span(d)/sfan(d) (?) ‘to become agitated’
*KHOTANESE: OKh. sphan- ‘to agitate’ = SGS: 136
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *fra-) ? špn- ‘to cough, groan, sigh’ = Samadi: 198
*SANSKRIT: ? spand ‘to twitch, lash out (of animals)’ (RV) = EWAia II: 773
© The existence of this root is uncertain, as the evidence is rather limited and
ambiguous.
*REFERENCES: DKS: 437b; Werba 1997: 384 f.
*spar ‘to hand over, entrust’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP spwit /spurd/ (ppp.) ‘conducted (away)’ || (+ *upa-) BMP
"psp ’I- /abespar-/ ‘to hand over, entrust [+ ’w 407], give up one's honour, life; to
commit suicide, extradite someone (to be executed, tormented)’ = DMMPP: 17a
(+ *upa-) Pres.: IND. 2sg. BMP ’psp’lyh /abesparéh/, 3sg. BMP ’psp’lyt /abespared/, 1р1. BMP
"bsp'I(y)m /abesparem/, 3р1. BMP ’psp’lynd /abesparénd/; Partic.: pres. BMP ‘psp К /abesparag/, perf.
pass. BMP ’bsp’It/abespard/, BMP "pswlt /abespurd/; Inf.: BMP ’psp’Itn /abespardan/
*PARTHIAN: (+ *upa-) "bysp'r- ‘to hand over" = Ghilain: 75 | DMMPP: 17a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. ’bysp’rynd; Partic.: perf. pass. 'byspwrd
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) ? SSogd. pspr- ‘to fix, compose, level’, CSogd. pepr- ‘to alight,
rest’, MSogd. ptspr(t)- (pass) ‘to be arranged’, ? SSogd. ptspr PN (UppInd.4,
UppInd.71, UppInd.227, etc.)
Pres.: IND. 35р. CSogd. pcprty; Impf.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. ptysprnt; Partic.: perf. pass. SSogd. ptsprtyy;
Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. MSogd. ptsprtyy ‘is arranged’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *upa-) bsp’ry- ‘to hand over, entrust to” = Samadi: 26
*NWIR: NP sipär-/sipurdan, Bal. siparit/sipar- (< NP), Fariz. -spärd/-spär-, Yar.
-spard, Gz. ispär-/ispärt, Gil. (Rsht.) ispurdoen/ispur-, Ham. espartan/espar-, Isfah.
espartän/separ-, Khuns. ispar-/ispart, Soi bé-spar ‘to hand over, entrust to’, Siv.
isperd ‘to hand over; to say’, ? Gur. (Kand.) -spär- ‘to bury’ (rather *sparH ?)
*NEIR: Sh. sipör-/sipört ‘to charge, commission’ (< Pers. ?), Yzgh. s(a)pard/s(a)par-,
Wa. s(a)por-/s(a)pord/t- ‘to hand over’, Pash. spär- ‘to entrust, commission’ (< Pers.
?)
*MISC: Arm. (LW) apsparem ‘I hand over?
*SANSKRIT: ? spar ‘to save, secure; deliver; gain” > EWAia II: 773 f.
© This amply attested root may have an IE provenance, being connected to the
Germanic spare forms.
«PIE *sper- ‘to deliver, secure’ — LIV: 579 | Pok.: 992
*IE COGNATES: ON spara, OHG sparön, OSax. sparon, OE sparian, Engl. to spare
*REFERENCES: КРЕТ. 246b; KPF II: 203; Christensen, Contributions I: 67 f., 165; Abrahamian 1936: 112,
129; Edel’man 1971: 239; EVS: 74; Nyberg II: 27b f.; DKS: 69; WIM II/1: 77; WIM III: 110; Werba
1997: 262 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 323; Shahbakhsh: s.v. sipar-
352 *spard
*spard ‘to twitch, quiver’
*AVESTAN: ? OAv. sparada ‘diligence, zeal ?’ (Y 53.4). 9 The interpretation of this
formation is extremely problematic, on which see Kellens — Pirart III: 269. Even its
existence can be doubted, as it depends on the analysis of the word boundary.
*KHOTANESE: LKh. spal- (spa’-) ‘to twitch’ = SGS: 135
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. csmy ’sp’röt ‘quivering, twitching eyes’. Ф Cf. Gershevitch apud
Bailey 1951: 36 ad spalada-jsai ‘with quivering eye’.
*NEIR: Wa. spardanj ‘flea’ (< *spardanaci-)
*SANSKRIT: ? spardh ‘to contend, to fight for something’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 774
9 The connection with Skt. spardh is semantically not evident.
«PIE *sperd'- ‘to move quickly or suddenly, run away ?' > LIV: 580 | Pok.: 995 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /ispartmi/, Arm. sprdem ‘I escape’, OE spyrd ‘race, running-
match’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 436a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 315 f.; Werba 1997: 263
*sparH ‘to tread, kick’
*AVESTAN: YAv. spar- ‘to tread, kick’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to tread forward’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to
tread apart’ = Liste: 64f.
Pres. them.: INJ. 3sg. YAv. frasparat (Y 9.11), OPT. 3sg. YAv. sparöit (Vyt 35), IMPV. 2sg. YAv.
vispara ‘kick out, away’ (V 2.31)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP spl- /spar-/ ‘to trample, tread’, BMP splyh- /sparth-/ (pass.)
‘to be trampled (to death)’ || (+ *pari-) MMP pryspr- ‘to tread, trample’ || (+ *ni-)
MMP nyspwrd (ppp.) ‘tread underfoot? = DMMPP: 282b, 254a
Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. BMP splyhyt /sparihed/ || (+ *pari-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP prysprynd
*KHOTANESE: (+ *aua-) LKh. *vaspar- (vaspud-) ‘to trample on’ || (+ *a-) OKh.
*aspar- (äspid-, äspud-) ‘to tread’ || (+ *upa-) LKh. *paspar- (paspud-) ‘to trample
on’ © SGS: 121, 13, 79
*SOGDIAN: (+ *abi-) BSogd. Bsp’ry ‘sole (of foot)’ (GMS $370) || (+ *upa-) CSogd.
pspr- ‘to trample on’, MSogd. p’spr- ‘fix, compose, level’ (< redupl. pres.
*upa-hispar-), MSogd. pspr’mndyy ‘fixing’ (GMS: §1100) || (+ *ni-) BSogd. ’nspr-
‘to walk’
(+ *upa-) Impf.: IND. 359. MSogd. p’spr, Pret.: tr. IND. 3sg. CSogd. psprd’rt, Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd.
psprty ‘trampled’ || (+ *ni-) Pres.: OPT. 35р. dur. BSogd. ’nspr’y 'skwn, 3р1. BSogd. ’nspr’ynt, dur.
BSogd. "nspr'ynt ’skwn
*CHORESMIAN: m/sPr- ‘to tread’ || (+ *a-) ?? ’br- ‘to trod’. Ò Perhaps ’br- = ’pr-
(MacKenzie 1975: 394; MacKenzie I: 553), with unexplained loss of -s-, Samadi,
l.c. = Samadi: 185, 23
*NWIR: NP sipardan/sipar- ‘to trample; to be trampled’
*NEIR: Oss. I. æfsæryn/æfsærst ‘to press on; to push (something in something)’, D.
efserun/efsarst, aefsard ‘to kick with the feet’ || (+ *upa-) Sh. bispär, Khf. bispar,
*spas 353
Rosh. bispar, Yzgh. baspur ‘a kick’ || (+ *ni-) Sh. nixpar-/nixpud, Sariq. naxpe(j)-/
naxig, (Shaw) naxpor-/naXpug ‘to tread down, trample with the foot’, Wa. nasp(a)r-/
naspard- ‘to kick (with the feet)’. 0 The existence of Wa. bisper ‘to kick’ as cited by
Lorimer has not been confirmed by Wa. informants, v. Steblin-Kamenskij 1999:
250, s.v. пәѕр(ә)г-.
*SANSKRIT: sphar ‘to push away with the foot’ (RV+) EWAia II: 776
«PIE *sperH- ‘to kick with the feet? = LIV: 585 f. | Pok.: 992 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /ispar-/ ‘to trample with the feet’, Lat. spernere ‘to push away,
despise, reject’, ON sperna ‘to kick out with the feet’, Lith. spirti ‘to kick out (of
horses), to defy, to sting’, etc.
*REFERENCES: IIFL П: 532; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 483; EVS: 21a, 52; DKS: 436; Werba 1997: 329 f;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 250, 457
*sparz ? ‘to aspire to, strive’
*AVESTAN: OAv. ("ä)sparaz- ‘to aspire to, strive’? = Liste: 65
MED .; Pres. them.: INJ. 3sg. OAv. "asporozata (Y 31.16). 0 Differently Humbach, Lommel ("inf."), Insler
1975: 188 ("subst. Isg. ‘eagerness’").
*SANSKRIT: sparh ‘to be eager, strive, desire’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 775
9 Further Ir. cognates are unknown.
«PIE *sperg"- ‘to rush, be eager’ = LIV: 581 | Pok.: 998
*IE COGNATES: Gr. onépyopa “I rush’
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 264
*spas ‘to attend to; to serve’
*AVESTAN: spas- (spas-, spös-) ‘to attend to; to serve’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to set one’s sight
on, aufs Korn nehmen?’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to catch the sight of, erspähen’ = Liste: 65
Pres. {1} ia-: IND. 15р. OAv. spasiiä (Y 44.11), 3sg. Y Av. spasiieiti (Yt 10.82); Pres. {2} nu-: IND. 2pl.
OAv. “spasnuda (Y 53.6), INJ. 3sg. YAv. auua.spasnaot (Yt 11.5); Partic.: pres. {1} YAv. spasiiant- (Yt
11.14), pres. (a)them. red. ? YAv. hisposant- (Yt 8.36), med. YAv. hispdsomna- (Yt 10.45), perf. pass.
Y Av. auui.spasta- (Yt 13.69). 0 For YAv. hisposant- cf. Kellens 1974: 115f.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ons ‘to serve’, MMP ‘sp’s, ВМР sp’s /späs/ ‘service,
gratitude, thanks’ (LW) = DMMPP: 86
Pres.: IND. 3sg. ‘spsyd
*PARTHIAN: ‘sps- ‘to serve’, ’sp’s, sp’s ‘service’ || (+ *pati-) ? pdysp’s- ‘to pay
attention’ — Ghilain: 51 f., 69 | DMMPP: 86
Pres.: IND. 3р]. ‘spsynd; Partic.: perf. pass. ‘spyst
*KHOTANESE: späs(S)- (sas-, s(p)as-) ‘to see; appear = SGS: 135
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. ’sp’ys, BSogd. ’spys, CSogd. spys/spxs, MSogd. ’spys ‘to serve,
honour, pay respect’, BSogd. ’sp’s, sp’s ‘service, honour’ || (+ *ham-) MSogd.
"nspstqy, MSogd. ’spstky’, SSogd. ’nsp’st’ky’kh, SSogd. ’nspst’kyh ‘zeal,
354 *spauc ?
willingness to serve’. 9 The pret. stem (’)spxst- has given rise to a secondary pres.
stem (CSogd.) sp(’)xs- (GMS: par. 599).
Well attested Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. 'sp'ysty,'spysty, 3р1. dur. SSogd. ’spys’nt ’skwn, SUBJ. 35р.
BSogd. ’spys’t, etc.
*BACTRIAN: OTIO-, MOTLO-, CATO- ‘to serve, worship’, «слтосо, OTAGO ‘service’
c» S-W, Bact.: 224b
*NWIR: NP sipas ‘kindness, favour, thanksgiving’, NP sipasidan/sipas- (denomin.)
*to praise (God) for benefits received; to implore assistance, grace, favour?
*MISC: Arm. (LW) spasem ‘to serve’ (« WIr.), Toch. (LW) spaktam ‘service’, A
spaktanik, B spaktanike ‘servant’ (< Bactr., cf. Schwartz 1974: 411).
*SANSKRIT: spas ‘to observe, watch, spy’ (RV) || ("s-less" var.) pas ‘to see’ (RV+)
= EWAia II: 107
«PIE *speK- ‘to look around, take notice’ = LIV: 575 f. | Pok.: 984
*IE COGNATES: Gr. скёлторол ‘I look around, look at’, Lat. speciö ‘to see’, OHG
spehon, NHG spähen ‘to spy’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 436b f.; Werba 1997: 430 f., 233
*spaué ? ‘to thrust; verstoßen’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ‘spwx- (pret. stem), ВМР spwc- /spöz-/ ‘to reject, thrust,
throw out’; to overstep (the boundaries); to disobey, evade (a command)’
c DMMPP: 87b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP spwoyt /spozed/, SUBJ. 3sg. BMP ѕрис t /spozad/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP spwhtk
/spöxtag/, MMP 'spwxt; Inf.: BMP spwhtn /spoxtan/
*KHOTANESE: (+ *fra-) OKh. haspäs- ‘to strive’, Khot. haspij- (caus.) ‘to urge’. ©
See also *spaié. = SGS: 151
*NWIR: NP sipöxtan/sipöz- ‘to prick, pierce, transfix, thrust, poke; to draw forth one
thing from another’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) spuZ-el ‘to postpone, delay, procrastinate’
© Further (DIr. cognates are unknown. An IE origin cannot be ascertained.
*srai ‘to lean’
*AVESTAN: YAv. sri- ‘to lean’ || (+ *apa-) ‘to turn away from, averse from’ || (+
*upa-) ‘to lean upon [intr.]’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to bring to, assign’ — Liste: 66
Pres. {1} nu-: IND. 15р. YAv. nisrinaomi (V 18.51), 3sg. YAv. nisrinaoiti (Yt 10.27), INJ./IMPV. 2pl.
YAv. nisrinaota (Yt 13.34), SUBJ. 2sg. them. YAv. nisirinauuähi (Yt 5.87), OPT. 3sg. YAv. nisirinuiiat
(V 3.20, ViD 2); Pres. {2} them.: INJ. med. 35р. YAv. ира... sraiiata (Yt 17.21), IMPV. 25р. ҮАУ. upa...
sraiian'ha (Yt 17.21); Fut.: IND. 3sg. YAv. sraesiieiti (V 8.34); Aor. athem.: INJ. med. 3sg. YAv. nisrita
(Y 65.11); Perf.: IND. 35р. ? YAv. sisraiia (Vyt 51); Partic.: pres. {2} med. YAv. apa.sraiiamna- (Yt
13.26), fut. ҮАУ. sra@Siiant- (У 8.34), aor. med. Y Av. sraiiana- (V 3.29, Vyt 36), perf. pass. YAv. srita-
(Е 531), YAv. apa.srita- (N 78), Y Av. nisrita- (N 10); Caus.: SUBJ. 2sg. YAv. nisraraiia (V 18.51)
*srais 355
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ ni-) niyagär- ‘to restore’ — Kent: 188b
Caus.: impf. IND. 1sg. niyacarayam <n-i-¢-a-r-y-m> (DB 1.64)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ni-) BMP ns’y /nisay/ ‘conveying, dispatch’
*KHOTANESE: Q LKh. ssaidä, assigned by Bailey (DKS: 412a f.) to *srai, has a
different etymology, on which see *srai8.
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *apa-) bs’ry- ‘to reject, decline’ = Samadi: 25
*NWIR: Gz. särt, Siv. sid ‘staircase, ladder’ (< "OP" *¢(a)ita- < Ir. *sr(a)ita-)
*NEIR: Pash. sal (m.) ‘stair (built of stone or earth)’, Yzgh. Хаа ‘ladder [pieced
together]’ || (+ *us- ?) Pash. sayal/Sayam ‘to reject, repudiate’, ? Sh. soxis- ‘to slip’
(formally difficult), ? Sh. Хоу, Rosh. xüy, Bart. Xüy ‘moraine of large boulders’ || (+
*ui-) ? Pash. waxedal ‘to slip (from the hand)’, Sh. (Baj.) wixi(y)-/wixid, Rosh.
wiXay-/wixid, Bart. wixi-/wixid, Yzgh. x"ay-/x'ad ‘to open, unlock’, Wa.
WBIS(b1)y-/Wbis(o)n- ‘to untie, loose, release’. Ф As for Wa. wbis(bi)y-/wbris(o)n- cf.
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 403: "We note that Wa. ъы$(ы)у- can go back
phonetically impeccably to Old Ir. *ui-, *aua-srai(a)-".
*SANSKRIT: sray ‘to lean against’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 665
© This root has an impeccable IE etymology.
«PIE *Klei- ‘to lean’ = LIV: 332 f. | Pok.: 601 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. KAtivo ‘I lean’, Lat. clinare ‘to bow, to bend’, Lith. sliéti, OHG
hlinén ‘to lean’, Engl. to lean, etc.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 78, 79; EVS: 101a, 77a, 95, 104b; DKS: 412a f.; WIM II/2: 732; WIM III: 342;
Werba 1997: 245 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 334, 403
*sraiS ‘to put together, attach’
*AVESTAN: (+ *ham-) YAv. ham.sris- ‘to put together’ — Liste: 66
Aor. them. (s- ?): SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. ham.srisäiti (N 99)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP slš- /sris-/ ‘to mix, knead’
*PARTHIAN: srysysn ‘mixture’ {hapax} = DMMPP: 309b
*KHOTANESE: LKh. sis- (sais-) ‘to take hold of? || (+ *ni-) OKh. näsäs- ‘to attach,
adhere’ — SGS: 130
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pati-) ? pš- ‘to put together, lean towards’ = Samadi: 163
*NWIR: NP siristan/sirés- ‘to mix, mingle; knead’, Gz. siris-/sirist ‘to knead the
dough’, NP sirism ‘glue’
*NEIR: Oss. І. sasm, D. sans ‘glue’, ? I. sis, D. ses ‘wall’ || (+ *ni-) Pash. nxat-/nxal-
‘to cling, stick’
*SANSKRIT: Sres ‘to cling, stick, be attached, hold’ (RV) = EWAia II: 670
© This Пг. root has no certain IE cognates.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 53; DKS: 410a, 187a; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 37 f., 113 Е; WIM II/1: 82; Werba 1997:
246; Cheung 2002: 222; NEVP: 60
356 *srasé
*srasó ‘to drip’
*AVESTAN: YAv. srasc- ‘to drip’ — Liste: 66
Pres. them.: IND. med. 3pl. YAv. srascintaé ° (Yt 5.120); Partic.: pres. YAv. srascint- (Yt 16.9, V 3.29, V
6.36); Caus.: OPT. 3pl. YAv. visrascaiion (V 7.29 ff.)
*CHORESMIAN: (?) cš- ‘to drip’ (<< *Sasca- < *ѕгаѕса-) = Samadi: 52
*NEIR: Wa. Sac-/Sact- ‘to seep, drip, leak (away)’, (caus.) $әс(ы)у-/$әсоуа- ‘to aim;
to filter’, Pash. cacadal ‘to leak, drop, fall in drops’ (with affric. assimil.) || (+ *ni-)
Yi. noxé-/noxcai, M. nič- ‘to drip, drop from the eaves’
*MISC: Arm. (LW ?) srskel ‘to sprinkle’
9 An IE origin for this root is difficult to ascertain: it may be expressive or onoma-
topoetic. Similar forms are well attested in Balto-Slavic: Lith. Slakéti ‘to drip’, 3lékti
‘to sprinkle’, Latv. slacit ‘to make wet’, Russ. s/jakot’ ‘sleet’, Lith. släkas ‘drop’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 16 f.; IFL П: 349, 234b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 349; Lubotsky 2001: 40
*sra0H ‘to loosen’
*NEIR: Sh. (Baj.) Xá0- ‘to be lazy, slacken’
*SANSKRIT: srath' ‘to become loose, to give way’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 662
Ó The existence of the Ir. cognate root of Skt. srath' is uncertain, in the absence of
other Ir. continuations. It is impossible to draw any conclusions from a form attested
in a single Pamiri language.
*REFERENCES: EVS: 104a; Werba 1997: 412 f.
*srau ‘to hear, listen’
*AVESTAN: srao- ‘to hear, listen’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to hear, understand’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to hear
upon, understand’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to be heard, known [pass., impers.]’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to
learn, hear from’ = Liste: 66f.
Pres. nu-: IND. 3sg. YAv. surunaoiti (Yt 10.107, FrW 10.41), 3sg. them. YAv. (auui) surunuuaiti (N 24,
N 60), 3р1. YAv. ()upa.surunuuainti (N 21), ОРТ. Zeg. YAv. surunuiia (Y 68.9); Aor. {1} athem.: IND.
med. 3р1. OAv. asruuätom (Y 30.3), med. 2р1. OAv. asrūdūm (Y 32.3), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. srauuat (F 12),
OPT. 1р1. OAv. srouummä (28.7), IMPV. 35р. OAV. sraotü (Y 45.6, Y 49.7, Y 49.9), 2р1. OAv. sraota (Y
30.2, Y 33.11, Y 45.1); Aor. {2} s-: SUBJ. med. 15р. OAv. soraosane (Y 50.4); Perf.: IND. med. 15р.
Y Av. susruiie (Yt 17.17), 1р1. sūsrūma (Yt 13.148); Partic.: pres. surunuuat- (Y 35.4, Yt 8.3, cf. Panaino,
Tist. П: 91), caus. YAv. sräuuaiiant-, med. Y Ау. sräuuaiiamna-, desid. Y Av. susrusomna- (Yt 14.21), aor.
{1} YAv. aiBisr(a)uuana- (V 3.40), aor. {2} them. YAv. sraosomna- (V 13.17 Ё), perf. pass. YAv. srüta-
(N 37, Y 22.25, Y 25.6, etc.), OAv. frasrüta- (Y Y 50.8), YAv. frasrüta- (Y 27.7, Y 65.3, Yt 8.2); Inf.:
pres. caus. OAv. sräuuaiienhe (Y 29.8), YAv. sräuuaiieiöiiäi (Vyt 46), aor. OAv. srüidiiai (Y 34.12, Y
45.5); Pass.: pres. IND. med. 1sg. OAv. sruiie (Y 33.7), INJ. 3sg. YAv. visruiiata (Yt 13.91), aor. INJ.
3sg. OAv. srauui (Y 32.7 f., Y 49.7, Y 49.9); Caus.: pres. IND. 35р. YAv. srauuaiieiti (V 18.9, N 26,
VdPZ 18.51-52, etc.), 3du. YAv. srauuaiiato (N 23), 3pl. YAv. srauuaiieinti (N 29, N 31), INJ. 2sg. YAv.
frasräuuaiiö (Y 9.14), 3sg. Y Av. frasräuuaiiat (Y 57.8, V 19.2, V 19.10), SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. srauuaiieni
(Ny 4.8), 3sg. ҮАУ. fra.srauuaiiaiti (N 33, N 72), 3sg. YAv. fra.va sräuuaiiät (Y 19.6), 3pl. ҮАУ.
*srag ? 357
sräuuaiian (N 85), ОРТ. 25р. YAv. sräuuaiiöis (V 11.2, P 15), 35р. YAv. sräuuaiiöit (N, FrW 7.2), 1р1].
OAV. srauuaiiaemà (Y 49.6)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP sr’y-, BMP sl’d- /sray-/ ‘to sing’ || (+ *fra-) MMP frsy- ‘to
praise, laud’, frsr’’y- ‘to sing’ > DMMPP: 308b, 156b
Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. MMP sr’ynd’, sr'yynd, BMP sl’dynd /srayend/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP slwt
/srüd/; Inf.: BMP slwtn /srüdan/ || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 35р. frsr‘’yyd, 3р1. MMP “frsr’ynd, SUBJ. 3pl.
MMP prsr’y’nd, IMPV. 2pl. frsryyd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP prsrwd ‘song’
*PARTHIAN: sr’w- (caus.) ‘to sing’ > Ghilain: 76 | DMMPP: 308b
Pres.: IMPV. 2pl. sr’wyyd {hapax}
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. sr’w- ‘to sing’ (< *to let it hear’), CSogd. sr’wtyty (obl. pl. f.)
‘songs’ (C2 102R.30) || (+ *pati-) BSogd. ptsr’w ‘to consecrate (with a mantra)’
Pres.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. sr’wnt; ’z-Impf.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. sr’w’znt || (+ *pati-) Caus.: pres. OPT. 3sg.
BSogd. ptsr’w’y
*CHORESMIAN: šw- ‘to be heard’. 9 According to Samadi (l.c.) Chor. š'wt means
“entschlüpfte’ (of words), for which she reconstructs: *fra-uata-, cf. Khot. hot- ‘to be
able’, Pth. frwd ‘to understand, know’. The meaning may rather be ‘was heard’, as
added by MacKenzie V: 73. Accordingly, the Chor. form is to be connected to *sru-
‘to hear’. Since intervocalic -i- has usually been retained, §’wt cannot go back to
pass. *sruja-, suggested by MacKenzie (l.c., also accepted by Sims-Williams 1989:
263). The voiceless -t- may derive from *-St- (cf. mtyk ‘broken’ < *mastaka-, CLI:
195), whence š wt < aor. stem (med.) *sraus-(ta-) ? © Samadi: 200
*NWIR: NP surudan/saray-, Kurd. (Kurm.) stirin/strin-, stir- ‘to sing’, ? Bal. (EHB)
sunid-/sun- ‘to hear’
*NEIR: Sh. Xin-/Xüd, (Baj.) Xan-, Rosh. Xan-, Orosh. Xan-/Xüd, Sarig. Xan-/Xid, Xüd,
Yzgh. xan-/Xod ‘to hear’, Pash. Xayol/Sayom (caus.) ‘to show, teach, instruct’, Sh.
(Вај.) Xanen-, Xinawen-, Sariq. Xandon- ‘to cause to hear’ || (+ *us-) Yi. usa-/usävd,
M. ušáv-/ušávd ‘to call, shout’, ? Sh. xöy-/Xeyd, Rosh. Xeyt, Bart. Xoyd, Sariq.
Xuy-/Xoyd ‘to read’
*SANSKRIT: Ѕгау ‘to hear’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 666
© This root has an impeccable IE etymology.
«PIE *Kleu- ‘to hear’ = LIV: 334 f. | Pok.: 605 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. £xAvov ‘heard’, KAvtdc ‘famous’, Lat. cluére ‘to be called, to be
mentioned’, Toch. käln- ‘to sound’, Latv. sludinät ‘to declare’, etc.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 79; IFL П: 193b; EVS: 102b, 104b; Cabolov 1997: 73; Werba 1997: 246 f.;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 334; NEVP: 99; Korn 2005: 130, 147, 321, 383
*srag ? ‘to esteem, be boasting’
*KHOTANESE: ssahana- ‘quality, virtue’
*NEIR: Pash. Xäy- ‘to like, prefer, esteem’
*SANSKRIT: ślāgh ‘to be boasting, praise, commend, trust in = EWAia П: 673
358 *staH
© Further Ir. correspondences are not found. The structure of this possibly Ur. root is
atypical of IE: regional borrowing ?
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: EVP: 77; DKS: 408a; NEVP: 98
*staH ‘to place, set; [intr.] stand’
*AVESTAN: stä- ‘to place, set; (intr.) stand’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to enter; to settle (дозуп) ||
(+ *4-) ‘to take place’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to tread on’ || (+ *us-) ‘to get up, rise’ || (+ *pati-)
‘to stay put, remain’ || (+ *pari-) ‘to refrain from’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to procede, go before’
|| (+ *ni-) ‘to order’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to come into existence’ = Liste: 64
Pres. them. red.: IND. med. Zeg YAv. histahe (V 3.29), 3sg. Y Av. histaiti (Yt 8.9, Yt 8.32), ҮАУ. раш
histaiti (Yt 10.36), med. YAv. histaité (Y 42.4, etc.), YAv. fraxstaite (Yt 10.107, Yt 19.92, V 15.45), 3р1.
YAv. histanti (Yt 6.1, Yt 7.3, V 5.19, etc.), YAv. ham.histonti (Yt 8.32), med. YAv. histante, INJ. 3sg.
Y Av. upa.histat (Yt 17.21), ? OAv. "axstat (Y 51.4), med. 3sg. YAv. fraxstata (Yt 13.97), med. 3pl. YAv.
histonta (Yt), SUBJ. 159. ҮАУ. xsta (Y 12.3), med. 1sg. YAv. fraxstane (Y 9.20), 3sg. ҮАУ. paiti.histaiti
(N 22), YAv. histät (Yt 8.32), Y Av. auua.histät (V 4.33, V 8.33, V 16.5), YAv. xstat (F 304), med. 3sg.
Y Av. fraxstaite (Yt 10.107, Yt 19.92, V 15.45), 3р1. YAv. usahistan (Yt 19.11), ОРТ. 25р. ҮАУ.
auua.histois (V 9.12), IMPV. 25р. Y Av. auua.hista (Yt 17.57), Y Av. upa.hista (Yt 17.21), usohista (V
18.19, V 18.21, V 18.26, V 21.4), 2pl. YAv. usohistata (V 18.16, V 18.24); Aor. s-: SUBJ. 3sg. YAv.
stanhaiti (N 42), OAv. stanhat (Y 50.4); Perf.: IND. 1sg. YAv. auua.hista (V 8.97, V 8.100, V 8.103), 3р1.
Y Av. visastaro (Yt 19.8); Partic.: pres. YAv. histant-, med. YAv. histemna- (Yt 15.52, Yt 17.61, N 37),
Y Av. paiti histemna- (Yt 10.36), perf. pass. Y Av. stata-, Y Av. auuastata- (F 149); Caus.: pres. IND. 15р.
Y Av. astáiia (Y 13.3), 3sg. Y Av. ä.staiieiti (N 82), med. 1р1. YAv. ästäiiamaide (Vr 3.5), INJ. Zeg. ҮАУ.
staiiat (Yt 13.78), med. 35р. Y Av. staiiata (Yt 10.89), SUBJ. 15р. YAv. ästaiia (Vr 3.1 f£), 35р. YAv.
staiiāt (N 63), OPT. med. 3р1. YAv. astaiianta (V 3.18, V 5.49), IMPV.2sg. Y Av. auuastaiia (V 2.26)
*OLD PERSIAN: stä- ‘to set, [med.] to stand’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to set down, place, restore’ ||
(+ ni-) ‘to enjoin, command’ = Kent: 210a
Pres. red.: impf. IND. med. 3sg. aistatä <a-i-8-t-t-a> (DB 1.85); Caus.: impf. IND. 1590. avastayam <
a-v-a-s-t-a-y-m> (DB 1.63, DB 1.66, DB 1.69), niyastayam < [n]-[i]-[8]-t-a-y-m> (DB 3.91),
«n-i-[y]-[3]-t-a-y-m» DZe 8), < n-i-y-S-t-a-y-m> (XV 23), frastayam ‘I send forth’ <f-[r]-a-s-t-a-y-m>
(DB 4.92), 3sg. niyastaya <n-i-8-[t]-[a]-[y]> (DSn 1), <n-i-y-8-t-a-y> (XPh 50, XV 21), nistäya
<n-i-S-t-a-y> (XPh 52)
MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *abi-) MMP ‘yst-, ВМР yst-, ’(y)st- (YK‘YMWN-) /ést-/ ‘to
stay, stand, be’ (also aux.), MMP ‘ystyn-, BMP ’styn- (YK‘YMWN-) /éstén-/ (sec.
caus.) ‘to place, put, set’, MMP ‘ystyh- (caus. pass. ?) ‘to be placed’ || (+ *aua-)
BMP ’wst’- /östä-/ ‘to set out’ || (+ *upa-) MMP "Ьуз! ‘place of refuge’, ВМР ’pst’n
/abestan/, (?) BMP "Bet ml /abestam/ ‘reliance, refuge, support, trust’ || (+ *pari-)
MMP pryst-, BMP plst- /parist-/ ‘to serve (through worship); to worship’ || (+ *fra-)
MMP pryst-, fryst-, BMP plyst- (SDRWN-) ‘to send’ > DMMPP: 99b f., 17a,
282b, 159b
(+ *abi-) Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP ‘ystyd, ‘styd, 1р1. MMP ‘yst’m, 2р1. MMP ‘ystyd, 3р1.
MMP ‘ystynd, etc. || (+ *aua-) Pres.: IND. 1р1. BMP ’wstym /dstém/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP "watt
*staH 359
/ostad/ || (+ *pari-) Pres.: IND. 3р1. MMP prystynd, SUBJ. 3р1. MMP pryst’nd || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 25р.
BMP plystyh /fréstéh/, 152. MMP pryst’n, 3sg. MMP pryst’d, 3р1. MMP pryst’nd, IMPV. 2sg. MMP
*pryst; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP fryst’d, pryst'd, II prystyd, prystyhyst; Inf.: MMP pryst’dn
*PARTHIAN: 'Sf-, ‘yst- ‘to stay, be situated’ || (+ *abi-)’wyst- ‘to be situated’, (caus.
?) ’wyst- ‘to place, put’ = Ghilain: 78, 90 | DMMPP: 94, 76
Pres.: IND. 1sg. “т, “уһ, 3sg. “уа, “ууа, 1р1. “т, 2р1. “уа, 3р1. * ‘упа, ‘yStyynd, SUBJ. 2sg.,
3sg. “РА, 35р. ‘yst’h, OPT. *‘Styndyh; Partic.: perf. pass. П “Ра, ‘yst’d || (+ *abi-) Pres.: IND. 35р.
"wystyd, 3р1. ’wystynd, ’wystynd, SUBJ. 25р. ’wyst’h, ? *’wyst’; Partic.: perf. pass. "wyst'd, "wst'd; Inf.:
‘wyst’dn; Caus. (?): pres. 15р. ’wyst’m, 3р1. 'wystynd, SUBJ. 15р. ’wyst’n, ’wst’n, 2sg. *’wyst’, IMPV.
2sg. "wst, 2р1. ’wystyd
*KHOTANESE: stä- (stä-) ‘to stand; be’, stas- (inch.) ‘to come to a standstill; to
become weary’ || (+ *aua-) vast- (vist-) ‘to remain’, (perf.) also ‘to approach’, vistä-
(visti-) ‘to place, establish’ || (+ *a-) ? est- (*a-hista- ?) ‘to endure, be firm’ || (+
*pati-) OKh. past- ‘to arise, set out’, OKh. pastafi- (caus.) ‘to satisfy; to promote’
c SGS: 128 f., 120 f., 20, 77
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. ’sty- ‘to stay, wait for’ || (+ *apa-) BSogd. ’psty ‘to entrust’ (diff.
prev. ?), BSogd. "pstnh ‘delay’, BSogd. pstnh, CSogd. pstn’ (Ё) ‘respite’ || (+ *abi-)
? SSogd. "Dok ‘settled’ || (+ *aua-) BSogd. ’wst- ‘to stand, become’, BSogd.
"wst-, CSogd. ’wst-, MSogd. ’wst- ‘to stand, fix, put, place, set, lay (up, down)’,
BSogd. (caus.) ’wst’y ‘to put, fix’ || (+ *a-) BSogd. ’’stnyh ‘permanence’, SSogd.
"'st'nyk, CSogd. st’nyq ‘messenger’ || (+ *upa-) SSogd. (’)psty- ‘to instruct’, BSogd.
"p3ty- ‘to entrust’, CSogd. pšty- ‘to admonish, instruct (Sims-Williams 1985: 62),
MSogd. ’psty- ‘to command, order’ || (+ *pati-) BSogd. ptsty- ‘to lean on, rest’ || (+
*pari-) BSogd. prst’y, CSogd. pst’y ‘to prepare, make ready’ || (+ *fra-) SSogd.
prsty ‘to send’ || (+ *ni-) SSogd. nysty ‘to order’, BSogd. nysty ‘to establish, fix’,
CSogd. пуу ‘to send word, announce’ || (+ *ham-) ? BSogd. ’nst’y-, CSogd. ’st’y-
‘to show’. 9 For a survey of the (esp. Manichaean) Sogdian forms see GMS:
§552-559.
Pres.: SUBJ. 15р. SSogd. ’sty’n {hapax} || (+ *apa-) Pres.: IND. 1sg. dur. BSogd. ’psty’m ’skwn {hapax}
|| (+ *aua-) Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. ’wst, MSogd. ’wstyyt, 3pl. BSogd. ’wst’nt, SUBJ.
3sg. BSogd. ’wst’t, OPT. 35р. CSogd. "wsty". etc. || (+ *upa-) Pres.: IND. 1pl. dur. BSogd. ’pSty’m ’skwn,
3р1. CSogd. pstynt, Impf.: IND. 1sg. dur. SSogd. ""psty^m ’skwn, 3sg. CSogd. p’Sty; Pret.: tr. IND. 1sg.
SSogd. pst'tw ó'rm, SSogd. *’pst’tw 6’r’m, 35р. SSogd. *’pst’t ö’rt || (+ *pati-) Inf.: BSogd. ptsty’y || (+
*pari-) Impf.: IND. 35р. CSogd. pryst’y; Pret.: tr. IND. 35р. CSogd. pst'd'rt, 2р1. MSogd. prst'tó róó;
Partic.: pres. MSogd. prst’ynyy, perf. pass. CSogd. pst'ty t (pl.) ‘prepared’; Inf: pret. BSogd. prst’ty,
CSogd. pst’yt, Pass.: pret. IND. 3sg. MSogd. prst’ty ’ktyy ‘was prepared’, pperf. intr. IND. 3sg. MSogd.
prst’tyh wm’t (Kaw.G: 68) || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 1sg. SSogd. prsty’m, SUBJ. 3sg. SSogd. prsty’t, OPT.
2sg. SSogd. prstyy, 3sg. SSogd. prstyy; Partic.: perf. pass. SSogd. prst’t || (+ *ni-) Well attested: Pres.:
IND. Ipl. pres. MSogd. nystymskwn, IMPV. 25р. SSogd. nsty ‘announce’; Impf.: IND. 1sg. MSogd.
mnst^yw, 3sg. SSogd. nysty, CSogd. nysty, 3р1. CSogd. nystynt, INJ. 1sg. SSogd. nSty’w; Pret.: tr. IND.
lsg. SSogd. nst’tw ó rm, 35р. BSogd. nyst’t ô’rt, etc. || (+ *ham-) Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 15р.
360 *staH
BSogd. "nst'ym, 2sg. BSogd. ’nst’y’y, 3sg. BSogd. ’nst’yt, CSogd. *’styt, MSogd. "nst'yt, dur. CSogd.
*Stytq, CSogd. "stytqn, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *apa-) 'bst”- ‘to stand apart’ || (+ *aua-) ws(y)- ‘to put, place
on(to)’ © Samadi: 26, 221 f.
*BACTRIAN: (+ *ара-) oßıotavo ‘waste of time, inconvenience’ || (+ *abi-) ?
aBtiptado ‘landlord, (estate) owner, siss’, aßıpraoavo ‘estate’ || (+ *aua-) wota-
‘to place, put, impose’ || (+ *pari-) mapotptaoo ‘surrounding area’ || (+ *fra-)
форти- ‘to send’ = S-W, Bact.: 175a, 175b, 234b, 217a, 230a
*NWIR: Delij. esdan ‘to stand; to go’, Gz. iss-/issä, Siv. isak-, isék-, esak-/esakiä ‘to
stand, stay’ (-k- < ?, cf. Sogd. dur. рс]. -’skw-), Qohr. istada/ist- ‘to be (situated)’ ||
(+ *abi-) NP istadan/tst-, ? Bal. gwast/gwas- ‘to stop, arrest, rob, stand against’ (LW
?), Anar. we-yusso/ (impv.) we-yus, Fariz. iSt-/va-hest-, Yar. œšt-, Gil. (Rsht.)
Issán/iss-, Ham. va-isayän/va-is-, Mah. is- ‘to stand, stop, stay’, Nn. -ossáye/t-oss-,
Tr. (v)ossa(ya)/(v)oss-, Natan. va-istaj-/va-ist-, Varz. hissäye/iss- ‘to rise, stand up’,
Abz. estowa/est-, Abyan. vestoya/vest-, Ard. issa/t-es-, Qohr. (v)üstada/t-üst-, Soi
vüstad-/va-tüst- ‘to stay there’, Sorkh. -cest-/ist- ‘to be upright’, Lasg. bæštæ (impv.)
‘be upright ! || (+ *aua-) Bal. ostat/ost- ‘to stand’, Kurd. westa ‘tired’ || (+ *pari-)
NP parastidan/parast- ‘to worship, adore; to serve’, NP parast ‘worshipper’ || (+
*fra-) NP firistadan/firist-, Bal. Sastit, Sastit, Sasta0-/Sast-, Sast- ‘to send’, Ard.
eresnahe/eresn-, ? Fariz. -häräsin-hräsin-, Bakht. fisnädan, Yar. -rasna/-rasn-, Natan.
-hoeroesoena/hoereesoen-, Tr. farasnaya/herasn- ‘to send’ (with dental dissim.) || (+
*yi- ?) Nn. vir usay-/vir t-os- ‘to get up’
*NEIR: (+ *aua-) Yghn. ust-/üsta ‘to stand; to stay, dwell’, Yi. wast-/usta(y)-, M.
wast-/wustoy- (orig. caus.) ‘to place, leave behind’ || (+ *a-) Pash. ästaw- ‘to send,
dispatch’, Sangl. astay-/astuó- ‘to send (a person)’ || (+ *upa-) Oss. bæstæ ‘place’,
Yzgh. boste0, bəstI0 ‘store-room’ || (+ *us-) M. wusk-/wusköy ‘to rise’ (Zarubin) ||
(+ *ni-) Oss. I. nystwan, D. nistawaen ‘mission, order, testament, will’ || (+ *ui- ?)
Oss. I. styn/stad ‘to stand up’, I. stajyn/stad, D. (#)stajun/(a)stad ‘to become tired,
exhausted’, D. istun/istad ‘to stand’, Wa. stpr-/stot- ‘to send’, (ppp.) ? Wa. stot ‘rock,
stony summit’
*MISC: Orm. ek ‘to be standing, stand still’ || (+ *a- ?) Orm. ast-"ek ‘to stand’ || (+
*upa-) Arm. (LW) apastan ‘refuge, resort’ || (+ *us-) Par. ust-, Orm. (w)ust- ‘to rise’
= wöst-/wöstök, wust-/wustók, wöst-, wust-/wostok || (+ *pari-) Arm. (LW)
am-barist ’im-pious’
*SANSKRIT: sthä ‘to stand, to stand still (RV) = EWAia II: 764
© The causative stem "aua-staja- shows shortening of *а in front of *-i in East
Iranian languages.
«PIE *steH; — ‘to stand, place’ = LIV: 590 ff. | Pok.: 1004 ff.
*staij ? 361
*IE COGNATES: Gr. Lem, Lat. sistere ‘to place’, OCS stati ‘to place oneself, to
tread’, Lith. stóti ‘to go standing, tread’, OHG stan ‘to stand’, Engl. to stay, etc.
*REFERENCES: КРЕТ. 79b, 134a, 243a; Ivanow 1926: 420; EVP: 12; IFL I: 411a, 412a, 388; Christensen,
Contributions I: 59, 152, 167, 255, 261; Christensen, Contributions II: 49; IIFL II: 263b, 264a, 382b;
Abrahamian 1936: 122; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 254 Ё; Andreev — PeSéereva: 342a Ё; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 210;
EVS: 21a; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 144, 156 Ё; DKS: 431b f.; WIM II/1: 77; Sims-Williams 1985: 156; Safari
1373: 79; Vahman — Asatrian 1987: 88; WIM III: 110; Werba 1997: 327 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 317
f.; Cheung 2002: 63 f., 88, 173; Lecoq 2002: 122, 125, 127 (passim); Kiefer 2003: 208; Shahbakhsh: s.v.
gwas-; NEVP: 11; Korn 2005: 117, 351, 386
*staHn ? ‘to take’
*AVESTAN: (+ *fra-) ? Y Av. frastan- ‘to take, convey forward’ (Gershevitch, Mithra:
177 ad 20) > Liste: —
Pres. ua-: IND. 3pl. ? YAv. frastanuuanti (Yt 10.20)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ‘st’n- (ВМР YNSBWN-) ‘to take (away) = DMMPP:
88b
Pres.: IND. 35р. MMP “‘st’nyd, 3р1. MMP ‘st’nynd, ‘st’nynd, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP ‘st’n’d, ‘st’n’d, Ipl.
MMP *‘st’n’m, 3р1. MMP ‘st’n’nd, ‘st’n’nd, IMPV. 2р1. MMP ‘st’nyd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP * ‘std,
‘std; Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. MMP ‘st’nyhyd, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP ‘st’nyh’d
*PARTHIAN: ‘st’n- ‘to take (away)’ = Ghilain: 71 | DMMPP: 88b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. ‘st’nyd, ‘st’nyd, 3pl. ‘st’nynd, ‘st’nynd, SUBJ. 1sg. ‘st’n’n, 2sg. ‘st’n’h, 3sg. *‘st’n’h,
3р1. *‘st’n’nd, IMPV. 2р1. “пуа, OPT. ‘st’nndy, ‘st’nyndyh; Partic.: perf. pass. ‘std; Inf.: *‘stdn
*NWIR: NP sitädan/sitän- ‘to take, carry away; stand, stay’, Awrom. asay/-san-, Gur.
(Kand.) -sän- ‘to take, buy’, Kurd. (Kurm.) standin/stén-, stin-, (Sor.) s(t)andin/
s(t)en-, Gil. (Rsht.) usadoen/usan- ‘to take (up), gather’, Siv. san-, sen- (supplet.
es(s)ä, es(s)é, isd < ?) ‘to take (away)’
© This root is perhaps originally a pres. n-stem of *staH (?).
«PIE pres. n-stem *st(e)H>n- ‘to (want to) buy; fix (a price, one's mind on
something)’ ? = LIV: 590 f. | Pok.: 1004 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. prae-stinare ‘to buy, fix (a price)’, de-stinäre ‘to fix (in position,
one’s mind on something); to destine for one’s own by settling terms, arrange the
purchase of’, ob-stinare ‘to set one's mind on’, ? Arm. stanam ‘I receive, acquire’ (<
Ir. ?)
*REFERENCES: KPF II: 203; Christensen, Contributions: I: 60; MacKenzie 1966: 89; WIM III:116;
Cabolov 1997: 73
*staij ? ‘to stab; to be contentious ?'
*AVESTAN: YAv. stij- (f.) ‘fight, struggle’ (Yt 10.71)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ‘styz- ‘to quarrel’, ВМР styck /stézag/ ‘quarrel, strife’
c DMMPP: 91b
Pres.: SUBJ. 1sg. MMP ‘styz’n
362 *stamb(H)
^ Xe
*PARTHIAN: ‘styh’g, ‘styyh’g ‘contentious’, ^'styh'gyft ‘contention’ = Ghilain: 92 |
DMMPP: 91b
*NWIR: NP sitehidan (denomin.) ‘to quarrel, brawl’, NP sitezidan ‘to fight’, NP sitéz
‘battle, combat, conflict’
*NEIR: Oss. І. stigyn/stygd, D. (@)st’egun/(z)st’igd ‘to skin; to clean the skin [of
fruits and vegetables]; to plunder, loot’, ? Yzgh. s(a)tizd/s(a)tiz- ‘to take offence’ (<
NP ?), ? Sariq. s(1)kit, Wa. štik “game; entertainment; joke’ (LW ?)
*SANSKRIT: — © EWAia II: 761
© The root is probably to be separated from Skt. stegh- ‘to march, mount’ (MS). The
Oss. forms may be closer to the original meaning.
*PIE *steig- ‘to sting, stab’ LIV: 592 | Pok.: 1016 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. стібо, ёстүрол “I sting, mark’, NHG stechen ‘to sting, stab’
*REFERENCES: IIFL П: 543; Edel’man 1971: 240; EVS: 73b; Abaev, Slovar’ Ш: 151 f;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 347
*stamb(H) ‘to withstand, be stiff, stern, unmoving’
*AVESTAN: YAv. a$a.stombana- ‘having the support/firmness of asa’ (Yt 19.5), ?
YAv. stanbiia ‘strife, [BMP transl.] stéz’ (F 519)
*OLD PERSIAN: sta”b- * to revolt, rebel’ = Kent: 210
Pres. them. aua-: INJ. 2sg. sta bava <s-t-b-v> (DNa 60)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP stpl /stabr/, MMP ‘stbr ‘strong, firm’, MMP *‘stmbg,
‘stmbg’n (pl.), BMP sthmbk /stambag/ ‘oppressive; obstinate’, MMP ‘stft, BMP stpt
/staft/ ‘hard; firm, strong, cruel; savage, fierce’. 0 Although influenced by *stambH,
the Persian forms BMP sthm /stahm/, NP sitam ‘tyranny, oppression’, NP sitamidan
(denomin.) ‘to oppress; to be headstrong’ have a different origin, cf. DKS: 415a,
NEVP: 76, s.v. stam). They may go back to *stak ‘to resist, oppose’, Av. staxra-
‘firm’, etc. = DMMPP: 90
*PARTHIAN: "'stftyft ‘harshness, tyranny’ || (+ *ui-) “wystmbg, *‘wystmbg’n (pl.)
‘rebellious’, *wystmbgyft ‘rebelliousness’ > Ghilain: 72 | DMMPP: 90, 358b
*KHOTANESE: staura- ‘severe, cruel’
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. ’st’np ‘coarse, rough’ (Dhy. 169, BSTBL: 62), MSogd. stmb
‘stern’ (Sogdica: 18), MSogd. stBty ‘cruel’ (GMS: par. 157)
*CHORESMIAN: ’stnb ‘grand, majestic’ (< *‘bold, audacious’)
*BACTRIAN: otaußo ‘injury, ill-treatment, oppression’ (Y23 f.) = S-W, Bact.: 224b
*NWIR: NP sitanbah ‘strong, robust, powerful, bold; contumacious, litigious,
unwilling to listen’
*NEIR: Oss. I. stavd, D. (&)stavd ‘thick, coarse’, Yzgh. stüvd ‘thick (fat), dense
(clouds); many, much’, stavdag ‘grounds, dregs (in soup)’, ? Pash. stam ‘exertion,
*star 363
travail, parturition’ (< Pers. s(i)tam, NEVP, 1.с.), ? astoway ‘single, lonely, without
relations’ (*a-staba-ka- ‘without support’, Morgenstierne 1942: 262).
*MISC: Arm. (LW) stambak ‘refractory, rebellious’
*SANSKRIT: stambh' ‘to support, prop up’; stabhamäna- ‘stiff, conceited’, vistabdha-
‘stiff (Br.+). 0 On stabhamäna- see Goto 1987: 331. = EWAia П: 754
Q The root *stamb(H) shows a wide range of meanings, which may suggests
convergence of two or even more similar IE/Ilr. roots.
«PIE *stemb’(H)- ‘to be firm, unmoving’, vel sim. = LIV: 595 f., 588 f. | Pok.:
1012f.
*IE COGNATES: Lith. sterübti, stémbti ‘to oppose’, Gr. &oteugng ‘unshakable’, Toch.
A stäm-, B stäm- ‘to stand’, A sänm- (caus.) ‘to attach, bind?
*REFERENCES: EVP: 70; DKS: 434b; K.T. Schmidt 1992: 106 ff.; Werba 1997: 383; NEVP: 11
*stap ‘to hasten, (op)press’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *abi-) MMP ’wyst’b-, BMP ’wst’p- /awistab-/ ‘to (op)press;
hasten [tr.]’, MMP ’wyst’bysn ‘oppression’ || (+ *ni-) MMP “nyst’pt (ppp.) ‘fallen
headlong, away’ {hapax} > DMMPP: 76b, 254b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP ’wyst’byd: Partic.: perf. pass. MMP ’wst’ft, ’wyst’pt, "wystptg; Pass.: pres. IND.
3sg. MMP ’wst’byhyd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *abi-) ’wyst’bysn ‘oppression’ || (+ *ni-) “nst’ft (ppp.) ‘fallen
headlong, away’ {hapax} = Ghilain: 72 | DMMPP: 76b, 254b
*NWIR: NP sitaftan/sitab- ‘to hurry’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) stapem ‘I oppress’, štap ‘haste, trouble’
© The root may be a "variant" of *stambH (?). The Armenian borrowings Stapem and
Stap rather favour original *-p-. No doubt, *stap is influenced by *stambH.
«PIE *step- ‘to press, step’ = LIV: — | Pok.: 1013
*IE COGNATES: OCS stopiti ‘to tread’, OCS stopa ‘foot-step’, OFr. steppa, stapa, OE
steppan, Du. stappen, Engl. to step
«REFERENCES: EVS: 76b; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 145
*star ‘to sweep, throw down; to sin”
*AVESTAN: Star- (stri-, stär-) ‘to throw (to earth)’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to throw down’ || (+
*4-) ‘to commit a sin, sin’ || (+ *us-) *?’. © The assumed semantic shift to ‘to commit
a sin’ needs an explanation. Perhaps, it has developed from ‘to fall, zu Grunde
gericht sein’ < pass. ‘to be thrown down’ (A.L.) ? = Liste: 64
Pres. nu-: IND. 3sg. YAv. "storonaoiti (P 22); Partic.: pres. pass. ? YAv. ustriiamna- (H 1.11), caus. YAv.
"astaraiiant- (V 5.4, V 5.7), perf. pass. Y Av. storota- (Yt 19.34); Pass.: pres. IND. 35р. YAv. astriieiti (V
5.3, V 5.6, V 13.20, etc.), YAv. ästriiaöte (P 58), 3pl. YAv. "ä.striieinti (N 95 Е), INJ. 3sg. ҮАУ.
auuästriiata (Yt 1.29), SUBJ. 3pl. YAv. ästriiante (V 6.3, V 6.29); Caus.: IND. 3sg. Y Av. ästäraiieiti (N
364 *starHl
12, P 11), OPT. med. 35р. YAv. 'astaraiiaeta (Vyt 37) 0 On ҮАУ. starata-, see De Vaan 2003: 505;
Hoffmann — Forssman: 90 f.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *à-) BMP ’st’lyn- /astarén-/ (denomin.) ‘to cause to sin’, MMP
’st’r, ВМР ’st’] /ästär/ ‘sin’, ? MMP *’st’rd ‘sin, sinned’ (< Av., Nyberg II: 32b)
c DMMPP: 55b f.
*PARTHIAN: ? ‘strb- ‘to close with a snap, snap shut’ || (+ *аџа-) ? ’wystr- ‘to keep
clean’ (Henning 1937: 80) || (+ *4-)’st’r ‘sin’ (< Av.) = DMMPP: 91a, 76a, 55b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. 'strbyd; Partic.: perf. pass. ‘strb’d || (+ *aua-) Pres.: IMPV. 25р. "wystr {unpubl.}
*SOGDIAN: ? BSogd. ’st’rs ‘plough share’ (P4.245 = MacKenzie, SCE: 14)
*CHORESMIAN: m/strY- ‘to lay down’ = Samadi: 187
*NWIR: NP siturdan, suturdan ‘to shave, scrape; to erase’, Tt. (Dan.) de-star (impv.)
‘clean, sweep !’
*NEIR: ? Wa. stors ‘plough-share’ (Lorimer) || (+ *a- ?) Sangl. astar-/astöl, Ishk.
sitar-/sutuld, Yi. istor-/istar, M. stör-/ stör- ‘to sweep’
*MISC: (+ *4-) Par. astar-/astari ‘to rub, wipe away’
*SANSKRIT: star ‘to throw down, subjugate’ (RV+) = EW Aia II: 755
9 The meanings of especially the prefigated formations can be similar to those of
*starH. See also Narten 1964: 278.
«PIE *ster- ‘to throw down’. Ф According to Eichner 1974: 37 the meaning ‘to throw
down’ derives from ‘to make/become stiff" (*starH’). The Iranian evidence clearly
points to two separate roots though.. => LIV: 597 f. | Pok.: 1029 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. prosternö/prosträtum ‘to cause to fall over, defeat utterly’, Alb.
shtie ‘to throw, put in, on’
*REFERENCES: JIFL I: 236b; IIFL II: 541a, 248b f., 382b; Yarshater 1969: 191; Gershevitch 1970: 305;
Abaev, Slovar’ III: 163 f.; Werba 1997: 260 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 459
*starH! ‘to spread’
*AVESTAN: YAV. star- (star-) ‘to spread’ || (+ *upa-) YAv. upastorona- ‘cover’ (Yt
15.2, Yt 15.39) || + *us-) °?” || + *fra-) ‘to spread out’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to stretch, spread
down’ = Liste: 63f.
Pres. {1} nä-: IND. 3sg. YAv. storonäiti (N 102), med. 3pl. ? YAv. “°starante, OPT. 25р. ҮАУ.
*frastoroniiá (Yt 12.3); Pres. {2} them. nà-: INJ. med. 3sg. YAv. storonata (Y 57.6), OPT. med. 3sg. them.
Y Av. storonaeta (V 12.2), 3р1. YAv. steronaiion (Yt 8.58, Yt 14.50); Aor. athem.: OPT. 3sg. ҮАУ.
frastairiiat (V 3.17); Partic.: aor. med. Y Av. starana- (Yt 10.138), Partic.: pres. pass. ? YAv. ustriiamna-
(H 1.11), ҮАУ. starota- (Yt 13.27), nistaroto.spaiia- ‘with spread, laid down pillow’ (Yt 10.30). 0 On
Y Av. starota-, see De Vaan 2003: 505; Hoffmann — Forssman: 90 f..
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ui-) BMP wstl- /wistar-/ ‘to spread [intr.], BMP wst’lyh-
/ wistarih-/ (pass. caus.) ‘to be dispersed, spread’
(+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP wstlyt /wistaréd/, 3pl. BMP wstlynd /wistarénd/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP
wstlt /wistard/, caus. BMP wst’It /wistard/; Pass.: pres. caus. 3sg. BMP wst’lyhyt /wistärihed/
*starH2 365
*KHOTANESE: LKh. star- ‘to spread’ || (+ *upa-) OKh. bastarr- ‘to bestrew’ || (+
*pati-) LKh. pastar- ‘to strew? = SGS: 134, 94, 77
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pari-) BSogd. prstr- ‘to spread’, BSogd. prstrn ‘rug’
Inf.: pret. BSogd. prstrty
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *upa-) bstn- ‘to make flat, spread (evenly) = Samadi: 27
*NWIR: (+ *abi- ?) NP bistar, Khuns. bistär ‘bed, mattress’ || (+ *upa- or *pari- ?)
Bal. pastark ‘saddle’ || (+ *ui-) NP gustardan/gustar- ‘to spread’
*NEIR: Oss. I. steryn/sterd, D. (&)ster(n)un/&)stard ‘to spread out; to cover; to
pave; to adorn’ || (+ *a-) Oss. I. astaeryn/astard, D. asterun/astard ‘to adorn (clothes,
weapon); to pave (road, way); to cover (the roof)’ || (+ *upa-) Pash. brastan (f.)
*coverlet, quilt’ (*upa-starani-, EVP: 16)
*MISC: (+ *abi- ?) Par. wiranö ‘bedding’
*SANSKRIT: star ‘to spread out, extend, strew’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 756
«PIE *sterH;- ‘to spread, extend’ = LIV: 597 f. | Pok.: 1029 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. otdpvvp ‘I extend, strew out’, Lat. sternere/strätus, Olrish
sernim, Alb. shtrinj ‘to spread’, etc.
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 297b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 78; Narten 1967: 57 ff.; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 150 f.; Werba
1997: 327
*starH ‘to make/become stiff, rigid’
*AVESTAN: (+ *ham-) Y Av. ham.storot- ‘stiffening’ (Yt 18.2, rather ^ham.starot- ?)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ВМР st’! /star/ ‘torpor, unconsciousness’, ВМР stit /stard/
‘knocked down, stunned’
*KHOTANESE: stiru ‘rigid, hard’
*NEIR: Oss. I. st’zlyn/st’zld ‘to die, starve’, Pash. stdray ‘tired, weary’. Ф The Oss.
verb is not from *star as assumed in Cheung 2002: 226. As for the semantics, cf.
Lith. stipti ‘to become stiff; to die, starve’.
*MISC: Orm. stir(äy), stor ‘tired’ (< Pash.)
0 See also *star!.
«PIE *sterH;- ‘to make/become stiff’. 0 On the reconstruction with *H; (on account
of the Gr. evidence) see Sihler 1995: 556. The presence of the laryngeal can also be
deduced from the Lith. (with acute accent) and Germanic forms (-rr-, Lühr 1976:
74). = LIV: 597 f. | Pok.: 1022
*IE COGNATES: Gr. стеребс̧ ‘rigid, hard, stiff, solid’, Toch. B scire ‘hard, stiff, rigid’,
Lith. stérti ‘to be petrified, stiff’, Goth. and-staurran ‘to be obstinate’, OHG starén,
OE starian, Engl. to stare, NHG starren ‘to become stiff’, starr ‘stiff, rigid’, etc.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 71; Fraenkel II: 902 f.; Nyberg II: 180; DKS: 433; NEVP: 77; Kluge 2002: 876
366 *stau
*stau ‘to praise’
*AVESTAN: stau-, stù- ‘to praise’ || (+ *apa-) ‘to renounce, disparage’ || (+ *2-) ‘to
profess/pledge oneself to’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to praise’ || (+ *us-) ‘to swear off, renounce’ ||
(+ *fra-) ‘to promise (solemnly), oblige oneself to’ = Liste: 64
Pres. {1} athem.: IND. 15р. OAv. stäumi (Y 43.8), YAv. staomi (Y 10.3 f., Y 17.18, Y 26.1, etc.), YAv.
staomi (Y 0.6, Y 1.0, Y 11.19, Ny 1.3, etc.), YAv. upa.staomi (Y 10.17), med. YAv. astuiie (Y 12.8 Ё),
Y Av. us ... stuiie (Y 12.2), YAv. fra? stuiie (Y 1.21 £, Y 12.2), 3sg. YAv. staoiti (H, Y 10.6), YAv.
upa.staoiti (Y 10.7, Vyt 39), med. 35р. Y Av. astaoite (Y 10.19), med. Ipl. ҮАУ. fra staomaide (FrW 7.2),
INJ. 3sg. Y Av. staot (Yt 13.89), med. 35р. YAv. astaota (Yt 19.84), SUBJ. med. 1sg. YAv. apa.stauuäne
(У 19.7), 2sg. YAv. upa.stuiiä (P 29), 3sg. YAv. upa.stuiiät (V 18.43, V 18.49), IMPV. 25р. YAv. aoi
stuiói (Y 9.2), 2pl. YAv. staota (У 18.16, V 18.24); Pres. (2) them.: SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. stauuat (Yt), 3pl.
Y Av. stauuan (Y 9.2), OPT. 25р. Y Av. upastauuöis (V 19.22), med. Y Av. apa.stauuay‘ha (V 19.6), 35р.
Y Av. "apastauuoit (N 41); Partic.: pres. {1} OAv. stauuat- (Y 34.6, Y 45.6, Y 50.4, Y 50.9), med. ҮАУ.
stauuana- (Y 10.6, VdPZ 7.43), Y Av. astauuana- (V 3.41), perf. pass. Y Av. ästüta- ‘professed’ (Y 12.8, V
3.40)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ‘st’y-, BMP st'd-, st’y- /stay-/ ‘to praise’ || (+ *ā-) MMP
”stw’n, ’stw’n ‘professing? > DMMPP: 89b, 56a
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. MMP ‘st’ym, BMP st’dym /stayém/, 25р. BMP st’yd /staye/, 3sg. BMP
st’yt/stayéd/, 1р1. MMP ‘st’ym, etc.
*PARTHIAN: ‘st’w- ‘to praise’ || (+ *apa-) ’byst’w- ‘to deny, apostate’ || (+ *pati-)
pdyst’w- ‘to promise’ = Ghilain: 77 | DMMPP: 88b f., 17a, 273a
Pres.: IND. 15р. ‘st’w’m, 3sg. ‘st’wyd, 1р1. ‘st’w’m, ‘st’, 2р1. ‘st’wyd, 3pl. ‘st’wynd, SUBJ. Ipl. ‘st’w’m,
IMPV. 2pl. ‘st’wyyd, ‘st’wyd; Partic.: perf. pass. ‘stwd, II ‘st’w’d; Inf.: ‘st’w’dn || (+ *apa-) Pres.: IND.
3р1. *byst’wynd; Partic.: perf. pass. П "byst^w'd || (+ *pati-) Partic.: perf. pass. pdystwd, П pdyst’w’d
*KHOTANESE: stav- ‘to praise’ || (+ *pati-) OKh. pastu- ‘to promise’ = SGS: 134, 78
*SOGDIAN: (+ *apa-) MSogd. ’pstw ‘to disown, renounce’ || (+ *ui-) CSogd. wystw
‘to promise’, BSogd. wyst’w, CSogd. wystw (m.) ‘promise, oath’
(+ *apa-) Pres.: OPT. 3sg. MSogd. ’pstwyy; Inf.: caus. ? MSogd. ’pst’wyy ‘to cause to defect’ (+ *ui-)
Pret.: tr. 3pl. CSogd. w’d’d’rnt, Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd. wystw’ty
*CHORESMIAN: m/stw- ‘to promise’ (rather with *ni- ?, cf. MacKenzie IV: 534) || (+
*apa-) bstw- ‘to deny, disavow’ © Samadi: 187, 27
*BACTRIAN: (+ *apa-) oBiotaooayo ‘denunciation’ = S-W, Bact.: 175a
*NWIR: NP sitüdan/sitäy- ‘to praise’, sitayidan/sitay- ‘to praise; call’
*NEIR: Oss. I. stawyn/styd, D. (&)stawun/(&)stud, Wa. stow-/stowd, Sariq.
s(i)taw-d/s(i)tud (LW ?), Pash. stäyol ‘to praise’ (< NP), (?) M. staw-/stiy-, stay- ‘to
scold, abuse’
*SANSKRIT: stav ‘to honour, praise, invoke’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 757
«PIE *steu- ‘to praise, to announce solemnly’ = LIV: 600 f. | Pok.: 1035
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /istuua-/ ‘to become public’, Gr. oeren ‘announces solemnly,
brags, boasts’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 71; IIFL II: 541a; EVS: 76b; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 145 f.; DKS: 431b; Werba 1997:
259 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 317
*stranj ? 367
*staub/f ‘to sound, utter’
*NEIR: Oss. D. æstuf ‘sound, noise’
*SANSKRIT: stobh ‘to cheer, exult, utter a sound ' (RV+) © EWAia II: 761
© The Oss. form is isolated within Ir. It is very much doubtful whether this
apparently Пг. root has IE cognates: it is perhaps a blend of the ‘praise’ (*stau) and
‘utter’ (*yab/f') roots.
*PIE— > LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ III: 155; Werba 1997: 260
*staup ‘to overcome, defeat’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ‘stwy- ‘to defeat’, BMP stwbyn- /stöwen-/ (sec. caus.) ‘to
destroy’, BMP stwb /stob/ ‘powerless’ > DMMPP: 91b
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. MMP ‘stwy’d; Inf.: BMP stwbynytn /stowenidan/
*PARTHIAN: ‘stwb- ‘to conquer, defeat’, ‘stwb ‘defeated’ = Ghilain: 67 | DMMPP:
91а
Pres.: IND. 35р. ‘stwbyd, SUBJ. 35р. ‘stwb’; Partic.: perf. pass. II ‘stwb’d
*NWIR: NP sutöh ‘struck by emotions like fear, distress, stupefaction, astonishment,
sadness, sense of helplessness, etc.’
The root *tav- (i.e. *tauH ‘to be able, strong’) suggested by Ghilain (accepted in
Nyberg II: 180b) as the origin of these WIr. forms meets phonological (and
semantic) difficulties, as it leaves -b- unexplained. A development w > b (cf. BMP
Iwbsn [rawisn]), which Ghilain postulates, is implausible: even the assumption that
-wb- is purely graphic for -w- cannot be invoked here, on which see Nyberg 1974:
180b, s.v. stob ‘powerless’. The Pth. example rwbysn ‘change’, which Ghilain cites,
may be explained differently, v. *raup, *jaup?.
«PIE *steup- ‘to strike, be struck’ => LIV: 602 f. | Pok.: 1034
*IE COGNATES: Lat. stupére ‘to be numbed, stunned’, Gr. стола Get ‘strikes’ (Hes.)
*stranj ? ‘to become stiff, stiffen’
*KHOTANESE: LKh. stris- (inch.) ‘to become stiff’, LKh. straj-/stri- (caus.) ‘to
stiffen’ || (+ *pati-) ? LKh. pastri- ‘to become stiff; to revolt’, ? LKh. pastramj-
(caus.) ‘to repress’ || (+ *fra-) ? LKh. hastris- ‘to press, insist?’ = SGS: 79, 135, 151
*NEIR: Q Pash. Хах, xaX ‘hard, stiff’, cited in EVP: 79, has a different etymology, v.
NEVP: 99.
9 The Khotanese forms are isolated within (Dir. Although it is possible that they are
of IE origin, as suggested by Bailey, DKS, Le, from *streng’- ‘to constrict, string,
twist (tightly)’, it is more likely to have arisen secondarily, being a blend of, for
instance, *staH ‘to place, set, stand’ and *@ra(n)é ‘to (op)press'.
*REFERENCES: DKS: 435a, 226a, 475a
368 *su(m)p/bl
1 € 2 H
*su(m)p/b ‘to pierce, bore
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP swmb- /sumb-/ ‘to pierce, bore’
Inf.: BMP swptn /suftan/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP swpt /suft/
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. swnp-, CSogd. swb-, MSogd. swmb- ‘to pierce, bore’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. swnpt, OPT. 3sg. MSogd. swmbyy; Fut.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. swmbtk’m; Partic.:
perf. pass. BSogd. swBt, CSogd. "swbty ‘pierced’; Inf.: pret. MSogd. swBty
*CHORESMIAN: snb- ‘to pierce’ > Samadi: 184
*NWIR: NP suftan/sumb- ‘to pierce, bore’, Bal. supt, sumbit/sumb-, (EHB)
subt'-/sub- ‘to pierce’ (< NP ?)
*NEIR: Pash. suräy, Wa. sarv ‘hole, cavity’ (< *subra-), ? Sh. surv, Rosh. survak (f.)
‘tick infesting cattle’, M. surv, Yi. surv ‘hole’
*SANSKRIT: ? Skt. svabhra- (n.) ‘gap, vault’? > EWAia II: 675
© The root appears to be Ir. The connection to Skt. svabhra- is doubted in EWAia,
l.c. An IE etymology for Ir. *su(m)p/b cannot be found.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 163; EVP: 69 f.; IIFL II: 248a, 540; EVS: 75b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 324;
NEVP: 76; Shahbakhsh: s.v. sumb-; Korn 2005: 318, 382 f.
*su(m)p/b? ? ‘to make up, "beautify"”
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ni-) MMP nhwmb-, BMP nhwmb- /nihumb-/ ‘to hide,
conceal, cover up, guard’. > Cf. Henning 1933: 200: "Viell. sub, ap. *00Ь = ai.
sumbhati ?" = DMMPP: 242a
Pres.: SUBJ. 3pl. MMP nhwmb’nd, nhwm’nd, IMPV. 2sg. MMP nhwm; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP
nhwptg, nhwpt, BMP nhwpt, caus. BMP nhwmbyt /nihumbid/; Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. BMP nhwmbyt
/nihumbéd/
*KHOTANESE: Khot. suraa- ‘pure’
*NWIR: ? NP sufrah ‘anything on or in which victuals are placed’, table-cloth’ || (+
*ni-) NP nihuftan ‘to hide, conceal, cover; to conceal oneself ...; to be beautiful (!)’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) surb ‘holy’
*SANSKRIT: Sobh ‘to be/make beautiful, make up, adorn’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 657
© The root is Пг. only. Arm. sourb is probably a LW from (unattested) MIr. *subr,
for which an ЕП. cognate, Khot. suraa-, can now be cited, on which see Emmerick,
EVS Ш: 155.
*PIE — — LIV: 330 | Pok.: 594
*REFERENCES: DKS 1979: 427b f.; Werba 1997: 381
*suah ‘to pant, wheeze’
*CHORESMIAN: ? s’s- ‘to pant? => Samadi: 178 f.
*NEIR: Pash. sün ‘sniff, snort’, Sh. say(d), Bart. sawn name of a demon (*ѕи$па- =
Skt. susna-)
*suaH 369
*SANSKRIT: Svas ‘to bluster, hiss, snort? (RV, AV+) = EWAia П: 677
9 It is uncertain whether the Chor. form s’s- has other cognates: it may well have an
(internal) expressive/onomatopoetic origin. The initial consonant group *su appears
to yield sp in Chor., rather than s (hence: s’s- is the result of assimilation ?). The
Iranian ’lung(s)’ words may also derive from the root *suah: Y Av. suši (du.), BMP
sws, Khot. suv’ä (orig. du. ?), NP sus, Sh. sus, etc.
«PIE *Kues- ‘to snort, hiss’ — LIV: 341 | Pok.: 631 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. queror ‘I complain’, Toch. B kwäs- ‘to lament, mourn’, ON
hvosa ‘to hiss, snort’, OE hwösan ‘to cough, gasp’
*REFERENCES: EVS: 72; DKS: 428a f.; Werba 1997: 421 f.; Adams 1999: 237; NEVP: 74
*suaH ‘to move, throw, erect’
*AVESTAN: YAv. spa- ‘to throw’ || (+ *apa-) ‘to throw away, let go’ || (+ *api-) ‘to
throw back’ || (+ *upari-) ‘to throw upon’ || (+ *para-) ‘to throw forth’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to
throw to, knock down’ = Liste: 65
Pres. {1} (а)/а-: IND. 3sg. ҮАУ. aipi.spatieiti (Yt 14.13), YAv. para .. spaiieiti (Yt 10.37), ҮАУ.
fraspaiieiti (Yt 10.43), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. spaiiät (V 3.35), INJ. 3sg. Y Ау. apa.spaiiat (Yt 19.56, Yt 19.59,
Yt 19.62), OPT. 2sg. YAv. fraspaiiöis (Aog 28); Pres. {2} them. red.: INJ. 3sg. med. YAv. fra sispata (Yt
5.7); Partic.: perf. pass. YAv. fraspata- (V 15.14), YAv. upairispata- (Yt 10.125)
*OLD PERSIAN: “spayatiyaya (loc. sg.) <s-p-a-y-t-i-y-[y]-a> ‘encampment’ (<
Med.) || (+ *fra-) frasa- ‘to build, erect’. 0 The reading “spaya” tiyaya of Gershevitch
1979: 291 f. (also Schmitt 1997: 272 f.) replaces the old and awkward interpretation
of Herzfeld's, on which Kent's edition was based: spa@maidaya. The initial con-
sonant cluster sp- suggests the formation is most likely a LW. — Kent: 210a, 209a
Pass.: aor. IND. 3sg. (?) frasahya < f-r-a-s-h-[y]> (DSf 27)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *fra- ?, *pari-) MMP prsp- ‘to wall around ?’ (LW) || (+ *ni-)
nyspy- ‘to bend the knee, bow’ (LW) = DMMPP: 279b, 254a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP prspyd {hapax} || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP nyyspynd {hapax}
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ni-) nyspy- ‘to bend the knee, bow’ = Ghilain: 87 | DMMPP: 254a
Pres.: IND. I pl. nyspy’m (M39 П Vi,16(59)); Partic.: perf. pass. nysp’d (M5262 I R,6, МІП 3,320)
*KHOTANESE: (+ *apa-) OKh. pass- ‘to let go, release’ || (+ *ni-) nis(s)- ‘to throw
away’ = SGS: 76, 56
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. spy- ‘to throw away, reject’ || (+ *apa-) BSogd. (”)psp’ ‘to reject,
relinquish’
Impf.: IND. Ipl. SSogd. sypy’ym (B14b.2) || (+ *apa-) Pres.: SUBJ. 2sg. BSogd. pspy’ (Dhu. 94), 35р.
BSogd. ’pspy’t (Dhy. 399)
*CHORESMIAN: ? m/sfs- (intr./inch.) ‘to throw oneself down, prostrate’, msp- (caus.)
‘to throw down; to cut off = Samadi: 179, 185
*NWIR: (+ *upa-) ? NP bisudan/bisav- ‘to handle, feel, touch, rub etc.’ (rather from
*sauH! ?)
370 *suan
*NEIR: (+ *4-) ? Pash. äsp- ‘to collect, amass’, ? Sariq. yusp ‘short towel, neckcloth’
|| (+ *upa-, *pati-) Sh. (Baj.) pisaw-/pisud, Bart. pistw-/pisud ‘to busy oneself with,
entertain, comfort oneself, Wa. psad-/p$ad-, pSat-/psat- ‘to touch; to be restless,
busy (with something)’ (less likely from *pati-Syata-, Steblin-Kamenski 1999:
268f.)
© Both the Av. and Khot. forms show shortening of *a- before *i, according to
Emmerick (SGS: 56). This Ir. root has no IE etymology.
*REFERENCES: EVS: 106b, 62b; DKS: 185a Ё; МЕУР: 11
*suan ‘to benefit, bless’
*AVESTAN: OAv. spon-ca (Apl. n.) ‘beneficial’, Av. spanta- ‘beneficial, blissful’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ВМР spndrmt /spandarmad/ ‘goddess of the earth, Spanta
Armait’ (LW)
*KHOTANESE: ? ssandä-, LKh. sada ‘earth, ground’. Q On LKh. Sadava see
Emmerick, SVK II: 136.
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) CSogd. ptspyn- ‘to be useful, beneficial’
Fut.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. ptspyntyq’
*NWIR: NP esfand name of the 12th month (of the Zoroastrian calendar)
*NEIR: ? Wa. Sot ‘earth, ground’. Phonetically possible from *suanta-,
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 337; "< IA ?", EVS: 76), ? Sh. sit (m.), Rosh. sit, Bart. sit,
Yzgh. Sat, Sangl. sot ‘dust, earth’ (EVS: ibid.).
emisc: Arm. (LW) spandaramet ‘[Chr.] St. Dionysos’ (< Pth. ?), sandaramet ‘abyss,
Hell’ (< Pers., OP *santà агатай, Av. sponta armaiti-)
*SANSKRIT: Suná- ‘success, luck, prosperity’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 646
A denominative derivative verb of *suana- is only attested in Sogdian.
«PIE *Kueno- ‘blessed, beneficial’ = LIV: – | Pok.: 630
*IE COGNATES: OCS svets, Russ. svjatöj ‘holy’, Lith. šveñtas ‘holy’ (< Ir. ?), ? Latv.
svinét ‘to celebrate’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 394b f.
Ux
*Kai ‘to live, dwell’
*AVESTAN: šali- ‘to live, dwell’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to inhabit’ || (+ *a-) ‘to inhabit’ || (+
*upa-) ‘to reside’ — Liste: 69f.
Pres. athem.: IND. 3sg. OAv. Saéti(Y 33.5, Y 46.16), OAv. ā.šaētī (Y 43.3, etc.), YAv. upasaéti (Y 23.3,
Y 67.3), 3р1. OAv. šiieiņtī (Y 37.2, Y 39.2), YAv. diieinti (Y 4.4, Y 24.9, Vr 9.4, Vr 11.12), SUBJ. 1р1.
*San 371
Y Av. "aiBisaiiama (Yt 10.77), IMPV. 2р1. YAv. upa.saeta (Yt 13.147); Partic.: pres. OAv. Siiant- (Y 44.9,
Y 47.5, Y 53.8), perf. pass. Y Av. anaSita- ‘uninhabitable’ (Yt 10.38)
*KHOTANESE: 0 Khot. ksira- ‘country, kingdom’, derived from the root *saj by
Bailey, DKS: 68a, rather goes back to а preform *xsai6ra- (a blend of *хёабга-, Av.
xSa@ra-, and *Sai@ra-, Av. Soi0ra- ?), Emmerick, SVK III: 45 f.
*NWIR: © NP nisém ‘nest’ is rather from the root *had, cf. Pth. nsdm ‘seat’.
*MISC: Arm. (LW) sén ‘village’
*SANSKRIT: ksay ‘to live, stay’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 427 f.
9 Further Ir. cognates are uncertain.
«PIE *tKei- ‘to dwell, live; build (a house ?)’ = LIV: 643 f. | Pok.: 626
*IE COGNATES: Gr. kzíGetv, Kriccaı ‘to found, to build’, (Myc.) ki-ti-je-si ‘they
live’, Lat. situs ‘situated; site’
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 172 f.
*Sam ? ‘to shine’
*AVESTAN: (+ *fra-) Av. hu frasmö.däti- ‘sunset’ (Y 57.10, Y 57.16, Yt 5.91, etc.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *fra-) ВМР pl’sm/frasm/ ‘dawn’
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ni-) Pth. nys’m ‘darkness’ = DMMPP: 254b
*SOGDIAN: ? CSogd. sm-, Sym- ‘to blush, be ashamed?’ || (+ *ni-) BSogd. nsm(y)
‘west’. © No convincing etymology for Sogd. sym can be mentioned. Benveniste
1936: 230 f. derives it from a root *sam- ‘to shine’, which is deduced from Av.
frasma-, ВМР бат, BSogd. nsm(y), Pth. nyš'm. However, CSogd. sm-, $ут- is
semantically difficult to reconcile with the other forms. It is tempting to connect
CSogd. šm-, Sym- with Germ. *skam&- ‘to shame, be ashamed’, Goth. skaman, ON
skamma, skemma, OE sceomian, Engl. to shame, etc.: IE *skem- ?
Pres.: CSogd. ëmm, OPT. 3р1. CSogd. Symynt
9 The existence of this root in PIr. is uncertain: it is not even clear whether the forms
above are cognate with each other at all.
*REFERENCES: Gershevitch, Mithra: 233; Nyberg II: 77a; Sims-Williams 1985: 180 ad 111V; Gharib:
373,379
*San ‘to shake (down ?)’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *apa-) BMP ’ps’n- (PZKWN-) /afsan-/ ‘to spread, scatter,
sow’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP /afsanéd/
*PARTHIAN: (+ *aua-) wy8’n- ‘to shake off, down’ = DMMPP: 359b
Pres.: IND. 2sg. wys’nyh, 3р1. ws^nynd, *wys’nynd, IMPV. 2р1. ws’nyd; Partic.: perf. pass. П wys’n’d
*KHOTANESE: OKh. safi- ‘to shake down’ = SGS: 127
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. sn-, CSogd. Sn- ‘to shake, tremble, shiver’ || (+ *pati-) BSogd.
pts’nkh ‘cross, scaffold (?) || (+ *fra-) CSogd. fsn- ‘to tremble, cower’
372 *taé 1
Pres.: IMPV. 2sg. CSogd. "ën": Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. sn’ || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IMPV. 25р. CSogd. fin’;
Fut.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. fSntyq’
*CHORESMIAN: Sny- ‘to tremble’ = Samadi: 198
*NWIR: Zaz. Sanayis/Sanen- ‘to shake, scatter’, Bal. Sant/sän- ‘to throw, throw up,
shake off’, Awrom. sanay/san- ‘to scatter, sow’, Gur. (Kand.) šän-á/-šān- ‘to throw,
strike, swing’, Maz. Sanne ‘he shakes’ || (+ *apa-) NP afsandan/afsan-, Gil. (Rsht.)
fisan- ‘to disperse’ || (+ *aua-) Vafsi ho-wsin-/wasenä ‘to shake down’ || (+ *ati- ?)
Tt. (Owr.) do-sän- ‘to shake down’ || (+ *fra-) Kurd. (Kurm.) rasandin “о spread’
*NEIR: Pash. San- ‘to ransack, search, stir’, Sanaw- (caus.) ‘to shake, jolt, stir’ || (+
*apa-) Sh. biyen/biyent, (Baj.) biwen-/biwent ‘to shake (fruit, nuts) down from a
tree’ || (+ *aua-) Ishk. wulin- ‘to shake down’, M. wuson- ‘to churn’ || (+ *fra-) Y1.
firsön-/firsoy ‘to shake trees’ (Zarubin)
*MISC: Rom. (LW) usan- ‘to shake down’
*SANSKRIT: ? Pkt. chanana ‘sifting’, Khow. chonik ‘to shake down’, Hi. channä ‘to
be strained’
9 An IE etymology for *san is lacking. The root may be related to Sean (which is a
"substrate" borrowing).
*PIE — > LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: EVP: 75; KPF II: 181; Christensen, Contributions I: 57; Bailey 1935: 777; IIFL II: 209a;
MacKenzie 1966: 109; EVS: 19a; DKS: 408b f.; Asatrian — Livshits: 83; Paul 1998: 313b; NEVP: 79;
Shahbakhsh: s.v. sant
*tač! ‘to flow, run, walk’
*AVESTAN: YAv. tac- ‘to flow; walk’ || (+ *apa-) ‘to flow away’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to flow
towards’ || (+ *pari-) ‘to run around, encircle’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to flow to’. Ф On the Av.
desid. formation tixsonti see Hoffmann (apud Mayrhofer, Fs Morgenstierne: 142f.).
c» Liste: 24
Pres. {1} them.: IND. 35р. YAv. fratacaiti (Y 65.3 f., Yt 5.3 f., Yt 5.15, etc.), 3pl. YAv. fratacinti (Y 65.3,
Yt 5.3, Yt 5.15, etc.), INJ. 3sg. YAv. tacat (Y 16.8), YAv. apatacat (Y 9.11, Yt 19.56), Y Av. pairi.tacat
(Yt 17.26), 3pl. YAv. apatacin (V 5.12), Y Av. fratacin (Yt 13.78), SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. atacani (Yt 5.38),
3pl. YAv. tacanti (Yt 8.5), OPT. 3sg. YAv. tacöit (V 8.100 ff.), IMPV. 2sg. YAv. taca (F 18); Pres. {2}
athem.: IND. 2sg. med. YAv. taxse (Y 10.17), SUBJ. 3pl. YAv. apa.tacin (V 5.12); Partic.: pres. {1}
Y Av. tacint- (Yt 6.2, Yt 10.20, V 6.26, etc.), YAv. (Gpl.) aiBi tacaintam (ViD 4), Y Av. atacint- (Yt 8.42),
perf. YAv. -fratat.kus- (Yt 13.53); Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. YAv. tacaiieinti (Yt 14.54), INJ. 3sg. ҮАУ.
*fratacaiiat (У 2.34), IMPV. 2sg. Y Av. "fratacaiia (V 2.26); Desid.: pres. IND. 3pl. YAv. "tixsonti (Y
9.22)
*taé 1 373
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP tz-, BMP tc- /taz-/ ‘to run, flow’, BMP t’c- /taz-/ (caus.) ‘to
pour; to ride [an horse]’, BMP tcyn- /tazén-/ (sec. caus.) ‘to cause to run, flow; to
chase, pour’ || (+ *apa-) MMP ’bdx- (pret. stem) ‘to flee, escape’, MMP ’bd’c-
(caus.) ‘to free, remove, rescue, liberate (from)? > DMMPP: 333a, 9
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP tcyt /tazed/, SUBJ. 3р1. MMP “tz’nd, 3р1. BMP tcynd /tazénd/; Partic.: pres. MMP
tz’n ‘running’, caus. BMP t’c’n /tazan/, perf. pass. BMP tcyt /tazid/, caus. BMP tcynyt /tazénid/; Caus.:
pres. IND. 3pl. BMP t’cynd /tazénd/; Inf.: BMP tcytn /tazidan/, BMP thtn /taxtan/, caus. BMP t’htn
/taxtan/ || (+ *apa-) Partic.: pres. caus. MMP *’bd’cg ‘rescuer’, perf. pass. MMP *’bdxt ‘escaped’, caus.
MMP ’bd’xt ‘liberated’; Caus.: pres. SUBJ. MMP ’bd’c’h, 3sg. IMPV. 2sg. MMP ’bd’c ‘liberate!’; Inf.:
MMP "bdxtn
*PARTHIAN: tc- ‘to walk, flow’, t’c- (caus.) ‘to pour’ || (+ *apa-) "bd'c- (caus.) ‘to
remove, free, rescue’ — Ghilain: 50, 47 | DMMPP: 323a, 321b, 9a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. ісуа, 3р1. tcynd; Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. t’cynd || (+ *ара-) Caus.: pres. IND. 1р].
"bd'c"'m, SUBJ. 1sg. ’bd’c’n, 2sg. *’bd’c’, OPT. 35р. 'bd'cyndyy, IMPV. 25р. ’bd’c; Partic.: perf. pass.
caus. П 'bd'c'd, “’bd’’c’d
*KHOTANESE: LKh. ttajs- (ttas-) ‘to run, flow’ || (+ *apa-) *patäj- (caus.) ‘to defeat’
(cf. SVK III: 84 f.) || (+ *aua-) OKh. *vatajs- (vatays-) ‘to flow down’ || (+ *ham-)
ОК. hamdajs- ‘to gallop’ = SGS: 38, 117, 140
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ham-) SSogd. nt’xs-, CSogd. "ntxs- ‘to flee’
(+ *ham-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. ’ntxst (Weber 1970: 150); Impf.: IND. I pl. SSogd. mnt’xs’ymn
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ham-) m/ndxs- ‘to advance forward’ > Samadi: 123
*BACTRIAN: tayo ‘river-valley’, taoapo ‘stream, watercourse’ => S-W, Bact.: 225a,
226b
*NWIR: NP taxtan/taz-, Meim. bem-tadzna/a-tá:dzn- ‘to rush, raid, put to gallop’,
Bal. tacit, tatk/tac- ‘to run’, Tt. (Cha.) bettat/bettajas ‘he ran’, Delij. ba-taj1 ‘to rush;
to attempt to bring in control’, (caus.) Abyan. täznoya/täzn-, Ard. tasa/tas-
(influenced by 3äs, *tiaH?), Nn. tät/tät- ‘to urinate, piss’, Varz. tate/taj- ‘to urinate’,
Fariz. -tajin- ‘to let (a horse) run; to raid’, Gz. tain-/taina ‘to chase, drive’, (LW ?)
tazn-/tazna ‘to drive, hunt’, Natan. -tázáná/táz- || (+ *para-) NP pardäxtan/pardäz- ‘to
to be freed, redeem oneself from’ || (+ *pari-) NP pardaxtan/pardaz- ‘to run after,
strive for; to let go’
*NEIR: Oss. І. tzezyn/ta£d, D. tazun/tagd ‘to flow; to leak, drip’, Oss. tagd (orig.
ppp.) ‘quick’, I. tazyn/tagd, D. tazun/tagd (caus.) ‘to pour in drops, drop’, I.
taexyn/taxt, D. texun/taxt (denomin.) ‘to fly, rush’, tax ‘fast flowing stream, rapid’,
Wa. toé-/tact- ‘to draw, be drawn; to move’, Wa. tayd- (supplet. &aw-), Pash. tlol/
tay- ‘to leave, depart’, tej- (caus.) ‘to cause to run, hasten’, Yzgh. tez- ‘to go away’,
Yzgh. tozan-/tazant ‘to turn, whirl’, Sh. (Baj.) täz-/täzd, Rosh. téz-/tézd, Bart. toz-/
tözd ‘to filter’ (not Pash. tajal ‘to hasten’, v. *tauj !) || (+ *apa-) Yzgh. boxtoxs-/
baxtoyd ‘to flow down’ (-X- < ?) || (+ *abi-) Sh. vidäj-/vidüyd ‘to irrigate’, Sh. (Baj.)
ove
vidöj, Rosh. vidüj ‘irrigation’ || (+ *fra-) Oss. D. redazun/reda£d ‘to flow in drops,
374 *taé2
leak’, D. raedazun/reedagd (old caus.) ‘to pour (tears), weep’ || (+ *nis-) ? Pash.
naXtej-/naXtej- ‘to wring, squeeze (clothes, etc.) (-X- < ?) || (+ *ham-) Sh. andij-,
andiz-/anduyd, Rosh. andiz-/andawd, Bart. andiz-/andawd, Sariq. andiz-/andewd,
Yzgh. andoZ-/andoyd ‘to rise, stand up’, (caus.) Sh. andüj-, andüz-/andüzd ‘to raise,
wake’. © Oss. I. taexyn, D. texun are unlikely to be related to Oss. D. taxun/taxt ‘to
equip, dress (up)’, Abaev, Slovar’ Ш: 242 f. (see *taé”). The meaning ‘to weave’,
assigned by Miller, IF 21: 331 to the latter verb and subsequently quoted by others
(Pokorny, JEW: 1058; Kluge 2002: 207, s.v. Docht etc.), is not attested, as
remarked by Abaev, Le || The meanings of Sh. andij-, etc. are somewhat surprising:
have the forms been contaminated with Zeta! ? On the other hand, the Lith. verb
tekéti has also the secondary meaning ‘to rise (of the sun)’.
*MISC: Orm. ti$-Ok, tist-"ek ‘to run away’ = tix-/tixök || (+ *aua-) Arm. (LW) vtak
‘torrent’
*SANSKRIT: tak ‘to rush, hurry’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 610
*PIE *tek”- ‘to hurry, rush, walk, flow" > LIV: 620 f. | Pok.: 1059 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /uatk"-/ ‘to jump (from)’, Olrish tech- ‘to flow’, OCS testi, Lith.
tekéti ‘to run, flow’, etc.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 80, 22a; IIFL I: 410b f.; Christensen, Contributions I: 161, 259; IIFL II: 519;
Lambton 1938: 41b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 153 Ё; Yarshater 1969: 182; EVS: 22a, 82b, 83b, 116b, 14a Ё;
DKS: 121b f£; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 245 f., 220 f., 284, 286 f.; Safari 1373: 96; Werba 1997: 188 Е;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 362, 353, 349, s.v. šəc-; Lecoq 2002: 126, 136; NEVP: 81, 60; Kiefer 2003:
208; Korn 2005: 313, 364 (passim)
*ta(? “to reach for, attain, receive’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *para-) MMP prdx- (pret. stem) ‘to be done with, freed of, deal
with, be exhausted’, BMP pldc- /pardaz-/ ‘[+ ’c- /az-/] to be free from’, (caus.) BMP
pld’c- /pardaz-/ ‘to accomplish’ || (+ *ham-) MMP hnd’c-, BMP hnd'c- / handaz-/ ‘to
plan, allot, reckon, measure’, MMP hnd’c- ‘to throw (?)’ (Sundermann 1978: 488, n.
25) = DMMPP: 278a, 180a
(+ *para-) Pres.: IMPV. 2sg. BMP pldc /pardaz/; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP prdxt, caus. BMP pld'ht
/pardaxt/; Inf.: BMP pldhtn /pardaxtan/, caus. BMP pld’htn /pardaxtan/ || (+ *ham-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg.
BMP hnd’cyt /handazed/, 3р1. MMP hnd’cynd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP hnd’xt, Pass.: pres. IND. 35р.
MMP hnd’cyhyd
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ара-) patajamata- ‘defeat, overthrow’ (Skjaerve, SVK III: 84 f.)
*NWIR: (+ *para-, *pari-) NP pardaxtan/pardaz- ‘pay, settle, finish, accomplish’, Gz.
pardaz-/pardaza, Khuns. pirdäz- ‘to get ready to do something’ || (+ *ham-) NP
andäxtan/andäz- ‘to throw; to afflict, exhaust’, (?) Siv. nàs-/nàt ‘to throw’
*NEIR: Oss. D. taxun/taxt (old denomin.) ‘to equip, dress (up)’ || (+ *fra-) Oss. D.
radaxsun/redaxst ‘to climb (a mountain)’ (< *to reach for the top’) || (+ *ham-)
*taH 375
Oss. І. andazyn/aendagd, D. ændæzun/ændağd ‘to stick, be stuck to’, I.
endazyn/endagd, D. endazun/zndagd (old caus.) ‘to attach, stick to’
© The meanings of the forms above are often difficult to reconcile with that of *tac!
‘to run, flow’ or *taHé ‘to melt’. They may point to another, homophonous root. The
IE root *tek- ‘to stretch the hand, receive, reach’ is perhaps the best candidate. The
meaning of NP pardaxtan/pardaz- ‘to pay, settle’ may derive caus. *to cause to
attain, receive’. As for MP /handaz-/ (NP andaz-), it is worth citing the example,
given by Nyberg II, l.c. (in revised transcription): u-m ... ¿Iyon ul 6 an hom në
handazéd ‘and as I [standing on the ground] do not reach up to that haoma [placed at
the top of the tree]’. If the formation with the prev. *ham- originally meant ‘to
stretch, reach together’, we may easily arrive at the meaning of the Oss. reflexes: ‘to
stick; [caus.] to attach’.
«PIE *tek- ‘to stretch the hand, receive, reach’ = LIV: 618 f. | Pok.: 1057 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lith. tekti ‘to reach (out), suffice, receive’, OE bicgan ‘to receive,
take’, Ukr. tjaknuty ‘to touch’
*REFERENCES: Fraenkel II: 1077; Nyberg II: 94b; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 360 f.; DKS: 204a; WIM IV1: 83 f.;
Abaev, Slovar’ III: 242 f.
*taH ‘to flow, stream; to melt’
*AVESTAN: YAv. tat.ap- ‘with flowing waters’, ? YAv. tata- ‘falling, dripping,
rising?’. © The interpretation of Y Av. tat ‘flowing’ (in the comp. YAv. tat.ap-) was
given by Benveniste (ELO: 45). More recently, Panaino, Tist.: I, 135 f. revived the
possibility that YAv. tatand YAv. täta- derived from the root *pat (cf. Bartholomae,
AIW: 631, 646). This may be supported by the Homeric concept of бїїлєтїїс
rotauög ‘river fed by rain (fallen from the sky)’. = Liste: 25f.
*KHOTANESE: ? attaya ‘unpolluted’
*CHORESMIAN: t’sy- (intr./inch.) ‘to melt’, t'sy- (tr./sec. caus.) ‘to melt’ || (+ *apa-)
bd’s- ‘to walk fast’. Ф bd’s- is from *apa-tasa-, MacKenzie IV: 535. = Samadi: 204,
15
*NWIR: Kurd. (Sor.) tuwandinewe/tuwen-, (Sul.) tuan, (Sina) tawian ‘to dissolve,
melt’, Awrom. tawiay/tawia-, Gur. (Kand.) -täwin- ‘to melt’
*NEIR: Oss. I. tajyn/tad, D. tajun/tad ‘to melt; to thaw’, (also with prev. zr-) D.
zr-tajun/zr-tad ‘to bathe’, ? Sh. tiy-/tizd, tüyd, Rosh. té(y)-/tézd, Шуа ‘to go away,
remove’ (certainly influenced by *taé), Pash. toy, toe (ppp.) ‘spilt, overflowed’ || (+
*aua-) Oss. I. udajyn/udad (udzst), D. odajun/odad ‘to wet, soak’. (intr.) I.
udzesyn/udzst, D. odzsun/odest ‘to be soaked, wet’ || (+ *us-) Khf. wustey- ‘to
shed, spill (blood)’ || (+ *nis-) Sh. naXtiy-/naXtizd, naxtüyd, Rosh. nixtéy-/nixtizd,
nixtuyd, Bart. nixtéy-/nixtuyd ‘to go, come out, flow out’ (certainly influenced by
*tac)
376 *taHé
«PIE *teH>- ‘to melt, thaw’ = LIV: 616 | Pok.: 1053
*IE COGNATES: Arm. t‘anam ‘I dive’, OCS tajeti ‘to melt’, ? Welsh tawdd ‘melts’
*REFERENCES: КРЕТ. 142a; EVP: 79; KPF II: 189; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 180; MacKenzie 1966: 110; EVS:
52a, 93b’ DKS: 2b; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 222 f.; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 7 f.; Cabolov 1997: 74; NEVP: 84
*taH ‘to melt’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ui-) MMP wdc- ‘to melt [intr.]’, BMP wt’c- /widaz-/ (caus.)
‘to melt [tr.], BMP wt’cyn- /widazén-/ (sec. caus.) Чо cause to melt? = DMMPP:
339b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP wadcyd; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP wt'htk /widaxtag/, BMP wt’ht /widaxt/; Caus.:
pres. IND. 3sg. BMP wt'cyt /widazed/, BMP wt'cynyt /widazénéd/; Inf.: caus. BMP wt'htn /widaxtan/
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ui-) wdc- ‘to melt’, w(y)d'c- (caus.) ‘to dissolve" = Ghilain: 50, 47
| DMMPP: 338b £.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. wdcyd; Caus.: IND. 35р. wd’cyd, wyd’cyd; Partic.: perf. pass. "wdxtg; Inf.: "wdxtn
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ui-) LKh. byaj- (byas-) ‘to dissolve’ = SGS: 104
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ui-) BSogd. wyt’wxs ‘to disappear, melt away’, BSogd. wyt’yc ‘to
melt’
(+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. wyt’wxsty, BSogd. wyt’wxst’y, CSogd. “wytwxsty; Partic.: perf. pass.
BSogd. wytwytk ‘molten’; Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. BSogd. wyt’yct
*NWIR: (+ *ш-) NP gudaxtan/gudaz- ‘to smelt, melt’, ? Kurd. (Kurm.)
bihöstin/bihös- ‘to melt’ (why -0- ?)
9 The close match in meaning between the Ir. and Gr. forms suggests a common IE
origin. Hence, the formally identical forms with the meaning ‘to run, walk, sim.’
should be excluded (*ta&!). *taHé appears to be an enlarged root of *taH.
«PIE "enlarged" *teH5k- ‘to melt" = LIV: 617 | Pok.: 1053
*IE COGNATES: Gr. 14c, (Dor.) тако ‘I melt [tr.]', (Hom.) ёт@кту ‘melted [intr.]’
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 199; Nyberg II: 217a; DKS: 307b; Gharib: 427b; Cabolov 2001: 175
*tamH ‘to faint, be tired’
*PARTHIAN: t’m-, t^m- (intr.) ‘to choke’ > DMMPP: 321b
Partic.: perf. pass. П t’m’dg, t’m’d
*KHOTANESE: ttamd ‘fatigue’ || (+ *pati-) pätem- (pátaunda-, pyau-) ‘to confound’ ||
(+ *ui-) OKh. bitam- (bitan-) ‘to doubt, be perplexed’. 0 pátem- does not derive
from a caus. form *pati-tamaja- (SGS: 83), but must derive from a ja-pres. stem:
*pati-tam-ja-. The expected caus. form should be *tamaja-, cf. Skt. tamaya-, which
clearly points to the presence of a laryngeal after m (i.e. Brugmann’s Law). = SGS:
83, 95
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. f^s'ó (ppp., inch.) ‘tired’, MSogd. tns ‘longing, regret’ (cf. GMS:
8525) || (+ *aua-) CSogd. wts(-) ‘to complain’ || (+ *pati- MSogd. pt’’m
‘unconscious’
*tané 377
(+ *aua-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. "wtst (cf. Sims-Williams 1985: 131); Impf.: IND. 3sg. w’ts
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pari-) prc’s- ‘to become tired’, pre’sy- (sec. caus.) ‘to tire,
torment’. 0 Why -c- ?, perhaps from hncy- ‘to rest, relax’ ? See also *éjaH!.
= Samadi: 151
*NWIR: NP tasidan/tas- (inch.) ‘to be sad or afflicted’, NP tasidah ‘tired; emaciated’,
Bal. ta(n)sit/ta(n)s- (sec. inch.) ‘to be out of breath, pant’. O The Bal. form is a
secondary inchoative formation, which does have an exact correspondence in Sogd.
tns: the regular inch. stem *täs(s)a-, as continued by Persian, Sogdian and
Choresmian, goes back to the zero grade *tmH-sk*/-.
*MISC: (+ *pari-) Arm. (LW) partasim ‘to become tired’
*SANSKRIT: tam’ ‘to become exhausted, be suffocated’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 626
«PIE *temH- ‘to faint, be exhausted’ — LIV: 624 | Pok.: 1063
*IE COGNATES: Lat. témulentus ‘drunk’, OCS tomljo (tomiti) ‘I torment’
*REFERENCES: Weber 1970: 159; DKS: 282a; Werba 1997: 290; Shahbakhsh: s.v. ta(n)s-
*tan ‘to extend, stretch’
*AVESTAN: (+ *pari-) Y Av. pairi.tan- ‘to extend, stretch’ = Liste: 24
MED.; Pres. nu-: OPT. 15р. Y Av. pairi.tanuiia (Y 19.7 = Y 71.15)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP tn- /tan-/, (pret. stem) tt- /tad-/ ‘to spin (thread)’, BMP tnnd
/tanand/ ‘spider’
*NWIR: NP tanidan/tan- ‘to turn, spin’, Kurd. (Sor.) tan- ‘to braid, weave’, Gz.
tén-/ténà ‘to spread [intr.]’, tēn-/tēnā ‘to spin’, Khuns. ten-/tenä ‘to string’
*NEIR: Oss. I. tonyn/tynd, D. tonun/tund ‘to tear (off); to reap (berries, fruits, corn);
to scratch; to pull (strongly)’, Sh. tan-/tant, Rosh. tan-/tant, Bart. tan-/tant ‘to stretch,
tighten, wind’, Yzgh. tant/tan- ‘to spin’ (< Pers. ?), Wa. tem-/tond- ‘to form (from
dough, clay, dung)’ || (+ *us-) Wa. istind- ‘to yawn’ || (+ *ui-) Yi. wien-/wiet-, M.
wien-/wiet- ‘to untie, loosen’
*SANSKRIT: tan ‘to stretch, to extend’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 618
«PIE *ten- ‘to draw, stretch’ = LIV: 626 f. | Pok.: 1065 f.
ТЕ COGNATES: Gr. teivo ‘I draw, pull tight’, OHG den(n)en ‘to stretch’, МНС
dehnen ‘to stretch’, etc.
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 89; IIFL II: 545b, 262a; Edel’man 1971: 263; MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 81; EVS:
80b; WIM I: 73; WIM ПЛ!. 84; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 301 ff; Werba 1997: 348; Cabolov 1997: 73;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 367 f., 457
*tanó ‘to twist (together), become narrow, dense, constrict’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP tnz- ‘to strain, press’, BMP tng /tang/ ‘narrow’
c DMMPP: 325b
Partic.: pres. MMP tnz’g’n (pl.)
378 *tand
*PARTHIAN: tncysn ‘prohibition’, tng ‘1. suffering, distress; 2. narrow; distressing’
c DMMPP: 324b f.
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ш-) byamjsa-, bätamjsa- ‘astringent’
*NWIR: NP tanjidan/tanj- ‘to squeeze; to twist, roll together; to draw tight; to be
distressed, sad’, Bal. tancit/tanc- ‘to fasten strongly, roll strongly, squeeze’, ? tajén-
‘to stretch’, NP tang, Bal. tank ‘narrow’
*NEIR: Wa. tanz-/tanzd-, tanz-/tanzd- ‘to fortify the warp [of textiles]; to draw a web
[of spiders]’, Sh. taZ-/tiZd, Sariq. toZ-/tiZd ‘to pull, draw, haul, drag, stretch’, Pash.
tat ‘close, thick’, ? Sh. (Baj.) taxc-/tixt, Rosh. taxs-/taxst ‘to puff, smoke’. Ф Wa.
tanz-/tanzd-, tanz-/tanzd- are unconnected with YAv. 0anj- ‘to pull, draw’, etc.
(ant),
*SANSKRIT: ѓайс ‘to pull together, coagulate, solidify’ (YV+) = EWAia I: 614
*PIE *tenk- (*temk- ?) ‘to twist together, pull oneself together, condense’ = LIV:
625 | Pok.: 1068
*IE COGNATES: Lith. tenkü (tekti) ‘I stretch, reach, attain’, Olrish -téici ‘solidifies,
coagulates’, (ppp.) Olrish técht ‘solidified’, ON péttr ‘close, thick’, Lith. tánkus
‘dense, thick; frequent’
*REFERENCES: Horn1893: 88 f.; Fraenkel II: 1077; EVS: 82a; DKS: 282a; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 285; Werba
1997: 189 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 354; Shahbakhsh: s.v. tané-; Korn 2005: 168 f., 365
*tand ‘to languish, faint’
*PARTHIAN: tnd ‘faint, languishing’. 0 The Parthian form cannot be analysed as the
past participle of *tamH, which would rather be *taHta- > *täta-. > DMMPP: 324b
*SANSKRIT: fand ‘to become tired, paralysed’ = EWAia I: 623
© The evidence for the corresponding Ir. root *tand of Skt. tand is confined to
Parthian.
«PIE *ten-d- ‘to tire’ = LIV: 627 f. | Pok.: (1066)
*IE COGNATES: Lith. (dial.) tandus ‘lazy, sloppy’, Lat. tendo ‘I stretch’
*tap ‘to warm up, heat’
*AVESTAN: YAv. tap- “о be(come) hot’ || (+ *4-) ‘to warm’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to
be(come) hot’ — Liste: 24
Pres. inch.: INJ. 3sg. YAv. tafsat- (Y 9.11, rep.), SUBJ. 3pl. YAv. tafsan (V 3.32); Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg.
YAv. täpaiieiti (Yt 6.1, Yt 7.4, Yt 17.20, etc.), ? YAv. "a.tapaiieiti (V 9.41); Partic.: perf. pass. YAv.
ham.tapta- (V 4.46)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP t’b- ‘to shine’ ?, BMP t’p- /tab-/ ‘to heat, burn (up); shine’.
© No certain attestations in MMP, DMMPP: ibid. > DMMPP: 321a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP t’pyt /tabéd /, SUBJ. 35р. ? MMP t’b’d {rather Pth. 7}, OPT. 3sg. ? MMP ®t’byy,
ІМРУ. 2sg. BMP t^p /tab/; Inf.: BMP t’ptn /taftan/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP грі /tafi/; Pass.: pres. IND.
35р. BMP t’pyhyt /tabihed/
*tap 379
*PARTHIAN: t’b- ‘to shine, burn’ || (+ *abi-) *bd’b ‘sunshine’ || (+ *pati-) pt’b- ‘to
burn into’ || (+ *ui-) wyt’b- ‘to shine’ (young formation) = Ghilain: 72 | DMMPP:
321a f., 9, 360a
Pres.: IND. 259. t’byh, 35р. t’byd, t'byd, 3р1. t'bynd, SUBJ. 3sg. t’b’h; Partic: perf. pass. П t^b'd, t’b’d ||
(+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. pt'byd, IMPV. 2pl. pt’byd || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. wyt'byd, SUBJ. 2sg.
wyt’b’h; Partic.: perf. pass. II wyt’b’d
*KHOTANESE: ttav- (ttau(s)-) ‘to be(come) hot’ || (+ *a) LKh. ауу- ‘to heat’ || (+
*nis-) nastau-/nistau-, (inch.) OKh. nastos- ‘to be consumed’ || (+ *pati-)
pattav-/pattau- ‘to burn up; illuminate’ || (+ *ui-) LKh. byav- ‘to be hot’ || (+ *ham-)
OKh. handau- ‘to become hot’, LKh. hamdev- (caus.) ‘to ripen’ = SGS: 38, 9, 67,
50 £., 104, 140 f.
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. t’p (denomin.) ‘to seal’ || (+ *a-) CSogd. "tpn ‘furnace’ || (+
*pati-) MSogd. ptp- ‘to burn’ (perhaps p- < *upa- ?) || (+ *ui-) BSogd. wyt’’p- ‘to
shine, radiate’, CSogd. wyt’p ‘to shine forth’ || (+ ham-) BSogd. ’ntph ‘fever’
Pres.: ОРТ. 2sg. SSogd. t’py; Pass.: pret. intr. IND. 3sg. SSogd. tpty; Partic.: perf. pass. SSogd. tpt || (+
*pati-) Impf.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. ptyt’p; Partic.: perf. pass. ptßtyy ‘hot’ (BBB: 43); Pass.: perf. intr. IND.
1р1. MSogd. ptBtyt "ym ‘we are burned’ || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. wyt’’pt, BSogd. wyt’pt, 3pl.
BSogd. wyt’p’nt, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. wyt’’p’t, Impf.: IND. 35р. CSogd. wyt’p
*CHORESMIAN: t’BY- ‘to heat’, (denomin.) ‘to punctuate, put a diacritic; to hit the
target’ || (+ *upa-) bdfs- ‘to become hot’ => Samadi: 203 f., 15
*BACTRIAN: Taß- ‘to impress (a seal); to seal’ = S-W, Bact.: 225a
*NWIR: NP taftan/tab- ‘to shine, burn’, NP tafsidan/tafs- (inch.) ‘to become hot’, Bal.
tapt/tap- ‘to heat’, Gz. to(u)-/to(w)a ‘to shine, light up’, NP tab ‘fever’, tab ‘heat,
burning; heated iron; affliction, pain, torment’, tabah, tavah ‘frying-pan; burnt brick,
tile’, Kurd. taw ‘sun’ || (+ *abi-) NP айар ‘sun(shine)’ || (+ *ш-) Gur. (Kand.) yaw
‘fever’
*NEIR: Oss. I. tæfsyn/tæfst, D. tefsun/tzfst (inch.) ‘to become hot’, I. tavyn/tavd, D.
tavun/tavd (caus.) ‘to warm up’, also Oss. I. texsyn/taxst ‘to itch; to be feverishly
ill’ (contaminated with inch. *daxsa- < *daj ?), Yzgh. tifs-/tüvd ‘to be (over)heated’,
Oss. tæf ‘steam, spirit, scent’, I. taevd, D. taevde ‘heat, hot’, Pash. tod ‘hot’, Sh. tofc
‘pox’, Ishk. tofë ‘burnt, scorched’, Sariq. tufë ‘faded away; stain’, Wa. tofc ‘scar (as
result of wound, pox, etc.)’ || (+ *us-) Sh. (Baj.) sitafc-/situvd, Bart. sitafs-/situvd ‘to
be fried’, Sh. (Baj.) sitäb-/sitäpt, Rosh. sitéb-/sitob-, Bart. sitöb-/sitöbt, Sariq.
stob-/stipt (caus.) ‘to fry, stir (during roasting)’ || (+ *fra-) Sariq. radabon-/radabond
‘to be roasted’ || (+ *ui-) Sh. widob, (Baj.) xür-widob, Sariq. wadub ‘the time after
sunrise, early forenoon’ || (+ *ham-) Oss. I. andavyn/eendevd, D. aendavun/aendavd,
M. dif-/dift- ‘to catch fire’ (or < *ham- + *diHp?), Wa. dsıp-/dopt ‘to warm (up),
become warm’, Pash. döbay, (Wan.) doba ‘summer’, Yi. idou, Wa. andáv ‘fever’
*SANSKRIT: tap ‘to burn, be hot, to make hot; to hurt, torment’ (RV+) = EWAia I:
623
380 *taré (*tark) ?
o CSogd. frtyp- ‘to shine’, cited by Gershevitch (GMS: $49, 8318) and
Morgenstierne (GMS: l.c.), does not belong here: s.v. *diHp.
*PIE *tep- ‘to be warm, hot’ = LIV: 629 f. | Pok.: 109
*IE COGNATES: Lat. tepere ‘to be warm’, Olrish té ‘hot’, OCS teplosts (f.) ‘warmth’
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 83; EVP: 80; IIFL II: 205a; Abaev, Slovar' I: 153 f.; EVS: 80a, 76a, 87b, 66b;
Nyberg II: 189a; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 249 f., 236 f., 246 f., 283, 285; DKS: 20a; WIM II/1: 84; Werba
1997: 190; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 83, 158, 357; Korn 2005: 313, 363
*taré (*tark) ? ‘to turn, to move to and fro ?’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *fra-) OKh. hatäljs- ‘to flutter’? = SGS: 145
*NWIR: ? NP tarkand(ah) ‘ruse’
*SANSKRIT: ? tark ‘to turn, move to and fro’ (KS+) = EWAia I: 633
© It is doubtful whether there are any reliable Iranian reflexes of IE *terk"- By
coincidence, Arabo-Persian tark ‘abandoning, forsaking, leaving (aside)’ bears a
striking similarity to Toch. AB tärkä- ‘to let’ (< *TerKH»-, see LIV: 635). ArPers.
tark has been borrowed in several modern Iranian languages.
«PIE *terk"- ‘to turn, spin’ > LIV: 635 | Pok.: 1077
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /tarku-/ ‘to dance’, Lat. torquere ‘to turn’
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 86, fn. 2; DKS: 448b; Werba 1997: 427
*tard ‘to pierce, split’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *us-) ? LKh. ustairs- ‘to tear’ © SGS: —
*NWIR: (+ *abi-) NP iftalidan/ftal- ‘to disperse; to tear; to cleave, break’. ç The
simplex form NP täl- ‘to split’ is not attested.
*NEIR: Sh. (Baj.) taró-/tuxt ‘to fight, come to blows’, Sariq. tarô ‘conflict’ || (+ *ati-
?) Sh. (Baj.) tidarö-/tiduxt ‘to tear, pluck, strip, pull out of, peel’ || (+ *us-) Sh.
zidaró-/ziduXt ‘to tear, break, snap’ || (+ *pati-) Wa. patarö-, patard-/patarn- ‘to
break, be broken, burst’, Yi. patisc(é) ‘broke, was torn’
*MISC: Par. tär-täri ‘to split, burst’
*SANSKRIT: tard ‘to split, to pierce’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 634
«PIE *terd- ‘to pierce’ = LIV: 631 | Pok.: 1076
*IE COGNATES: Lith. trandéti ‘to be eaten by moths or worms’, OCS trods ‘tree
fungus’
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 295b; IIFL II: 242a; EVS: 80a, 81a, 107a; DKS: 43a; Werba 1997: 192;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 281 f.
*tarH ‘to cross over’
*AVESTAN: tar- ‘to cross over’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to bring away ?’. © Forms such as ҮАУ.
tauruuaetois (Yt 13.115), YAv. tauru (V 10.10), YAv. tauruuan- (Y 10.9), ҮАУ.
*tarHl 381
-tauruuairi- (Yt 13.14), etc. derive from another pres. stem (*taru): YAv. *tauruua-
(Skt. RV türvati), cf. Kellens 1984: 163; Insler 1975: 127. = Liste: 24f.
Pres. them. red.: INJ. 3sg. YAv. titarat (Yt 13.77); Partic.: pres. YAv. titarant- (G 1.6), caus. med. ? YAv.
*vititaraiiamna- (H 2.7); Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. Y Av. titäraiieiti (Yt 8.8, Yt 8.39)
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *ш-) vitar- (caus.) ‘to put across’ = Kent: 186a
Caus.: impf. IND. 15р. viyatarayam <vi-i-y-t-r-y-m> (DB 5.24 f.), 1pl. viyatarayamä <vi-i-y-t-r-y-a-m-a>
(DB 1.88)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ui-) MMP wdyr-, BMP wtyl- /wider-/, wtl- /widar-/ ‘to pass
by’, wt(w)l- /widur-/ (or /widör-/ ?) ‘to pass away, die’, MMP wyd’r-, BMP wt'l-
/widar-/ (caus.) ‘to let pass (by), lead’, BMP wt'lyn- /widaren-/ (sec. caus.) ‘to cause
to take away’ > DMMPP: 340a, 339a
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP wdyryd, wydyryd, BMP wtylyt /wideréd/, SUBJ. 3pl. MMP
wdyr'nd; Partic.: pres. caus. MMP wyd’r’g, perf. pass. MMP *wdrd, BMP wtwit / widurd/, etc.
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ш-) w(y)dr- ‘to pass (beyond, over)’, w(y)d’r- ‘to cause to cross
over, pass over’ = Ghilain: 57, 74, 92 | DMMPP: 352a, 339a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. wydryd, 3pl. wydrynd, SUBJ. 2sg. wydr’, wydr’h, IMPV. 2sg. wydr, Partic.: pres. caus.
wyd’r’n, perf. pass. wydrd, caus. wd’r’d, wyd’r’d, wyd’r’’d; Caus.: pres. IND. 2sg. wyd’ryh, 3sg.
“wyd’ryd, 2р1. wyd’ryd, 3pl. wyd’rynd, SUBJ. 15р. wyd’r’n, 2sg. wydd’r’h, 35р. wyd’r’, wyd’r’h, OPT.
wyd’ryndyy
*KHOTANESE: ttidi ‘crossing place’ || (+ *ui-) OKh. bitar- ‘to develop’ = SGS: 96
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. tr- ‘to go’ || (+ *pati-) CSogd. ptyrnc (f.) ‘transitory’ || (+ *fra-)
BSogd. ft’yr- ‘to come, proceed’, CSogd. ftyr- ‘to pass over, pass away, depart’,
CSogd. ftyr- ‘to cause to pass over (away), take over, remove, set aside’ || (+ *ui-)
SSogd. wytr-, BSogd. wytr-, MSogd. wyt’r- ‘to go on, pass (away)’, CSogd. wytr-,
MSogd. wytr- ‘to go’
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. CSogd. tr’t, OPT. 25р. CSogd. try, 3sg. CSogd. try, 1р1. CSogd. trym, IMPV. 2sg.
CSogd. tr’; Fut.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. “tmtq’ || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. dur. CSogd. ftyrtysq, SUBJ. 3sg.
CSogd. ftyr’t, Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. f't'yr, CSogd. ftyr, Fut.: OPT. 3sg. CSogd. ftyrq’; Partic.: pres.
ITER. MSogd. ftryh ‘on foot, walking, runner’ (Sogdica: 25); Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. CSogd. ftyrt, IRR.
25р. CSogd. ftyrt’, IMPV. 25р. CSogd. ftyr, impf. IND. 3sg. CSogd. ftyr || (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 15р.
SSogd. wytr’m, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. wytr’t, BSogd. wytr’’t, OPT. 3sg. CSogd. wytry, PREC. 3sg. SSogd.
L’ wytrt, POT. 3sg. BSogd. wytrt Bwt; Impf.: IND. 3sg. SSogd. wytr, CSogd. "wytr, 3pl. SSogd. wytr’nt;
Pret.: intr. IND. 35р. SSogd. wyt'rt, 1р1. SSogd. wyt’rt’ym, 3pl. SSogd. wyt’rt’nt, Fut.: 15р. CSogd.
wytr’mq’, 3р1. CSogd. wytrntq’; Inf.: pret. BSogd. wyt’rt
*NWIR: Gur. (Kand.) tarin- (orig. caus.) ‘to drive forth’, ? Bal. tar(r)it/tar(r)- ‘to walk,
search, turn’ || (+ *ui-) widely attested: NP guöästan/guöar-, Kurd. (Kurm.) bihurin/
bihur-, buhurin/buhur-, (Sor.) burdin/bur-, bwardin/bwer-, Zaz. véreti§ (v[yJerdis)/
veren-, rä-verdis/rä-veren- ‘to pass, proceed, go on, over’, Awrom. wiardáy/wiar-,
Ard. viyest/viyer- ‘to pass’, Fariz. -(i)vast/-ivär-, Yar. -viast/-viär- ‘to pass; to rise
[of sun]’, Gz. ver-/väst, vera, Gil. (Rsht.) da-varcestcen/da-var-, (LW) guzaestaen/
guzär-, Ham. beidestän/veider-, (subj.) béider-, Isfah. vezästän/vezer-, Khuns.
veder-/ve(de)st, Mah. bédast-, Meim. b-aedaft-/ (impv.) b-aeder, Nn. vedrä-/vedr-,
382 *tarH2
Natan. viäst-, Semn. bá-viár-, Siv. (y)àr-/viürd ‘to pass, proceed’, Qohr. awdasta/
awder-, Soi ba-udast-/4-udir- ‘to pass, exceed’, Sorkh. -viärd-/viar- ‘to pass’, NP
guóastan/guóar- (caus./tr.) ‘to place, put; to let, allow’, Abz. vadasta/vader- ‘to pass
par; to let, abandon’, Anar. gidär ‘ford’ || (+ *ham-) Varz. hendarte/hendar- (orig.
caus.) ‘to send’
*NEIR: Oss. I. teryn/tard, D. taerun/tard ‘to chase, drive (away, forth, out)’, Yghn.
tir-, ter-/torta ‘to go, leave, depart’ || (+ *us-) Wa. zatrun- ‘to disperse’ (Lorimer) ||
(+ *pati-) Wa. patari ‘rafter’, Yi. pataré ‘roof-beam [i.e. *cross-beam ?]’ || (+ *fra-) ?
Oss. I. ledaryn/lederst, D. laedarun/laedarst ‘to let liquid flow out from a vessel; to
shed tears, weep’, I. ladarsyn/ladzrst, D. ladzersun/ledarst (inch.) ‘to flow out
with a squirt or in drops’ || (+ *ui-) Oss. І. dard, D. idard ‘far’. ° Oss. I. laedaryn, D.
lædarun are connected by Abaev, Slovar’ II: 17 f. to Arm. telam ‘to rain, irrigate’,
tet ‘(heavy) rain’ IEW: 196, s.v. del- *trópfeln").
*SANSKRIT: tar’ ‘to pass across, pass through, get across, overcome’ (RV+)
c» EWAia I: 629, 87
«PIE *terH;- ( *treH»-) ‘to go through, cross, overcome’ = LIV: 633 f. | Pok.: 1074 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /tarh(u)-/ ‘to overcome, be able’, Lat. intrare ‘to go through’,
Alb. sh-tir ‘crosses’, etc.
*REFERENCES: Zhukovskij I: 179; KPF I: 83b, 145a, 209a, 248b; KPF II: 210; Christensen, Contributions
I: 73, 170, 262; IIFL II: 242a, 535b; Christensen, Contributions II: 62; Abrahamian 1936: 108, 134;
Lambton 1938: 41a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 344; Andreev — PeSéereva: 335b; MacKenzie 1966: 112; DKS:
128a, 282b; WIM I: 73; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 278; WIM II/1: 85; WIM III: 120; Werba 1997: 291; Paul
1998: 311a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 458, 460; Cabolov 2001: 175; Lecoq 2002: 122, 125, 131, 608a,
135 (passim); Shahbakhsh: s.v. tarr-; Korn 2005: 321, 364 (passim)
*{агН? ‘to rub, wipe (?)’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *us-) ustar- ‘to remove’ || (+ *ham-) LKh. hamträf- ‘to diminish,
remove’ = SGS: 18, 139
*SOGDIAN: (+ *apa-) BSogd. ’pt’r- ‘to pluck, pull out (hair)! {hapax} || (+ *pari-)
BSogd. prtr- ‘to dry up, wipe off’
(+ *apa-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’pt’rt (SCE: 88) || (+ *pari-) Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. pr’ytr
*NWIR: ? Bal. tir(r) ‘fart’ (uncert. etym., Korn 2005: 133, fn. 303) || (+ *us-) NP
suturdan ‘to shave, erase, scrape’, usture ‘razor’
*NEIR: Sh. far-/tart, Rosh. tar-/tart ‘to cleanse, remore dirt’ || (+ *apa-) ? Oss. I.
eft’eryn/eft’erd, D. eft’irun/eft’ird ‘to devour’ (slang word ?) || (+ *us-) Oss. I.
steeryn/sterd, D. (z)sterun/(&)stard ‘to lick (up)’, Sh. (Baj.) zidar-/zidud, zidar-/
zidug, Sariq. zidor-/zidug, Ishk. zdar-, M. stor-/stor-, Yi. 'stör-/stär- ‘to sweep’
*MISC: (+ *us-) Par. astar- ‘to rub, wipe away’
«PIE *terH;- ‘to rub’ = LIV: 632 f. | Pok.: 1071 f.
*tar$ 383
*IE COGNATES: Gr. tetp@ ‘I rub, wipe’, Lat. tero ‘I rub’, Lith. tiriu (tirti) ‘I examine,
ask’, OCS tero (tréti) ‘I rub’
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 236; IIFL II: 248 b f., 424b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 117; EVS: 81a, 107a; DKS: 42b,
452a; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 149 f.
*tarp ‘to steal’
*AVESTAN: YAV. trap- ‘to steal’ = Liste: 25
Pres. inch.: SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. trofiiat (Y 11.5)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP tlwptk /truftag/ ‘stolen’ (MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 84)
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. cB-, MSogd. сЁ ‘to steal’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. cßty, SUBJ. 1sg. BSogd. cB’’n; Impf.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. cf’, med. BSogd. сї?
*CHORESMIAN: т/ёѓу- ‘to steal © Samadi: 57
*NWIR: NP tarfand(ah), tarvand(ah) ‘lie, falsehood, deceit, fraud’, Zaz. tiritis/tiren-
‘to steal’
*NEIR: M. torif-/taraft, Sh. cif-/cift, Rosh. cif-/cift, Bart. cif-/cift, Sariq. caf-/caft ‘to
steal’
*SANSKRIT: tarp ‘to steal, rob; to enjoy’ (RV) || pasutfp- ‘stealing sheep’ (RV),
asutfp- ‘robbing the life (of an other)’ = EWAia I: 634 f.
9 The meaning of the root *tarp ‘to steal’ is possibly an euphemism, from originally
‘to enjoy’ ? Similar to Skt. tarp-.
«PIE *terp- ‘to enjoy, satisfy’ = LIV: 636 | Pok.: 1077 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. тёрло ‘I satisfy’, Lith. tarpstt ‘I promote, increase’
«REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 86; IFL I: 255b Ё; EVS: 22; Werba 1997: 192, 427; Paul 1998: 316a.
*tarš ‘to be thirsty’
*AVESTAN: YAV. tarsna- (m.) ‘thirst’ (V 7.70, Yt 19.69, Yt 19.96, etc.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP tysn ‘thirst, MMP tysng, ВМР tysnk /tisnag/ ‘thirsty’
c DMMPP: 333a
*PARTHIAN: tyšng ‘drink’ > DMMPP: 333a
*KHOTANESE: "ttarrayáta-, LKh. ttaraye (ppp.), ttar(r)a- ‘thirst’
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. cs’’y- ‘to be thirsty’, BSogd. cSn’, CSogd. csn’ (m.), CSogd. cn’
‘thirst’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. cš''yt (SCE 29)
*CHORESMIAN: т/ёу- ‘to be(come) thirsty’. 0 From *trsia-, cf. MacKenzie, Supplet.:
32. — Samadi: 60
*NWIR: NP tisnah, Kurd. (Sul.) tinu, (Sina) tinig ‘thirsty, parched with thirst’, Bal.
tu(n)n, Zaz. ісу (m.), teysaney (Ё), Awrom. tažná (m.), Jow. tainagi ‘thirst’, Ard.
tesne, Nn. tesne, Qohr. tese, Varz. tesna ‘who is thirsty’
*NEIR: Pash. tégay, Yi. trusné, Sariq. für, tir ‘thirsty’, tireyj ‘thirst’, ? Wa. tax
v
‘thirsty’ || (+ *us-) Sh. situx ‘thirst’, Yzgh. stoX ‘feeling thirsty’
384 *taru
*MISC: (?) Par. ter-/thör, Orm. tr-/tatak ‘to drink’ = tr-/to'rnök, trin-/trinók, Par. than,
Orm. trünuk, tranak ‘thirsty’
*SANSKRIT: tars ‘to be thirsty’ (R V+), tfsnä (f.) ‘thirst? (RV+) = EWAia I: 635 F.
«PIE *ters- ‘to be/make thirsty, dry, parch? = LIV: 637 | Pok.: 1078 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. tépoopat ‘I become dry’, Hitt. /tars-/ ‘to dry’, Lat. torrére ‘to
dry, roast’, OHG derren ‘to make dry’, OHG durst, Engl. thirst, etc.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 85; IIFL I: 295a, 410b, 293a; IIFL II: 256a; Lambton 1938: 75a; MacKenzie 1966:
110; EVS: 80a, 76b; DKS: 123b; Werba 1997: 349; Paul 1998: 315b; Lecoq 2002: 622b, 638a, 655b,
684a (passim); NEVP: 81; Kiefer 2003: 207; Korn 2005: 132 f., 146, 365 (passim)
жагу ‘to overcome’
*AVESTAN: tauruu- ‘to overcome’ = Liste: 24f.
Pres. -aja-: IND. 35р. YAv. tauruuaiieiti, INJ. 3du. YAv. tauruuaiiatom (Yt 13.78), med. 2pl. ҮАУ.
tauruuaiiata (Yt 13.38), SUBJ. 15р. YAv. tauruuaiieni (Y 9.18), 35р. YAv. tauruuaiiät, 1р1. OAv.
tauruuaiiamà (Y 28.6), Y Av. tauruuaiiama (Yt 10.34); Partic.: pres. tauruuaiiant- (Y 52.2, Yt 1.2, Yt 8.49,
etc.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP trw- ‘to overcome’, (sec. caus.) BMP tlwyn- /tarwen-/ ‘to
overcome, conquer’ = DMMPP: 326a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP trwyd; Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. BMP tlwynyt /tarwénéd/, 3pl. BMP tlwynynd
/tarwenend/
*PARTHIAN: trw- ‘to overcome’ = Ghilain: 56 | DMMPP: 326a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. trwyd
*CHORESMIAN: trw- ‘to overcome, be able’ = Samadi: 205 f.
*NWIR: Bakht. teristan/ter- ‘to be able’
*SANSKRIT: turv ‘to overcome, prevail’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 662
«PIE pres. stem *trH;-u- ‘to overcome’ = LIV: 633 f. | Pok.: 1074 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /tarhuzzi/ ‘overcomes, is able’
*REFERENCES: Vahman — Asatrian 1987: 141; Vahman – Asatrian 1991: 130
*taS ‘to make, construct; to cut’
*AVESTAN: tãš- ‘to make, construct; to cut” > Liste: 25
Pres. athem.: IND. 3sg. YAv. auui tasti (V 5.2), INJ. 3sg. OAv. tast (Y 44.7); Aor. them.: INJ. 2sg. OAv.
tašō (Y 31.11, Y 44.6, Y 51.7), 38g. OAV. tašat (Y 29.1, Y 29.7, Y 47.3); Perf.: IND. 3sg. tatasä, SUBJ.
3sg. ? YAv. tatasat (Y 10.10); Partic.: perf. YAv. taršuuah- (Y 70.1), pass. OAv. tasta- (Y 49.9), YAv.
()tasta- (V)
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *ham-) ha" tax$- ‘to work with, effect’ > Kent: 185b
MED.; Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. ha"taxsataiy <h-t-x-S-t-i-y> (DNb 16), impf. lsg. hamataxsaiy
<h-m-t-x-5-[i]-[y]> (DB 1.68), <h-m-t-x-8-i-y> (DB 1.70), 3sg. hamataxSata <h-m-t-[x]-S-t-a> (DB 4.65),
<h-m-a-[t]-x-8-t-a> (DB 4.92), 3pl. hamataxSa"ta <h-m-t-x-8-t-a> (DB 4.82)
"MIDDLE PERSIAN: ВМР t’s- /tas-/ ‘to cut, cleave; create’
Partic.: perf. pass. BMP t’sytk /tasidag/, ВМР гу /tasid/
*KHOTANESE: OKh. ttäs- ‘to cut [tr. © SGS: 38
*tau ? 385
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. t’s, MSogd. t^s ‘to cut’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. t’st, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. t’s’t, 3pl. BSogd. t'$^nt; Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. t'$
(L37.3(23)), 3р1. MSogd. "t'ándskwn
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *upa-) b’d- ‘to build; cut’ = Samadi: 14
*NWIR: NP tirasidan/tiras- ‘to shave’, Bal. trast, trasit/tras- ‘to mend, chip, cut,
shave’ (< Pers.), Kurd. (Sor.) täsin/täs- ‘to hew; to shave’, Awrom. tašáy/taš-, Qohr.
tasada/tas-, Tr. taSaya/tas- ‘to shave’, NP tas ‘hatchet, adze’, Bal. tas ‘adze’ (< NP?).
© The intrusion of -r- in NP tirasidan/tiras- points to contamination with NP
xiraSidan/xiras- ‘to scratch (a wound)’, v. *xrà&. || The -r- in Bal. trast, träsit/träs-
suggests borrowing from Persian (rather than a parallel development). The
borrowing must have occurred quite early, considering the absence of anaptyxis in
the initial consonant cluster, which is a typical feature of New Persian.
*NEIR: (?) Oss. I. dasyn/dast, D. dasun/dast ‘to shave’, Yghn. tos-/tásta ‘to hew, to
shave (off); to scratch, scrape (off); to shear’, Sh. täX-, Rosh. töw-/tüxt, Bart. töX-,
Sariq. tux, Yzgh. taw-/text ‘to cut, whittle, shave, prepare’, Yghn. tos-, M. tiZ-/toyd,
Yi. tiZ- ‘to shear’, Wa. tsrš-/tošt ‘to cleave; to shave, shear’, Pash. tog- ‘to shave,
plane’, Pash. tiyaso (Ё) "plough-share' || (+ *ham-) ? Oss. I. zntysyn/entyst, D.
æntæsun/æntæst ‘to succeed in’ (sec. prefixation). Ф The initial d- of Oss. I. dasyn,
D. dasun is from compounds, e.g. serdasen ‘razor, v. EVP: 83, no. 378.
*MISC: Par. thä- ‘to cut, shave’, Arm. (LW) tasem ‘to cut’
*SANSKRIT: taks ‘to form (by cutting), to prepare, build, carpenter’ (RV+), taksan-
‘carpenter’ = EWAia I: 612
© The root of the OP forms shows contamination with *@uaxš (tuxš), which is
attested in Av. in the middle voice only.
«PIE *tetK- ‘to construct, build by cutting’ = LIV: 638 f. | Pok.: 1058 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. тёктоу ‘carpenter’, OCS teSo (tesati) ‘I cut, hack’, Lith. tasau
(tasyti) ‘I cut, carve’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 83, 85; IFL I: 293a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 167; Andreev — Реёќегеуа: 338a f;
MacKenzie 1966: 110; EVS: 82; Nyberg II: 192b; DKS: 129b f.; Werba 1997: 189; Cabolov 1997: 72;
Steblin-kamenskij 1999: 368 Ё; Lecoq 2002: 122, 129 (passim); МЕУР: 81; Shahbakhsh: s.v. tras-; Korn
2005: 92, 216, 365
*tau ? ‘to throw, spread, sow’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *nis-) ? LKh. nast- ‘to pour out? = SGS: 51
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *apa-) ? m/ftw- ‘to be destroyed, disturbed’, m/ft’w- (caus.) ‘to
destroy, disturb’ — Samadi: 73 f.
*NWIR: (+ *para-, *pari-) NP (Tadj.) partofton/parto- ‘to throw’ (LW)
*NEIR: Sh. téw-d, Rosh. trw-/trwd, Ishk. tew-, M. téw-/tévd ‘to stir (soupy, M.
tiwaniy ‘stirring-stick’ || (+ *apa-) Oss. I. zftawyn/eftyd, D. zftawun/zftud ‘to
throw on; to increase; to take out, away, to pull out’, I. eftyn/zftyd, D. æftun/æftud
386 *tauH
(intr./pass.) ‘to fall; to set [of sun]; to increase’ || (+ *us- ?) Oss. I. stawyn/styd ‘to
mix, mingle’, D. (&)stawun/(z)stud ‘to rake, row [i.e. Russ. gresti]’ || (+ *pati-) Sh.
pit(t)äw-/pit(t)äwd, (Baj.) patäw-/patäwd, Rosh. patew-/patewd, Bart. pataw-/
patawd, Sariq. patew-/patewd ‘to throw away, fling, make fall’ || (+ *para-, *pari-)
Yghn. pärtou-, partöu-/pärtouta ‘to throw (out, on, off)’ || (+ *ui-) ? Oss. I. tawyn/
tyd, D. itawun/itud ‘to sow, strew, scatter; spread’ || (+ *ham-) Oss. I. antawyn/
гпіуа, D. entawun/entud ‘to ferment the froth (of arrack, beer)’ (sec. prefixation),
Oss. D. zentojne “mixture, chaos, disorder’ (sec. prefixation ?)
9 It is necessary to postulate a root *tau- ‘to sow, throw (vel sim.)’ that would be
confined to Elr. on the basis of especially the Oss., Chor. and Pamir forms. In view
of the rather limited geographical distribution this "root" *tau- is some kind of
regional borrowing. The permanently voiceless nature of the dental *t (which should
become voiced in intervocalic position) is another indication of a relatively recent
borrowing.
*PIE — > LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: TFL II: 257a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 114 ff., 166; Andreev — PeSéereva: 303b; EVS: 82a, 63a;
Abaev, Slovar’ III: 239 ff.
*tauH ‘to be able, strong’
*AVESTAN: tauu- (tu-) ‘to be able, strong’ > Liste: 26
Pres. athem.: IND. med. 3sg. YAv. tüite (V 13.8), SUBJ. Isg. OAv. tauuä (Y 28.4, Y 50.11), 3sg. YAv.
frätauuat (Vyt 51), 3р1. ? YAv. (them.!) tauuan (V 6.51), OPT. 2sg. YAv. fratuiia (Y 9.29); Perf.: IND.
3sg. Y Av. tütauua (V 6.32); Partic.: pres. YAv. tuuant- (V 3.33)
*OLD PERSIAN: tav- ‘to be strong’ — Kent: 186a
Partic.: pres. nu- (?) tunuvant- <tu-u-nu-v-t-> (DB 4.65), <tu-u-nu-v-t-> (DNb 9); Caus.: IND. 3sg.
tavayatiy <t-a-v-y-t-[i]-y> (DNb 33), impf. 1sg. atavayam <a-t-a-v-y-m> (DNb 47)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP twb'n- /tuwan-/ ‘to be able’, MMP tw’n, BMP twb’n
/tuwan/ ‘might, power’ || (+ *pati-) MMP pt’y-, BMP pt’y- /pattay-/, BMP pt'dst-
/pattayist-/ ‘to remain, continue; endure’. 0 MMP tw’n, BMP twb’n /tuwan/ are also
frequently employed as (impers.) verbal aux. ‘to be able’, construed with an
infinitive. || DMMPP: 330a, 285a
Partic.: perf. pass. ВМР twb’nst /tuwanist/ || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 2sg. MMP pt’yy, 35р. ? MMP “pt’yd,
BMP pt’yyt /pattayéd/, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP “pt’y’d, IMPV. 2sg. MMP pt’y, BMP pt’y /pattay/; Partic.:
MMP "рім
*PARTHIAN: t’wg ‘strong’ || (+ *pati-) pt’w- ‘to bear, tolerate; (?) to remain, insist
on’. © On pt’w- cf. Sundermann 1981: 169a: "Die Bedeutung bleiben" ist für mp.
pattudan wohl bezeugt ..., für parth. pattudan, pattaw- ist m.W. jedoch ... nur ,,erdul-
den, ertragen” belegt". = Ghilain: 76 f. | DMMPP: 322b, 285a
(+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 35р. pt’wyd, SUBJ. 35р. "pt’w’h; Inf.: рма
*KHOTANESE: LKh. tvafi- (tvafi-) ‘to strengthen’ = SGS: 41
*tauj2 387
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. t’w’nty (SCE 10), MSogd. t’wndyy ‘strong, powerful’ || (+
*pati-) BSogd. pt’w, MSogd. pt’w ‘to endure’
(+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 35р. CSogd. pt’wt, OPT. 3р1. dur. CSogd. pt^wyntqn; ’z-Impf.: IND. 35р. CSogd.
pt’w’z ‘he endured’, dur. CSogd. pt’w’sq (GMS: §644); Partic.: pres. BSogd. pt’’wyn’k ‘patient’
*CHORESMIAN: t’w’n ‘compensation, fine’ (< NP)
*BACTRIAN: TOOL, тоо ‘means, assets’, тооооуо, тоооуо ‘fine, Compensation’
=> S-W, Bact.: 226a
*NWIR: NP tavänistan/tavän-, Kurd. tiwänin, Awrom. taway/taw-, Gil. (Rsht.) tan-,
Gur. (Kand.) -tauw-/-tàü, Isfah. tunän (supplet. ša- < *x8aH), Khuns. tünis, Natan.
-ton-est/ton-, Shamerz. -tün- (-ton-), Siv. tan-, ten-/tänis ‘to be able’
*NEIR: Oss. I. tyx, D. tux& ‘power, might’
*SANSKRIT: (ol ‘to be strong’ (RV) > EWAia I: 638
*PIE *teuHoj- ‘to swell, be strong’ = LIV: 639 f. | Pok.: 1080 ff.
*IE COGNATES: RussCS tyti ‘to become fat’, ? Gr. oa.og ‘healthy’ (Peters 1980: 290)
*REFERENCES: KPF II: 190; Christensen, Contributions I: 61, 257; Christensen, Contributions II: 156;
Abrahamian 1936: 132; MacKenzie 1966: 110; WIM I: 73; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 344 f.; WIM II: 117;
Benzing 1983: 609; Werba 1997: 290 f.
*tauj! ‘to impel, hasten’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *pari-) MMP prdwz ‘impulse, thrust, energy’ = DMMPP:
278a
*NEIR: Oss. I. tynzyn, D. tunzun/tunst ‘to hasten, hurry, press on’. © The stem of the
Oss. forms matches the Skt. pres. stem ѓийја-. The connection with Chor. tnc- ‘to
hasten, hurry’, cited by Abaev, Slovar’ III: 338 f., is incorrect: the impf. stem t’ncy-
clearly points to an original stemvowel *-a-.
*SANSKRIT: toj ‘to impel, drive, set in motion’ (RV) © EWAia I: 670
*PIE *(s)teug- ‘to set in motion, impel’ = LIV: 602 | Pok.: 1032 f.
*IE COGNATES: MWelsh estwng ‘to yield, budge’, NHG stauchen ‘to thrust’, ? Gr.
ocvyéo ‘I hate, loathe’
*REFERENCES: MacKenzie 1979: 531; Werba 1997: 191; Plath 2000: 409 ff.
*tauj2 ‘to acquire, gather, gain’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ham-) MMP ’ndwc-, MMP hndwxt (pret. stem), BMP
"/hndwc- / (h)andoz-/ ‘to gain, acquire, amass’ = DMMPP: 180b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP ’/hndweyt /(h)andozed/; Inf.: BMP ’/hndwhtn /(h)andoxtan/; Part.: perf. pass.
MMP hndwxt, BMP "/hndwht /(h)andoxt/; Pass.: pres. IND. 3р1. MMP hndwcyhyynd
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ham-) hadaj- ‘to accumulate, assemble’
*NWIR: NP töxtan/töz- ‘to acquire, gain, collect’ || (+ *ham-) NP andöxtan/andöz- ‘to
acquire, collect’
388 *tauj3
*SANSKRIT: ? tuj- ‘offspring’ (RV 4.1.3, 5.41.9), tujáye (inf) ‘to procreate’
c EWAia I: 652, fn.
The precise origin of *tauj’ is unclear. The root postulated here may be related to
BSogd. twö’k, CSogd. twdy, MSogd. twoyh ‘heap, mass’, NP tödah ‘mass(es)’
(without an "enlargement" *-j-). See also *,Өџа(п).
*PIE — 2 LIV: — | Pok.: 1080 ff.
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 89 f.; Nyberg II: 95a; DKS: 450a; Cabolov 2001: 330
WIR ‘to (re)pay, pay back (a debt, fine, vel sim.), expiate’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP twz- ‘to expiate, pay for’, BMP twc- /toz-/ ‘to pay a debt, a
fine; to give back, return anything (borrowed)! = DMMPP: 331a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP tweyt /tozed/, 3р1. MMP twzynd
*PARTHIAN: twj-, twc- ‘to pay, expiate’ = Ghilain: 63 | DMMPP: 330b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. twcyyd, SUBJ. 15р. “twj’n, IMPV. 2р1. twjyd
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. twZ, MSogd. twj, SSogd. tw(y)’z- ‘to pay (oft. © On the Sogd.
1-umlaut and subsequent "Brechung", cf. GMS: $191.
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. CSogd. twžt, Impf.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. twj; Fut.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. tw2Ztq’; Caus.: pres.
SUBJ. 1sg. SSogd. twy’z’n, SUBJ. 3sg. SSogd. twy’z’t, SSogd. twy’z’ty, impf. IND. 3sg. SSogd. tw’z,
fut. IND. 15р. SSogd. twy’z’m km
*CHORESMIAN: twy ‘poll-tax’ (Benzing 1983: 617)
*BACTRIAN: Go ‘to pay’ = S-W, Bact.: 227a
*NWIR: NP töxtan/töz- ‘to pay a debt, return anything borrowed’ || (+ *ham-) NP
andöxtan/andöz- ‘to collect a debt’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) tuZem ‘to expiate’, Arm. (LW) toyz ‘expiation, penalty’
0 The origin of the root *tauj’ is unknown: it could be identical to *tauf".
*tauS ‘to (be) empty’
*AVESTAN: Y Ау. tuš- ‘to (be) empty’ = Liste: 26
Pres. inch.: INJ. 3pl. YAv. tusan (V 3.32); Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. (apa) taosaiieiti (Yt 10.48, Yt
14.63, etc.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP twhyg, BMP twhyk /tuhig/ ‘empty’ = DMMPP: 330b
*PARTHIAN: twsyg ‘empty’ = DMMPP: 331a
*KHOTANESE: tussaa- ‘empty’
*NWIR: NP tuhi ‘empty’, Bal. tust/tus- ‘to suffocate’, tost/tos- ‘to extinguish’
*NEIR: ? Sh. (Baj.) tüy-/tüyd ‘to ache, hurt’, Rosh. tüy-/tüyd, Yzgh. toy-/toyd ‘to
suffer’, Sariq. toy-, tawg- ‘to suffer, worry, be tormented’, Oss. I. tysszeg, Sh. tis,
Rosh. tis, Sariq. tis, Pash. tas, (Wan.) tas, Wa. tas ‘empty’
*MISC: Orm. tusk ‘empty’
*SANSKRIT: tucchyd- ‘empty’ (RV) © EWAia I: 652
*ti(n)jl 389
9 For the most recent treatment of the consonant cluster *-s-sk- > Ir. -s-, -h- see
Lubotsky 2001: 49 and Cheung 2000: 71 f.
«PIE *teus- ‘to be empty’ = LIV: 642 | Pok.: 1085
*IE COGNATES: OCS Trëtt ‘empty, vain’, Lith. tüscias ‘empty, poor’, etc.
*REFERENCES: Geiger 1891: 150; EVP: 84; IIFL II: 416; EVS: 80b, 81b, 116b; DKS: 132b f.; Abaev,
Slovar’ III: 343; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 365; Cheung 2002: 232 f.; NEVP: 84; Korn 2005: 315, 365 f.
*tap ‘to twist, wind’
*KHOTANESE: Khot. thauna- ‘cloth, silk’. © Initial th- is the result of the transfer of
friction from internal to initial position, Sims-Williams 1983: 48.
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *upa-) bd’by- ‘to twist’ || (+ *us-) ? m/(w)stnb- ‘to throw up,
vomit’, m/stnby- (caus.) ‘to cause to throw up’. Ф As for m/(w)stnb-, m/stnby- cf.
Samadi: "doch schwerlich zur stamb ‘stützen’.". = Samadi: 14
*NWIR: NP täftan/täb- ‘to turn, twist, spin’, NP tab ‘twisting, curling lock’, Nn.
tovna/tov-, Varz. towna/town- ‘to twist’
*NEIR: Yghn. tob-/tóbta, top-/tópta, Wa. tov-/tovd, Sh. täb-/täpt, Rosh. teb-/tept,
Bart. tob-/topt, Sariq. top-/tipt-, Yzgh. tab-/tabt ‘to wind, spin’, ? Oss. I. tyn, D. tune
‘sheet’, ? Oss. I. taebyn ‘prepared wool’ (LW), Pash. taw ‘twist, contortion, winding’
(prob. genuine)
© The consistently long stem vowel of these Iranian (verbal) forms is puzzling (the
inclusion of Chor. m/(w)stnb- is uncertain): it cannot be explained from a zero grade
*tmp- (> Ir. *tap-), cf. LIV, ibid. Explaining the forms as a secondarily arisen
causative is difficult in the absence of the corresponding regular formation. Perhaps,
the long vowel has been imported from the semantically and formally similar Ir.
causative continuations of *yab/f ‘to weave’.
«PIE (?) *temp- ‘to draw, twist" = LIV: 626 | Pok.: 1064 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lith. terüpti ‘to stretch; to draw, drag’, Russ. (dial.) tepsti ‘to tighten,
straiten’, Lat. tempus ‘time (span)’
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 83; EVP: 84; Andreev — PeSéereva: 337b; EVS: 80a; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 336
f., 244; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 358 f.; Lecoq 2002: 638b, 684b
*ti(n)f! ‘to sharpen’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP Dt, MMP tyz, tyz, ВМР tyc /téz/ ‘sharp? = DMMPP:
332a, 333a
*KHOTANESE: (+ *fra-) OKh. hatiys- ‘to shine’ = SGS: 145
*CHORESMIAN: cxy- (inch. ?) ‘to sharpen, whet’ || (+ *us-) m/stncy- ‘to lift (the ears)’
c» Samadi: 53, 187
*NWIR: NP téz ‘sharp, cutting’, pointed’
390 *tund
*NEIR: ? Sh. (Baj.) tüy-/tüyd ‘to ache, hurt’, Rosh. tüy-/tüyd ‘to suffer’, Sariq. tawy-
‘to suffer, worry, be tormented’, M. tiZ-/tóyd- ‘to cut, split’, (denomin. ?) M. tuyd-/
tuyday- ‘to shave’, (ppp.) Wa. toyd ‘tense; sharp’, Sariq. (ёі, Yzgh. tayd ‘sharp’ ||
(+ *upa-, *pati-) ? Wa. pitic-/pitict ‘to string beads’, Wa. ptiy ‘(needle and) thread’,
? Sh. pidyüc (m.), (Baj.) pedyöc, Sariq. padec ‘thread’
*SANSKRIT: tej ‘to sharpen, to make pointed’ (R V+), tigmá- ‘sharp, pointed’ (RV+)
= EWAia I: 645, 668
The root *ti(n)j’ is etymologically related to *staif. For *ti(n) see *0jaj.
*PIE *(s)teig- ‘to sting, stab, to be pointed’ => LIV: 592 | Pok.: 1016 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. стібо ‘I sting, mark’, Lat. in-stigare ‘to urge on, impel’, NHG
stechen ‘to sting’
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 257, 254b; EVS: 80, 54a; DKS: 448b; Werba 1997: 190; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999:
362, 269
*tund ‘to act violently’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP rond BMP rond /tund/ ‘sharp, violent? > DMMPP: 330b
*KHOTANESE: ttunda-, ttuda- (ppp.) ‘plundered’ (< ? denom. *tunda-ia- ‘to act
violently’). The etymology of Khot. *tund- which was proposed by Bailey (DKS:
131b), an enlarged root of *tau-/tu ‘to thrust, remove, plunder’ (Pokorny: 1032 ff.) is
untenable. Sims-Williams, SVK III: 68, s.v. ttunda-, considers a connection with
CSogd. twmd’rt ‘he knocked’, translating Syr. nqs ‘id.’. No further Ir. cognates can
be cited though. I would rather interpret the Khot. forms as denominative. = SGS:
39
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. twnt ‘violent’
*NWIR: NP tund ‘violent, sharp (of taste)’
*SANSKRIT: fud ‘to thrust, push, crush’ (RV(+)) = EWAia I: 671
The Khot. forms (the corresponding present stem is not attested), may be the sole
denominative formation of *tund. This nominal form (derived from an attested Ir.
root *taud) is perhaps cognate with Skt. tud, cf. Sundermann apud EWAia I: 671.
*PIE *(s)teud- ‘to thrust? > LIV: 601 | Pok.: 1033 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. tundö (perf. tutudi) ‘I thrust, hit’, Goth. stautan, NHG stoßen
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 191
@
Sam ‘to tend, be(come) attentive, caring, comforting’
*AVESTAN: YAv. @amnahuuant- ‘comforting, solicitous, caring’ (Yt 19.9, Yt 19.14,
Yt 19.45, etc.)
*Өапј 391
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ш-) MMP wyh’d’n (pass. perf., pl.) °?'. 0 Cf. Henning’s
notebook, with an etymological clue: > Arm. vhat ‘disconsolate, discouraged,
fainthearted, desperate’. = DMMPP: 353b
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. Oty'q (Ё) ‘comfort’ {hapax}
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *fra-) т/гӨт- ‘to wake up’, mrO’my- (caus.) ‘to wake" = Samadi:
173
© The root *0am appears to be exclusively Iranian. On the other hand, it bears a
striking formal and semantic similarity to Gr. корёо ‘I take care of, look after’
(%їтло-конос (m.) ‘horse-watcher’, Olrish cumal ‘female slave’), which is usually
connected to xdjvo ‘I am tired’, etc. (*samH) despite the obvious semantic
difference, cf. Pokorny: 557; (hesitantly) LIV: 324. The initial 0- of the root points
to contamination with semantically similar roots (e.g. *Ouax$, *OraH) ?
*PIE— > LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Schwartz 1970: 292; Sims-Williams, 1985: 131
*Өапј ‘to pull, draw’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. anj- ‘to pull, draw’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to drive to’ = Liste: 26
Pres. aja-: IND. 3sg. YAv. fradanjaiieiti (Yt 17.2), med. 3р1. YAv. Oanjaüente (Yt 17.12), SUBJ. 15р.
YAv. Oanjaiieni (Yt 5.50), 3pl. YAv. Oanjaiiante (Yt 19.44)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP hnc- /hanj-/ ‘to draw (water)’ (h- is from *haié or the pre-
figated forms?) || (+ *a-) MMP "hynz- ‘to pull, draw up, tow’, BMP "hnc- ‘to draw
up (water)’ || (+ *fra-) BMP pl’hnc- /frahanj-/ ‘to educate, instruct, teach’ || (+ *ni-)
MMP nhynz-, BMP nhh- /nihax-/ (pret. stem) ‘to hold back = DMMPP: 36a, 242b
Pres.: IND. 1sg. BMP hncm /hanjam/, 3sg. BMP hncyt /hanjéd/; Inf: BMP hyhtn /hixtan/; Partic.: BMP
hyxt /hixt/ || (+ *а-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP *’hynzyd, 3р1. MMP "hynzynd (MacKenzie 1980: 291), BMP
/ahanjénd/, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP ’hynz’d, 3pl. MMP ’hynz’nd, IMPV. 2р1. BMP ’hncyt /ahanjéd/; Partic.:
pres. MMP ’hynz’g, perf. pass. MMP "hxt, BMP ’hht /ähixt/ || (+ *fra-) Partic.: perf. pass. BMP plhhtk(-)
/frahixtag(-)/ ‘educated, trained’, BMP plhht /frahixt/ || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP nhynzynd, SUBJ.
3sg. MMP nhynz’d, IMPV. 2sg. MMP “nyhynj; Pass.: perf. pass. ВМР nh'ht (HWH)nd /nihaxt/, nhht
/nihaxt/
*PARTHIAN: (+ *4-) "hynj- ‘to draw up’ || (+ *pati-) pdhynj- ‘to weigh’ || (+ *fra-)
frhynj- ‘to instruct, educate’ || (+ *ni-) nhynj- ‘to retain, hold back’, nhng
‘oppression’ — Ghilain: 51 | DMMPP: 36a, 269b, 155, 242a f.
(+ *4-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. "hynjyyd, *’hynjyd, 3р1. "hynjynd || (+ *pati-) Pres.: SUBJ. 2sg. pdhynj’h ‘weigh
[i.e. judge]’ || (+ *fra-) Pres.: SUBJ. 2sg. frhynj’h || (+ *ni-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. nhynj’, IMPV. 2pl.
“nhynjyd ‘protect!’; Partic.: perf. pass. nhxt|| (+ *ui-) Pres.: IND. 2sg. whynj’h; Partic.: perf. pass. whxt
*KHOTANESE: OKh. this- (this-) ‘to pull at’, OKh. thamj- (caus.) ‘to pull’ || (+ *apa-)
OKh. pathis- (pathis-) ‘to refrain’, OKh. pathamj- ‘to restrain’ || (+ *upa-a-) LKh.
bathamy- ‘to pluck out’ || (+ *us-) OKh. usthamj- ‘to draw, pull out’ || (+ *ni-) OKh.
nuhamj- ‘to hold back; open’ = SGS: 42, 94, 68, 18, 59
392 *0jaj (*ti(n)j2)
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. óync ‘to pull out’ || (+ *pati-) BSogd. pö’ync, MSogd. pddync ‘to
pull out’ || (+ *pari-) BSogd. prö’y, CSogd. prOync ‘to stretch’
Partic.: pres. BSogd. dync’k || (+ *pati-) Pres.: SUBJ. 35р. BSogd. pö’ync’t, Pass.: pres. IND. 35р.
MSogd. pöö’ytyy Pwt ‘is pulled out’ || (+ *pari-) Impf.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. pry@ynent, Pret.: intr. IND. 3sg.
BSogd. pró'yt'kw y’y, (£) BSogd. prö’ytch y’y; Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. prö’yt’kw, BSogd. prö’ytch
(#); Pass.: pperf. IND. 3sg. intr. BSogd. pró yt'kw х у, BSogd. prö’ytch "y
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pati-) ? p@xs- ‘to take refuge in (God)’ © Samadi: 163 f.
*BACTRIAN: vayyo ‘load’ || (+ *apa-) aBavay- ‘to charge’ ? || (+ *4-) av-avaydo
‘without deduction’, avayyo ‘neighbourhood’ || (+ *ni-) vavayyo, vavayyivdo
c» S-W, Bact.: 227b, 174a, 173a, 179b, 208a
*NWIR: NP sanjidan ‘to measure; reflect; compare, put in balance’, (LW) NP linj- ‘to
pull’ (< Sogd./Bactr.), Gz. säng-/sängä ‘to rock’, Semn. (impv.) bi-hänj ‘stab !’,
-tä/-änj- ‘to draw || (+ *a- NP ahixtam/ahiz- ‘to draw (a sword), NP
ahanjidan/ahanj- (caus.) ‘to drink; to drag; to fling’, Zaz. antis/anjen- ‘to pull’ || (+
*fra-) NP farhang ‘culture, education; dictionary’ || (+ *ni-) NP nihang ‘a kind of
sea-monster, crocodile; sword’
*NEIR: Pash. länga (Ё) ‘lace or rope for tightening the web of a charpoy’ || (+ *abi-)
Oss. I. ivtynzyn/ivtygd, D. evtinzun/evtigd ‘to yoke a horse; to load a gun; to wind
up a watch, vel sim.’, I. ivtong, D. evtong ‘equipped, ready for action, under way,
sim.)’ || (+ *a-) Pash. anang, alang ‘span from thumb to forefinger’ || (+ *ui-) Oss. I.
tynzyn/tygd, D. itinzun/itigd ‘to spread, stretch out; to crucify’
*MISC: (+ *ni-) Arm. (LW) nhang ‘a kind of water beast’
9 The initial *0- of the root is puzzling: does it point to the presence of a following
laryngeal ? The assumption of an older IE *f’-, as found in LIV, l.c. is unacceptable.
One may also think of influence from the antonym *@ra(n)é ‘to press’.
«PIE *teng"- ‘to draw, pull back’. > A slightly different preform is reconstructed by
Kümmel in LIV, Le: zeng. His objections against the postulation of *tH- (on
account of the Iranian evidence) and his explanation (invoking the loss of an
s-mobile variant) are incomprehensible to me. *teng^- is clearly an enlarged root of
*ten- (*tan). => LIV: 657 | Pok.: 1067
*IE COGNATES: Toch. tänk- ‘to check, stop, restrain’, OCS rastesti ‘distrahere’,
pri-teZati ‘to acquire, work’, Russ. tuZit’sja ‘to exert oneself’, Russ. tjaZély] ‘heavy’
(etc.), Lith. tingéti ‘to be slow, lazy’, tingus ‘slow, lazy’
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 206a, 208b; Morgenstierne 1942: 262; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 555; DKS: 148a, 207a f.,
43a, 190b; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 337 £; WIM II/1: 82; Sims-Williams 1989: 329; Paul 1998: 291a; Cheung
2002: 108 ff., 194 £; NEVP: 44
*Өіај (*ti(n)j’) ‘to come to a halt, want to leave (from an awkward situation ?),
embarrasser’
*Өгаһ (*trs) 393
*AVESTAN: ОАу. i@tiejah- [п] ‘abandonment (?)’ (Y 34,8), YAv. iðiiajah-, i0iiejah-
(n.) ‘abandonment CV (Yt 10.22), ? YAv. tinja ‘to stop, lo!’ (Yt 19.50). 0 On ҮАУ.
tinja cf. Sims-Williams 1989: 263, but the precise meaning of this interjection is
uncertain.
*CHORESMIAN: tynk- ‘to come to a standstill, stop’, (intr./inch.) tx- ‘to stammer,
speak haltingly’ = Samadi: 206
*NEIR: ? Oss. I. (rarely) tigyn, D. tegun/tigd ‘to sieve (flour through a sieve)’, ? Wa.
іыс-Йосі- ‘to stop, stick into (?)’
*SANSKRIT: tyaj ‘to leave, dismiss, abandon’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 673 f.
© It is uncertain whether all these Ir. forms cited here are related to each other. Some
of them may be indeed related to tyaj ‘to leave, dismiss, abandon’ (R V+), EWAia I:
673 f.
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ III: 292 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 367
*Orah (*trs) ‘to shake, tremble; to fear; to flee’
*AVESTAN: YAv. Oränh- (taras-) ‘to fear’ || (+ *abi-) caus.‘to scare hither’ || (+
*pati-) caus. ‘to scare thither’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to be(come) afraid (of)’ = Liste: 25
Pres. inch.: IND. 3sg. YAv. fratorosaiti (Yt 10.97, Yt 10.134, Vyt 27, Aog 19), 3pl. YAv. tarasanti (Yt
14.38), SUBJ. 3pl. YAv. fratorosan (Yt 11.6), IMPV. 3pl. YAv. torosentu (Yt 14.38); Caus.: pres. IND.
med. Zeg. YAv. 6rághaiiete (Yt 10.101), YAv. auui.Oràghaiiete (Yt 10.41), YAv. paiti.Oranhaiiete (Yt
10.41)
*OLD PERSIAN: f(a)rs- ‘to fear’ > Kent: 186a
Pres. inch.: IND. 3sg. t(a)rsatiy <t-r-s-t-i-y> (DPd 11), 3pl. t(a)rsa"tiy «t-r-[s]-[t]-[i]-y» (DSe 38), impf.
3sg. at(a)rsa <a-t-r-s-> (DB 1.50), 3р1. at(a)rsa" (DPe 9), INJ. Isgt(a)r. sam «[t]-r-s-m» (DPe 21)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP tyrs-, ВМР tls- (DHLLWN-) /tars-/ ‘to fear = DMMPP:
332b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP tlsyt /tarséd/, 2pl. MMP tyrsyd, 3pl. MMP tyrsynd, MMP tyrsynd, SUBJ. 2pl.
MMP "tyrs’d, IMPV. 2sg. BMP tls /tars/, 2р1. BMP tlsyt /tarsed/; Partic.: perf. pass. II MMP tyrs’d, BMP
tlsyt /tarsid/
*PARTHIAN: tyrs- ‘to be afraid’, ’hr’s- (caus.) ‘to fear, frighten’ = Ghilain: 75 |
DMMPP: 332b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. tyrsynd, SUBJ. 2sg. tyrs’h; Partic.: perf. pass. II tyrs’d
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. trs, CSogd. ts ‘to flee’ (Sims-Williams 1976: 58)
Pres.: IND. 2pl. CSogd. Gr, 3р1. SSogd. tr$’nt, IMPV. 25р. SSogd. më Pret: IND. 3sg. CSogd. "tsty
(Schwartz 1967: 46)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ni-) m[nc- to fear’ © Samadi: 121 f.
*NWIR: NP tarsidan/tars- ‘to fear’, NP sahistan/sah- (< OP *саһ- < Ir. *@rah-),
hirasidan/hiras- ‘to fear, dread’ (< Pth.), NP sah(i)m ‘terror, dread’, Bal. tursit/turs-,
Kurd. tirsin/tirs-, Zaz. tersäyis/tersen-, Awrom. tarsay/tars- ‘to be afraid’, Abyan.
tarsoya/tars-, Abz. tarsowa/tars-, Gz. társ-/társa, Gil. társoen/társ-, Gur. (Kand.) tärs-/
-tärs-, Ham. tarsayän/tärs-, Khuns. ters-/tersa, Mah. tirs-, Nn. tarsay-/tars-, Natan.
394 *0raH
-tärs-, Qohr. tarsäda/tars-, Shamerz. -tärsi-/tarsam-, Siv. ters-/terse, Semn. -tärsäf-/
-tärs-, Sorkh. -tars-/tars- ‘to fear, be afraid’, Gz. türsn-/társna ‘to scare’, Siv.
tarsenayän/tärsen-, Sorkh. -tärs-/tärs-, Lasg. -tars- ‘to fear’. © To Bal. tursit/turs- is
perhaps also connected Bal. drah-/drahit ‘to shiver’, with old *@ being replaced
(early) by d- of draps- ‘to tremble’ (*drafg).
*NEIR: Oss. I. taersyn/tarst, D. tærs-/tarst ‘to be afraid’, Pash. taxtedal ‘to flee’ = text-
eg-/-ed-, (Waz.) tast-/ta$-, tost-, (Wan.) test-/ters-, ? tarhedol ‘to take alarm, be
terrified, wince (about animals)’ = tarh-eg, Yi. Xüróx-/Xüróxt, M. Xiréx- (denomin.?)
‘to shy’ || (+ *us- ?) Wa. wes(o)y-/wost- ‘to be afraid’, (caus.) was(b1)Vv-/wasovd- ‘to
fear’, wasvik ‘fear’. Q The Pash. form tarh-eg is rather a borrowing from
Indo-Aryan, cf. Lah. tarahan ‘to be timid’, Si. trahanu ‘to shy’, according to
Elfenbein, apud NEVP: l.c.
*MISC: (+ *ui-) Orm. yus-/yusök, ywas -/ywas ek ‘to fear’ = go`š-/go`šók
*SANSKRIT: tras ‘to tremble, quiver, shrink from, be afraid’ (RV+) © EWAia I: 678
«PIE *tres- ‘to tremble, be afraid’ = LIV: 650 f. | Pok.: 1095
*IE COGNATES: Gr. трёо ‘to be scared, tremble, flee’, Lith. triséti ‘to tremble,
shiver’, etc.
«REFERENCES: KPF I: 80a, 136a, 205b; EVP: 82 f., КРЕП: 189; IFL I: 396b; Christensen, Contributions
I: 61, 256; IIFL II: 550a, 271a; Christensen, Contributions II: 52, 112, 156; Abrahamian 1936: 121;
MacKenzie 1966: 110; EVS: 101b; WIM I: 73; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 273 Ё; WIM II/1: 84; WIM III: 117;
Werba 1997: 349; Cabolov 1997: 74; Paul 1998: 315b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 400 f.; Kiefer 2003: 198;
Lecoq 2002: 122, 125, 127 (passim); NEVP: 83 f.; Korn 2005: 316, 364
*OraH ‘to protect’
*AVESTAN: 0га- ‘to protect! © Liste: 27
MED.; Pres. aja-: IND. 3pl. YAv. Oräiiente (Yt 13.146, ? Yt 19.94); Aor. s-: INJ./IMPV. 2pl. OAv.
Orazdiim (Y 34.7); Inf.: pres. Oraiioidiiai (Y 34.5)
*SOGDIAN: (*pati- ?) ? SSogd. ’pör’y ‘to protect’, ‘to throw away’. > The
interpretation of the Sogd. form is uncertain.
Pres.: OPT. 2р1. SSogd. ’pör’yyöy
*SANSKRIT: ба ‘to protect, save” > EWAia I: 679
© IE correspondences of the Ir. root are uncertain (Gr. троуйс ‘clear’ ?). The Av.
forms are isolated in Iranian. > LIV: 646 f. | Pok.: 1075
*REFERENCES: Reichelt 1931: 17, fn 13; BBB: 72, no. 572; Werba 1997: 292
*ӨгаНи ? ‘to nourish’
*AVESTAN: Orao- ‘to nourish, [BMP tr.] /parwardan/’ = Liste: 27
Aor. s-: INJ. 2р1. OAv. Oraostä (Y 46.7); Perf.: IND. med. 3sg. Ү Ау. tudruiie (Y 1.1)
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pati-) ? pattrusa ‘edible medicine’
*Өга(п)ё 395
% Further (Dir. correspondences of the Avestan forms, which appear to have
Germanic cognates, are unknown. The Khot. form, cited by Bailey, DKS, l.c., is
difficult to assess.
«PIE ? *treH,u- ‘to nourish, thrive’ = LIV: 647 | Pok.: 1095
*IE COGNATES: OHG trouuen ‘to grow’, OHG triuuit ‘thrives’, ON prüór (f.)
‘power’, Engl. to thrive
*REFERENCES: DKS: 207a
*Oram ‘to fear’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP sm- /sam-/ ‘to fear, be afraid’, BMP smyn- /samén-/ caus.
‘to frighten’, BMP smynsn /saménisn/ ‘fear’ (Kotwal 1969: 169, s.v. sam-)
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. BMP sm't/samad/; Inf.: caus. BMP smynytn /saménidan/
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ni-) m/né’my- (caus.) ‘to scare, cause to fear’. 0 The Chor. form
m/né’my- behaves like the caus. of m/nc- (*@rah). > Samadi: 122
© The evidence for a root *Өгат is limited to two languages, which is perhaps due to
the fact that this root has been largely replaced by (near) synonymous *®rah.
«PIE *trem- ‘to shiver, tremble’. ó On the IE doublets *tres-/*trem- see Walde —
Hofmann II: 675; Frisk II: 929 f., s.v. трёо. = LIV: 648 | Pok.: 1092 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. трёро, Lat. tremo ‘I tremble’, Lith. trimti ‘to tremble’, etc.
*Өга(п)ё ‘to oppress’
*AVESTAN: (?) YAv. *Өгәпс- ‘to press together, compress’
Partic.: perf. pass. Ү Ау. Өгахіа- (Yt 14.63)
*PARTHIAN: tryxs- (orig. inch.) ‘to be oppressed’ || (+ *ham-) ’ndrxs- (pret. stem) ‘to
be compressed, be constructed’, ’ndrynj- ‘to defeat, condemn’ = Ghilain: 79 |
DMMPP: 326a, 46a f.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. "tryxsyd, 3р1. tryxsynd; Partic.: perf. pass. pl. tryxtg’n || (+ *ham-) Partic.: perf. pass.
"ndrxt, П ’ndrxs’d, caus. "ndrynj'd; Inf.: "ndrxtn; Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. ’ndrynjynd
*KHOTANESE: thargga- ‘oppression, harm’ || (+ *apa-) LKh. pihisame ‘stoppage,
blockade’ || (+ *ā-) LKh. ähalj- (aihai’j-) ‘to control’ || (+ *para-a-) prrahis-
(prrahis-) ‘to open’, (caus.) Khot. praha(1)j- (prrahaj-) ‘to open’ || (+ *fra-) LKh.
*hahalj- (haha’j-, hahrri-) ‘to direct upon’ || (+ *ni-) nihalj- (nihej-) ‘to destroy (?),
restrain, suppress (?)’, OKh. nrhis(s)- ‘to restrain’ || (+ *nis-) OKh. nasthrri- ‘to be
pushed out’ || (+ *ham-) LKh. hamthrris- (hamthris-) ‘to be oppressed’, hamthraj-
‘to oppress’ = SGS: 13, 89, 88, 151, 57 f., 140
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. trytyh (ppp.) ‘depressed’ || (+ *abi-) BSogd. Btr’ync ‘subjugate’,
CSogd. ftrync ‘to oppress, suppress, control’, MSogd. Btrync ‘to oppress’ || (+ *ui-)
CSogd. "wytrxty’ ‘constraint’ || (+ *ham-) BSogd. (’)ntr’ys ‘to be oppressed,
become oppressive’
396 *Orap/tarp
(+ *abi-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. Btr’ynct, BSogd. Btr’ynctt, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. Btr'ync't; Impf.: IND.
3sg. MSogd. "B'trync (Sogdica: 43); Inf.: BSogd. Btr’ync’y || (+ *ham-) Impf.: IND. 35р. BSogd. mntr’ys
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pati-) ? bsx- ‘to stick (it) to, on’, pšxš- (inch./intr.) *to be stuck’ ||
(+ *ham-) msšcy- ‘to press together’, msxs- ‘to be joined together, united’
c» Samadi: 162 f., 190 f., 202
*NWIR: NP taranjidan/taranj- ‘to press’ (< Sogd.)
*NEIR: Ishk. tsranj-/tsrayd- ‘to compress’, M. tro(n)jv-/tardyd- ‘to stretch’, Yi.
traz-/trayd- ‘to tie’, Wa. tranj-/tranjd, tranZ-/tranZd-, trayd-, trayn- ‘to press,
compress’
*PIE *trenk(")- ‘to press’ = LIV: 649 | Pok.: 1093
*IE COGNATES: Lith. trefikti (trenkiu) ‘to thrust, throw, scatter’, Goth. breihan ‘to
press’, NHG drängen, etc.
REFERENCES: IFL II: 256; Fraenkel П: 1118; DKS: 148b; SVK I: 25 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 359
*Orap/tarp ‘to be unsteady, move unsteadily’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP spwk /sabuk/ ‘light, unsteady, shallow’ ( *0rap°)
*PARTHIAN: sbwk ‘light, easy’ (< MP) = DMMPP: 306a
*NWIR: Kurd. terpin ‘to stumble’, NP sabuk ‘light(footed); unsteady; haste,
despatch’, widely borrowed into: Abz. söbök, Nn. suvok, Qohr. sövök, Tr. sobok
‘light’, etc.
*NEIR: Oss. I. tælfyn/tælft (tælfyd), D. talfun/telft ‘to move to a place, to move
[intr]; to fidget; to twitch [intr.], shake, be in trepidation’ (*trf-ia-), Sariq. turf-/turft
‘to stumble, slip’, Pash. drabal ‘to shake, press down’ (LW ?), trap ‘leap, jump’ (<
Indo-Aryan)
*SANSKRIT: ? trap (med.) ‘to be ashamed, become shy’ (Ep.+). © Also in modern
Indo-Aryan: Lah. trapp ‘leap, jump’, Khetr. trap, Hi. tarap ‘jump, throb’. = EWAia
II: 674f.
«PIE *trep- ‘to be in trepidation’ ? = LIV: 650 | Pok.: 1094
*IE COGNATES: Gr. tpaneo ‘I press grapes’, Lat. trepido (denomin.) ‘I act in haste,
scurry, trepidation; I feel anxious, apprehensive’, Lat. trepidus ‘apprehensive,
anxious, behaving in an excited or agitated manner’, OCS trepets ‘trembling’, Lith.
trapus ‘fragile, delicate’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 83, 22; EVS: 81a; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 255 f.; Hoffmann, Aufsätze II: 397; Werba
1997: 415; Lecoq 2002: 602a, 637a, 654a (passim)
*OrauH ? ‘to oppress’
*KHOTANESE: thurs- ‘to be oppressed’ || (+ *abi- or *ui-) ? LKh. buhurs- ‘to be
afflicted, oppressed’ (SVK II: 54 ff.) © SGS: 43
*Quai ? 397
*CHORESMIAN: Swy- ‘to tyrannize, oppress’. > A different etymology was proposed
for Chor. swy- by Henning 1958: 111, who derived it from a denom. *srausa-, Y Av.
sraosa- (m.) ‘obedience; a kind of guardian angel’ (implicitly accepted by Samadi).
If we accept this etymology we need to explain the big semantic differences, which
are not easily resolved. = Samadi: 201
*NEIR: (+ *fra-) ? Oss. I. reetawyn/retyd, D. reetawun/retud ‘to quilt, stitch, sew’. 0
Semantically difficult is the etymology originally proposed by Abaev, Slovar’ II:
381 f., for Oss. I. retawyn/retyd, D. retawun/retud, which refers to a common
domestic activity. It hardly admits a connection with the Khot. forms, despite the
assertions made by Schwartz 1982: 336 ff.
9 This root is largely constructed on the basis of the Khot. forms. No IE etymology
can be cited or even considered.
*PIE— > LIV: – | Pok.:
*Өгаў$ ‘to scatter, spread, strew’
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. 5^3, CSogd. š'š MSogd. 5° ‘to scatter, disperse’, (pass.) BSogd.
Sys-, MSogd. šyš- ‘to be scattered’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. dur. CSogd. §’Sysq, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. §’5’t, OPT. 3sg. BSogd. у; Impf.: IND. 35р.
MSogd. $, 3р1. BSogd. 5’s’nt, Inf.: BSogd. dr’’s’y; Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. (?) MSogd. Systyy, SUBJ. 35р.
BSogd. sys’t, Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. systk
*CHORESMIAN: S3s- ‘to be scattered, dispersed’, š'y- (caus. ?) ‘to spread (out),
scatter’ = Samadi: 189
*NEIR: Yghn. tirás-, téras-, tiráys-/tirásta ‘to fall (down, off); to become ill; to drop’ ||
(+ *yi- ?) Oss. I. irtasyn/irtest, D. zrtasun/ertast ‘to separate, distinguish; to take
away; to choose’, Yghn. cos$- ‘to spread, scatter, sow’
© The existence of this root is uncertain: the structure does not warrant an IE origin.
“PIE LIV: - | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Geiger 1891: 150; Andreev — PeSéereva: 335b f.; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 548 f.; Cheung 2002:
193 f.
*Quai ? ‘to spread, disperse ?’
*AVESTAN: ? 0D(ajii- (0Boi-) ‘to spread, disperse ? || (+ *upa-) ‘id.’
Pres. them.: IND. 25р. ? OAv. 0Boi.ahi (Y 34.11), YAv. upa 0B(a)iieiti (Vyt 27); Partic.: pres. ҮАУ.
OBiias- (V 2.23)
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ш-) ? wydby’g ‘extensive’ (< Sogd.) = DMMPP: 352a
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pari-) MSogd. pröß’y ‘to spread’ || (+ *fra-) MSogd. BréB’y ‘to
spread, extend’ || (+ *ui-) BSogd. wyöß’y- ‘to extend’
(+ *pari-) Pret.: tr. IND. 3sg. MSogd. *prdB’y’t "ó rt (MKG: 394) || (+ *fra-) Fut.: IND. 3sg. MSogd.
Bröß’ytk’m (MKG: 333) || (+ *ui-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. wyöß’y’t
398 *Oua(n)j
© The reconstruction of an Iranian root *@uai is fraught with problems. To Av.
ӨВ(а)11- (0Boi-) the meaning ‘to scare, frighten, tremble (vel sim.)’ is assigned, e.g.
Kellens, Liste: l.c.; LIV: 653; IEW: 1099. This would make the Avestan forms
totally isolated, although it is considered to be the unenlarged continuation of IE
*tueis- ‘to shake’ (Skt. tves-, Gr. cet@ ‘I shake, tremble’). On the other hand, it is
also quite tempting to connect the Avestan forms to the isolated Sogdian formations
pröß’y ‘to spread’, etc., which seem to contain an Iranian root *@uai as well. The
Avestan would then also mean ‘to spread (vel sim.)’. This meaning is suitable for all
three attested Avestan passages with 0B(a)ii- (0Boi-), whereas the hitherto assigned
meaning(s) ‘to scarce, frighten, tremble (vel sim.)’ only fits Y 34.11 well. In the
absence of further Ir. or IE evidence the meaning or existence of this Ir. root remains
uncertain.
*PIE — — LIV: 653 | Pok.: 1099
*Өџа(п) ‘to get, acquire’
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. óB yz, CSogd. tfyZ, MSogd. ößj ‘to gain, get, acquire’
Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. óB ух, CSogd. Ofyzt, 3р1. CSogd. 0fyZnt, IMPV. 2sg. CSogd. 0fyš; Impf.: IND.
3sg. CSogd. 0yfyZ; Pret.: tr. IND. 2sg. CSogd. "Ofxst'ry; Partic.: pres. MSogd. ößjnyh (Sogdica: 31), perf.
pass. BSogd. 6B’xSt;, Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. MSogd. ößxstyy Pwt ‘is collected’
*CHORESMIAN: m/Ofnc- ‘to acquire’ = Samadi: 207
*BACTRIAN: aAgavC- ‘to acquire’ = S-W, Bact.: 179a.
*NWIR: NP alfanj-/alfagdan ‘to acquire, get’ (< Bactr., cf. Sims-Williams, l.c.)
% The root seems to show contamination with *tauj” (?). A similar semantic
development can be noticed in OCS pri-teZo (pri-teZati) ‘I acquire, work’, s.v. *Oanj.
*PIE— > LIV: — | Pok.:
*Ouanz ‘to press on ?'
*AVESTAN: YAv. Oßaz- to be excited, pressed (?)°, YAv. aso0Do.zgatoma- ‘the
foremost zealous, pushy one’ (Y 13.2). © For the meaning of YAv. Oßaz- and
etymology of the root see Gershevitch 1964: 17, and recently, Hintze 1994: 295 ff.
c» Liste: 26
Pres. inch.: IND. 3sg. YAv. 0Bazjaiti (Yt 19.58, Yt 19.61)
*SOGDIAN: (+ *fra-) CSogd. ftpyZ- ‘to compel’. © On initial fip? see Sims-Williams
1985: 177.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. dur. CSogd. fipyZtq {hapax}
*SANSKRIT: Skt. tvafic ‘to contract’, often cited as a correspondence of Av. Oßaz-
(and others) is probably an artificial root and therefore cannot be used for
historical-comparative research, cf. EWAia III: 258. Further Ir. cognate forms are
unknown, except for (hapax) CSogd. fipyz-.
*Quars 399
«PIE *tueng"- ‘to press on’. Ò Or *tuenk- ?, cf. Kümmel, LIV, Le, no doubt on
account of the Greek and Lith. forms, which may show contamination with
*trenk(")- “id.’. = LIV: 655 | Pok.: 1099 f.
*IE COGNATES: OHG dwingan, NHG zwingen ‘to press, force to’, ? Gr. oatıo ‘I
load, fill’, Lith. tvenkiü (tvefikti) ‘I block’
*Ouar/tur ‘to hurry, hasten’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. ӨВаѕа- ‘hurried, quick’ (Y 11.7, Yt 10.52, Yt 13.39). 0 On the stem
vowel see De Vaan 2003: 55 f.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ni-) BMP nswb'l- /nihar-/ ? ‘to hurry?
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ni-) nydf’r- ‘to hurry’ = Ghilain: 74 | DMMPP: 252b
Pres.: IND. 35р. nydf’ryd, nydf’ryyd, 1р1. nydf’r’m, 3pl. nydf’r’nd, SUBJ. 25р. nydf’r’, IMPV. 2pl.
nydf ryd; Partic.: perf. pass. nydfwrd
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) MSogd. pöß’yr ‘to hasten’
Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. MSogd. pöß’yrt {hapax}
*NWIR: ? NP turidan/tur- ‘to be greatly afraid; to run away for fear’, Anar. turr-, Gz.
tur-/tura ‘to start to roll’, (tr.) turn-/turna ‘to roll’
*NEIR: Oss. I. tyrnyn, D. turnun ‘to strive for something; to be torn (off)’, ? Oss.
taeltaeg ‘ardent, fiery’ (-It- < ?)
*SANSKRIT: tvar ‘to hurry, hasten’ (KS, Br.+) > EWAia I: 684 f.
«PIE *tuer- ‘to drive, urge, impel’ > LIV: 655 | Pok.: 1100
*IE COGNATES: Gr. òtpúvo ‘I urge on’, Gr. отролёос ‘hurried, quick’ (0- < ?), OE
bweran ‘to stir’, OHG dweran ‘to stir up’, ON руга ‘to speed’
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ III: 342, 259; WIM II/1: 84; Werba 1997: 462 f.
*Quars ‘to cut, form’
*AVESTAN: ӨВәгәѕ- (0BaroZ-) ‘to cut, form’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to cut off (nails)’ || (+ *pati-)
‘to adorn, cover, line with’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to cut into’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to cut out from’
= Liste: 26
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. 0Borosaiti (V 3.42, V 5.2, V 8.28 ff., etc.), 3du. YAv. 0Borosato (Y 57.2),
med. 3р1. YAv. “upa.6Barasante (V 17.2), INJ. 1sg. YAv. fra0Borosom (V 1.2 f£), 2sg. YAv. fra0Barasd
(Y 11.7), med. 2sg. YAv. upa.0Bərəsanha (У 17.4), 3sg. YAv. frä0Borosat (Yt 10.50, Yt 13.87), SUBJ.
Ipl. YAv. "fraüforosama (Yt 5.50, rep.), OPT. 25р. YAv. ni0forosois (V 9.6), 3sg. YAv. upa.0forosoit
(cit. in N 105), med. 3sg. YAv. fra0Borosaeta (У 7.71), 3pl. YAv. ира.ӨВәгәѕайәп (V 13.32, V 13.34);
Aor. athem.: INJ. med. 2р1. OAv. 0BaroZdüm (Y 29.1); Partic.: perf. pass. Y Av. paiti.ODarsta- (Y 57.27). 0
On OAv. 0BaroZdüm cf. Lubotsky 1994a: 96: < *0BoroZdüm, but De Vaan 2003: 530 f. argues that the
form shows YAv. influence. OAv. *0BoroZdüm would be adapted to YAv. phonology by replacing
*-oroZ- with *-arz-. Subsequently, YAv. *0BarZdüm developed an anaptyctic shwa, which was then
coloured to -0-: *0BarZdüm > *0BaroZdüm > 0BaroZdüm.
*SANSKRIT: tvastar- PN (god of creation, Creator) = EWAia I: 685 f.
400 *Quaxs (tuxš)
9 Av. @Baras- is isolated in Iranian: no other correspondences are attested. The etym-
ology, proposed by Bailey, DKS: 149b, for Khot. thurs-, viz. from root *Ouars, is
untenable, on which see SVK II: 54 ff. As for an IE origin, no verbal corres-
pondences can be cited. The nominal forms frequently cited as cognate, Gr. сарё,
(Aeol.) съркес̧ (pl.) ‘(pieces of) meat’, ? Olrish turc (m.) ‘boar’, are semantically
possible, but not very informative with regard to morphology and derivation.
«PIE? > LIV: 656 | Pok.: 1102
*QuaxS (tux&) ‘to be busy, working on’
*AVESTAN: Av. Ofaxs- ‘to take care of’, OAv. @BaxSah- (n.) ‘effort, work’ (Y 33.3, Y
46.12) > Liste: 26
Pres. them.: IND. 3pl. med. YAv. 0Baxsonte (Yt 10.14), INJ. 25р. OAv. 0Baxšo (Y 29.2); Partic.: pres.
med. Y Av. 0Baxsomna- (Yt 5.65)
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *ham-) ha™taxs- ‘to work with, effect’. © Cf. Kent, Le:
"contamination of *tas- ‘to cut, form’, Skt. taks- ‘form by cutting’ ... and pAr.
*tuaks-, Av. Owaxs- (mid.) be busy’ ...". = Kent: 185b f.
MED.; Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. ha"taxsataiy <h-t-x-3-t-i-y > (DNb 16), impf. lsg. hamataxSata
<h-m-t-x-3-t-a> (DB 4.65), «h-m-a-[t]-x-&-t-a > (DB 4.92), 3du. hamataxsa" tà «h-m-t-x-&-t-a» (DB 4.82)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP twxs- ‘to strive, be busy with, diligent’, BMP twhs- /tuxs-/
‘to strive, struggle with’, (sec. caus.) MMP twxsyn- ‘to make diligent, industrious’ ||
(+ *ham-) BMP ’ndwh /andöh/ ‘sorrow’, MMP ’ndwxyn ‘sad, sorrowful’
c DMMPP: 33 1b, 47a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP twhsyt /tuxsed/, 3р1. MMP twxsynd, MMP twxsynd, IMPV. 2sg. BMP twhs /tuxs/;
Partic.: pres. MMP twxs’g, (pl. MMP twxš’g’n ‘striving’, perf. pass. BMP twhsyt /tuxsid/; Inf.: BMP
twhsytn /tuxsidan/, caus. MMP twxsynydn
*PARTHIAN: twxS- ‘to strive, be busy with’ = Ghilain: 48 | DMMPP: 331b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. "twxsyd, 3р1. "twxsynd
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ham-) BSogd. ’nt(’)wxs, CSogd. ’ntwxs, MSogd. ’ndwxs ‘to strive,
endeavour’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’nt’wxst, 3р1. (subj. ?) BSogd. ’nt’wxs’nt, SUBJ. 15р. BSogd. ’nt’wxs’n, OPT.
lsg. CSogd. "ntwxsym ’zw (Weber 1970: 152), 3sg. MSogd. "ndwxsyy, IMPV. 2р1. BSogd. ’ntwxst’,
MSogd. ’ndwxsö’, Partic.: pres. BSogd. ’nt’wxs’k, BSogd. "ntwxs'k, MSogd. *’ndwxsy (BBB: 39); Inf.:
BSogd. ’ntwxs’y, BSogd. ’ntwxs’k, pret. BSogd. ’nt’wxs’t
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ham-) ’ndyx (m.), ‘пах (m.) ‘sorrow, sadness’
*NWIR: NP tuxSidan ‘to strive’, taxsa ‘diligent’ || (+ *ham-) NP andoh ‘anxious’
*NEIR: Oss. I. tyxsyn/tyxst, D. tuxsun/tuxst ‘to be restless, confused, concerned; to
be burdened; to be in a difficult situation; to succeed in’
*MISC: (+ *ham-) Arm. (LW) andohakan ‘dreadful’
*SANSKRIT: tvaks ‘to be working, active, strong’ (RV) = EWAia I: 683 f.
*yab/fl 401
9 This Ш. root has no certain IE correspondences. It is interpreted as a desiderative
stem *tuek-s- “о want to be strong, fat’ in LIV: 1.с.: < IE *teuk- ‘to be(come) fat,
strong’, Lith. tunku (okt, Latv. tuku (tukt) ‘I become fat’, OCS tuks ‘fat’.
«PIE? > LIV: 641 | Pok.: 1081
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ III: 347 f.; Werba 1997: 428
U
*yab/f ‘to call, utter (sing, speak, sim.)’
*AVESTAN: OAv. uf- ‘to sing’ — Liste: 49
Pres. ja-: IND. 15р. OAv. ufiia^ (Y 43.8), YAv. ufiiemi (Yt 13.21, Y 17.18, Y 26.1, etc.), SUBJ. 15р.
OAv. ufiiani (Y 28.3), Ү Ау. 35р. ufiiat (Yt 13.50)
*PARTHIAN: ? wf- ‘to spit’. Ò Differently Ghilain (l.c.), who connects the Pth. form
with *yamH ‘to vomit’. An analogical developent m > f is quoted from
Bartholomae, ZAIW: 218. = Ghilain: 56 | DMMPP: 340b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. *wfynd {hapax}
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. w’B, BSogd. w’B, CSogd. w’b, MSogd. w’B “о say, speak’
(supplet. BSogd. wyt- < partic. perf. pass. *uxta-, s.v. *uac)
Well-attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. BSogd. w’B’m, dur. CSogd. w'bmsq, CSogd. w'bmsqn, 2sg. BSogd.
w’B’y, dur. CSogd. w'bysq, 3sg. SSogd. wt, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pati-) pcw’By- ‘to answer’ || (+ *ni-) m/nwß- ‘to roar (of
thunder)’ = Samadi: 145 f., 133
*NWIR: Bal. gwapt/gwap- ‘to summon, call together’, NP gap, gab ‘word, chit-chat’
(orig. dial.), NP zand-baf ‘nightingale’, buf ‘owl’ || (+ *ni-) ? NP nuf(e) ‘sound,
noise’ (LW ?)
*NEIR: ? Oss. D. ufsun/ufst ‘to show attention to someone, take care of someone, en-
tertain someone’, (?) Pash. way-/wayal ‘to speak’, Yghn. wov-/wóvta ‘to speak, call’
© The alternating *-b/f of the root is due to assimilation to the perf. pass. participle
ending in *-ta: *ft regularly becomes Elr. *Bd. The often assumed relationship
between OAV. ufiia- ‘to sing’ and *uab/f ‘to weave’ (as quoted in for instance EWA
II: 506; Porzig, Gliederung: 186), should be given up, in view of the evidence from
the other Ir. languages, which clearly point to two separate roots. Ir. *uab/f is
probably expressive or onomatopoetic in origin, of the type woof: The root has been
connected to OCS vabiti ‘to summon’, Goth. wopjan ‘to call loudly, call out’, Engl.
to weep (etc.) by H.W. Bailey (his notes can be found on his copy of Pokorny, IEW:
1109). This proves to be phonologically difficult as the Slavo-Germanic forms point
to a structure that is not typical for an IE form, having long *4 followed by *-b-.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 94; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 11; Lehmann 1986: 409a; Shahbakhsh: s.v. gwap-
402 *yab/f2
*uab/f ‘to weave’
*AVESTAN: YAv. ubdaéna- ‘made from woven material’ (V 8.23 ff.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP wp- /waf-/ ‘to weave’
*PARTHIAN: wf- ‘to weave’ = Ghilain: 56 | DMMPP: 340b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. wfyd {hapax}
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. w f, MSogd. w’f/wft ‘to weave’. 0 The form ptyw’fnd (M178
ITV.124), given by Henning, Cosmog.: 307, is a nonce formation, Sims-Williams
(apud NEVP: ibid.)
Impf.: IND. 3pl. MSogd. w’fnd (Cosmog.: 307)
*CHORESMIAN: w’f- ‘to weave’ => Samadi: 208
*NWIR: NP baftan/baf-, Bal. gwapit, gwapt/gwap-, Kurd. unin, Khuns. baf-/baft,
Abyan. vota/vah-, Qohr. vata/awh-, Yzd. vopt/vop- ‘to weave’
*NEIR: Oss. I. wafyn/waft, D. wafun/uft, uvd, Sh. waf-/wift, waf-/weft, Sariq.
wof-/wift, Yzgh. waf-/waft ‘to weave’, Wa. Mt, (һ)ыЁ, ypif-/oft- ‘to weave, braid’,
Pash. od-, obd-/ow-, ob-, (Waz.) wavd/web-, Yi. waf-/waft-, M. waf-/weft-, Yghn.
wof-/wofta ‘to weave’ || (+ *pati-) ? Pash. pewd-, pey- ‘to pierce, transfix; string,
thread’ || (+ *pari-) Wa. psır(w)eif-/poroft ‘to darn, braid’, Sariq. parwäf-/parwift ‘to
plait, net’, porwóf ‘braid; hair (of female)’
*MISC: Par. yaf-/yafı, Orm. yaf-/yaf’ék ‘to weave’ = gaf-/gafok || (+ *pati-) ? Orm.
piyek ‘to string beads’
*SANSKRIT: ürpavábhi- (m.) ‘spider’ = EWAia I: 243p; II: 506
9 It is doubtful that OAv. ufiia- ‘to sing’ belongs to *uab/f- ‘to weave’ (as stated in
for instance EWA II: 506; Porzig, Gliederung: 186), especially when the Ir.
evidence suggests two different roots. The alternating *-b/fis due to assimilation to
the perf. past participle ending *-ta: *ft regularly becomes Elr. *Bd. See also *uab/f'.
*PIE *џеБ?- ‘to weave’ = LIV: 658 | Pok.: 1114
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /uep-/ {? hapax}, Gr. ooaívo ‘to weave’, Gr. don (Е) ‘tissue,
texture’, Toch. A wáp-, B wap-, OHG weban, Engl. to weave, etc. > As to Hitt., cf.
Neu 1998: 59, fn. 17. The passage (Bo 96/98 V 9”), U-e-pu-us U-e-ep-ta *Webstücke
webte er/sie’, from which Hitt. /wep-/ is inferred, has not been published yet and as
such: "Die hier gegebene Interpretation von hethitisch ueb- móge vorerst noch unter
Vorbehalt stehen.".
*REFERENCES: EVP: 9; IIFL I: 255a, 395b, 405a; IIFL II: 261a, 535a; Bailey 1936: 344; Andreev —
PeSéereva: 352; EVS: 89a, 60a; WIM I: 66; Abaev, Slovar' IV: 40; Werba 1997: 418 f;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 284 f, 455; Lecoq 2002: 121, 126; Kiefer 2003: 197; NEVP: 12, 67;
Shahbakhsh: s.v. gwap-; Korn 2005: 99, 398 (passim)
*uaá ‘to say, speak’
*AVESTAN: vaoc- (väc-) ‘to say’ || (+ *4-) ‘to say to’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to proclaim’
c» Liste: 48f.
*yad 403
Fut.: IND. 15р. OAv. vaxsiia (Y 30.1, Y 46.15, Y 51.8), med. 35р. YAv. frauuaxsiieite (Vr 15.3); Aor.
them. red.: IND. Isg. them. YAv. frauuaocami (Nat 46, Vyt 52), 1р1. ? OAv. ()Jauuaocama (Y 38.5), INJ.
1sg. YAv. frauuaocam (Y 19.3), 2sg. YAv. frauuaocö (Y 19.1), 3sg. OAv. vaocat (Y 29.6, Y 34.10, Y
45.3), 1р1. OAv. frauuaocama (Y 35.9), YAv. frauuaocama (Y 70.2, Vyt 13, Vyt 20, etc.), ? OAv.
auuaocamä (Y 38.5), SUBJ. lsg. OAv. vaoca? (Y 45.3), 35р. vaocat (Y 31.6, V 8.11, V 15.13), OPT. 3sg.
Y Av. vaocöit (V 4.46), 1р1. OAv. à vaocoima? (Y 35.3), IMPV. 25р. OAv. vaoca, 2pl. YAv. vaocata (P
16, P 38); Perf.: IND. 2sg. YAv. vauuaxóa (F 8), 3sg. YAv. vauuaca (Y 19.9, Yt 13.90), med. 3sg. YAv.
vaoce, 3du. YAv. vaocatard (Y 13.4), 1р1. OAv. vaoxomä (Y 34.5); Partic.: perf. YAv. vaokus- (Yt
13.88), perf. pass. uxóa- (Y 32.9, Y 33.14, Y 45.8, etc.); Inf.: aor. OAv. vaocanhé (Y 28.11); Pass.: aor.
IND. 35р. OAv. auuäci(Y 36.6), INJ. 35р. OAv. vaci (Y 43.13), IMPV. 35р. OAv. ücam (Y 48.9). 0 The
past participle uxóa- can also belong to the root *Hauj.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP w’c, w z, ВМР w'c /waz/ ‘word, speech’ || (+ *abi-) BMP
’yw’c, ’dw’c /ewaz/ ‘word, utterance’ || (+ *a-) MMP ’w’c- ‘to call’, MMP ’’w’g
‘voice, speech’, BMP ’p’c /awaz/ ‘sound, voice, language’ || (+ *pati-) MMP
pyw’c-, BMP ptw’c- /paywaz-/ ‘to answer’ || (+ *ni-) MMP nw’cysn ‘kind
utterance; honouring; hospitality ?°, MMP nw’g ‘melody, tune? = DMMPP: 333b,
64b, 291a, 5b, 246a f.
(+ *а-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP ’w’cynd || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP pyw’cyd-, IMPV. 2sg. MMP
pyw’c
*PARTHIAN: w’c- ‘to say, talk’ || (+ *a-) ”’w’c- ‘to call’ || (+ *pati-) pdw'c- ‘to
answer’ || (+ *ni-) nw’c- ‘to speak kindly to, treat kindly, honour’, nw’g ‘melody’
c» Ghilain: 68 | DMMPP: 333b f., 5, 271a, 246a
Pres.: IND. 1sg. w’c’m, 25р. w’cyh, 3sg. w’cyd, 2р1. w'cyd, 3р1. w’cynd, SUBJ. 15р. w’c’n, 2sg. wich,
IMPV. 2р1. w'cyd, OPT. *w’cyndyh; Partic.: perf. pass. w’xt, II w’c’d; Inf.: w’xtn, w’xt || (+ *a-) Pres.:
IND. 3pl. *""w'cynd || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 35р. "pdw'cyd, 2pl. pdw'cyd, SUBJ. 2sg. pdw’c’h, IMPV.
2sg. pdw’c, 2pl. pdw'cyd; Partic.: perf. pass. II pdw'c'd || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IMPV. 2pl. nw’cyd; Partic.: perf.
pass. II nw’cyd
*KHOTANESE: LKh. vamjamayyau ‘dispute’ {hapax} || (+ *pati-) pyumj- ‘to deny’ ||
(+ *ш-) ОК. byüj- ‘to abuse’ = SGS: 87, 105
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. wxs-, MSogd. wxs- (pass./inch.) ‘to be said, mentioned’ || (+
*us-fra-a-) CSogd. sfr’cy (m.) ‘speech, word’ (cf. Schwartz 1967: 126) || (+ *pari-)
BSogd. prw’’c- ‘to slander’
Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. wxsty, MSogd. “wxstyy (Kaw.: 74); Pret.: tr. IND. 3sg. SSogd. wytw ö’rt, 3pl.
SSogd. wytw 6’r’nt, Partic.: perf. pass. SSogd. wyt, MSogd. wyt’k; Inf.: pret. MSogd. wytyy || (+ *pari-)
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. prw’’ct
*CHORESMIAN: ws- ‘to say, speak’. 0 The seemingly endingless impf. ws is perhaps
a generalized allegroform (Skjarve apud Samadi, l.c.). = Samadi: 219
*BACTRIAN: (+ *pati-) лібооос- (orig. caus.) ‘to declare, make a declaration or
contract” = S-W, Bact.: 218b
*NWIR: Widely attested: Bal. gwast/gwas-, Zaz. vatis/van-, Abyan. vatan, Anar.
-Iwat/ewoj-, Awrom. watáy/wac-, Fariz. -vät-/-väj-, Yar. -vat-/-vaj-, Gz. va-/vat,
Gur. (Kand.) vat-/-(v)ac-, Ham. vatän/va-, Isfah. vatän/va-, Jow. bam-vot/ a-vod3-
404 *uadH
(also supplet. aggor- < *ham-Hgar-), Meim. bem-va/a-vod3-, Khuns. vaZ-/vat, Mah.
vätän/väj-, Nn. väte/väj-, Natan. -vat-/vaj-, Qohr. vata/vaj-, Sang. -vät-/vän-, Siv.
vas-/vat, Soi vat-/a-voj-, Sorkh. -vät-/ (subj.) -vaZ- (ind. supplet. (de)nomin. ván- ?),
Lasg. -vát-/ (ind. supplet. (de)nomin. ván-) ‘to speak’, Zaz. vaziyayis/vaZin- (caus.
-iter. ?) ‘to scold at’, Bal. gwänjat/gwänjan- (denom.) ‘to cause to sound’, NP bang,
Kurd. bang (m.), Zaz. veng (m.) ‘voice’, Siv. vang ‘scream’, Bal. gwank ‘voice’
(LW ?) || (+ *anu- ?) NP (Tadj.) nawoxtan ‘to curse’ || (+ *a-) NP avazidan ‘to cry
out, make a noise, vociferate’, Kurd. (Kurm.) axaftin, axavtin/axev-, axaftin, axaftin/
axiv-, (Sor.) axaftin, axawtin/axew- ‘to announce, speak, tell, converse’ (with meta-
thesis: *u ... x > x... f/v/w), NP avazah ‘voice, sound, loud talk? || (+ *ni-) NP
navaxtan/navaz- ‘to caress; treat with kindness’; to play (an instrument)’
*NEIR: Sh. wäy-/wäyd, Sarig. woy-/woyd, Yzgh. way-/wüyd, Wa. way-/wayd- ‘to
cry, roar, scream’ (early LW), Wa. woy-/woyd-, Ishk. bay-, voy-, M. bey- ‘to roar’
(LW), Oss. І. wac, D. wace “message, news; deity, divine, holy’ || (+ *anu- ?) Yzgh.
nowaz-/nowext ‘to swear, curse’ (< NP Tadj.) || (+ *4-) Sariq. awuj ‘voice, sound’ (<
early Pers. ?), ? Wa. awöy ‘voice, sound’ (< Sariq. ?)
*MISC: Огт. yus-/yok, ywac-/ywek ‘to say, speak’ = -803-/-gök, Par. yax ‘voice,
sound'
*SANSKRIT: vac ‘to speak, tell, say, call’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 489
«PIE *uek”- ‘to speak, to say’ > LIV: 673 f. | Pok.: 1135 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. etmetv (aor.) ‘to speak, to say’, Olrish foccul ‘word’, MHG
gewahenen ‘to mention, tell’, ON vättr ‘witness’, etc.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 84a, 146a f., 249a Ё; Ivanow 1926: 420; IIFL I: 258a, 396a; KPF II: 221 f.;
Christensen, Contributions I: 172 f., 263; Christensen, Contributions II: 63, 118; Abrahamian 1936: 123,
133; Lambton 1938: 42b, 77b, 78b; MacKenzie 1966: 112; Gershevitch 1971: 279 Ё; EVS: 16b, 89;
Lecoq 1974: 60; WIM I: 73; Lecoq 1979: 348; WIM II/1; WIM III: 118, 348; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 26 ff.;
Werba 1997: 397; Paul 1998: 316b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 386, 390; Cabolov 2001: 99 f., 149; Cheung
2002: 235 f.; Lecoq 2002: 176, 179 (passim); Kiefer 2003: 198; Shahbakhsh: s.v. gwas-, gwanjan-; Kom
2005: 137, 317, 398
*uadH ‘to slay’
*AVESTAN: ? OAv. vad- ‘to break through, hunt’, YAv. vada- (m.) ‘wedge’ (V 14.7),
vadar- (n.) ‘murder weapon’ (Y 32.10, Y 9.30). % The (hapax) verbal form seems to
be a denomin. (or caus. ?) form, which corresponds to Skt. vadhá-, Gr. ФӨёо.
= Liste: 53
Pres. aja-: ОРТ. 3sg. OAv. vadaiidit (29.2)
*KHOTANESE: OKh. bädära- ‘a weapon’ (Z 4.60, Z 24.280, Z 24.417)
*NWIR: NP guvah, gavah, Gz. guve ‘wedge’
*NEIR: Sariq. wed, Wa. waó ‘handle (of axe, etc.)’
*SANSKRIT: vadh ‘to slay, to kill’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 496
*yah2 405
«PIE *ued'H,- ‘to strike’ > LIV: 660 | Pok.: 1115 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /uizzai/ ‘hits, strikes, pushes’, Gr. @6é@ ‘I push’, Olrish fodb
“booty consisting of weapons’, Lith. vedega ‘a kind of carpenter’s axe’
*REFERENCES: EVS: 88a; WIM II/2: 671; DKS: 276b; Werba 1997: 469 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 386
*yah! ‘to be dressed’
*AVESTAN: уарһ- (vas-) ‘to be dressed’ = Liste: 53
Pres. {1} them.: IND. 3pl. YAv. ()vanhonti (N 91 Ё), INJ. med. 3sg. YAv. vayhata (Yt 5.129), IMPV.
3sg. YAv. vanhatu (V 3.19); Pres. {2} athem.: IND. med. 3sg. vasté (Y 30.5, Yt 13.3, V 4.49); Partic.:
pres. (2) YAv. vanhana-
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ui- ?) BSogd. w’y- ‘to take off (clothes)
Impf.: IND. 3pl. BSogd. w’y’nt
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ni-) m/nwSy- (denomin.) ‘to cloak, fit in’. Ф The reconstruction
cited by MacKenzie V: 68, *ni-u(a)r0ia- (pass. of m/nwrcy-, s.v. *ni-wart-), is
problematic, with regard to the alleged development *-r0ia- > -šy- as remarked by
Samadi. Perhaps, the Chor. form rather contains *uah! (Lubotsky). > Samadi: 134
*NWIR: NP bahanah ‘excuse, pretence, pretext, Vorwand’
*NEIR: Sh. -wün (m.), Rosh. -wén ‘wearing ...’, Ishk. wanji ‘cloak, coat’ || (+ *fra-)
Oss. D. rewag&, D. ræwonæ ‘excuse, pretence, pretext’ (cf. Gershevitch 1952a:
483f.)
*SANSKRIT: vas ‘to wear, be dressed in’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 529
*PIE *ues- ‘to wear, be/get dressed’ — LIV: 692 f. | Pok.: 1172 f.
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. ú-e-eš-ta ‘wears’, ua-aS-Se-iz-zi ‘clothes, puts on’, Gr. Évvuu ‘I
wear’, cio ‘I am putting on’, Lat. vestis ‘cloth, garment’, Toch. wäs- ‘to be
dressed in, wear; get dressed (in), put on’, Goth. wasjan, OE werian, Engl. to wear
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ II: 389, 391 f.; EVS: 90a; Adams 1999: 597; Cheung 2002: 219 f.
*uah? *to venerate, implore, pray'
*AVESTAN: vahma- ‘pray, veneration; laudation’ (Y 34.2, Y 45.6, Y 45.8, etc.)
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *pati-a-) patiyavah- ‘to pray to’. 0 Kent's connection with Av.
auuah- ‘aid’, Skt. ávas- ‘id.’ is to be discarded, on which see Szemerényi 1966: l.c.
The interpretation of Schmitt 1991: 52 as a form of pati + à + van ‘to pray’, which
goes back to Wackernagel 1956: 447 ff., is difficult, since a root *uan ‘to pray
(praise, sim.)’ is not attested in Ir., only *(H)uandH. = Kent: 173a
Pres. (a)them.: impf. IND. 1sg. med. patiyavahyai <p-t-i-y-a-v-h-i-y> (DB 1.55)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP whm ‘supplication, prayer’ || (+ *pati-) IMP ptwhy- ‘to
pray’, MMP pywh- ‘to pray, implore’. © whm is also part of the expression ysn "wd
whm, corresponding to YAv. yasnamca vahmamca ‘Anbetung und Preis’ (Y 35.7).
c DMMPP: 340b f., 29 1a
406 *uaHr-
(+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 159. MMP pywh’m, 3sg. MMP pywhyd, 1р1. MMP pywhym, 3р1. MMP pywhyyd,
IMPV. 2pl. MMP pywhyd, "pywhyyd; Partic.: pres. MMP pywh’’n, perf. pass. IMP ptwhyt, MMP
pywhyd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *pati-) pdwh- ‘to implore, entreat, pray to’ = Ghilain: 58 | DMMPP:
271b
(+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 15р. pdwh’’m, pdwh’m, 3sg. pdwhyd, 1р1. pdwh’m, 3р1. pdwhynd, SUBJ. 1pl.
pdwh’m, IMPV. 2pl. pdwhyd; Partic.: perf. pass. pdwh’d
*BACTRIAN: (+ *pati-) л.боооо- “to request, entreat” = S-W, Bact.: 218b
9 On the etymology see Szemerenyi 1966: 208 f.
«PIE *(Hj;)ues(H;)- ‘to venerate’ ? = LIV: - | Pok.: —
*IE COGNATES: HLuw. was(a)- ‘to elevate; to honour, pay respect’, HLuw. wasa-mi-
‘honoured, elevated’, HLuw. wasara- ‘favour, honour’, Luw. (NAsg.) uassar
<ua-aS-Sa-ar> ‘favor’
*uaHr- ‘to rain’
*AVESTAN: YAv. var- ‘to rain’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to rain from all sides’ — Liste: 53
Pres. them.: IND. 35р. YAv. varaiti (F 407), 3р1. YAv. vi.varonti (V 21.3), med. 3pl. YAv. med. 3pl.
varantaé° (Yt 5.120); Partic.: pres. YAv. varant- (Yt 16.9); Caus.: IND. 15р. YAv. viuuaraiiemi (V 5.20)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP w’r-, ВМР wt /war-/ ‘to rain’, MMP w’r’n, BMP win
/waran/ ‘rain’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP w’ryd, BMP w’lyt/waréd/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP w’lyt /warid/
*PARTHIAN: w'r- ‘to rain, drip’, w’r’n (coll. pl.) ‘rain (drops)! = Ghilain: 60 |
DMMPP: 336a
Pres.: IND. OPT. 3pl. w’ryndy
*KHOTANESE: bar-, OKh. ber- (denomin. ?) ‘to rain’, OKh. berafi- (iter.) ‘to rain’ || (+
*aua-) OKh. *vabar- (vabed-, vabad-) ‘to rain down’, OKh. bāra- ‘rain’. > The prev.
va- of OKh. vabed-, vabad- is secondary, as the Khot. development b < Ir. *u is
found in initial position only. = SGS: 95, 103 f., 118
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. w’r-, MSogd. w’r- ‘to rain’, BSogd., CSogd., MSogd. w’r ‘rain’ ||
(+ *para-) BSogd. prw’’r ‘discharge, outflow’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. w’rt, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. wirt, MSogd. w’rytw 159. ‘may I rain’
*CHORESMIAN: w’ry- ‘to rain’ || (+ *para- or *pari-) prw’r- ‘to drip’, ? m/cyw’ry-
(cy- < ?) ‘to spray’, w’r ‘rain’ = Samadi: 209, 155, 50
*NWIR: NP baridan/bar-, Bal. gwärit, gwart/gwär- ‘to rain’, Kurd. barin/bar- ‘to rain,
snow, etc.', Zaz. varayis/varén- ‘to rain’, Anar. woreye ‘it is raining’, Awrom.
waray/waro, Gz. vär-/värä, Khuns. var-/vara, Tal. voye ‘to rain’, also NP bärän,
Kurd. baran (f.), Siv. vörö(n), varan, Lor. baron, Tal. vos ‘rain’
*NEIR: Oss. I. waryn/ward, D. warun/ward ‘to rain, snow, etc.’, I. waryn, D. warun
‘rain’, Pash. wor-eg-/(w)or-ed- ‘to rain’, Yzgh. war- ‘to let water flow’, (caus.) Wa.
wblr(bI)V-/wblrovd-, wor(br)v-/worovd- ‘to sprinkle’, Wa. weir ‘rain’
*yaic 407
*MISC: Par. yär-, Orm. yðr- ‘to rain’ = gór-/górók, Par. yar ‘rain’
*SANSKRIT: vår- ‘water’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 544
«PIE *ueH;r- ‘water’ = LIV: — | Pok.: 80 f.
*IE COGNATES: Ілу. ua-a-ar ‘water’, Lat. urinari, ON vari (m.) ‘liquid, water’, ON
ur ‘drizzle’
*REFERENCES: Ivanow 1926: 419; EVP: 88; IIFL I: 256b, 396a; IIFL II: 549a; MacKenzie 1966: 112;
EVS: 90b; WIM I: 73; DKS: 278a; WIM II/1: 85; WIM III: 349; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 52; Paul 1998: 316b;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 402 f.; Cabolov 2001: 152 f.; NEVP: 89; Kiefer 2003: 197; Shahbakhsh: s.v.
gwar-/gwar-
*uai ? ‘to cut off, sacrifice ?'
*AVESTAN: YAv. vi- ‘to sacrifice, slaughter ritually’. ó In the most evident passage
(V 18.70) the meaning ‘to cut (off)' is admissible. — Liste: 54
Pres. nu-: IND. 3sg. YAv. "auuavinaoiti (cit. in BMP transl. of N 57, ?), OPT. 3sg. YAv. frauuinuiiat (V
18.70)
*NWIR: Anar. vonte/von-, Gz. ün-/ünt, Gil. (Rsht.) vaven/vavin- (also supplet. pret.
vavej- < *yaj), Kafr. vondmün/vünón-, Nn. vunte/von-, Tr. vunda/vön- ‘to cut (off)?
*MISC: Arm. (LW) vet ‘incision’
The exact meaning of the root *uai is uncertain, especially the interpretation of the
Av. forms is beset with problems. If we do admit the meaning ‘to cut off’, this will
allow us to connect the Avestan forms to several NWIr. verbs and the Arm. borrow-
ing vet. Bailey, l.c. also deduces from Sogd. wyr a denominative root *uair ‘to saw’,
which can be interpreted differently (*har?). The Oss. forms I. xyrx, D. xirx ‘saw’,
which Bailey cites in support of this postulated root, is probably onomatopoetic, as
stated by Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 267.
*PIE — > LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Zhukovskij II: 130a; КРЕТ. 134b f.; Ivanow 1926: 419; Christensen, Contributions I: 60;
Bailey 1975: 33; WIMII/1: 84; Lecoq 2002: 128, 132, 134
*yait ‘to sift, select, elect, sort out, separate’
*AVESTAN: YAv. vaec- ‘to select, sort out, sift? = Liste: 54
Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. *°vaécaiieiti (N 100)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP wyc- /wéz-/ ‘to sift, select, elect, choose (etc.); separate’
(especially in Dk.)
Pres.: IND. 3р1. BMP wycynd /wézénd/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP wyht /wext/; Pass.: pres. IND. 1р1. BMP
wycyhym /wezihem/
*PARTHIAN: wyx- ‘to elect’ = Ghilain: 94 | DMMPP: 360
Partic.: perf. pass. мухі, "hwyxtg, (pl.) wyxtg’n ‘chosen’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *uz-) CSogd. ZwyZ ‘to sift, winnow’
Pres.: OPT. 3sg. CSogd. Zw.Zy
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pari-) P’rwYCY- ‘to sift (flour) = Samadi: 157
408 *yaidl
*NWIR: NP béxtan/béz-, Bal. giht, gitk, getk/gec-, Kurd. (Sor.) bézan/béz(é)-, Zaz.
vitis, Awrom. wetáy/wec-, Abyan. veta/vej-, Gz. vēž-/vēt, Khuns. viz-/viza ‘to sift’,
Gur. (Kand.) vicä ‘sift !’, Bal. gecin, Kurd. beZing (Ё) ’sieve’, Khor. Боја, vim
‘weeding’ || (+ *pari-) NP parwez ‘sieve’, Zaz. pirozin (Ё) ‘(big) sieve’
*NEIR: Oss. I. wizyn/wygd, D. wezun/wigd ‘to reap, pick (grain, berries)’, Pash.
winj- ‘to wash, cleanse’ || (+ *pari-) Sh. parwéj-/parwézd, Rosh. parwij-/parwizd,
Sariq. parwey-/parwid, Yzgh. parwij-/parwoyd ‘to sow, to sift’, Wa.
porwic-/porwoyd (porwict) ‘to sift’, M. porwiZ-/porwöyd (Zarubin) ‘to sift’
*MISC: (+ *pari-) Par. paric- ‘to shake a sieve’, Par. pari&ön, рагіёӣп ‘sieve’
*SANSKRIT: vec ‘to sever, separate, winnow, sift? (RV+) = EWAia П: 576
9 This Ilr. root has no certain IE cognates. The comparison to the ‘consecration’
forms, Hitt. hu-e-ek-mi ‘I slaughter’, Goth. weihan, OHG wihen ‘to dedicate’, Lat.
victima ‘sacrificial animal’ is semantically not compelling. The Ш. root has no
particular religious significance and it is highly unlikely that only IIr. would have
retained the presumably older (more profane) meaning of ‘to separate (from the
rest), single out, etc.’.
*PIE — => LIV: 670 | Pok.: 1128
*REFERENCES: EVP: 87; IIFL I: 280b f.; KPF II: 187; IIFL II: 240a; MacKenzie 1966: 112; EVS: 60a;
WIM I: 74; WIM 1/1: 85; Monchi-Zadeh 1990: 24; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 108; Werba 1997: 233; Paul
1998: 317b, 309a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 278; Cabolov 2001: 170; Lecoq 2002: 126; NEVP: 88 f.;
Shahbakhsh: s.v. gec-
*uaid! ‘to know?
*AVESTAN: vid- (vió-, vaed-, va&ö-) ‘to know’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to proffer’ || (+ *a-) ‘to
announce’ || (+ *uz-) ‘threaten; [MP transl.] to promise’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to make
known’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to invite a deity to the sacrifice, dedicate’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to
announce’. 0 The formation with *uz- has acquired a more specific meaning ‘to
threaten’, which is attested in several Ir. languages, on which see see Henning 1958:
112; Benveniste 1959: 136; Gershevitch 1977: 63. || Also the formation with *ni-
shows a specialised meaning, which is mirrored in other languages. — Liste: 54
Aor. s-: INJ./IMPV. med. 2р1. OAv. frauudizdum (Y 33.8); Perf: IND. 159. OAv. vaeda (Y 28.10, Y
34.7, Y 45.4, etc.), YAv. vae0a "(Yt 1.26), 2sg. OAv. voista (Y 28.10, Y 32.6, Y 46.10), 3sg. OAv. vaeda
(Y 31.2, Y 35.6), Y Av. va@da, ? Y Av. va&0a, 3pl. Y Av. vióaro (N 39), SUBJ. 3р1. YAv. vaeonti (V 4.50
f£), 3sg. YAv. vaé@at (N 11), OPT. 3sg. OAv. vidiiat (Y 48.9); Partic.: pres. caus. YAv. aifi.vaeóaiiant-
(Vr 9.3), med. Y Av. aifi.vaeóaiiamna- (Vr 9.3), perf. OAv. viduuah-, Y Av. viöuuäh-, perf. pass. YAv.
vista- (Y 29.6); Inf.: aor. OAv. voizdiiai (Y 43.13), perf. OAv. viduiie (29.3, Y 31.5, Y 44.3), OAv. vr
viduiie (Y 43.9), OAv. viduuanoi (Y 31.3); Caus.: pres. IND. 1sg. YAv. vaeóaiiemi (Y 1.21 £, V 17.9),
Y Av. niuuaeóaiiemi (Y 1.1 ff., Vr 1.1 ЁЁ), ҮАУ. niuuaeóaiiemi (Vr 1.7), 3sg. ҮАУ. aifi.vaeóaiieiti (N 81),
1р1. OAv. auuaedaiiamahi (Y 36.6, Y 41.1), YAv. vaeóaiiamahi, med. 1р1. YAv. auuaeóaiiamaide (Y
58.2 Е), 3р1. YAv. paiti.vaeóaiieinti (У 17.10), INJ. 1sg. YAv. paiti.vaeóaem (V 2.17, V 2.9), 3sg. ҮАУ.
*uaid2 409
uzuuaeóaiiat (V 19.5), Y Av. niuuaeóaiiat (Yt 5.85), SUBJ. 1р1. YAv. vaeóaiiama (F 410), med. 3pl. YAv.
aißi vaédaiiante (Yt 10.120)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? MMP whyh ‘wisdom’ || (+ *ni-) BMP nwyd- /niwéy-/ ‘to
announce, consecrate’ = DMMPP: 341b
Pass.: pperf. IND. 3sg. BMP nwydyt (YK ‘YMWN)t /niweyid éstad/ (Dk. 7)
*PARTHIAN: (+ *uz-) ‘zwyd- *‘to threaten’ || (+ *ni-) nwydg ‘invitation’ = Ghilain:
95 | DMMPP: 103a, 248b
Partic.: perf. pass. II 'zwyd'd
*SOGDIAN: (+ *uz-) CSogd. zwyó ‘to threaten’, CSogd. zwydm’ (f.) ‘threat’ || (+
*pati-) SSogd. ptwyó ‘to know’, MSogd. ptwyó ‘to offer, show’ || (+ *ni-) BSogd.
nw’yö-, MSogd. nwyö- ‘to invite, request, inform’, BSogd. nwyömh, CSogd.
nwydm’ (Е) ‘invitation’
(+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 1sg. SSogd. ptwyö’m; Impf.: IND. 1sg. MSogd. ptywyów || (+ *ni-) Pres.: SUBJ.
3sg. BSogd. nw’yö’t, POT.-SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. nw’yst’ wn’’t, Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. nyw’y6; Inf:
BSogd. nw’yö’y
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *uz-) m/zwyzy- (caus.) ‘to threaten, fill with fear’ © Samadi: 266
*NWIR: (+ *ui-) Kurd. (Kurm.) bihistin/bihis-, bihiz-, bihe-, (Sor.) bistin/biya- ‘to
hear, listen, get to know’
*NEIR: (+ *uz-) Oss. I. zvzidyn/evzyst, D. avzedun/evzist ‘to threaten; to shake
with one’s arm or weapon’
*MISC: (+ *ni-) Arm. (LW) nuér ‘oblation, sacrifice’ (*yaid(H) ‘to be devoted to’ ?)
*SANSKRIT: ved ‘to (get to) know’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 579
0 The root is originally identical with *yaid’.
«PIE (perf. stem) *uoid- ‘to know’ = LIV: 686 ff. | Pok.: 1125 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. 0180 ‘I know’, Arm. gitel, Olrish ro-fetar, MWelsh gwyr, OCS
védé, Goth. wait, witum, ON vita, OE witan ‘to know’, Engl. wit, etc.
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 212; Werba 1997: 377 f.; Cabolov 2001: 174
*yaid? ‘to find’
*AVESTAN: vaéd- (va&ö-, vid-, vió-) ‘to find’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to receive, be presented ?’,
caus. ‘to present’. 0 On the formation with *fra- cf. Skt. RV 8.24.6b рга... vevidama
‘let us receive’, see Insler, Gathas: 247. = Liste: 54f.
Pres. {1} n-: IND. 35р. OAv. vmasti (Y 31.15, V 7.78 £), ҮАУ. vinasti (N 109), med. 3sg. YAv. viste (F
377, Aog 82), 3р1. YAv. vindonti (V 2.17, V 2.9), INJ. 3pl. YAv. vinden (V 2.16, V 2.8), OPT. med. 3sg.
YAv. vindita (Yt 17.54); Pres. {2} them. n-: INJ. 3sg. YAv. vindat (F 382), SUBJ. med. 2sg. YAv. vindai
(V 19.6), 1р1. YAv. vindama (Yt 15.40, V 19.46), med. 3pl. ? YAv. vindante (? V 18.36); Pres. {3}
them.: IMPV. med. 2р1. OAv. vaedo.düm (Y 53.5); Aor. them.: IND. 3pl. ? YAv. vidanti (Yt 6.3, Ny
1.13), INJ. Zeg OAv. vido (Y 51.18), 3sg. OAv. vidat (Y 51.5), SUBJ. Zeg YAv. vióaiti (P 14), IMPV.
2sg. OAv. vida (Y 49.1); Perf.: IND. 35р. YAv. viuaeóa (Yt 13.99); Partic.: pres. {1} YAv. vindana- (N
16), pres. {2} med. YAv. vindomna- (V 19.4), pres. (3) med. OAv. vaedomna-, Y Av. frauuaeóomna- (Yt
410 *yaid3
5.126), perf. pass. YAv. vista-; Intens.: pres. IND. med. 159. OAv. frauuoiuuide (Y 44.11), SUBJ. (med.
?) 3sg. OAV. убшшаапё/ (Y 30.8)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP w(y)nd-, ВМР wnd- /wind-/ ‘to find, obtain, gain’ || (+
*ni-) ? MMP nwn-, ВМР nwn(yh)- /niwinn(ih)-/ ‘to begin’ = DMMPP: 355, 248a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP wyndynd, SUBJ. 1sg. MMP wynd’n ‘I should find’, [transl. Sogd.] Byr’n’, 35р.
MMP *wynd’d, 2pl. MMP wynd'd, 3р1. MMP wynd’nd, OPT. 3sg. MMP wyndyh; Partic.: perf. pass.
MMP wnd’d, *wynd’d; Pass.: pres. IND. 35р. MMP *wyndyh'd || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP nwnyd,
nwnyyd, BMP nwynyt /niwinnéd/, BMP nwnyhyt /niwinnihed/; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP nwst
*PARTHIAN: w(y)nd- ‘to find’ = Ghilain: 83 | DMMPP: 355
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 15р. wynd’m, 3sg. wyndyd, 1р1. wynd’m, etc.
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) SSogd. ptwyö, CSogd. ptwyd ‘to render, offer, deliver up’,
MSogd. ptwyö ‘to offer’ || (+ *pari-) SSogd. prwyó, BSogd. prwyö-, CSogd. prwyd-
‘to seek, look for’
(+ *pati-) Pres.: SUBJ. 15р. SSogd. ptwyó n; Impf.: IND. 15р. SSogd. ptywyów, SSogd. "ptywyów,
MSogd. ptywyów; 'z-Impf.: IND. 3р1. CSogd. "ptwyd'znt, PROSP. 35р. CSogd. ptwyd’zq’; Fut.: IND.
159. CSogd. ptwydmq’, CSogd. ptwydnq’, SUBJ. 1sg. SSogd. ptwyö’nk’m; Partic.: perf. pass. (Ё) CSogd.
ptwysc’; Inf.: pres. CSogd. <cn> ptwyd || (+ *pari-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. prw’yöt, BSogd. prwyötw,
3pl. BSogd. prw’yö’nt, CSogd. prwydnt, SUBJ. 3sg. SSogd. prwyó t, OPT. 1р1. CSogd. prwydm; Impf.:
IND. 1sg. CSogd. prywydw, 3р1. CSogd. prywydnt, Inf.: pret. CSogd. prwyst
*NEIR: (+ *pari-) Yghn. parwéd-, parwid-/parwedta ‘to ask, request; to demand,
urge’
*MISC: Par. yun-/yunt ‘to find’
*SANSKRIT: ved ‘to find, discover’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 579
0 The root is originally identical to *yaid!.
«PIE (pres. stem) *uind- ‘to find’ => LIV: 686 ff. | Pok.: 1125 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Arm. gtanem ‘to find’, Olrish ro-finnadar ‘finds out, discovers’
*REFERENCES: Christensen, Contributions I: 155; IIFL I: 256a; Lambton 1938: 43b; Abaev, Slovar’ I:
212; Andreev — PeSéereva: 303b; WIM I: 74; WIMII/1: 86; Werba 1997: 233 f.
*yaid’ ‘to throw, shoot (down)’
*AVESTAN: YAv. "ni-uuid- ‘to shoot (down, in)’ = Liste: 55
Pres. ja-: SUBJ. 3pl. YAv. *ni-uuiÜiian (Yt 10.113)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP wh-, BMP ws- / wih-/ ‘to shoot, throw? DMMPP: 340b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP whynd, whyynd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP wyst
*KHOTANESE: bid- (br, bi(^)s-) ‘to pierce’ || (+ *ham-) OKh. hambit- ‘to pierce’. Q
Probably not from *baid, as assumed in SGS: l.c. See also DKS: l.c. = SGS: 96,
142
*NWIR: ? Lor. (Feili) bistin ‘to throw’, Zaz. wist ‘he threw’. © These forms are cited
in IIFL II: 261a. Perhaps, they are rather from *yanH ‘to throw (out), spread’ ?
*NEIR: Pash. wist/wal- ‘to throw, shoot, strike, hurl’, Yi. wul-/wust- ‘to throw’, Sh.
weó-, Rosh. wuó-, Bart. wiö-, Sariq. weyö-/weöd, Yzgh. wiö-d ‘to throw (down);
*uaiH 411
sow, aim at, shoot, etc.’, Ishk. wed- ‘to put’, Yghn. wid-, wed-, wet-, vid-, ved-,
vit-/wista ‘to throw, release’ || (+ *pati-) ? Sh. pidwiö-/pidwiöd, Sariq.
padawéz-/padawiixt ‘to tuck up one’s sleeves’ || (+ *pari-) Sh. parwiö-/parwiöd ‘to
hammer in, block up, suppress, choke, drown’
*MISC: Par. yuh-/yust ‘to throw, place’
*SANSKRIT: vyadh ‘to damage, wound, pierce, hit, shoot down’ = EWAia II: 591
«PIE *ujed' -/*uid' - ‘to shoot, take aim, hit, wound’. 9 A connection with the IE
widow forms (Skt. vidháva-, Y Av. vidauua, Gr. n19eog, @1Өєос,‚ Lat. vidua, etc.)
was postulated by Tichy 1993: 15, whence *Ншеф'- ? But see also Beekes 1992:
171 ff. > LIV: 294 f. | Pok.: 1127 f.
*IE COGNATES: OHG wizzan, OE witan, OSax. witan ‘to blame, reproach’, (+ *-so-)
? OHG wisan ‘to avoid’, MHG entwisen ‘abandoned, void’, NHG entwischt
‘escaped, fled’. 0 OHG wizzan, etc. are probably not from *ueid- ‘[pres.] to find;
[perf.] to know’, Ir. *yaid', *uaid?, as often assumed.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 93; IFL I: 255a Ё; HFL II: 261a, 418b; Andreev — PeSéereva: 352a Ё; EVS: 88a,
60a, 53b; DKS: 283b; Werba 1997: 399 f.; NEVP: 87
*uaiH ‘to hunt, chase; to run’
*AVESTAN: ҮАУ. vaii- (vae-, vi-) ‘to hunt, chase’ || (+ *apa-) ‘to chase away’
= Liste: 54
Pres. {1} athem.: IND. 35р. YAv. "vae(i)ti (F 691), 3р1. YAv. viieinti (Y 57.29); Pres. {2} them.: IND.
lsg. ? YAv. vaiiemi (Yt 15.43), 3sg. Y Av. apa ... viieiti (Yt 8.23), 3р1. ? YAv. vaiieiti (V 15.5); Partic.:
pres. {1} YAv. viiant- (Yt 13.35), med. Y Av. viiana- (Yt 13.35). 0 On Y Av. ара... viieiti cf. Panaino,
Tist.: 114; Kellens 1984: 89.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (7) MMP w’y-, BMP w'd- /way-/ ‘to fly, soar’, BMP w'dyn-
/wayén-/ (sec. caus.) ‘to cause to fly, guide’ (rather < *Huad ?), MMP w’ywg
‘hunter’? > DMMPP: 337a
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. ? MMP *w’y’d, 3pl. MMP w’y’nd; Caus.: pres. IND. 3р1. BMP w’dynynd /wayénénd/,
pass. IND. 3sg. BMP w’dynyt /wayénid/
*PARTHIAN: w’ywg ‘hunter’? = DMMPP: 337a
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. w’ywg ‘hunter’ (GMS: $978)
*NEIR: Oss. I. wajyn/wad, D. wajun/wad ‘to hurry, walk, jump’, I. wajyg, D. wajug
a mythic giant
*SANSKRIT: vay ‘to pursue, to seek, to strive after’ > EW Aia II: 509
*PIE *ueiH;- ‘to strive, pursue’. 0 Diff. Puhvel III: 423, on account of Hitt. /huuai-/
‘to run, hasten’: *H»uei(H)- ? His reconstruction would not account for the fact that
the postulated initial laryngeal has not left any traces in all derivatives of and
compounds with vay’, viz. lengthening of the preceding vowel, etc. = LIV: 668 |
Pok.: 1123
412 *uai(H)n
*IE COGNATES: Gr. tepa ‘I speed, strive for, try for’, Lith. veju (ууй) ‘I drive, chase
(away)’
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 44 f., 68 ff.; Werba 1997: 318
*yai(H)n ‘to see’
*AVESTAN: vaén- ‘to see’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to look, notice’ || (+ *a-) ‘to look to’ || (+
*pati-) ‘to envisage, focus on’ || (+ *pari-) ‘to observe, perceive’, || (+ *ham-) ‘to
appear, become visible’ = Liste: 48
Pres. them.: IND. 15р. YAv. pairi.vaénami (V 19.3), 25р. OAv. aibi vaenahi (Y 31.13), 3sg. ҮАУ.
vaenaiti, med. 35р. YAv. vaenaite (Y 10.14, Y 11.10, V 2.40), med. 3du. ҮАУ. pairi.vaéndide (Yt 13.3),
impf. 3sg. Y Av. pairi.auuaénat (Yt 5.68), INJ. 1sg. YAv. paiti.vaenom (Yt 7.3, Ny 3.5), 3sg. YAv. vaenat
(F 411), 3pl. ҮАУ. vaénon (Yt 10.92), SUBJ. 35р. Y Av. vaenat (Yt 19.94, N 16), med. 35р. YAv. vaenaite
(V 2.24), med. 3pl. YAv. ham.vaénante (V 9.1), OPT. 25р. YAv. auuaenois (H 2.13), 3sg. YAv. vaenoit
(Y 9.29), med. 1р1. YAv. ham.vaenoimaidi (Y 58.6), IMPV. 25р. OAv. auuaena (Y 46.2), 2р1. OAv.
auuaenata (Y 30.2); Partic.: pres. YAv. vaenant- (Yt 5.129), med. YAv. vaénamna- (Yt 19.34, Yt 19.80);
Inf.: pres. OAv. уаёпађћг (Y 32.10). © The initial a^ of OAv. auuaéna is the result of shortening in front
of *u, cf. De Vaan 2003: 123 ff.
*OLD PERSIAN: vain- ‘to see’ > Kent: 206a
Pres. them.: IND. 159. vainami <va-[i]-n-a-mi-y> (DNb 36, <va-i-n-a-mi-y> (DNb 39 Ё), med. pass.)
3sg. vainataiy <v-i-n-t-i-[y]> (DNb 2), <v-i-n-t-i-y> (XPa 16), impf. 3sg. avaina <a-v-i-[n]> (DB 2.76),
<a-v-i-n> (DB 2.90, DNa 32), SUBJ. 2sg. vainähy <v-i-n-a-h-y> (DB 4.70, DB 4.77), <v-i-n-a-h-[y]>
(DB 4.73), 3sg. vainätiy <v-i-n-a-t-i-y> (DSj. 5), med. (= pass.) 3sg. vainätaiy <v-i-n-a-t-i-y> (DNb 35)
«MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP wyn-, BMP wyn- (HZYTWN-) ‘to see’ (pret. supplet. stem
dyd, v. *daiH'). © Also the ‘nose’ word, MMP wynyg, ВМР wynyk /wénig/,
probably contains *uai(H)n.
Pres.: IND. Leg. MMP *wynwm, 35р. MMP wynyd, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP wyn’d, 2pl. MMP wyn’d, 3р1.
MMP *wyn’nd, IMPV. 2pl. MMP wynyd, wynyyd; Pass.: pres. IND. Zeg. MMP wynyhyd, ОРТ. 3sg.
MMP wynyhyy
*PARTHIAN: wyn- ‘to see’ (pres. supplet. of dy-, *daiH!) || (+ *apa-) 'bwyn- ‘to
dislike, disapprove’ || (+ *fra-) frwyn- ‘to forecast, foresee’ = Ghilain: 84 |
DMMPP: 354, 15a, 158a
Pres.: IND. 15р. wyn’m, 35р. wynyd, 2р1. wynyd, wynynd, SUBJ. 15р. wyn’n, 25р. wyn’h, 3sg. wyn’h,
IMPV. 25р. wyn, wyyn, 2р1. wynyd, OPT. wynyndyh || (+ *apa-) Pres.: SUBJ. 25р. ’bwyn’h || (+
*fra-)Pres.: IND. 3sg. "frwynyyd, 3р1. “frwynynd, 25р. frwyn; Partic.: pres. frwyng, frwyng’n (pl.), perf.
pass. II frywyn’d
*KHOTANESE: 9 avida ‘he sees, he is seen’ is not from *a-uai(H)n-, as assumed by
Bailey (DKS: 25b f., but rather from *4- + *daiH!), on which see Emmerick, SVK I:
72 f.
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. wyn, BSogd. wyn, CSogd. wyn, MSogd. wyn ‘to see’ || (+ *abi-)
BSogd. Bywyn ‘to foresee’, CSogd. bywny? (m.) ‘prophet’
*uaij 413
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. BSogd. wyn’m, dur. CSogd. wynmsq, 2sg. SSogd. wyny, 3sg. SSogd.,
BSogd., CSogd. wynt, med. CSogd. wynty, dur. CSogd. wyntq, etc. || (+ *abi-) Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd.
B'ywn (GMS: $434, fn. 2.)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *abi-) "BwYN- ‘to withhold strength’ || (+ *upa-) bwyn- ‘to
advise, admonish’ => Samadi: 42, 30 f.
*NWIR: NP bin- (supplet. st. did- < *daiH'), Kurd. bin- (supplet. st. did-), Gur. vin-,
Zaz. winen-, Bal. gind-, Tal. vind- ‘to look, observe’, Anar. ewin-, Awrom. win-
(supplet. diay), Fariz. -vin- (supplet. di-), Yar. -vin- (supplet. di-), Gz. ven- (supplet.
di-), Gur. -in-, (subj.) vin- (supplet. di-), Isfah. venän/ven-, Khuns. vin- (supplet.
di-), Jow. ai:n- (supplet. bam-di), Meim. a-vin- (supplet. dian), Nn. vin- (supplet.
di-), Natan. vin- (supplet. -di-), Semn. m-éin- (supplet. -di(&)-), Sang. vin- (supplet.
-dia), Shamerz. vín- (supplet. bä-dimän), Siv. vin- (supplet. di-), Soi a-ün-, ä-ün-
(supplet. di(d)-), Sorkh. vin- (supplet. boe-dian), Lasg. vin- (supplet. bae-di-) ‘to see’
*NEIR: Oss. I. wynyn/wynd, D. winun/wind, jinun/jind, Pash. win-, Sh. win-/wint,
Khf. win-/wint, Rosh. wun-/wunt, Sanq. weyn-/wand, Ishk. wen-/wend-, Sangl.
win-/wind-, Wa. win-/wind-, vin-/vind-, Yi. win- (supplet. lisC-), M. win- (supplet.
lisk"-) Yghn. wen-/wéta ‘to see’
*SANSKRIT: ven- ‘to look for’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 582
© This Пг. root is nominal in origin, from the noun *uai(H)na- ‘watch, survey(or)’,
cf. Skt. vená- ‘watch’, YAv. vaena- ‘nose’, cf. Goto 1987: 298 for references. In
many WIr. forms *uai(H)n is part of a suppletive system with *daiH!.
«PIE *uei(H;)-no- ‘survey’ => LIV: 668 f., fn. 5 | Pok.: 1123
*IE COGNATES: Lat. venari ‘to chase, hunt?
*REFERENCES: КРЕ I: 139b f., 206b f., 245b f.; Ivanow 1926: 420; EVP: 87; KPF II: 199; Christensen,
Contributions I: 162, 259; IFL II: 262a, 548; Christensen, Contributions II: 55 f. 114 f. 159;
Abrahamian 1936: 133; Lambton 1938: 42a, 77b; Andreev — PeSéereva: 351b; MacKenzie 1966: 94;
EVS: 90a; WIM I: 73; WIM II/1: 85; WIM III: 118 £; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 117 f£; Paul 1998: 319a;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 389; Cabolov 2001: 199
*uaij ‘to shake, swing’
*AVESTAN: YAv. vij- ‘to shake, swing ?' || (+ *fra-) YAv. frauuaeya- “swinging
forward’ (Yt 10.96, Yt 10.132) || (+ *ni-) ‘to swing down(wards)’ = Liste: 54
Partic.: pres. YAv. vaéjant- (? Yt 19.92, ? F 431), perf. pass. YAv. -niuuixta- (Yt 6.5)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP wyc- /wéz-/ ‘to swing, fling, sprinkle’ || (+ *ui-) MMP
whyz-, ВМР wyhyc- /wihéz-/ ‘to move, progress, set out’. 0 On the etymology of
MMP whyz-, BMP wyhyc- see Nyberg 1974 II: 211b. The older etymology of
Henning 1933: 178 has been rejected by Nyberg. > DMMPP: 342b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. ВМР wycyt /wézéd/, 3р1. BMP wycynd /wézénd/; Inf: BMP wyhtn /wextan/ || (+ *ui-)
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP whyzyd, 3р1. BMP wyhycynd /wihezend/
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ati-) 'dwyxs- ‘to shake (the head)’ > DMMPP: 25b
414 *uaij
(+ *ati-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. 'dwyxsynd {hapax}
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. wyc, CSogd. wyc ‘to move, shake [intr.]’ || (+ *apa-) BSogd.
pw’yc- ‘to shake, be agitated’ || (+ *a-) ? BSogd. ’’wys ‘to confuse, disorder’,
CSogd. ’wyZ ‘to become agitated, angry’ || (+ *pati-) ptw’yc ‘to shake, be agitated’.
© On CSogd. ’wyz "The etymological possibilities are numerous", Sims-Williams
1984: 149.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. wyct, 3р1. BSogd. wycnt, CSogd. wycnt, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. wyc’t, Partic.: pres.
BSogd. wyc’y || (+ *apa-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. pw’yc’t || (+ *ä-) Impf.: IND. 35р. CSogd. "wyZ
Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. "wystk ‘ksubdha’
*CHORESMIAN: ? wc- ‘to shake’ (rather from *ua(n)ë ?) = Samadi: 211
*NWIR: NP bextan/bez- ‘to shake’, Bal. gé(h)t, gétk/géj- ‘to put, swing, turn towards;
pour into; miscarry, abort’, Zaz. viziyayis/viz(iy)en- ‘to come out, appear’, Yar.
vast, Isfah. vär-vezän/vär-vez-, Meim. a:-vaft-/a:re-vez-, Mah. wöstän, Natan. är-
vast ‘to jump, leap’, ? Qohr. vut (pret. stem) “о hang, be suspended’ || (+ *a-) NP
avextan/avez-, Meim. dar evidz-/dar a-vi:tai- ‘to hang, suspend [intr.]’, Khuns.
aviz-/aviza ‘to hang on [tr.]’, (inch. ?) ? Kurd. (Kurm.) avasin/awas-, (Sor.) hał-
awasin/awes- ‘to hang on’ (formally difficult) ||
*NEIR: Oss. I. wigyn/wygd, D. wegun/wigd ‘to shake; wave’, Sh. (Baj.) wuc-t ‘to
move, stir, go (slowly), rock, swing, shake’, ? (Baj.) wuz-/wuzd ‘to move, stir’ || (+
*4-) Oss. I. awynzyn/awygd, D. awinzun/awigd ‘to hang’, ? Sh. avezun ‘to hang’
*MISC: ? Arm. (LW) vizem ‘I flow, miscarry’
*SANSKRIT: vej ‘to dart up or back, to move up (of a wave), flee, twitch, move
quickly’ (RV, AV+) = EWAia II: 577
Q The root is a blend of *yaité and *uaij! according to Nyberg 1974: 210;
Sims-Williams 1989: 263. It should be noted though that we can distinguish two,
sharply defined, meanings for an (apparently) single root, viz. ‘to move’ and ‘to
shake, swing’. This is also found in Germanic: ‘to move’ and ‘to yield, give ground,
weichen’ respectively. Although, obviously, it is possible that we may still deal with
one and the same root, it is probably better to reconstruct two different
(homonymous ?) roots.
«PIE *ueig- ‘to (start to) swing, shake [vel am IT = LIV: 667 f. | Pok.: 1130 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. eixo ‘I yield, give ground’ (with sec. -к-), OE wican ‘to yield,
give ground’, ON víkja ‘to move, turn; respond, take action’, OHG wihhön ‘to jump,
leap’, NHG weichen
*REFERENCES: Christensen, Contributions I: 156, 255; Abrahamian 1936: 133; Lambton 1938: 40a f.;
Abaev, Slovar’ I: 87 f., WIM I: 66; EVS: 87b, 96a; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 108 Ё; Werba 1997: 376 Ё; Paul
1998: 317b; Cabolov 2001: 98; Lecoq 2002: 656b; Shahbakhsh: s.v. géj-
*uais 415
*uaip ‘to swing, shake’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. vaep- (vif) ‘to engage in homosexual activities, be a passive’ || (+
*ара-) ‘to throw off (?)’ = Liste: 54
Pres. them.: IND. 3pl. YAv. apa(-ca) vaeponti (V 7.55); Partic.: pres. caus. YAv. vaepaiiant- (V 8.32),
perf. pass. Y Av. vipta- (V 8.32); Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. ? YAv. *vaepaiieiti (V 8.26 f.), IMPV. 25р. ҮАУ.
уаёрайа (Y 10.12); Pass.: pres. IND. 35р. Y Av. vifiieiti ° (V 8.26 f.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP wftk /wiftag/ ‘catamite, passive’ (< Av. ?)
*NEIR: ? Oss. I. ivyn/ivd, D. (&jj)evun/(zjj)ivd ‘to change (colour)’, Yzgh. wib-/wipt
‘to turn round a team bullocks while threshing’, Khf. wib ‘cry to bullock’
*SANSKRIT: vep ‘to tremble, shake, vibrate’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 583
9 The (historico-)semantic aspects of *uaip, which would correspond to Skt. vep,
need further elucidation, especially the apparently specialised meaning of Av. vaép
(and BMP wftk) is peculiar. According to Skjarve, EI 12: 440 f., the meaning
originally refers to the shaking and trembling of the body during sexual ecstasy, but
why specifically in a homosexual sense ? The inclusion of the modern Ir. forms is
uncertain.
«PIE *ueip- ‘to swing, shake, turn around’ = LIV: 671 | Pok.: 1131 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. vibrare ‘to vibrate’, Lith. vipti ‘to gape’, ON veifa ‘to rock, to be
in a swinging movement’, MHG wifen ‘to swing’, NHG Weife
«REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 557; EVS: 87b, 99a, 117b; Werba 1997: 234
*uais ‘to enter’
*AVESTAN: vis- ‘to enter; to accept ?’. © Several meanings have been given to Av.
vis-: ‘to prepare, position, vel sim.’ (v. EWAia, Lei = Liste: 55f.
MED. ?; Pres. them.: IND. Isg. YAv. vise, 3sg. YAv. ()visaite (N 71, ? P 57), 3du. YAv. *visaéte (P 58),
1р1. OAv. visamadae ° (Y 41.5), Y Av. visamaidé (Y 58.3), 3р1. OAv. visente (Y 48.10), YAv. visonte (Yt
1.18 f., Yt 5.95, Yt 13.71), INJ. 159. (act. ?) YAv. paiti.visom (Yt 7.3, v. Kellens 1984: 22, fn. 13), (act. ?)
3sg. ? Y Av. visat (ЕТА 1, see prev.), 35р. YAv. visata (Yt 13.99, P 39), 3р1. OAv. visanta (Y 32.14),
SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. visai, Y Av. visane (V 2.5), (act. ?) 25р. ? YAv. visai, 3sg. YAv. fra visaite (Y 10.8),
IMPV. 25р. Y Av. (раш) visag'ha (Yt 10.32); Perf.: IND. 25р. ? YAv. viuuise (V 2.4); Partic.: pres. ҮАУ.
ouuisomna- (P 57)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP wys- ‘to repose’, MMP wys’y- (denomin. ?) ‘to enter,
come in’ > DMMPP: 357a
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. MMP wys’y’d, IMPV. 2sg. MMP wys’y; Partic.: pres. MMP wys’n, perf. pass. caus. II
? MMP wys’yn’d
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ham-) ? MSogd. ’nwysn’t ‘to introduce to, initiate’
Pres.: POT. tr. dur. 3sg. ? CSogd. "wysn'twntq; Pret.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. ’nwysn’t ó rt
*NEIR: ? Wa. wis-/wist, vis-/vist- ‘to set [of sun]’, M. vis- ‘to set (of sun)’, Yghn.
wes-, ves- ‘to go down’. Ф Perhaps not from *upa-isa-, *abi-isa-, as cited in ПЕГ I,
l.c. and adopted by Steblin-Kamenkjj (l.c.) for Wa. wis-/wist, viš-/višt-.
*MISC: Orm. wis-, wes-/wayyok ‘to enter’
416 *yais ?
*SANSKRIT: ves ‘to sit down, to settle down, to enter, to go in’ (RV+) = EWAia II:
584
The nominal derivative *uis- f. “dwelling, settlement’ is well attested in Ir.: YAv.
vis- ‘homestead, community’, OP við- ‘residence’, MMP wys, BMP /wis/ ‘village’,
Khot. bása- ‘house’, Bal. gis *house(hold)', Par. yus-, yos ‘house’.
«PIE *ueik- ‘to settle (down) © LIV: 669 f. | Pok.: 1131
*IE COGNATES: Gr. (denomin.) оъкёо ‘I inhabit’, Gr. oixog ‘house’, Lat. vicus
‘neighbourhood, quarter, village’, OCS уьѕь (Ё) ‘village’, Lith. váišinti ‘to host’,
Alb. vis ‘place’, Goth. weihs ‘village’, Engl. -wich, -wick (e.g. Nor-wich), etc.
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 257b, 411b; IIFL II: 260a; GMS: par. 547; DKS: 291b f.; Werba 1997: 234 f.; Korn
2005: 87 f., 98, 396 (passim)
*uais ? ‘to be concerned, occupied; to work for ?'
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? BMP “wsy(y)k /wiség/ or ? /wisig/ ‘distressed, troubled,
fear(ed) ?’
*KHOTANESE: ? LKh. bäs- ‘to be concerned, occupied with’ || (+ *a-) ? ävista-
‘troubled ?, burdened with ?, durchdrungen ?’. ó On both Khot. forms cf. Emmerick,
SVK II: 109 ff., s.vv. bista-, bastum, baste. = SGS: —
*SOGDIAN: (+ *4-) ? BSogd. ’’wyStk ‘confused’. © Cf. MacKenzie, BSTBL: 24, who
connects the BSogd. form to Khot. ävista-, but see also Sims-Williams 1985: 149, ad
68V.21.
*SANSKRIT: ves ‘to work, accomplish, execute’ (RV) > EWAia П: 585 f.
9 The Ir. forms can be connected to Skt. ves, if we assume that they have acquired a
more metaphorical meaning of ‘to be occupied, busy’ (> ‘to be bothered, troubled").
An IE origin for both the Ir. and Skt. forms cannot be postulated.
*PIE — = LIV: 672 | Pok.: —
*REFERENCES: DKS: 291a f.; Werba 1997: 235
*uaiZd ‘to raise’
*AVESTAN: OAv. völzd- ‘to raise (the weapon) ? || (+ *abi-) YAv. aiBi.voizd- ‘to
raise (the head)’ = Liste: 56
Pres. them.: INJ. 3sg. OAv. voizdat (Y 32.10); Partic.: pres. caus. YAv. aißi.vöiZdaiiant- (Y 9.31)
*SANSKRIT: ? vid ‘to be(come) firm; to make firm’ (RV+) EWAia II: 568
© The connection with Skt. vid, as cited in EWAia: l.c. (et al.) is semantically
difficult. It is striking that the root vid never shows full grade ablaut, as opposed to
the two attested Av. forms. Perhaps, voiZd- is somehow etymologically related to
*yaid’, being a da-formation of the latter ? It is also possible that it was originally a
compounded verb with Y Av. vaiiah- ‘air space’: *uais- + *daH? ‘to put, hold in the
air'. No Ir. cognates of Av. voiZd- are known.
*yan 417
*PIE — = LIV: — | Pok.: 1128
*REFERENCES: Humbach 1957: 43; Werba 1997: 654
*uamH ‘to vomit’
*AVESTAN: (+ *abi-) YAv. auui ... vam- ‘to vomit (out, YAv. (Asg.) aiBi.vantim
‘vomit’ (V 7.12) = Liste: 50
Pres. athem.: IND. 3sg. YAv. auui ... *va(i)nti (Kellens 1984: 14, fn. 12; V 5.1)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP w’m- /wam-/ ‘to vomit?
*KHOTANESE: LKh. bam- ‘to vomit" > SGS: 93
*NWIR: Tal. voni ‘nausea’
*NEIR: Oss. I. wemyn (omyn)/wemd (ота), D. wemun/weend (ond) ‘to vomit’
*SANSKRIT: vam ‘to vomit, spit out’ (RV+) EWAia II: 506
«PIE *uemH;- ‘to vomit, to spit out’? => LIV: 680 | Pok.: 1146
*IE COGNATES: Gr. Suë, Lat. vomere, Lith. vémti ‘to vomit’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 269; Abaev, Slovar' IV: 85; Werba 1997: 317; Cabolov 2001: 160
*uan ‘to triumph, win’
*AVESTAN: van- (vag-) ‘to triumph, win’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to win, get hold of = Liste:
49f.
Pres. them.: IND. 15р. YAv. vanami (Yt 15.44), 3sg. YAv. vanaiti (Yt 19.96, N 84, ? P 42), 3pl. OAv.
vanainti (Y 39.2), YAv. niuuanenti (Yt 14.41), INJ. 3sg. YAv. vanat (Yt 1.28, Yt 2.11, VdPZ 7.52),
SUBJ. Y Av. vanani (Yt 14.58, Yt 14.60, V 19.9), YAv. niuuanani (Yt 5.130), 1pl. YAv. vanama (Yt
10.34), OPT. 1р1. OAv. vanaéma (Y 31.4); Aor. {1} s-: INJ. 3sg. OAv. vas (Y 49.4), SUBJ. 3sg. OAv.
vonghaiti (Y 48.1), 3sg. OAv. vanghat (Y 48.2), 3pl. OAv. vanghan (Y 39.2); Aor. (2) athem.: OPT. 3sg.
Y Av. vainit (Y 60.5); Perf.: IND. 3pl. OAv. vaonarö (Y 39.2), YAv. vaonaro (Y 26.4 ff., Yt 13.149, Yt
13.154 Ё), OPT. 3sg. YAv. vaoniiat (Yt 13.13); Partic.: pres. YAv. vanant-, med. (+ priv.) ҮАУ.
auuanomna- (Yt 1.8, Yt 8.55, Yt 13.133, etc.), fut/aor. {1} ? YAv. vanhant- (Yt 13.155), perf. YAv.
vauuanuuah- (Y 57.12), ? Y Av. *vaonus- (Yt 13.155); Desid.: pres. IMPV. 35р. OAv. viuuenghatü (Y
53.5)
*OLD PERSIAN: 9 On OP avaniya see *HyanH.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP w’n-, BMP w’n- /wan-/ ‘to conquer; attack” = DMMPP:
335b
Pres.: IND. 1sg. BMP w’nwm /wanum/, SUBJ. 3р1. MMP w’n’nd, IMPV. 2sg. MMP win Partic.: pres.
MMP w’n’g ‘conqueror’, perf. pass. BMP w’nyt /wanid/, MMP w’nyst, Inf.: BMP w’nytn /wanidan/;
Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. BMP w’nyhyt/wanihéd/, 3р1. MMP w’nyhynd
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. wnw- ‘victorious’ PN, CSogd. wnwngy’ (f), SSogd.
wn’wn’ky’kh ‘victory’, CSogd. wnyqcyq ‘captive’, MSogd. wnwnyy ‘victorious’
*BACTRIAN: ocvtv6- in place and personal names = S-W, Bact.: 209b
*NWIR: Siv. vin(1)- ‘beating’ (in vin(i)-d-/vin(i)-da ‘to beat’)
*NEIR: Oss. I. waendyn ‘to dare, be bold, decide’ (< *wand(&) wyn ‘to be trium-
phant’) || (+ *ham-) Oss. I. ewweaendyn, D. ewweendun ‘to (en)trust, believe’
418 *ua(n)é
*SANSKRIT: van ‘to win, conquer’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 499
«PIE *uen- ‘to win, conquer’ = LIV: 680 f. | Pok.: 1146 f.
*IE COGNATES: OHG gi-winnan ‘to win, to get’, OE winnan, Engl. to win, etc.
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 215 f.; WIM 1988: 119, 350; Sims-Williams — Hamilton: 75, 87; Abaev,
Slovar' IV: 85; Werba 1997: 232 f.
*ua(n)é ‘to stagger, shake ?'
*AVESTAN: OAv. vaš- ‘to erupt, well up ?'. © The interpretation of this hapax form is
uncertain. Humbach 1956: 75 (recently repeated in Humbach 1991 II: 155)
translates it as ‘to well (up)’ ("wogen") comparing it to Skt. RV vacyáte ‘issues
forth’ (< vañc), whereas Insler, Gathas: 247 ad 44.11 considers it a passive
formation of vac corresponding to Skt. ucyate ‘is taught! (< oc). Insler's
interpretation is formally difficult, especially because the Ir. cognate root of Skt. oc
has acquired a secondary *j- (*jauc), not to mention the fact that the expected Av.
correspondence would be *usiiaté On the other hand, Humbach’s translation is
semantically unsatisfactory: how can daéna, the subject of vasiiete, "stagger" on, if
we keep the Skt. connection (which is semantically compatible with the other Ir.
forms) ? Obviously ‘to well up, vel. sim.’ is just a stylistically more acceptable
interpretation of ‘to stagger’. = Liste: 50
MED. Pres. ja-: IND. 3sg. OAv. vasiiete (Y 44.11)
*CHORESMIAN: wc- ‘to swing, shake’ (rather from *uaij ?) || (+ *uz-) m/zwxs- ‘to be
curved, be twisted’ || (+ *pari-) prwxs- ‘to embrace’ — Samadi: 211, 265, 156
*NEIR: (+ *fra-) Oss. D. raewaexsun/rewexst ‘to shake, shiver; to have a seizure’ || (+
*ш-) Oss. D. iwaexsun/iwexst (inch. ?) ‘to sprain, wrench’
*SANSKRIT: vafic 'to totter, to go staggering (of a horse)’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 492
9 An IE origin for this apparently Пг. root cannot be ascertained. The Germanic
nominal forms, OE woh ‘crooked, wrong’, OSax. wäh (n.) ‘evil’, are frequently
cited.
*PIE — => LIV: 687 | Pok.: 1134
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 559; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 391; Werba 1997: 232
*yap! ‘to disperse, scatter"
*AVESTAN: (+ *ui- OAv. viuuap- ‘to cut down [Insler, Gathas: 47.], plunder
[Humbach 1991 II: 84], devastate [Kellens — Pat I: 120] ?’. % The interpretation of
OAv. viuuap- is uncertain. The YAv. nominal form viuuapa- (Y 12.2 f., P 21),
which is connected to OAv. verbal form, appears to mean ‘destruction, plundering
vel sim.’. = Liste: 49
Pres. them.: INJ. 3sg. OAv. viuuapat (Y 32.10)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? BMP w’py ‘sheaf (Ps.)
*uar 419
*NWIR: Nn. vave, Yzd. vova ‘sheaf’
*NEIR: Sh. wäb, Rosh. web (CL Orosh. wob, Yzgh. wab, Wanji web ‘sheaf’, Sh.
wäbak ‘bundle, truss’, Yghn. wop ‘sheaf’, Yzgh. web ‘box for flour’
*SANSKRIT: vap! ‘to scatter, strew (out), spread (out)’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 503
© The root is apparently IIr.: an IE provenance cannot be ascertained.
*PIE — — LIV: 684 | Pok.: 1149
*REFERENCES: EVS: 87b; Werba 1997: 418; Lecoq 2002: 639a
*uap? ‘to shave’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pati-) OKh. patävutta- ‘shaven’ (Z 2.12)
*SANSKRIT: vap’ ‘to shave’ > EWAia II: 504
0 The root *uap”, which appears to be continued in a single Ir. language, is likely to
be originally identical to *yap’ ‘to disperse, scatter’.
*PIE — = LIV: 684 | Pok.: —
*IE COGNATES: —
*REFERENCES: DKS: 206b
*uar ‘to turn’
*AVESTAN: var- ‘to turn’ || (+ *pari-) “о turn around, pervert’ = Liste: 60
Pres. {1} nu-: IND. med. 3sg. YAv. voronüite (V 18.35, V 18.41, V 18.47), 3pl. YAv. varanuuainti (Yt
13.15), SUBJ. med. 35р. OAv. varanauuaité (Y 31.17), IMPV. 2sg. YAv. voronüiói (Y 9.28); Pres. {2}
them. nu-: IND. 35р. YAv. pairi.voronauuaiti (Yt 14.41), med. 3р1. YAv. vorononte (V 18.32), INJ. 35р.
YAv. voronauuat (F 420), SUBJ. med. 3р1. YAv. ham.varanante (V 5.59, V 7.5 Ё); Aor. athem.: SUBJ.,
IMPV. med. 25р. ? OAv. hàm *varosuua (Y 53.3); Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. varaiieiti (V 19.29), 3pl.
Y Av. “varaiieinti (Yt 14.5), IMPV. med. 2р1. YAv. pairi varaiiadBom (Yt 1.27); Intens.: pres. SUBJ. med.
3sg. OAv. vauraite (Y 47.6), OPT. med. 15р. OAv. vauraiia (Y 31.3), med. 1р1. OAv. vauroimaidi (Y
28.5)
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ni-) пута (pret. stem) ‘to sink, set in (of sun)’ = Ghilain: - |
DMMPP: 248a
Partic.: perf. pass. nwrd
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ni-) m/nwry- ‘to turn (away, down) [intr.]’, (caus.) m/nw’ry- ‘to
turn (away, down)’ = Samadi: 133 f.
*NWIR: (+ *uz-) Zaz. zivirnayis/zivirnen- (sec. caus.) ‘to turn around, let circle’
*NEIR: Yghn. wer-/wérta, M. war-/wusk (Zarubin) ‘to stretch the warp on the loom’,
Yi. wor-/wus£- ‘to knit’, wor-/wisc- ‘to weave (?)’ || (+ *ni-) Yzgh. nowir/nowüg
‘to set [of sun]’
*SANSKRIT: ? val ‘to turn’ (late). Š It remains uncertain whether the late Skt. root val
is a continuation of IE *uel- ‘to turn’ or a popular development of Skt. vart, cf.
EWaAia, l.c. = EWAia III: 460
«PIE Zuel ‘to roll, turn’ = LIV: 675 | Pok.: 1140 ff.
420 *пагё
*IE COGNATES: Gr. € éco, Arm. gelum ‘I turn’, Lat. uoluö ‘Troll’
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 263a; Andreev — PeSéereva: 352a; Edel’man 1971: 172 f.; Paul 1998: 320b
*yard ‘to drag, to put in pieces ?
*AVESTAN: Y Av. voroc- ‘to drag, put in pieces’ || (+ *api-) ? ‘to put on’ || (+ *fra-)
‘to draw away’ — Liste: 51
Pres. them.: IND. 3р1. ? YAv. aipi.vorocainti (N 95), INJ. med. 3р1. YAv. fraoracinta (Yt 17.19)
*KHOTANESE: OKh. valj- ‘to go astray; be deceived’ = SGS: 120
*NEIR: (+ *8-) ? Oss. І. awzz, D. awaezee “furrow, mark of the field’ (loss of *-r- ?)
© The interpretation of this root is unclear. Despite its uncertain meaning, ҮАУ.
aipi.varacainti is compared to OCS vlačiti, Lith. vilkti ‘to drag, draw’, Gr. abd Ao
‘furrow’ in notably LIV: 289 f.
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 86; DKS: 378b f.
*uar(H)! ‘to choose; convince; (med.) to believe’
*AVESTAN: var- ‘to choose; to convince’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to choose’ — Liste: 50
MED.; Pres. n-: IND. 1sg. OAv. varané (Y 46.3), YAv. vorone (Y 12.2, Vr 5.3), 3sg. OAv. varanté (Y
43.16, Y 51.18), INJ. 35р. YAv. verenta (Yt 10.92), 3р1. OAv. voronata (Y 30.6), OPT. 35р. them. ҮАУ.
fraoronaeta (V 19.2); Aor. athem.: INJ. 3sg. OAv. varata (Y 30.5, Y 32.12), OAv. frauuarata (Y 31.10),
1р1. OAv. varomaidi (Y 32.2, Y 35.3), SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. frauuarane (Y 12.1, Y 12.8, VdPZ 9.32), 35р.
Y Av. "frauaraite (ЕТА 5); Inf.: pres. YAv. vorondiiai (Vr 4.2)
*OLD PERSIAN: v(a)r- ‘to choose, convince’ = Kent: 206b
MED.; Pres. them. nu- IND. 3sg. v(a)rnavataiy <v-r-n-v-t-i-y> (DNb 23), impf. 35р. av(a)rnavatä
<a-v-r-[n]-[v]-[t]-[a]> (DSf 17), SUBJ. 3sg. v(a)mavataiy <v-r-n-v-a-t-i-y> (DB 4.49), IMPV. 35р.
v(a)rnavatam <v-r-n-v-t-a-m> (DB 4.42, DB 4.53)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP wrw- (BMP HYMNWN-) ‘to believe’ = DMMPP: 345
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. MMP wrw'd, OPT. 2pl. MMP wrwwyd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP wrwyd, II MMP
wrwyst-; Inf.: MMP wrwystn
*PARTHIAN: wrw- ‘to believe’ — Ghilain: 79, 85 | DMMPP: 345a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. wrwynd; Partic.: perf. pass. "wrw’d
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. wrn-, MSogd. wrn- ‘to have faith, believe’ || (+ *ui-) SSogd. yw’r
‘separation’, SSogd. yw’r, BSogd. yw’r, CSogd. yw’r, MSogd. yw’r ‘but, never-
theless, except’
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 15р. CSogd. wrn’m, dur. CSogd. wrn'msqn, CSogd. wrn'msq, 2sg. dur. CSogd.
wrnysqn, 1р1. CSogd. wrnymsqn, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: m/wrw- ‘to believe’ || (+ *apa-) bw’r- ‘to separate oneself, diverge’,
bw’ry- (caus.) ‘to separate’ || (+ *upa-) ? bw’ry- ‘to select’ || (+ *ui-) yw’ry- ‘to
know, experience, understand’. ó Rather than putting Chor. bw’ry- ‘to select’ and
bw’ry- ‘to separate’ together under a single entry (as done by Samadi), we may
*yar(H)2 421
distinguish two differently prefixed formations, viz. with the pref. *upa- and *apa-
respectively. > Samadi: 217, 29, 258, 208 f.
*BACTRIAN: (о)оосро, 000000, oxoapo (etc.) ‘valid’ = S-W, Bact.: 209b
*NWIR: NP giravidan ‘to believe, confide in; to obey’, NP bavaridan (denomin. ?) ‘to
believe; credit’, NP bavar ‘belief; credit’ (< old intensive), Kurd. (Kurm.) bariya (Е)
‘wish’, bavar, bawar (m.), (Sor.) bawar, birwa ‘belief; hope’ (Pers. LW ?) || (+ *uz-)
? Bal. zurag, zirag, zorag ‘to take (out ?)’ || (+ *ui-) ? Bal. giwart/giwar- ‘to make
equal’ (but in dial. also “о choose, select’, ‘to part, separate’)
*NEIR: Oss. I. wyrnyn ‘to believe’, Yi. war-/wat-, M. wet-/wetta ‘to separate’ || (+
*apa-) Yzgh. bawurn ‘canal’ || (+ *uz-) Oss. І. evzaryn/avzarst, evzerd, D.
evzerun/evzurst ‘to get separated; to sprout (of plants); to occur, appear’, (orig.
caus.) Oss. I. avzarum/evzarst, D. avzarum/avzurst ‘to pick out, choose; to
separate; to make out (of), understand; to experience’, Wa. zvor, z(o)wor, Sh. ziwor
(f.) ‘offset, offshoot; the head part of an irrigation channel branching off from a
main canal or river’, Sariq. ziwur ‘mouth of a river’ || (+ *ui-) Oss. I. waryn/weerst,
D. iwarun/iurst ‘to divide, distribute; to be divided, divide up possessions’, Wa.
yo(r)wor-/yo(r)word- ‘to divide, disperse (cattle)’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) vawer ‘true’
*SANSKRIT: var” ‘to choose, pick’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 511
«PIE *uelH;- ‘to want, wish’ = LIV: 677 f. | Pok.: 1137 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. volo ‘I want’, OCS velits ‘wants, orders’, Lith. vélti ‘to wish, to
prefer’, Goth. wiljan ‘to want’, Engl. will, etc.
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 262b, 555b; Henning, Cosmog.: 310; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 209 ff.; EVS: 21b, 109b;
Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 123 f., 51 f.; Werba 1997: 378 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 434, 439; Cabolov 2001:
124, 158 f.; Shahbakhsh: s.v. giwar-
*uar(H)? *to mix, mingle'
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *ham-) m/w’r- ‘to be mixed, confused’, (caus.) m/w’ry- ‘to mix,
confuse’ — Samadi: 208 f.
*NEIR: (+ *ni-) Wa. ni(y)or-/ni(y)ord-, nayor-/nayerd ‘to mix, mingle’. >
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 245 derives the Wa. verb from *ni-uar (*yar ‘to turn’), but
we may now assign it to *uar(H).
© According to Samadi (ibid.) Chor. m/w’r-, m/w’ry- are counter-formations of
bw’r- ‘to be separated’, bw’ry- to separate’ (< *upa-°). It remains unclear though
how this procedure would have taken place, especially if we consider the simplex
verb, which means ‘to choose; to convince; (med.) to believe’. Perhaps, m/w’r-,
m/w’ry- has a different origin, being related to the well-attested Germanic forms for
‘to confuse’. No further Ir. cognates can be cited though, with the exception of the
Wa. forms.
422 *yarHz
«PIE ? *uer(H)- ‘to confuse, mix’. 9 The geminated -rr- in the Germanic forms
possibly points to the presence of *H, on which see Lühr 1976: 92. = LIV: – | Pok.:
1169
*IE COGNATES: OSax., OHG werran, Du. (ver)warren, NHG verwirren ‘to confuse’
*yarHz ‘to (make) grow, nourish, be brimming with’
*AVESTAN: OAv. varoz- 'strength(ening) (Y 45.9), OAv. varazaiiant- ‘giving
strength, strengthening' (Y 45.4, ? V 14.11). 9 On the connection between these
forms and Skt. ürj- see Humbach 1958: 47 ff. This supersedes the previous
interpretation by Bartholomae, AIW: 1378 f. (accepted by Insler, Gathas: 260, 257):
*wirkend, werktätig’ and ‘zu wirken, Wirksamkeit zu entfalten’ respectively from
*uarz. || Although referring to Humbach, l.c., Kellens — Pirart II: 299 rather translate
the OAv. forms as ‘plaisir’ and ‘qui donne du plaisir’ without giving any explicit
reason. See also below. || On the phonetic outcome involving "-rH- in Av., cf.
Cantera 2001: 7 ff.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP w’r- ‘to rejoice’, MMP w’ryn- (caus.) ‘to make happy,
gladden’ || (+ *pari-) 1. MMP prwr-, BMP plwl- /parwar-/ ‘to foster, nurture,
educate’, 2. MMP prwrd- (denomin. ?) ‘to foster, nourish’. 0 The meaning of MMP
w'r- ‘to rejoice’ needs an explanation: perhaps < *'to be satisfied’ < *‘to be filled,
nourished’ ? || MMP prwr-, BMP plwl- /parwar-/ has an unexpected -r- in the root.
Its appearance is the result of assimilation: *r ... 1° < OP *г... rd’? = DMMPP:
335b f., 280b, 281a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP w’rynd, SUBJ. 2sg. MMP w’r’y, 3sg. MMP w’r’d, IMPV. 2sg. w’r, 2pl. MMP
w’tyyd; Caus.: pres. IND. 1sg. MMP w’rynwm, 35р. MMP w’rynyd, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP w’ryn’d || (+
*pari-) Well attested: 1. Pres.: IND. 1sg. BMP plwlwm /parwarum/, 258. MMP prwryh, 3sg. MMP
prwryd, MMP prwryyd, BMP plwlyt /parwaréd/, 3р1. BMP plwlynd /parwarénd/, etc. || 2. Pres.: SUBJ.
3sg. MMP "prwrd'd {hapax}
*PARTHIAN: w'r- ‘to be glad’ (< MMP ?) || (+ *pari-) prwrz- ‘to nurture, care for’. >
The form ww’r is unconnected, it means ‘separation’ (rather than ‘sorrow’).
= Ghilain: 54, 52 | DMMPP: 335b, 281a
Pres.: IND. 35р. “w’ryd, Ipl. w’r’m, 3pl. w’rynd, SUBJ. 25р. w’r’h, 1р1. w’r’m; Partic.: perf. pass. П
w’r’d|| (+ *pari-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. prwrzyd, SUBJ. 2sg. “prwrz’h; Partic.: perf. pass. II prwrz’d
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. wrz’yw, CSogd. wrzyw ‘haughty, arrogant’, SSogd. wrt, CSogd.
wr’ (f.) ‘profit, interest’ (Gershevitch 1985: 49, fn. 43) || (+ *pari-) MSogd. prwyj-
(pass./intr.) ‘to be fed, raised’, MSogd. prwyj (caus.) ‘to feed, raise’, BSogd. prw’rz
‘care’, MSogd. prwyj’mndy ‘alimentation’. 0 BSogd. wrz’yw, CSogd. wrzyw has an
exact correspondence in Skt. RV urjavya- ‘abounding in strength’, Gershevitch apud
Sims-Williams 1985: 100; Schwartz apud MacKenzie 1983: 535, fn. 8.
Partic.: pres. MSogd. prwyjnyy (BBB: 37), MSogd. "prwyjynyy (BBB: 45)
*uart 423
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pari-) prwr- ‘to rear, nourish, feed’ (LW). © Not from the root
*bar ‘to carry, bring’, *pari-bar, as suggested by Samadi. || The Chor. forms cannot
derive directly from *pari-uarza-, which would have yielded **prwZ- in Chor., cf.
MacKenzie 1983, l.c. They may well be borrowed from Persian instead. = Samadi:
156
*NWIR: Abz. varz ‘fertiliser, dung’ || (+ *pari-) NP parvardan/parvar- ‘to nourish,
feed’, parvardegar ‘Creator, Provider’
*NEIR: Oss. I. warzyn/warzt, D. warzun/warzt ‘to love’ (< *‘to take care of, foster’)
*SANSKRIT: ürj- (f.) ‘nourishment, refreshment, strength” > EWAia I: 242 f.
«PIE *uerH)g- ‘to be filled, nourished, brimming with life (energy)’. > A laryngeal is
reconstructed on account of the long vowel in Skt. ürj-. => LIV: — | Pok.: 1169
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /uarkant-/ ‘fat, fattened’, Gr. opge ‘I am getting ready to bear,
growing ripe; I swell with lust’, оруй ‘natural impulse, temperament, disposition’
*REFERENCES: Henning 1965: 176, fn. 38; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 53 f.; Lecoq 2002: 604a; NEVP: 92
*yarS ‘to be hungry’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? MMP gwrsgyh ‘hunger’? > DMMPP: 167b
*PARTHIAN: wsynd, wsyynd ‘hungry; hunger > DMMPP: 348a
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. ws’y-, CSogd. wš- ‘to be hungry’
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ws’yt (SCE 29)
*CHORESMIAN: m[w$y- ‘to be(come) hungry’, ’wsyk ‘hunger’ (477.5), ’wsynd
‘hungry’ (412.7) = Samadi: 222 f.
*NWIR: NP gusnah, Bal. gusnag (< NP), Gz. vässe, vesse, visse, Jow. vefa ‘hungry’,
Abyan. vasa, Abz. veša, Anar. vase, Ard. veSe, Nn. vassa, Qohr. veša ‘who is
hungry’
*NEIR: М. (w)usay-/(w)usyad- ‘to become hungry’ (Zarubin), Pash. wogay, Yi.
wusi(y)aday ‘hungry’, Yi. wúšřyo ‘hunger, hungry’
*MISC: Par. yurcá ‘hungry’
© The root *uars/S- appears to be a kind of "Reimbildung" after *tar$ ‘to be thirsty’
(q.v.), cf. Hübschmann1895: 92; Samadi, l.c.
*PIE — > LIV: - | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: IFL I: 256b Ё; IIFL П: 264a; EVP: 95; Lambton 1938: 75b; WIM II/2: 749; Lecoq 2002:
604a, 587a, 612b, 623b (passim); NEVP: 86; Korn 2005: 100, 127, 397 (passim)
*yart ‘to turn’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. varat- ‘to turn’ > Liste: 51
MED. (exc. Caus.); Pres. them.: INJ. 3sg. Y Av. varetata (F 8); Caus.: IND. 3pl. ? YAv. ham.varontaiionti
(N 97)
424 *yart
«OLD PERSIAN: ? vart- ‘to turn’. 9 According to Gershevitch 1959: 184, OP
<..-r-t-i-y-i-y> (DB 4.44) rather reads *vratiyaiy ‘I swear, take an oath’. = Kent:
207
Pres.: IND. 1sg. med. “vartaiyaiy OP <[v]-r-t-i-y-i-y-> (DB 4.44)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP (intr.) wrd-, BMP wlt- /ward-/ ‘to turn; twist; writhe [intr. ],
be tormented’, (caus.) BMP wit’n- /wardan-/, BMP wityn- /wardén-/ ‘to cause to
change, turn, convert’ || (+ *uz-) ? MMP ‘zwrd- ‘to return to the body, be reborn; to
turn back, revert, renege’ || (+ *ham-) MMP "mwrd- ‘to turn ёо’ = DMMPP: 344b,
102b, 40b
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. BMP wltym /wardém/, 25р. BMP wityh /warde/, 3sg. MMP wrdyd etc. ||
(+ *uz-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP ‘zwrdynd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP ‘zwstg’n (pl.) || (+ *ham-) Pres.: IND.
3sg. MMP ’mwrdyd, IMPV. 25р. ‘туга; Partic.: perf. pass. ’mwst
*PARTHIAN: wrt-, wrd- ‘to turn, twist, writhe’? || (+ *a-) ’C)whr- ‘to turn to, be
converted’ || (+ *uz-) ‘zwrt- ‘to turn back, return’ || (+ *ham-) ’mwrd- ‘to gather,
collect, heap’ — Ghilain: 53 f. | DMMPP: 345a, 5b, 102b, 40b
Pres.: IND. 25р. wrdyh, 3sg. wrtyd, SUBJ. 15р. wrt’n, 25р. wrt’h, OPT. wrdyndyh; Partic.: perf. pass. wst
|| (+ *a-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3pl. "whr'nd, IMPV. 2pl. ’whryd || (+ *uz-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. *‘zwrtyd, 3р1.
‘zwrtynd, SUBJ. 15р. *‘zwrt’n, 2sg. ‘zwrt’, ‘zwrt’h; Partic.: perf. pass. ‘zwst; Inf.: 'zwstn || (+ *ham-)
Pres.: IND. 25р. "mwrdyh, 3sg. *’mwrdyd, 3р1. ’mwrtynd, SUBJ. 25р. ’mwrd’, ’mwrd’h, IMPV. 2sg.
’mwrd, 2р1. 'mwrdyd, ’mwrtyd; Partic.: perf. pass. "mwst, II * ‘туга (short for *’mwrd’d, Sundermann
1981: 151); Inf.: *mwrdn
*KHOTANESE: OKh. bal- (bad-) ‘to move; writhe’, LKh. bith- ‘to writhe; twist’, LKh.
*bei’ss- (bais-) ‘to make turn’ (*uart-s-aja-) || (+ *a-) OKh. äbeis- ‘to turn’ || (+
*ham-) LKh. hambith- ‘to retain’ > SGS: 92, 104, 100, 9, 142 f.
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. wrtn, MSogd. "wm ‘carriage’ || (+ *apa-) BSogd. ’pw’rt,
MSogd. pw’rt ‘to turn away’, CSogd. pwyrt- (caus.) ‘to turn away, estrange’ || (+
*а-) BSogd. "wirt MSogd. ’’wrt ‘to (re)turn’ || (+ *uz-) BSogd. ’zw’rt, BSogd.
zw’rt, CSogd. zwrt, MSogd. zw(’)rt ‘to (re)turn’, CSogd. zwyrt, MSogd. zw’yrt ‘to
cause to return, turn away, return’ || (+ *pati-) BSogd. ptw’rt ‘divergence, turning
Y || (+ *pari-) BSogd. prw’rt, CSogd. prwrt, MSogd. prwrt ‘to turn, change,
become’, (caus.) MSogd. prw(’)yrt ‘to turn, transform’, BSogd. prw’yrt ‘to turn,
transform, covert, translate’ || (+ *ni-) MSogd. nwrt- ‘to turn’
(+ *apa-) Pres.: IND. 25р. MSogd. pw’rtyy, 3sg. BSogd. ’pw’rt || (+ *ä-) Partic.: pres. MSogd. "wrt
(Sogd. Tales: 473); Inf.: BSogd. ’’w’rty || (+ *uz-) widely attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. zwrtt, SUBJ.
159. CSogd. zwrtn, 3sg. CSogd. zwrtt, 3р1. MSogd. “zwrt’nd, OPT. 3sg. MSogd. zwrtyy (BBB: 49),
IMPV. 2sg. SSogd. ’zw’rt, etc. || (+ *pari-) well attested: Pres.: IND. 3pl. dur. CSogd. prwrtntq; Impf.:
IND. 3sg. MSogd. prywrt (cf. GMS: §624); az-Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. prwrt’z; Fut.: IND. 3pl. CSogd.
prwrtntq'm; Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. prw’st-, MSogd. prwst-; Caus.: IND. impf. MSogd. prwyrt, etc. ||
(+ *ni-) Partic.: pres. MSogd. nwrtyy (Sogd. Tales: 473)
*CHORESMIAN: ? wcy- ‘to braid’, wrd- (intr.) ‘to become’ || (+ *a-) m/’wrd- ‘to turn
back, return’, m/’wrcy- (caus.) ‘to lead back’ || (+ *upa-) bwcy- ‘to propel’ || (+ *uz-)
*uarz 425
m[zwrcy- ‘to turn around; to destroy; to turn into, change into’, (intr./med.) ‘to turn
to someone; to climb, ascend’ || (+ *pari-) prwc- ‘to turn around’ || (+ *ni-) m[nwrcy-
‘to wrap in; to ruminate (of camels)’ || (+ *ham-) m/wrd- (intr.) ‘to gather’, m/wrcy-
(tr.) ‘to gather, amass’. 0 Samadi hesitantly proposes *aya-aia-/aua-Cina- (*éai') for
wcy-. The form may be connected to the root *uart. > Samadi: 212, 217, 9 f., 30,
264 f., 156, 132, 216 f.
*NWIR: NP gardun ‘wheel; chariot’, Kurd. (Kurm.) bar (m.), (Sor.) bard, Bakht. bard,
berd, Siv. värd(e), Yzd. (Zor.) bard ‘stone’, ? NP /aj-vard ‘lapis lazuli’ || (+ *uz-)
Kurd. (Kurm.) zivirin ‘to turn, be spinning’ || (+ *ni-) NP nawardidan/naward- ‘to
fold, cease; to twist; to stroll’
*NEIR: Oss. I. waerdyn/weerst, D. waerdun/weerst ‘to felt’, Bart. warwar0-/warwuxt
‘to turn round [intr.]’, warwax-/warwext ‘to turn round [tr.]’ (with redupl. ?), Yi.
wor-/wusc- ‘to knit’, M. war-/wusk- ‘to stretch the warp on the loom’ (Zarubin) || (+
*а-) Pash. awustol/awarom ‘to turn, change, revolve’ || (+ *uz-) Yghn. ziwört-,
züwört-/ziwörta ‘to turn around, return [intr.]’, zıwirt-/ziwirta ‘to turn back, around
[tr.] || (+ *para-) Sh. (Baj.) parwar0-/parwuxt ‘to slide down, fall into water with an
inflated skin for swimming’, parwáx-/parwáxt (caus.) ‘to push, force into water for
swimming on an inflated skin’, Bart. parward-/parwext ‘to turn upside down’ (less
likely from *рап-) || (+ *fra-) Oss. D. lewardun/lewarst ‘to go through a certain
mass [snow, earth], sweeping with the feet’ || (+ *ni-) Oss. I. nywerdyn/nywerst,
nordyn/norst, D. niweerdun/niwarst ‘to wrap up’, Pash. nwaray (m.) ‘a doubled-over
hem; draw-string’ || (+ *ham-) Oss. L ewwerdyn/ewwerst, D. zwwardun/
zewwarst ‘to knead, smear, rub in’
*MISC: Orm. ger-/gerök ‘to roll’, (caus.) Orm. g(e)raw-/g(e)rawök ‘to cause to roll’
*SANSKRIT: vart ‘to turn (around), to roll’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 518
PIE *uert- ‘to turn’ = LIV: 691 f. | Pok.: 1156 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. verto ‘I tum’, OLat. уог ‘turned’, OCS vretéti ‘to turn
(around)’, Lith. vifsti ‘to turn (around), to fall over, to become into’, Goth. warp
‘became’, OHG werdan, NHG werden ‘to become’ (etc.)
*REFERENCES: EVP: 13; IIFL II: 263a; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 216; Andreev — PeSéereva: 368a ff.; Abaev,
Slovar’ II: 37, 216 f.; EVS: 92b, 60a f.; DKS: 267a; Vahman — Asatrian 1987: 71; WIM III: 349; Vahman
— Asatrian 1991: 80 f.; Asatrian — Livshits: 84, 93; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 92 f.; Werba 1997: 237; Cabolov
2001: 118; Vahman — Asatrian 2002: 25; NEVP: 59 f.; Kiefer 2003: 197
*yarz ‘to do, work, till the land’
*AVESTAN: voroz- ‘to do, work’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to cultivate’ || (+ *us-) ‘to work away,
get rid off, repay’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to commit’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to commit against’ = Liste:
51f.
Pres. ja-: IND. 15р. YAv. varaziiami (Yt 15.44), 2sg. Y Av. aißi.voroziichi (V 3.26, V 3.28), 35р. YAv.
voroziieiti, 1р1. OAv. vərəziiamahi (Y 35.7), 3р1. YAv. vorozinti, INJ. 3sg. OAv. varaziiat (Y 47.2),
426 *uarz
SUBJ. vereziiat, 3р1. varaziian (Y 35.6, etc.), OPT. 35р. YAv. varaziidit (V 19.41, N 16, FrK 73), 3pl.
Y Av. "niuuoraziiaiion (Yt 19.80), IMPV. 25р. YAv. varaze (Aog 25), 3sg. OAv. voraziiötü ° (Y 35.6),
voroziiatam (Y 48.5, etc.); Aor. {1} s-: SUBJ. 159. OAv. varasa (Y 50.10), med. 159. OAv. varasané (Y
51.1), 3sg. OAv. varosaiti (Y 33.2,Y 46.19), med. 3sg. OAv. varasaité (Y 29.4, Y 33.1), 3pl. OAv.
varosonti (Y 45.3), IMPV. med. 3sg. OAv. varosuua (Y 53.3), med. 3sg. OAv. varastam (Y 50.11); Aor.
{2} athem.: INJ. 2sg. OAv. varoš? (Y 39.4), OPT. 1р1. OAv. varazima®, Perf.: IND. 3sg. YAv. "väuuaroza
(P 17), med. 3sg. OAv. vauuorozoi (Y 29.4), 3du. YAv. vauuarazatara (Y 13.4); Partic.: pres. ҮАУ.
(voreziiant- (Y 70.4, N 52), YAv. “varazint- (P 13, Vyt 12), med. OAv. varaziiamna- (Y 35.2), YAv.
vorozimna-, fut. YAv. varasiiamna-, perf. YAv. vauuarozus- (Yt 13.88), med. OAv. vauuarozana- (Y
35.2), perf. pass. Y Av. uzvarsta- (V 7.51); Inf.: pres. ? OAv. voroziieidiiai (Y 30.5)
*OLD PERSIAN: (?) vrd- ‘to take’ (differently Kent, l.c.,: vart- ‘to turn’) = Kent: 207a
Pres. ja-: SUBJ. med. 1sg. vrdiyaiy <v-r-di-i-y-i-y> (DB 4.44). 9 On the reading and interpretation of OP
vrdiyaiy <v-r-di-i-y-i-y> (DB 4.44) see R. Schmitt 1991: 69.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP wlc- /warz-/ ‘to work, do, practise’ (LW), MMP wre, wrz,
BMP wlc /warz/ ‘miracle, miraculous power’ (LW ?, with suff. *-& ?) > DMMPP:
344b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP wlcyt /warzéd/, 2р1. BMP wlcyt /warzéd/, 3р1. BMP wlcynd /warzend/, IMPV. 25р.
BMP wlc /warz/, 2р1. BMP wlcyt /warzéd/; Inf: BMP wlcytn /warzidan/; Pass.: perf. IND. 3sg. BMP
wlcyt (YK‘YMWN)yt /warzid éstéd/
*PARTHIAN: wrc ‘miracle, miraculous power’ || (+ *fra-) frwrz- ‘to further, cultivate,
let grow’ = Ghilain: 52 | DMMPP: 344b, 157b
(+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. frwrzyd
*KHOTANESE: OKh. jsafia-ulysa- ‘causing death’ (Z 24.452)
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. wrz ‘miracle, magic’ (< MP ?)
*CHORESMIAN: mwZy- ‘to employ, use; to exert oneself’ = Samadi: 230
*BACTRIAN: oapCiao, oapCoico ‘farming’
*NWIR: NP varzidan/varz- ‘to sow a field’ (LW), barz ‘a sown field; agriculture’
(LW), Tr. vast/varz- ‘to happen; to be produced’, Kurd. (Kurm.) bilin/bil- ‘to exert
(oneself); to carry out’
*NEIR: Yghn. warzön-/warzönta ‘to cultivate the land’
*SANSKRIT: svávrsti- ‘doing his own work’, epithet of Indra (RV) = EWAia II:
7951.
9 Apparently, Schindler has argued in his lectures that the (DIr. root *uarz may have
acquired an initial laryngeal, which can be inferred from the frequent lengthening of
the preceding vowel in Av. compounds with *uarz and in reduplicative formations:
ayäuuaraz- ‘who does evil’, gauuästriiäuuarez- ‘who does pastoral work’,
hai@1iauuaraz- ‘making real’, etc. and vauuoroz- (De Vaan 2003: 81 fn. 45, 170 £).
«PIE *uerg- ‘to work, do’ = LIV: 686 f. | Pok.: 1168 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. реёо ‘I do, carry out’, (Myc.) wo-ze ‘carries out’, Epyov, Fépyov
‘work, labour’, Goth. waurkjan, OE wirkian, Engl. to work, etc.
*uat 427
*REFERENCES: Andreev — PeSéereva: 350b; DKS: 379a; Werba 1997: 438; Cabolov 2001: 178; Lecoq
2002:
*uas ‘to want, wish’
*AVESTAN: vas- (us-) ‘to want, wish’, OAv. vasna, Y Av. vasna (Instr. sg. m.) ‘wish,
favour’ — Liste: 52
Pres. athem.: IND. 159. OAv. vasami (Y 29.9, Y 43.1, Y 44.3), 2sg. vasi, 3sg. OAv. vaštr (Y 29.8, Y
46.14), 1du. OAv. usvahi (Y 46.10), 1pl. usomahi (Y 34.4, Y 58.3, Ny 5.18), OAv. usmahi? (Y 41.5), 2р1.
OAv. usta (Y 29.2), SUBJ. 3sg. OAv. vasat (Y 29.4), 3pl. YAv. vasen (V 6.6, V 15.46), VdPZ 5.7), OPT.
3sg. OAv. usiiat (Y 50.2); Partic.: pres. YAv. usant- (V)
*OLD PERSIAN: уаёпа (instr. sg. m.) <v-8-n-a> ‘wish, favour?
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *pati-) MMP pyws- ‘to hope for, desire? = DMMPP: 291b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP pywstynd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP pywst {unpubl.}
*PARTHIAN: *ws- ‘to wish’, wsn'd (prep.) ‘on account of, concerning, for, about’
c DMMPP: 346b f.
Pres.: SUBJ. 15р. “ws’n {hapax}
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. wsn, BSogd. wsn, MSogd. wsn (prep.) ‘on account of, for
*CHORESMIAN: wsn (prep.) ‘on account of, for’ (Benzing 1983: 653 f.)
*NWIR: (+ *pati-) NP payüsidan ‘to expect, hope’
*SANSKRIT: vas ‘to wish, want, desire’ (RV) = EWAia II: 527
«PIE *ueK- ‘to wish, want, desire’ => LIV: 672 f. | Pok.: 1135
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /uekzi/ ‘wishes, desires’, Gr. ёкоу ‘voluntary, willing’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 380b f.; 397 f.
H
*uat ‘to inspire, be informed, acquainted’
*AVESTAN: vat- ‘to inspire ?, be informed, acquainted’ || (+ *api-) ‘to be acquainted
with’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to show to’ — Liste: 49
Pres. them.: IND. med. 2sg. YAv. apiuuatahe (Y 9.25), SUBJ. med. 3sg. YAv. apiuuataite (V 9.2, V 9.47,
V 9.52); Aor. them. red.: SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. api “vaotat (Yt 9.26); Caus.: IND. 1р1. OAv. fra vatoiiamahr
(Y 35.7), IMPV. Zeg, OAV. frä vätöiiö.tü (Y 35.7)
*PARTHIAN: (+ *fra-) frwd- ‘to be informed; to know, understand’ || (+ *ui-) wywd-
‘to distinguish, separate’ || (+ *ham-) hmwd- ‘to believe’ = Ghilain: 53, 96 |
DMMPP: 157b, 360a, 179a f., 41а
(+ * fra-) Pres.: IND. 35р. “frwdyd, SUBJ. 2sg. frwd’h; Partic.: perf. pass. frwd’d || (+ *ui-) Pres.: PRES.
35р. wywdyd, 3р1. wywdynd, SUBJ. 2sg. wywd’h; Partic.: perf. pass. П wywd'd; Inf.: wywd’’d, wywd'd
|| (+ *ham-) Pres.: IND. 159. hmwd’m, 3sg. hmwdyd, lpl."hmwd'm, 3р1. hmwdynd, SUBJ. 1р1. hmwd’m;
Partic.: perf. pass. "mwst
*KHOTANESE: (+ *fra-) OKh. hot- (hvi-) ‘to be able’ 2 SGS: 155
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ham-) CSogd. ’wt- ‘to hope for’, SSogd. "nwth (Sims-Williams),
CSogd. "wt ‘hope, faith’
Pres.: IMPV. 2sg. CSogd. "wt
428 *uaxš
*NEIR: (+ *4-) Pash. (Afr.) awla ‘wish, desire’, ? Oss. I. ud, D. od ‘ghost, soul, spirit’
*MISC: (+ *fra- or *ham- ?) Arm. (LW) hawat ‘belief’
*SANSKRIT: vat ‘to appropriate spiritually’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 494
«PIE *uet- ‘to be informed, acquainted’ — LIV: 694 | Pok.: 346
*IE COGNATES: Olrish fethid ‘notices, expects’
*REFERENCES: DKS: 498a f.; Sims-Williams 1985: 96 ad 26; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 6 f.; Werba 1997: 232;
Cheung 2002: 233; NEVP: 12
*uaxš ‘to grow; increase’
*AVESTAN: vaxs- ‘to grow’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to let grow, spoke (the fire)’ || (+ *uz-) ‘to
grow up(wards)’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to grow forth’ = Liste: 48
Pres. them. ja-: IND. 3sg. OAv. uxsileiti (Y 44.3), YAv. uxsüeiti (Y 10.6, Yt 7.2, Yt 8.43, etc.), ҮАУ.
uzuxsiieiti (Yt 6.2 f., Yt 7.4, Ny 1.12, etc.), 3pl. YAv. uzuxsiüieinti (Yt 13.10, Yt 13.14), INJ. 2sg. OAv.
uxsiio (Y 31.7), 3pl. YAv. uxsin (Yt 13.93, Yt 17.18), SUBJ. 3pl. YAv. fra uxsiian (V 5.12 f., V 8.9 £);
Fut.: med. 3pl. ? YAv. vaxsiiente (Yt 8.42); Aor. athem.: INJ. 3sg. vaxst (Y 34.11, Vr 12.4), SUBJ. 3sg.
OAv. vaxsat (Y 31.6, Y 48.1, Y 48.6), med. 3pl. OAv. vaxsonte (Y 32.4), OPT. med. 1sg. OAv. uxsiia (Y
33.10); Partic.: pres. YAv. uzuxSiiant- (V 18.63), med. YAv. uzuxsiiamna- (Yt 4.8); Caus.: IND. 3du.
Y Av. vaxsaiiato (Y 10.3), SUBJ. 3sg. ҮАУ. aißi.uuaxsaiiät (N 73), ОРТ. 35р. Y Av. aifi.vaxsaiioit (N 81).
© Kellens – Рігаг 1991: 106 interpret OAv. uxsiia differently: pres. IND. 1sg.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP whs- /waxs-/ ‘to grow; to blaze’, BMP whsyn- /waxsen-/
(caus.) “to light a fire’ || (+ *fra-) ? MMP frwxs- ‘to sell’. 0 The verb ВМР whs- is
always used in connection with "twr/'dwr ‘fire’. Several semantic shifts need to be
assumed for MMP frwxs-, not all of which are evident: **to grow’ > *‘to prosper’ >
*'to prosper through trade’ > *‘to sell’. = DMMPP: 158a
Pres.: IND. 1sg. BMP whsym /waxsém/, 3sg. BMP whsyt /waxséd/, 3р1. BMP whsynd /waxsend/ ‘(the
fires of plwb’g and gwsnsp) are blazing’; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP whsyt /waxsid/, BMP whsytk
/waxSidag/; Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. BMP whsynyt /waxsénéd/; Inf.: BMP whsytn /waxsidan/ ‘to grow’,
caus. BMP whsynytn /waxsénidan/ || (+ *fra-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP frwxsyd
*PARTHIAN: 1. wxs- ‘to grow’ || 2. wxs- ‘to be kindled, blaze; to kindle? = Ghilain:
59 | DMMPP: 349b
1. Partic.: pres. wxsg || 2. Pres.: IND. 35р. wxsyd, 1р1]. wxs^m, 3р1. wxšynd, SUBJ. 3sg. wxs’; Partic.:
pres. wxSyndg
*KHOTANESE: hus(s)- ‘to grow’ = SGS: 154
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. xws- ‘to grow, grow up, become full-grown’
Partic.: perf. pass. CSogd. xws’ty ‘grown up, full-grown’ (C2 54R.27, C2 87V.16); Inf.: pres. MSogd.
xwsyy ‘to increase’ (with metath., M756dR.9)
*CHORESMIAN: wx- ‘to grow’, wXy- (caus.) ‘to cause to grow, nourish, rear’
c» Samadi: 223
*BACTRIAN: oayx- ‘to frow, increase [intr.]' = S-W, Bact.: 210b
*NWIR: (+ *fra-) Widely attested: NP firöxtan, firösidan/firös-, Kurd. firötin/firös-,
(also Sor.) firöstin/firös-, Zaz. rotis/rosen-, Anar. -ihrot/ (impv.) ihros, Awrom.
*yaz 429
wuratáy/wuras-, Fariz. heerutän/-hrus, Yar. -horut-/-hrus-, Gil. (Rsht.)
füroxtoen/furus-, Gur. (Kand.) virät-/-uräs-, Khuns. urs-, urus-, rus-, turs-/rut, (LW)
fros-/froyt-, Ham. foratan/foras-, Isfah. foratän/faras-, Lasg. berüton/berüs-, Meim.
bem-horu:t/a-ru;f-, Nn. -rat/oras-, Natan. -horut-/horus-, Semn. beyrutiyon/beyriis-,
Siv. rüs-/rüt, Sorkh. -rüt-/rüs-, Tal. havate ‘to sell’ (ultimately all borrowings from
Pers. ?)
*NEIR: Yi. waxš- ‘to grow (about plants)’, ? Yzgh. wosüd ‘to grow’
*MISC: (+ *para-) ? Par. pharät-/pharäti ‘to sell’, Orm. prawak ‘sold’ (supplet. stem)
*SANSKRIT: vaks ‘to grow, become big’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 485
© Nyberg 1931: 232, together with Henning 1937: 89 (and generally accepted by
others), assumes the existence of a separate Ir. root *uaxš ‘to kindle, be kindled’ on
account of Pth. wxs- and MP whs- ‘to blaze’ (also Andreas — Henning II: 53a: MMP
wxsn ‘Zutaten (zum Feuer)’), which may be superfluous, as there is no objection at
all to incorporate these Middle Iranian forms (incl. NP furöxtan ‘to inflame, kindle,
set on fire’) under *uaxs ‘to grow; increase’. Compare Skt. (Apl.) vaksyas ‘growing
flames’ (RV 5.19.5), probably from vaks ‘to grow’ (EWAia II: 488). The specific
idiomatic usage with fire has parallels in both Avestan and Sanskrit and may
therefore reflect an ancient Indo-Iranian concept, viz. YAv. atra.vaxša- (N 73, N 78,
N 81) and Skt. (the growing of Agni-, in notably RV 5.8.7). More details can be
found in Kiehnle 1979: 26 f., 125 f.
«PIE ingress. *Houeg-s7,- ‘to grow’. © The simple root *H;eug- is also attested in
Ilr., e.g. BMP "wc /öz/ ‘strength, force’, OKh. opa- ‘powerful’, Skt. ójas- (n.)
‘strength, vitality, power’ (RV+). = LIV: 288 f. | Pok.: 84 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. aŭo, &(F)éE@ ‘I increase, make progress, grow’, Toch. A oksis
‘grows’, Goth. wahsjan, ON vaxa, vexa ‘to grow’, Engl. to wax (of moon), etc.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 143a f.; IIFL I: 279a, 404b f.; KPF II: 206; IIFL II: 264a f.; Christensen,
Contributions I: 70, 168, 261; Christensen, Contributions II: 59; Abrahamian 1936: 113, 129; Lambton
1938: 42b; MacKenzie 1966: 111; EVS: 118; WIM I: 73, 68; WIM III: 116; Werba 1997: 417 Ё; Cabolov
2001: 358 f.
*uaz ‘to carry, drive (chariot, vel sim.)
*AVESTAN: Y Av. vaz- ‘to move, carry, drive (a chariot)’ || (+ *a-) ‘to drive to’ || (+
*uz-) ‘to carry, transport up’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to drag back’ || (+ *para-) ‘to fly away
(from)’ || (+ *fra-) ‘ride, drive to, fly’ || (+ *ham-) ‘to be ended up, hurry to join ?’
c» Liste: 52
Pres. them.: IND. 15р. YAv. vazami (V 5.18), 3sg. YAv. vazaiti (Y 10.19, Yt 8.33), YAv. uzuuazaiti (V
5.8), Y Av. ба... vazaiti (Yt 8.33), med. YAv. vazaite, Y Av. “auuazaite (Y 57.31), YAv. рага... vazaite
(Yt 10.37), YAv. frauuazaite (Yt 10.48, Yt 10.99, Yt 10.124, etc.), YAv. auui ... ham.vazaite (Yt 19.67),
3pl. YAv. vazonti (Y 57.27, Yt 5.95, Yt 10.128, etc.), YAv. frauuazonti (Yt 13.58), YAv. frauuazonte (Yt
13.39), INJ. 3sg. med. YAv. vazata (Yt 5.62, Yt 10.127), SUBJ. 2sg. YAv. vazahi (V 5.16), 3g. med.
430 *yaz
YAv. vazäite (Yt 5.11, Yt 8.6), YAv. frauuazäite (Yt 8.35), 3pl. med. YAv. vazante (Yt 10.125), IMPV.
med. 2sg. YAv. upa.vazayg'ha (22.7); Aor. them. s-: INJ. 35р. ? YAv. uzuuaZat (Yt 13.100); Perf.: IND.
3sg. med. YAv. vaoze (P 48), OPT. 3pl. med. YAv. vaoziram (Yt 19.69); Partic.: pres. YAv. vazant- (Yt
10.20, Yt 13.26), med. YAv. vazomna-, YAv. frauuazamna- (Yt 13.26), perf. YAv. vauuazäna- (Yt
10.124), perf. pass. ? Y Av. vasta- (Yt 12.8); Inf.: pres. YAv. vazaiöiläi ‘to flow’ (Yt 15.28, V 2.24), YAv.
paiti.vazaidiiai (Yt 15.28); Pass.: pres. SUBJ. 3р1. YAv. vaziiante (Yt 14.43). © The interpretation of
Y Av. "uuaZat as a sigmatic aor., corresponding to Skt. (RV) vaksat, is from Narten 1964: 140. This is
declined by Kellens 1984: 368, fn. 1. || Final "^om of the YAv. ending vaozirom is the result of sandhi
(Leumann 1952: 91), which must Бе Ріг. Further evidence is provided by Khot. mu (SGS: 203) and
possibly Ossetic (Cheung 2002: 139).
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: 1. MMP wy- ‘to move along’ || 2. BMP wc- /waz-/ ‘to move
[intr.], blow [of wind]’ (LW) || (+ *para-) MMP prwz- ‘to fly’, BMP plw’c-
/parwaz-/ (caus.) ‘to fly off (LW) || (+ *ham-) ? BMP ’mws- /amwas-/ (pret. stem)
‘to collect, gather ?’ (< Pth. ?, cf. MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 8) = DMMPP: 350b, 281b
1. Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP wyynd, SUBJ. 3р1. MMP wy’nd; Partic.: perf. pass. II wy’d {in Pth. writing} ||
2. Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP weyt /wazéd/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP weyt /wazid/ || (+ *para-) Pres.: IND. 35р.
BMP plw’cyt /parwazéd/, SUBJ. 3pl. MMP “prwz’nd; Partic.: pres. MMP prwz’g || (+ *ham-) Partic.:
perf. pass. BMP ’mwst /amwast/
*PARTHIAN: wz- ‘to blow (of the wind); to move, go, fly’ || (+ *pati-) pdw’z
‘adherence, following; retinue (?)’ || (+ *рага-а-) pr’w’z ‘flooded land, water
meadow’ || (+ *fra-) frwz- ‘to fly’ — Ghilain: 52, 70 | DMMPP: 360b, 271b, 277b,
158b
Pres.: IND. 25р. wzyh, 35р. wzyd, 3р1. wzynd || (+ *fra-) Pres.: SUBJ. 15р. frwz’n; Partic.: perf. pass.
frwst
*KHOTANESE: bays- (bas-) ‘to go quickly’ || (+ *ä-) OKh. oys- ‘to be angry, [caus.]
anger’ || (+ *para-a-) OKh. paroys- (parauys-, paraus-) ‘to drown’ || (+ *fra-) haus-
(hos-) ‘to carry off’ || (+ *ni-) ОК. nuvalys- ‘to flow down’ (conflation of *ni-sarz
and *ni-uaz) || (+ *ui-) gvays- (gvas-) ‘to be separated’ = SGS: 93, 20, 74, 155 f.,
59, 32
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. w’zt (pl.) ‘wings’ || (+ *apa-) CSogd. pw’zy (loc. sg.) ‘separate,
isolated’, CSogd. pw’zwny (indecl.) ‘isolation, retreat’ || (+ *uz-) BSogd. zywz-
(intr./pass.) ‘to be carried up, rise’, CSogd. zwz- ‘to fly up’ || (+ *pati-) SSogd.
pewz- ‘to receive’, BSogd. pcwz-, MSogd. pcwz- ‘to meet’ || (+ *para-a-) BSogd.
pr’wyz ‘to water, flow’ || (+ *fra-) CSogd. frwz-, MSogd. frwz- ‘to fly’ || (+ *ham-)
BSogd. ’nwz- ‘to assemble, foregather’, CSogd. ’wyZ- (caus.) ‘to bring together,
collect, amass’
(*uz-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. zywzty, Opt. 3sg. CSogd. zwzy || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 2sg. SSogd.
pewzy, 3sg. BSogd. pewzt, BSogd. pewzty, 3р1. BSogd. pcwz nt, 2р1. SSogd. pcwzö IMPV. 2р1. MSogd.
*pcwzö’, Impf.: IND. 3pl. BSogd. pc’ywz’nt, MSogd. pcywznd || (+ *para-ä-) Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd.
pr’wst || (+ *fra-) Impf.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. “fr’wz, 3р1. CSogd. frwz’nt, Pres.: CSogd. brwz’n’k
(Schwartz 1971: 412b) || (+ *ham-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. "nwzt, 3р1. BSogd. ’nwz’nt, Impf.: IND. 3pl.
MSogd. “mnw’znd; Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. ’nw’st-k, BSogd. "nw'st'kw, BSogd. 'nw'st'w, BSogd.
*yaz 431
*nwst’w; Caus.: pres. OPT. 35р. CSogd. ’wyZy, impf. IND. 3sg. CSogd. mwyZ, pret. tr. lsg. CSogd.
"wyZd'rm; Inf.: caus. pres. CSogd. pr ’wyZ)
*CHORESMIAN: wz- ‘to swim, fly’, ? w’zy- (caus.) ‘to lead to, cause to run; to chase
(away)’ || (+ *apa-) bwz- ‘to dissolve’, bw’zy- (caus.) ‘to chase away; hold back,
restrain’ || (+ *fra-) šwZ- ‘to jump on, mount’, sw’ry- ‘to throw away’ || (+ *ham-)
m/wz- ‘to meet (together), encounter’ || (+ *ham- or *ni-) ? m/w’zy- ‘to bring,
deliver; to cause to meet ?’. 0 As to w’zy-, depending on the meaning(s) assigned, а
derivation from *ya% ‘to leave behind, let’ or *yad ‘to carry, lead (away); to marry
(a wife)’ cannot be excluded. || Samadi (1.с.) derives Chor. m/wz- from a formation
with *ham-, rather than *aua- (Frejman 1951: 97). MacKenzie 1990: 105 prefers to
reconstruct *awi-waza- and quotes YAv. awi-waza- ‘to lead to’. The comparison is
flawed though, since YAv. awi- (i.e. auui-) goes back to the preverb *abi-, which
may not account for the apparently geminated -w- in Chor., cf. "Bw'k ‘character,
nature’ (< *abi-uahäka-), 'BwYN- ‘to withhold strength’ (< *abi-uain). || Samadi:
225, 30, 200, 210, 225
*BACTRIAN: oaC- ‘to use, employ’ = S-W, Bact.: 209a
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP bazidan/baz-, vazidan/vaz- ‘to blow (as the wind)’
(LW), Bal. gwast/gwaz- ‘cross over, pass (by), swing’, Kurd. bazin/baz- (Kurm.) ‘to
run, quickly pass (by)’, (Sor.) ‘to be conquered’, Abyan. vasta/vaz-, Fariz. -vast-/
-väz-, Yar. -vast-/väz-, Gz. véz-, viz-/väs(se), veza, Jow. ba-vaft-/a-voz-, Meim. be-
veft-/a-vez-, Natan. -vást-/voz-, Qohr. vasta/vüz-, Tr. vasta/vöz- ‘to run’, Gz. vez-/
veza, Khuns. viz-/viza ‘to blow [of the wind]’, vuz-/vuza ‘to run’, Gur. (Kand.)
vistin/viz-, -uz- ‘to spread; to lead (water); throw; to put in (the key’, (sec. caus.)
Yar. -vázn- ‘to let (a horse run; to raid’, Nn. i-vás/viz- ‘to jump; to run, walk’, Kurd.
(Kurm.) banz (f.), (Sor.) baz ‘jump, leap’ || (+ *para-) NP parvaz ‘flight’
*NEIR: Pash. watal ‘to fly’, pré-watal ‘to fall’, Sh. waz-/wixt, Bart. waz-/wixt, Yzgh.
waz- ‘to swim’, Sh. wöX-/wäxt, Rosh. wext, Sariq. wux-/wuxt, Yzgh. wöx-/weXt ‘to
fall’, (caus.) Sh. wäz-/wäzd, Rosh. wéz-/wizd, Bart. wöz-/wözd ‘to make swim,
carry across (a stream)’, Yzgh. wazàn-/wazànt ‘to bathe someone’, Wa. waz-/wast-
‘to fall down’, Yzgh. wiz, waz ‘burden’ || (+ *a-) Oss. I. awazyn/azwezt, D.
awazun/auzt ‘to dam a river’ || (+ *upa-) ? Wa. pawaz ‘driftwood’ (Lorimer) || (+
*fra-) Sh. (Baj.) riwaz-/riwuxt, Rosh. rawäz-/rawuxt, Bart. rawäz-/rawö/üxt, Sariq.
rawoz-/rawi/üxt ‘to fly up, hop, start running’, Yzgh. Xawez-/Xawüxt ‘to fly’, (caus.)
Sh. riwäz-d, Sariq. rawazon- ‘to cause to fly, etc.’, Wa. row(o)z-, rerw(bi)z-/rowozd-
‘to jump, hop, fly, fall’ || (+ *ni-) Oss. I. n(y)wazyn/nywezt, nozt, nyzt-, D.
niwazun/niwazt ‘to drink’, Wa. nbrw(bI)z-, naw(a)z-/nyast ‘to leave’, Pash. niyuz
‘flood; inondation; torrent’, ? Ishk. néz-/nast, nust ‘to go out, emerge’ (mutual
contamination with *niz-i- ?)
432 *yäs
*MISC: Огт. ywaz-/ywastak, yuz-/yustuk ‘to fall’ || (+ *apa-) Раг. auz-auzi ‘to run
away, flee’ || (+ *fra-) Par. rhaz-/rhazi ‘to fly’
*SANSKRIT: vah ‘to ride, drive, transport’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 535
© This root has an impeccable IE etymology.
«PIE *ueg”- ‘to ride, drive, transport, fly’ > LIV: 661 f. | Pok.: 1118 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. (Pamphylian) Feyétw ‘he must bring’, Gr. óxoc (m.) ‘car’, Lat.
veho/vexi ‘I ride, bring’, OCS vezo ‘I ride’, Lith. vežù ‘I ride, procure’, OHG wegan
‘to move’, etc.
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 136b, 139b; KPF II: 181; EVP: 94, 55; IIFL I: 396b f., 238a, 284b; Christensen,
Contributions: 161 f., 259; Lambton 1938: 40b, 76a; IIFL II: 532b, 536a, 538a, 406a; EVS: 94a, 95b, 70a,
118b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 85 Ё; Abaev, Slovar’ П: 216; Abaev, Slovar’ III: 216; WIM I: 74; WIM IV1: 85;
DKS: 270a, 94b; Sims-Williams 1984: 74; Werba 1997: 398 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 253, 303, 388,
459, 253; Cabolov 2001: 136, 150; Lecoq 2002: 122, 127, 129 (passim); Shahbakhsh: s.v. gwaz-; Korn
2005: 99, 399 (passim)
*uàs ‘to make a noise (roar, shout, vel sim.)'
*AVESTAN: Y Av. väs- ‘to low, roar’
Partic.: pres. (caus.) YAv. “’vasaiiant- (Waag 1941: 51; N 26)
*KHOTANESE: bäsa- ‘noise’ || (+ *ni-) nvas(s)- ‘to make a noise’, nväsa- ‘noise’
= SGS: 62
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. w’s ‘to roar’. Ф BSogd. w’s (i.e. BSogd. w’s’y in P3 IV R.226)
may not belong here: it is an inchoative formation of *HyaH! ‘to blow’, cf. Henning
1945: 481, fn. f.
Pres.: impf. 3sg. SSogd. wy's (Ragoza, SF.: 30)
*NEIR: Oss. I. wasyn/wast, D. wasun/wast ‘to whistle, to play the pipes (vel sim.); to
make a noise [of animals, like birds, cats, horses and other livestock, but not of
canines and deer]’, I. waseg, D. wasængæ ‘rooster, cock’ || (+ *nis-) ? Oss. I.
nywwasyn, D. niwwasun ‘to (start to) make a (animal) noise (neigh, mew, vel
sim.)’. 9 In view of the reduplication of Oss. I. nyww?, D. niww’, the (productive !)
prev. ny-, ni- of the Ossetic forms rather derive from *nis-.
*SANSKRIT: vas ‘to roar, low, bleat’ (RV, AV+) = EWAia II: 547
o This Пг. root is probably onomatopoetic with no certain IE connections (cf.
EWAia П: 548).
*PIE LIV: - | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: DKS: 279a, 194b Ё; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 57 f., 54 Ё; Werba 1997: 471 f.
n 1 D P
*yaz to respect
*AVESTAN: Y Av. vaz- ‘to respect’, Y Av. asa.vazah- ‘respecting Aša’, vazista- ‘most
respected’ = Liste: —
*ui(H)z ? 433
Pres. athem.: IND. 1pl. YAv. uzamöhi (Y 65.1). 0 On the analysis of this (hapax) form see Kümmel, l.c.
490.
*SOGDIAN: (+ *api-) MSogd. ’ywp’zky’ ‘guesthood’ (< metathes. *api-uazaka°)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *api-) bw’zk, bw’zyk (m.) ‘guest’ (Benzing 1983: 181 f.)
*NEIR: (+ *ui-) Oss. І. wazeg, D. iwazag ‘guest’ (not from *yaz)
*SANSKRIT: vah ‘to respect; [med.] to acknowledge’ || (+ *api-) ‘to respect, honour’
= EWAia: —
0 On Ir. *uäz', Skt. vah see Insler 1996: 169 ff. and Kümmel 2000: 488 ff. On the Ir.
(Sogd., Chor. and Oss.) continuations of *uaz' see Schwartz 1990: 200 ff.
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 60 f.
*uaz? ‘to play, contend; [pass. ?] to lose (in games)’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ВМР w'c- / waz-/ ‘to play’, BMP w’cyk /wazig/ ‘game, play’
Partic.: perf. pass. BMP w’cyt/wazid/; Inf.: BMP w'cytn /wazidan/
*NWIR: NP bazidan/baz-, Khuns. baz-/bat (LW) ‘to play’, NP baxtan/baz-, Tt. (Cha.)
vaz/vast, Gz. vaz-/vaza, vaZ-/vaZa ‘to lose (in game)’, Varz. vazä/väz- ‘to lose’, NP
Балх ‘play’, Kurd. (Kurm.) baz (Ё), (Ѕог.) bazi (LW), Gz. vazi, Khuns. vazi ‘play’, ?
Bal. ba(y) da- ‘to give up, lose’ (< Pash. ?)
*NEIR: ? Pash. bay ‘loss (at play)’, baylal ‘to lose (in game)’ (-y- < ?)
*SANSKRIT: vaja- (m.) ‘contest, decisive battle, war, prize, booty, gain, reward’
(RV+) > EWAia II: 540
0 Skt. vaja- does seem to have exact Ir. correspondences, which have not been
recognised by Mayrhofer, EWAia, lc. et al. The generally assumed connection
between Skt. väja- and vàjáyati ‘incites’ (Lat. uegére ‘to incite’, Goth. uswakjan ‘to
arouse, awaken’, etc., Pokorny, Le: LIV: 660 f.) can now be doubted with the
equation of the Ir. forms with vaja-: the Ir. forms are semantically irreconcilable
with the strong, awake root *ueg-. The noun *uäza- / Skt. vaja- may be a blend of
*yan / Skt. van ‘to win’ and *Haz / aj ‘to drive’ (cf. Skt. aji- m. ‘contest, race’).
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 35; Yarshater 1969: 183; WIM I: 66, 387; WIM II/1: 85; WIM II/2: 750;
Vahman-Asatrian 1991: 81; Cabolov 2001: 161; Lecoq 2002: 135; NEVP: 16
*ui(H)z ? ‘to venerate ?°
*AVESTAN: (+ *ni-) YAv. niuuiz- ‘to venerate ?” = Liste: 56
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. niuuizaiti (Yt 14.57)
9 Further connections are uncertain: the existence of an Ir. root *ui(H)z, which is
postulated on the basis of one Av. hapax form, is rather doubtful, Kellens 1984: 101,
fn. 6. The Av. form may be related to *yaid(H), reflecting an ingressive
sa-formation. Cf. *urad vs *uraz, on which see Kümmel 2000: 623.
*PIE— > LIV: – | Pok.:
*[E COGNATES: —
434 *uindar (*urndar ?)
*uindar (*urndar ?) ‘to stand; (caus.) to establish’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP wndlšny /windarisn/ ‘establishment’
IPth. wyndrsn ‘establishment’ (Gignoux 1972: 36a)
*NWIR: Zaz. vinderdis/ (ind.) vinden-, (subj.) vinder- ‘to stay, remain, stand; wait’,
(caus.) vindarnen- ‘to place, put’, Vafsi vender- ‘to stand’
*SANSKRIT: ? vfndäraka- ‘who is the best, standing at the top’ (SB+) > EWAia II:
575
9 The formation is probably unrelated to *Hnar ‘to be able, skilled’, although it is
morphologically unclear. = LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Henning 1954: 174 f.; Paul 1998: 316a f.
*uiaé ‘to contain’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ВМР wnc- /winj-/, (раѕѕ.) wncyh- /winjih-/ ‘to be contained’
c DMMPP: 95
Pres.: IND. 3р1. ВМР wnend /winjand/; Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. BMP wncyhyt / winjthed/
*KHOTANESE: ? LKh. bijs- ‘to assemble, gather [intr.]’ (cited in DKS: 280 f.)
= SGS: —
*NWIR: NP gunjidan/gunj- ‘to be contained’, NP gunj ‘volume’, Khuns. buydä
‘closet’
*NEIR: Sh. wiz-/wizd, Rosh. wiz-/wizd, Sariq. wez-/wezd, Yzgh. waZ-/wayd, M.
wüj-/wüyd-, Wa. wic-/wict ‘to be contained in, find room in, go into’
*SANSKRIT: vyac ‘to contain, embrace, encompass’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 590
9 This Пг. root has no certain IE correspondences. The comparison to Lat. vincire
‘to bind, to wrap up’ has been declined by Emout — Meillet: 1066 on semantic
grounds: "les sens des deux groupes n’ont rien de commun".
*PIE — — LIV: 696 | Pok.: 1130
*REFERENCES: Zarubin 1927: 176; Henning 1945: 469, fn. 3; EVS: 95b f.; WIM I: 345; DKS 280b f.,
392b. f.; Werba 1997: 399; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 388
*uiaH ‘to cover, wrap’
*PARTHIAN: (+ *pari-) prwy- ‘to encompass’ = Ghilain: - | DMMPP: 281b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. prwyyd; Partic.: perf. pass. prwyd
*SOGDIAN: (+ *pati-) BSogd. ptw’y (caus. ?) ‘to wind, roll’ || (+ *pari-) BSogd.
prw’’y ‘to wrap up’. Ф On semantic grounds, these Sogd. forms cannot be connected
to Skt. o- ‘to weave’ (related to Sh. pidytic (m.), (Baj.) pedyoc, Sariq. padec ‘thread’
?), as suggested by Bailey (Gs Henning: 29 f.) and cautiously accepted by
Mayrhofer (EWAia I: 275).
(+ *pati-) Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. pt’yw’y; Inf.: pret. BSogd. ptwy’t, BSogd. ptwy’ty || (+ *pari-) Pres.:
IND. 3sg. BSogd. prw’’yt
*urad 435
*NEIR: Yzgh. woyeg ‘blanket, counterpane' || (+ *upa-) Sariq. bawey-/bawid, Yzgh.
baway-/bawad ‘to cover, veil’, Rosh. bawin ‘covering, closing’, Sariq. bawéin
‘blanket, body covering’ || (+ *uz-) Sh. zarwin-t, Rosh. zarwin-/zarwid, Bart.
zarwi(y)-/zarwid, Orosh. zarway-/zarwid, Sang, zarwey(n)-/zarwid, Yzgh.
zorway-/zorwayd ‘to roll, wind, reel, wrap up’ (with -r- from the *pari-formations ?),
Wa. z(o)way- (zaw(a)y-) / z(o)wot- (zway-) ‘to wind, wrap, roll up’ || (+ *pati-) ? Sh.
(Baj.) pidwin, Rosh. padwin 'guard(ing), keeping, custody’ || (+ *pari-) Sariq.
parwey-/parwid ‘to cover, veil’, Sh. parwin ‘cover, wrapping’, Sariq. parwein
*horse-clothing'. ó Oss. I. byjyn/byd, D. bijun/bid ‘to wind, braid (hair)’ is not of
Iranian origin, pace Abaev 1958: 277 (and Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 441), on
account of initial b-, which can only reflect older *8 < Pir *b or *up-. The Oss.
forms are rather borrowings from Slavic, cf. OCS po-viti (NB: Sl. v = [ß]). The
Slavic forms are close to the Oss. forms, not only formally, but especially
semantically. It is striking that Oss. byjyn is translated as Russ. vit’ ‘to wind, braid;
[also] to build a nest’ by Abaev.
*SANSKRIT: ууа ‘to wrap, to veil, to envelop’ (RV+) || (+ *upa-) upavya ‘to enclose,
enfold, wrap’ = EWAia II: 592
9 It remains doubtful whether the Iranian and Skt. forms above are connected to IE
*ujeH;. ‘to braid, wind’ (Lat. viére ‘to bind, to plait’; Lith. vun ‘to twist’; OCS
po-viti ‘to wrap, to bind’), on account of the meaning. Cf. EWAia, Le: "Die
Verknüpfung ist semantisch nicht ganz befriedigend.". On the other hand, BSogd.
wyt(’k) ‘cord’, Yghn. wita (or vita) ‘cord’ and especially Kurd. ba ‘braiding,
twisting, rolling up’ (ba dan ‘to braid, twist, roll up’), Zaz. viya (Ё) ‘a piece of
thread, string, etc.’ do certainly continue IE *ujeH)- ( *ueiH;-).
«PIE? > LIV: 695 f. | Pok.: 1120 f.
*REFERENCES: EVS: 21b, 60, 109a, 117b; Werba 1997: 411 f.; Paul 1998: 317b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999:
441
*urad ‘to soften (> to boil)’
*AVESTAN: YAv. varaduua- ‘weak’ (V 5.1)
*KHOTANESE: 9 Khot. bile ‘intestines’, cited by Bailey, DKS: 289a, should rather
mean ‘entrails’ and be connected to ҮАУ. d(a)raBda- ‘id.’ (Yt 13.11), on which see
Emmerick, SVK II: 89, fn. 3.
*NWIR: (+ *ui- ?) Bal. grast, gradit/grad- (intr.) ‘to cook (in oil or water), be fried’,
(EHB) grast’, gras6/grad- (orig. caus., tr.) ‘to boil food’. 0 The etymologies
suggested by Geiger 1891: 116 (Skt. vradh) and Elfenbein, EAL: 53 (*ui-räd-, Av.
rad- ‘to prepare oneself’) are unconvincing, as observed by Shahbakhsh: s.v. grad-.
Perhaps, the Bal. forms rather derive from *urad.
*SANSKRIT: угаа ‘to become tender, soft, weak’ (RV) = EWAia II: 595
436 *uraid ?
o Further Ir. connections are uncertain. Skt. угаа and its corresponding Ir. forms
have no certain IE etymology. They are cautiously compared to Gr. Вроёліуос
(Sappho), paówóg ‘tendril, slender, flexible’ by Mayrhofer, EWAia, Le The
apparent, morphological peculiarities need to be explained though.
«PIE? > LIV: 697 | Pok.: 1163
*uraid ? ‘to blame, condemn’
*AVESTAN: YAv. uruuaöö- ‘to blame, condemn ?’, “uruuaédam (Asg f.) ‘blame,
condemnation’ (F 450) = Liste: 60
Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. “uruuidiieiti (P 56, F 451)
© The Avestan forms have no known cognates. Taking his cue from Bartholomae,
AiW: 1533, Kellens 1984: 127, fn. 12 Liste: 60) accepts the existence of an Av. root
uruuid with the meaning ‘to perish’ ("aller à sa perte"). The evidence would be
confined to two forms: YAv. “uruuidiieiti (P56) and YAv. "ni.uruuióiiat (У 16.7).
Several objections can be raised though. In the first place, YAv. “uruuidiieiti (P56)
translates Pahl. /éraxtéd/ ‘is condemned’, cf. Jamaspa — Humbach: 78 f. Similar
forms are also attested іп the Frahang-i-Oim (already quoted by Bartholomae, s.v.
urvaéd- ‘stürzen’), viz. Е 450 f. “uruuaédam and *uruuiöiieiti. These forms are
glossed by Pahl. "dng /ering/ ‘condemnation’ and ’dlht /érixt/ ‘condemned’ respec-
tively, cf. Klingenschmitt 1968: 141. All three glosses are consistent and should
therefore not be ignored in favour of an ad hoc translation ‘to perish’. Also the Av.
form that Kellens interprets as "serait conduite à sa perte", "ni.uruuióiiat (V 16.7), is
probably unfounded. The translation is rather too strong-worded. Bartholomae’s
analysis, from ^road- ‘to grow’ (1492 f.), which Kellens declined on account of its
problematic pres. formation in -iia-, is more compelling and appears to be supported
by an Av. past participle niiuruzdo quoted in the Herbedestan, cf. Kotwal 1 Kreyen-
broek I: 80 Ё; Hintze 2000: 218, 333. Deriving an tia-formation from the intransive
2road- is not necessarily an obstacle, as such iia-derivatives became productive at а
later stage, which Kellens, Le: 125 himself points out. Alternatively, the reason for
its rise is that it denotes the physical state (Kellens, l.c.), cf. *raiš. Since both
"ni.uruuióiiát and niiuruzdö refer to food that ought to be given or acquired, the
sense ‘to suffer from dystrophy, wear out, von Kräften kommen (vel sim.)’ is all the
more likely (Almut Hintze, personal communication). LIV: —| Pok.: —
*uraiH ‘to crush, push down’
*AVESTAN: YAv. uruuaii- ‘to crush, push down’, YAv. pairi.uruuaesta- (superl.)
‘who pushes down the best” = Liste: 60
Partic.: pres. na- YAv. uruuinant- (Yt 13.33)
*SANSKRIT: vlay (vray’) ‘to crush, collapse’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 598
*urais 437
© The evidence for an Ir. root *uraiH is limited to Av. An IE provenance cannot be
ascertained.
*PIE — => LIV: 699 | Pok.: —
*IE COGNATES: —
*REFERENCES: Hoffmann 1968: 39 ff.; Werba 1997: 319
*urais ‘to turn, spin’
*AVESTAN: YAv. uruuaés- ‘to twist, turn’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to turn to’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to turn
down’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to turn to’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to turn to’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to separate’ = Liste:
60f.
Pres. ja-: IND. 3sg. Y Av. fraorisiieiti (Yt 10.9), ? Y Av. fraorisaiti (H 1.17), Y Av. fraoirisaite (V 9.40),
3pl. uruuisanti (Yt 12.25), Y Av. fraoirisinti (Yt 13.46), INJ. 3du. Y Av. uruuisiiatom (Yt 19.82), SUBJ.
lsg. YAv. ni.uruuisiiäni (Yt 17.57 Ё), 3sg. YAv. avoirisiiat (Yt 5.62), OPT. 35р. ҮАУ. fraoirisiiöit (V
14.16), IMPV. 2sg. Y Av. ni.uruuise (Yt 17.60); Partic.: pres. med. Y Av. fraoirsimna- (Vr 12.5); Caus.:
pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. auuaouruuaesaite (V 4.22, V 4.25), 3pl. YAv. pairi.uruuaesaiieinti (Yt 14.56), INJ.
med. 3sg. YAv. uruuaesaiiata (Yt 13.89), SUBJ. 1sg. YAv. fraouruuaesaiieni (Yt 9.31), 35р. ҮАУ.
auuaouruuaésaite (У 4.22, V 425) YAv. vi uruuaesaiiat (P 20) IMPV. med. 2sg. ҮАУ.
aipi.uruuaesaiiag'ha (Yt 17.15)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP I(y)stk /ristag/ ‘rope, string, thread’, ? MMP *rwys, BMP
"Iwys /arwös/ ‘rope’ || (+ *abi-) MMP ’bryswm ‘silk? = DMMPP: 53b, 14b
*PARTHIAN: (+ *4-) ’rws-, ’’rws- ‘to turn to, towards [intr.], face’. © "Despite Ghilain
1939: 49 and 81, ’rws- and ’’rws- belong together", DMMPP: l.c. This implies that
’rws- does not derive from *raud. = Ghilain: 49, 81 | DMMPP: 53
Pres.: IND. 35р. "rwsyd, 3pl. ’rwsynd, SUBJ. 1р1]. ’rws’m, IMPV. 25р. ’rws; Partic.: perf. pass. "rwst, П
"rws'd, ’rws’d; Inf.: II ’rws’d
*SOGDIAN: ? CSogd. гуу ‘spun’ || (+ *a- ?) ? BSogd. ’rw’stk, ’rw’stkw, ’rw’st’k
‘bound, fixed’, CSogd. ‘гух ‘bandage’ (GMS: $116, 157)
*CHORESMIAN: rYsY- ‘to spin’, гуз ‘thread’ © Samadi: 176
*NWIR: NP réstan, ristan/ris-, résidan/rés-, risidan/ris-, Kurd. res-/restin, Abz.
résta/rés-, Abyan. resta/res-, Awrom. restáy/res-, (LW ?) Gz. rés-/résa, Gur. (Kand)
-ris-, -räs-, Khuns. ris-/rist, risa, Meim. bem-reft/a-ri:s-, Nn. ressaye/ress-, Qohr.
ris(t)a/ris-, Siv. res-/res, ris, rese, Varz. resse/res- ‘to spin’, Bal. rist, rést/rés- ‘to
twist (threads)’, (EHB) rést’, rés6/rés- ‘to spin’, NP ristah ‘fiber, filament, etc., Yzd.
(Zor.) résta ‘handmade noodles, macaroni; dough rolled thin then rolled up and cut
thin into strings’, NP arvis, arvis ‘a hair rope’ (LW) || (+ *abi-) Bal. (b)resag ‘to
spin’, NP abrésum ‘silk’ || (+ *ui-) Kurd. (Sor.) guris ‘rope, string’
*NEIR: Pash. réSal ‘to spin’, Yghn. riwes-/riwesta ‘to twine, spin’ || (+ *abi-) Oss. I.
elvisyn/elvest, D. elvesun/elvist ‘to spin’, Pash. wresol ‘to spin’, (LW) Pash.
wresam, Sh. virexum, Sariq. varaxim, Yi. forgomé ‘silk’
*MISC: Orm. ras-/rasök ‘to spin’ = ris-/risók
438 *uraj
*SANSKRIT: vrési- name of waters (VS) = EWAia II: 598
«PIE *ureik- ‘to turn around, wind’ — LIV: 699 | Pok.: 1158 f.
*IE COGNATES: OE wrigian ‘to tend, incline’, Engl. wry (etc.), Lith. risti ‘to bind, tie
up’
*REFERENCES: КРЕТ: 141a; EVP: 64, 90; IFL I: 405b f.; КРЕП: 202; IFL II: 209a; Lambton 1938: 42a;
Abaev, Slovar’ I: 132; Andreev — PeSéereva: 314a Ё; MacKenzie 1966: 106; EVS: 86a; WIM I: 72; WIM
H/1: 81; WIM III: 115; Werba 1997: 238 f.; Cabolov 1997: 72; Cabolov 2001: 406; Cheung 2002: 159;
Lecoq 2002: 121, 123, 126 (passim); Vahman — Asatrian 2002: 79; Kiefer 2003: 205; Shahbakhsh: rés-;
Korn 2005: 134 f., 151, 313, 379
*uraj ‘to go forth’
*AVESTAN: uruuaj- ‘to go forth’ — Liste: 60
Aor. s-: IND. 3pl. OAv. uruuaxsat (Y 34.13), SUBJ. 3sg. OAv. uruuaxsat (Y 44.8), ? Y Av. uruuasaiti (Yt
44)
*SANSKRIT: vraj” ‘to stride’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 594
9 No further Ir. cognates are known.
«PIE *ureg- ‘to pursue, trace’ = LIV: 697 | Pok.: 1181
*IE COGNATES: Hitt. /urki-/ ‘trace, trail’, Lat. urgére ‘to urge’, Goth. wrikan “pursue,
persecute’, OE wrecan ‘to drive, avenge’, Engl. to wreak, etc.
*REFERENCES: Humbach 1957: 43; Lehmann 1986: 410; Werba 1997: 379
*urad ‘to become enthousiastic, joyous ?’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. uruuad- ‘to become enthousiastic’, OAv. uruuädah- (n.) ‘joy, bliss’
(Y 43.2) = Liste: 60
Pres. them.: INJ. 3pl. YAv. uruua0ən (Yt 13.93)
*SANSKRIT: vradh ‘to be proud, boast’ (RV) = EWAia II: 597
© This apparently Пг. root has no further Ir. cognate forms. See also *uraz.
*REFERENCES: De Vries, Altnord.: 457b; Fraenkel II: 741; Hoffmann, Inj.: 122 fn. 33; Werba 1997: 400 f.
*uraz ‘to be proud, haughty / to entertain, regale ?’
*AVESTAN: uruuaz- ‘to be proud, haughty / to entertain, regale’ || Kellens — Pirart II:
299, 313) connect the verb to varozi (Y 45.9), to which a meaning ‘plaisir’ is
assigned. This is both semantically and morpho-phonologically unacceptable.
= Liste: 60
Pres. them.: IND. 15р. ? OAv. uruuaza (Y 30.1), med. 3pl. YAv. uruuazonte (FrD 7); Perf.: IND. 35р.
Y Av. vaoraza (N 84), SUBJ. 2pl. OAv. vaoraza0a (Y 50.5); Partic.: pres. med. YAv. uruuazomna- (Yt
10.34, Yt 10.73)
© The evidence for an Ir. root *uraz is limited to Av. No (possible) IE cognates can
be cited. According to Kümmel 2000: 623, Av. uruuaz- may be connected to *urad,
reflecting an ingressive s- formation. A similar case may be *rHaz.
*PIE— > LIV: - | Pok.:
*xad 439
X
*xač ? ‘to rise, protrude ?’
*KHOTANESE: (+us-) LKh. uskhajs- ‘to rise up? = SGS: 17
*SANSKRIT: khac ‘to protrude [of teeth], come out’ (class.) = EWAia II: 134
© The existence of an Iranian root *xac- is uncertain. The evidence is meagre and
late.The Khotanese forms may well be borrowed from BSkt. The IE connections,
cited by Pokorny (1.с.), are rather unsatisfactory.
*PIE — = LIV: — | Pok.: 922 f.
*REFERENCES: DKS: 41b f.
*xad ‘to beat, strike, inflict a wound, hurt’
*AVESTAN: (+ *ui-) ? YAv. vixaö- ‘to beat (the earth) apart’ (not ‘auseinander
quetschen’ ?, AIW: 531) = Liste: 16
Pres. them.: INJ. 3sg. YAv. vixadat (V 2.32), IMPV. 2sg. YAv. vixada (V 2.31)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP xst (ppp.) ‘wounded’ > DMMPP: 365a
Partic.: perf. pass. MMP xst
*PARTHIAN: xd- ‘to injure’, xdm ‘wound?’ || (+ *ui-) w(y)xs- (inch.) ‘to be wounded’,
wxs’’g, wyxs’g ‘thrust, stab’ = Ghilain: 81 | DMMPP: 363b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. "xdynd (Sundermann 1981: 175b), SUBJ. 25р. xd’h; Partic.: pres. xdyndg || (+ *ui-)
Inch.: pres. IND. 3pl. wyxsynd, wxsynd
*KHOTANESE: khad- ‘to wound, hurt’ || (+ *aua-) OKh. vahas- ‘to smite’ || (+ *pati-)
páha- (pihei-) ‘to strike’ || (+ *ui-) gguhad- ‘to harm, wound’ > SGS:25,121, 83, 30
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. yd- (f.) ‘wound, wounding, beating’, BSogd. yök’yn ‘wounded’ ||
(+ *ham-) BSogd. "nyó- ‘to prick, pierce’
(+ *ham-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’nyött, OPT. 35р. BSogd. ’nyö’y; Partic.: perf. pass. BSogd. "ny'stk,
MSogd. ’nxst- ‘stuck, having pierced’
*CHORESMIAN: xô- ‘to stab, hurt" = Samadi: 234
*NWIR: NP xastan (obs.) ‘to wound’, xastah '[obs.] wounded, sad; tired, bored’,
borrowed into: Kurd. xistin/xe- ‘to strike, hit’, Gz., Nn., Varz. xasse, Qohr. xasta
‘tired’
*NEIR: ? Wa. kas-/kast (old inch. ?) ‘to thresh’, Sh. (Baj.) $05 (m.), Rosh. sud, Sariq.
Sid, Sud, Yzgh. xoónag ‘thorn, spine, bramble’ (*xad-na-(ka-)) || (+ *apa-) ? Oss. I.
efxalyn/efxeld, D. efxalun/efxeld ‘to be damaged [of skin, Боду]? (with sec. -/-)
*SANSKRIT: ? kadana- ‘destruction, killing’ (Ep. +) = EW Aia Ш: 53
© This root should be separated from Skt. khad ‘to eat, chew’, which rather corres-
ponds to an Ir. root *xad (q.v.). On the other hand, we may consider the late Skt.
formation kadana-, which is obscure though and the initial velar would need to be
explained as well. Ir. *xad has no certain IE cognate forms, the comparison to Gr.
440 *xaf
KEKOäOV ‘robbing’, cited by Pokorny, ibid., is fraught with difficulties, on which
see Chantraine II: 522b f.
*PIE — = LIV: 359 f. | Pok.: 516
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 498; Abaev, Slovar' I: 117; EVS: 77b; DKS: 73; WIM II/2: 695;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 206
*xaf ‘to cough’
*CHORESMIAN: xf- ‘to cough’ || (+ *pati-) pcxf- ‘to hem’ = Samadi: 234, 146
*NWIR: NP xafidan/xaf-, xufidan/xuf-, Bakht. xufa-, Gur. (Kand.) kifanin, kufanin
‘to cough’
*NEIR: Oss. I. x yfyn/x.yft, D. xufun/xuft, Sangl. xof-, Yghn. xüf-/üfta, Yi.
xóf-/xift-, M. xaf-/xift- ‘to cough’
*MISC: Par. khuf- ‘to cough’
9 The root is clearly onomatopoetic.
*PIE — > LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: ПЕГ I: 264a Ё; КРЕП: 214; HFL II: 265b; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 257; Andreev — PeSéereva:
362a f.
*xaH ? ‘to open, dig (a well)’
*AVESTAN: YAv. xä- ‘spring, well’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP x’nyg, BMP h’n /xan/, h’nyk /xanig/ ‘source, spring’
*PARTHIAN: X’nyg ‘source, spring’ > DMMPP: 363a f.
*KHOTANESE: LKh. kha- ‘to open’ = SGS: 26
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. x’xh, MSogd. x x° ‘source’
*NEIR: Wa. Xüw ‘well’ || (+ *fra-) Pash. warx (m.) ‘a small irrigation channel’
*MISC: (+ *apa- or *aua- ?) ? Огт. waxay-ek ‘to dig’
*SANSKRIT: kha ‘source, well’ > EWAia I: 451
Q The sole verbal form attested in Late Khotanese is probably a denominative
formation. It remains highly uncertain whether *xaH is related to *kanH! ‘to dig’:
*kanH! would be a present formation (IE *kenH'-) of *xaH, as assumed in LIV: 344
n. 1. The initial x- would derive from the zero grade *kH-, which would have been
generalised. It is more likely an ancient cultural borrowing, cf. Lubotsky, Early
Contacts: 311.
*PIE — — LIV: 344 | Pok.: 634
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 412a; IIFL II: 553; DKS: 73b; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 460; NEVP: 92
*xaiz ‘to rise, ascend; increase’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *aua-) MMP ’wxyz- ‘to descend’ || (+ *à-) MMP ’xyz-, BMP
'hyc- (KDMWN-) /4xéz-/ ‘to rise (up), MMP ’xyzyn- (caus.) ‘to raise’ || (+ *pari-)
*xaiz 441
MMP prxyz- ‘to stand around, attend, serve; be, exist; dwell in, occupy’ (LW)
c DMMPP: 79b, 71b, 281b
(+ *aua-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP "wxyzyd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP ’wxyst || (+ *ä-) Pres.: IND. 25р.
MMP ’xyzyh, BMP "hycyh /axezeh/, 35р. MMP "xyzyd, BMP ’xycyt /axezed/, IMPV. 2sg. MMP “xyz,
2р1. MMP ’xyzyd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP ’xyst, caus. MMP ’xyzn’d || (+ *pari-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP
prxyzyd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *4-) "xyz- ‘to rise’ || (+ *pari-) prxyz- ‘to stand around, attend, serve;
be, exist; dwell in, occupy’ = Ghilain: 61 f. | DMMPP: 79b, 281b
(+ *а-) Pres.: IND. 35р. "xyzyd, 3pl. ’xyzynd, SUBJ. 15р. ’xyz’n, 2sg. *’xyz’h, IMPV. 2pl. ’xyzyd;
Partic.: perf. pass. ’x’st || (+ *pari-) Pres.: IND. 35р. prxyzyd, 3р1. prxyzynd, SUBJ. 1sg. prxyz’n, 35р.
“prxyz’h; Partic.: perf. pass. prx’st
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ati-) ? ttihiysde ‘moves up’ || (+ *abi-/*ui-) bihiys- ‘to expand’,
LKh. bihis- (caus.) ‘to raise’ || (+ *aua-) vahiys- (vahaiys-) ‘to descend’, LKh. vahis-
(caus.) ‘to make descend’ || (+ *ham-) OKh. hamkhis- ‘to count’. © On ttihiysde cf.
MacKenzie 1969: 399; differently DKS: 130b "rather tti hrysde with resumptive
pronoun". || bihiys- with the meaning ‘to mount’, quoted by Bailey, DKS: 294, does
not exist, on which see Emmerick, SVK I: 90 f. = SGS: 100, 122, 136
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ati-) CSogd. txyz, MSogd. txyz ‘to set, go down (of sun, moon)’ || (+
*aua-) SSogd. ’wxz, BSogd. ’wxz, CSogd. ‘ухх ‘to descend’, SSogd. ’wxyz,
BSogd. ’wx’yz (caus.) ‘to bring (down)’ || (+ *a-) SSogd. "xst- (past stem) ‘to rise’
|| (+ *pati-) BSogd. pcx’yz, MSogd. pcxyz- ‘to kneel’ || (+ *ham-) BSogd. ’nxz-,
CSogd. "xz- ‘to rise’, BSogd. ’ny’yz, BSogd. ’nx’yz, CSogd. ’xyZ (caus.) ‘to raise’
(+ *ati-) Pres.: SUBJ. 350. CSogd. txyzt || (+ *aua-) Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’wxzt, 3pl.
BSogd. ’wxz’nt, SUBJ. 15р. SSogd. ’wxz’n, OPT. 2sg. SSogd. ’wxzy’, etc. || (+ *a-) Pret.: intr. IND. 3sg.
SSogd. ’’xSt || (+ *pati-) Impf.: IND. 35р. BSogd. pc’yx’yz, MSogd. pcyxyz || (+ *ham-) Widely attested:
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’nxzt, SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. "nxz't, 1р1. BSogd. ’nxz’ym, 3р1. BSogd. ’nxz’nt, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: m/xyz- ‘to rise, get up’, m/xyz(y)- (caus.) “о cause to rise, elevate,
lift; to cause to grow’ || (+ *ati-) m/cxyz- ‘to arise and proceed; to be stirred up’,
mjcxyzy- (caus.) ‘to stir up (dust, wind, a certain case)’ || (+ *aua-) ? wXs- (intr.) ‘to
hang down’ || (+ *fra-) rxyz- ‘to happen, occur (to), come into being’ = Samadi:
248, 53, 223, 175
*NWIR: NP xastan/xéz-, Awrom. hur (e)stäy/ hur (e)z-, Gur. (Kand) hur -iz-/hur za
‘to rise, get up’, Awrom. hur eznay/ hur ezn- (caus.) ‘to make stand up’, Mah. xizis
‘jump’ || (+ *a-) Kurd. (Sor.) axez ‘climbing, leaving, moving’ (in axez kirdin ‘to
climb, leave, move [of multitude, herd]’)
*NEIR: Oss. I. xizyn/xyzt, D. xezun/xizt ‘to climb’, Pash. xeZ-/xatol ‘to rise’, Sangl.
xäz-/xöt ‘to rise’, Yghn. јах-/Јахіа ‘to rise, ascend, get ready’, Sh. (Baj.) x&z, Rosh.
xiz, Bart. xiz, Sariq. xeyz ‘straight, right, front’ || (+ *pati-) Wa. potxoz-/potxozd- ‘to
become tired’ || (+ *ham-) Wa. giz-/gazd ‘to rise’ (< *han-gaiza- < *han-yaiza- <
*han-xaiza- ?)
442 *xa(m)p/b
*MISC: Par. xist kan- ‘to rise, jump’
© The "xiz-"forms have been exhaustively treated by Gershevitch 1952a: 488 ff.,
who argued for the existence of three different roots: *haiz- ‘to rise’, *h/xaiz- ‘to
creep’, *xaiz- to wait for, look for; to protect, pasture’. For ‘to creep’ I would rather
reconstruct the root as *xaz-, with root vowel *a (on account of NP pres. xaz-). The
etymology which ties Khot. ham-khis- ‘to count’ to YAv. ahaxsta- ‘unnumerable’
(Leumann, Zur nordar. Spr.: 31; ELO: 85f.) is formally difficult.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 80a; EVP: 98; КРЕП: 190 f.; Andreev — PeSéereva: 266b; MacKenzie 1966: 97;
EVS: 100a; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 207 f; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 177, 281; Cabolov 2001: 100
*xa(m)p/b ‘to dismount, descend, move away, leave behind ?’
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ni-) ? nx’b ‘drowning’ = DMMPP: 248b f.
*SOGDIAN: CSogd. fstxwmp- ‘to ward off, repel’ (fst ° < ?)
Pres.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. fstxwmpt; Fut.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. fstxwmptq'
*CHORESMIAN: ? xwfs- ‘[+ prep. d, c] to distance, move away; [+ 0] to be left
behind’, xwnb- ‘[+ d] to put off, postpone; [+ f] to add; [+ 0] to leave behind’
= Samadi: 246
*NWIR: ? NP xamanidan ‘to bend’, (Tadj.) xambidan ‘to descend’
*NEIR: Sh. xafs-/xavd, Rosh. xafs-/xavd, Bart. xafs-/xavd, Sariq. xofs-/xovd ‘to
descend, dismount, alight’, Yi. xafs-/xavd, M. xäfs-/xövd- ‘to descend’, Sh.
xambén-t (caus.) ‘to take down, away; to shut (a door)’, ? Oss. I. xawyn/xawd, D.
xawun/xawd ‘to (be)fall’ (with unexpl. -w-, LW ?), Bart. xambinak ‘precipice’, Wa.
xam(b)-/xam(b)d- ‘to descend, go down’, xam(sr)v-/xamovd- (caus.) ‘to take down,
lower’
© The reconstruction of a common root for all the forms above is fraught with
difficulties: contamination with other semantically similar forms may account for
the phonological anomalies (?).
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 265 f.; EVS: 97a; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 148; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 405
*xand ‘to laugh’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP xn-, BMP hnd- (GHBHWN-) /xand-/ ‘to laugh’
=> DMMPP: 363b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP xnynd; Partic.: perf. pass. II BMP hndyt /xandid/, MMP xnyst; Inf: BMP hndytn
/xandidan/
*PARTHIAN: xnd- ‘to laugh’ || (+ *us-) ‘sxnd- ‘to mock’ = Ghilain: 54 | DMMPP:
363b, 91b f.
Pres.: IMPV. 2pl. MMP xndyd; Partic.: pres. xndynd ‘laughing’ || (+ *us-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. ‘sxndynd
*KHOTANESE: khan- (kham-, khi-) ‘to laugh’ || (+ *nis-) OKh. naskham- ‘to laugh
out, mock’ || (+ *ui-) Khot. bihan- ‘to smile’ > SGS: 25 f.
*xar 443
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. xnt- ‘to laugh’ || (+ *us-) MSogd. ‘sxnd- ‘to mock’, BSogd.
sx’ntcyk ‘ridiculous’ (Intox. 10(N)), CSogd. sxnt ‘mockery’
Impf.: IND. 3pl. BSogd. xnt’nt (Pl 37V.1355) || (+ *us-)
*CHORESMIAN: xnd- ‘to laugh; play’, xndk ‘laughter, play’ (360.2) = Samadi: 237
*NWIR: NP xandan/xand-, Bal. kandit/kand-, Kurd. Kanin/Kan-, (Sor.)
(re-)kanin/(re-)kan-, Abyan. xandoya/xand-, Anar. xando/-xind-, Gz. yánd-/yándá,
Gur. (Kand.) xüáin/-xü-, Khuns. yind-/yinda, Lasg. xandäon, Natan. -yandáj-, Qohr.
xandada/xand-, Sang. bexuyetan, Semn. bexandiyon, Siv. yan-/yand, Soi ba-xand-,
Yar. -yand- ‘to laugh’
*NEIR: Pash. xand-/xandol, Sh. sand-/sint, Ishk. xond-, Sangl. xänd-, Sariq. Son-/Sind,
Yzgh. xand-/xant-, M. xad-/xadiy, Yi. xoud-/xod-, Yghn. xant-/xánta, Wa.
kand-/kand-, ? Oss. I. xudyn/xudt, D. xodun/xudt ‘to laugh’ (with unexpl. vocalism,
contamin. with *xraud)
*MISC: Par. khan-/khani, Orm. xan-ök, xan-ak ‘to laugh’ = xani k-/xandók
*SANSKRIT: ? kakh ‘to laugh’ (Gramm.) = EW Aia III: 42
© This root is most likely expressive/onomatopoetic in origin, cf. Gr. коҳабо ‘I
laugh’, Lat. cachinnö ‘laugh loudly’, OCS xoxotati ‘to laugh loudly’, Lith. kikénti
‘to giggle’, etc. (Pokorny: 634).
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 244a; Ivanow 1926: 420; EVP: 96; IIFL I: 264b, 412b; KPF II: 192; Christensen,
Contributions I: 157, 257; IFL П: 265b, 526; Andreev — PeSéereva: 355b; EVS: 78a; WIM I: 70; WIM
H/1: 78; DKS: 71a Ё; WIM III: 112; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 205; Cabolov 2001: 534; Kiefer 2003: 209;
Lecoq 2002: 122, 127 (passim); Korn 2005: 319, 393
*xar ‘to go, pass’
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. xr-, BSogd. x(’)yr, CSogd. хуг ‘to go, pass’, BSogd. yyr (caus.)
‘to transfer, take across’ || (+ *aua-) BSogd. "wer CSogd. ’wxr- ‘abandon’ || (+ *4-)
BSogd. ’’x’yr ‘to walk’
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. x’yr’t (Dhy. 238, Dhy. 243), 3pl. BSogd. xyr’nt (SCE 540), POT. Isg. SSogd.
L’ xrtw B’m ‘I cannot go’ (A14.12); Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. xyr (C2 60R.25, C2 60V.25, C2 BV.30),
MSogd. xyr (M760R.1); Pret.: intr. IND. 3sg. BSogd. xrt’y (P1 785), SSogd. xrt (MKG 454, |MKG 590
|), 3р1. SSogd. xrt’nt (A14.22, A14.25, 57.4), BSogd. xrt’nt (Pl 104, P1 446, Pl 451, etc.), BSogd. xrtnt
(Pl 16R.539); Perf.: intr. IND. 3sg. MSogd. xrtyy ’styy ‘has passed’ (M767iR.1), 3pl. SSogd. xrtkt ’sty
(613.3); Fut.: POT. 3sg. SSogd. L’ xrtw Bwtk’m ‘he shall not be able to go’ (B11 1.9); Partic.: perf. pass.
BSogd. xrtk (Dhy. 358), CSogd. xrty ‘gone, gone out’ (C2 60R.27); Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. BSogd. xyrt
(Vim. 4), SUBJ. 2sg. BSogd. xyr’’ (Dhu. 49); Inf.: pret. CSogd. xrt (C2 13R.16) || (+ *aua-) Pres.: IND.
35р. BSogd. ’wxrt (Dhu. 42), IMPV. 2sg. CSogd. ’wxr (C2 83V.11); Impf.: IND. 25р. CSogd. w xry (C2
5R.30), 3pl. BSogd. w’xr’nt (SCE 562); Fut.: IND. 15р. CSogd. ’wxrmq’ (C2 aV.3); Pret.: tr. 3р1. CSogd.
"wxr'd'rnt (C2 105V.2); Partic.: perf. pass. (pl.) CSogd. "wxr'tyt (C2 111V.6) || (+ *a-) Pres.: IND. 35р.
BSogd. "x'yrt (SCE 197, SCE 383), 3pl. BSogd. ’’x’yr’nt (Dhy. 247, Dhy. 283 f., Dhy. 286, Dhy. 309,
etc.), SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. ’’x’yr’t (Dhy. 95); Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. ’xyr (C2 51V.12, C2 57V.21); Pret.:
IND. 3sg. intr. SSogd. xrt ‘he left? (Nov2 R.12), 2pl. tr. CSogd. "xyrd'rtt (C2 68V.25); Partic.: pres.
444 *xard
BSogd. ’’x’yrn’k (Dhy. 100, Dhy. 246), BSogd. ’’x’yrn’y (Dhy. 288, Dhy. 297, Dhy. 311), BSogd.
"erg wv (Dhy. 245); Inf.: BSogd. cnn ’’x’yr (Pl 24V.882)
*CHORESMIAN: x’r- ‘to pass, go past’, x’ry- (caus.) ‘to let (it) go past, pass’
= Samadi: 231
*NWIR: Kurd. her- ‘to go’
*NEIR: Oss. I. хага, D. xærdæ ‘(upward) slope’ (+ *ni-) ? Sh. nixar0-/nixuxt ‘to fall
into ruins, sink’, nixár0-/nixáxt (caus.) ‘to destroy’ (why -0- ?)
*MISC: Par. har-/hari ‘to be lost’
© This root appears to be exclusively Iranian, possibly abstracted or secondarily
arisen from *xramH.
“PIE LIV: —| Pok.:
*REFERENCES: JIFL I: 260a; EVS: 51b; Asatrian — Livshits: 94; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 178 f.
*xard ‘to defecate’
*KHOTANESE: samkhal- ‘to be tainted, smeared; to taint, smear’. % The unusual
preverb sam- is perhaps a Skt. contamination/loan (SGS: 242) or a (sandhi ?) variant
of tsam- (DKS, 1.с.). = SGS: 130
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pati-) pCXRd (РСХКа) ‘dung, excrements’
*NWIR: NP xard ‘muddy place’ (LW) || (+ *pati-) NP payxäl (obs.) ‘excrement’
*NEIR: Pash. xarol, Sh. saró-/Suxt, Rosh. Sirö-/Suxt, Bart. Siró-/Suxt, Sariq. Saró-,
Yzgh. xawó-/xaxt, Yghn. xird-/xirdta ‘to defecate’, Pash. var ‘muddy, turbid, dirty
brown’, Wa. xordóx, xoróóx ‘content of the intestines of slaughtered animal; bowels
(and stool)’, ? Sh. Sar@k ‘building clay, plaster, putty’, Rosh. sSar0ob ‘yellowish
green’, Yi. xalaryo ‘wet clay, mud, bog’
*SANSKRIT: Кага ‘to defecate’ (in AVP, cf. Griffiths 2004) 2 EWAia: —
© The root may be of IE origin, but obviously it may have undergone tabooistic
change, compare for instance *sard.
«PIE ? *ker-d-/*kre-d- (or *Kerd-/*Kred- ?) ‘to defecate’. © Liable to tabooistic
change and semantic contamination. = LIV: 328 | Pok.: 573
*IE COGNATES: Lat. -cerda ‘excrements (of mice, pig, cow and sheep)’, (with mobile
s-, without d-enlarg.) ON skarn, OE scearn, OFris. skern ‘dung’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 97; IIFL II: 266b; Andreev — PeSéereva: 359a; EVS: 78b, 79a; DKS: 417a;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 412; NEVP: 96
*xaz ? ‘to creep, crawl’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP xyz- ‘to creep? = DMMPP: 371b
Partic.: pres. MMP "xyzyndg, MMP xyz’n
*PARTHIAN: xz- ‘to creep’ => Ghilain: — | DMMPP: 371b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. xzyd {hapax}
*хӣ7 445
*SOGDIAN: Q There is no firm evidence for a verb xyz- ‘to crawl’ in Sogd., "пог need
the compound MSogd. z’yxyzyy [attested in BBB: 61 ad 512] imply its existence",
Sims-Williams 1983: 47. In other words, z’yxyzyy can be translated not only as
‘crawling on earth’, but also as ‘setting on earth’ (*xaiz), also MSogd. txyz ‘setting
(of sun and moon)’.
*CHORESMIAN: m/xsy- ° to creep’ = Samadi: 242
*NWIR: NP xazidan ‘to crawl, creep’, Kurd. (Sul.) xizan, (Sina) xizian, Awrom.
xizáy/-xiz- ‘to slip, slide’
*NEIR: ? Pash. cxedol ‘to creep’
9 The IE origin of this root cannot be ascertained: exclusively Iranian ? The root
may have been influenced by the (near-)synonym *xaiz ‘to rise’.
*PIE— > LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: EVP: 19; Gershevitch 1952a: 488 ff.; MacKenzie 1966: 113
*xäd ‘to devour, eat, gorge’
*PARTHIAN: X’z- ‘to devour’ = Ghilain: 39 | DMMPP: 363b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. x’zynd; Partic.: pres. x’zyndg ‘devouring’, x’zyndg’n (pl.) ‘devouring (monsters)’, perf.
pass. II x’z’d
*KHOTANESE: khäs- (denomin. ?) ‘to eat, drink’ || (+ *pari-) OKh. parchäs- ‘to make
consume’ — SGS: 26, 75
*NWIR: NP xäyidan/xäy- ‘to chew, gnaw, eat’, Bal. k'aói0-/K'aó- ‘to chew’, Kurd.
(Kurm.) Kayin/Kay(e)- ‘to chew the cud, ruminate’ (< PKurd. *xada-)
*SANSKRIT: khäd ‘to chew, to bite, to eat’ (R V+). 0 I find the separation of Skt. khad,
which has been assigned to the semantically unlikely root *k“”eHbd- ‘to squeeze
out’ in LIV: 359, from the Ir. forms incomprehensible. = EWAia I: 451
9 In view of the differences in meaning, *xad (or *xadz ?) should be separated from
*xad ‘to injure’. The reconstruction of the final consonant(s) is uncertain: *xad or
with ingressive *s-suffix *xad-z, cf. *urad vs *uraz (Kümmel 2000: 623) ? An IE
provenance for this Ur. root is uncertain: the IE preform *k'"H;eé- (cf. Arm.
xacanel 'to bite") reconstructed by Klingenschmitt 1982: 210 and Kümmel, LIV:
360 has little to recommend.
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 104; WP I: 341; Klingenschmitt 1982: 210; Werba 1997: 457; Cabolov 2001:
547; Korn 2005: 82, 321, 389
*Xaz ‘to fight, struggle’
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ä-) "x z- ‘to fight, do battle’ (Schwartz 1969: 446) = DMMPP: 78a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. "x'zynd
*SOGDIAN: (+ *a-) BSogd. "y's, SSogd. *’’x’s ‘fight, dispute’, CSogd. "xs
‘struggle, conflict, battle’ || (+ *para-) ? BSogd. pry’yz- ‘to deprive, plunder’,
446 *xraiH
CSogd. pryyZ- ‘to deprive’ || (+ *ui-) ? CSogd. “yxs’mntw (Asg. m.) ‘reproach’ || (+
*ham-) BSogd. ’ny’s ‘struggle, battle’
*CHORESMIAN: x’zy- (denomin. ?) ‘to fight, deal (a blow, slap in the face, sim.)’
= Samadi: 233
*BACTRIAN: (+ *4-) ax(a)o- ‘to dispute, quarrel’, ayaoo, 1xaco ‘fight, quarrel,
dispute’ = S-W, Bact.: 184a
*NWIR: NP xä$ ‘battle, fight’ || (+ *pari- or *para-) NP parxas ‘quarrel’
*NEIR: (+ *ni-) Oss. I. nyxas, D. nixas ‘conversation, debate; forum, &yopa; word,
language’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) xazm ‘battle’ (influenced by MIr. *razm ‘battle’ ?)
On the etymology see Cheung 2001: 211
*PIE — > LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ II: 219 f.
*xraiH ‘to buy’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP xryn- (BMP ZBNN-) ‘to buy’, MMP xyr- ‘to buy; trust’
с DMMPP: 365a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP xrynyd,2pl. MMP xyryd; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP xryd
*KHOTANESE: ggän- (gin-) ‘to buy’ || (+ *us-) uysgär(n)- (iysge-) ‘to redeem’
= SGS: 28, 15
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. xryn, BSogd. xr’yn ‘to buy’ || (+ *upa-) MSogd. prxyy ‘payment,
wages’ (Sogd.Tales: 466) || (+ *us-) BSogd. sxr’n ‘to rebuy’ || (+ *pati-) CSogd.
ptxryn ‘to hire’
Pres.: OPT. 25р. SSogd. xryny, IMPV. 2sg. BSogd. xr’yn; Impf.: IND. 1sg. SSogd. xr’ynw, 3sg. SSogd.
xr’yn; Pret.: tr. IND. 3sg. BSogd. xr’yt ö’rt, Inf.: SSogd. xryt || (+ *us-) Inf.: BSogd. sxr’yn’y || (+ *pati-)
Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. ptyxryn
*CHORESMIAN: т/хп- ‘to buy’ || (+ *us-) m/sxn- ‘to buy (oneself) off, redeem
(oneself)’ || (+ *pari-) prxn- ‘to hire’ = Samadi: 236, 188, 158
*BACTRIAN: Xıp- ‘to buy, acquire’ || (+ *a-) axpıvo ‘purchase’ || (+ *ui-) ouxpuvo,
ouxpnyavo, oryapnyavo ‘hire, rent” = S-W, Bact.: 231b, 184a, 214a
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP xaridan/xar-, Kurd. kirin/Kir-, Zaz. herinayis/herinen-,
Abyan. heria/ -hrin-, Abz. rida/rén-, Anar. -hrit/ (impv.) ihrin, Fariz. -haeri-/-hrin-,
Gz. (Drin-/Drint, Gil. (Rsht.) hecen/hin-, Isfah. irintän/irin-, Jow. bam-ehri/a-hrif-,
Meim. bem-heri/a-hrin-, Khuns. irn-/rit, (LW) xer-, Nn. ri/-rin-, Natan. -yar1-/-yar-,
Qohr. hirida/hrin-, Semn. -irüt-, Sang. be-rsindan, Yar. -häri-/-hrin-, Soi ba-xrid- ‘to
buy’
*NEIR: Oss. І. elxenynmalxed, D. ælxænun/ælxæd, Yghn. xirin-/xirita-, Yzgh.
xarn-/xarnt ‘to buy’ || (+ *a-) ? Oss. І. arxajyn/arxajd ‘to function; to attempt, exert’.
Q The stem vowel -æ- of Oss. I. elxanyn, etc. is inserted through paradigmatic
*xrau 447
remodelling. || The meaning of Oss. I. arxajyn may have originally been *‘to cause
to purchase something’.
*MISC: Orm. $еп-, sun-/sunók, Sin-/¥ Tyék ‘to buy’ = $én-/Sénók
*SANSKRIT: kray ‘to buy’ (RV, AV+) > EWAia I: 410
«PIE *K"reiH;- ‘to buy, purchase’ = LIV: 395 f. | Pok.: 648
*IE COGNATES: Gr. лріосӨол ‘to strike a bargain’, (Myc.) qi-ri-ja-to ‘he bought’,
Olrish crenaid, Toch. B käry-, kär-nä-sk-, ORuss. krsnuti, krenuti ‘to buy’, OLith.
krienas (m.) ‘purchase price’
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 106 f.; KPF I: 137, 207b, 244a; Ivanow 1926: 420; IIFL I: 409b; Christensen,
Contributions I: 63, 157, 257; Abrahamian 1936: 130; Lambton 1938: 41b, 77b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 73;
Andreev — PeSéereva: 359a; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 49 Ё; EVS: 98b; Lecoq 1974: 62; WIM I: 69 Е; WIM II/1:
77, 82; DKS: 38b; Werba 1997: 278 f.; Paul 1998: 300a; Lecoq 2002: 121, 123, 126; Kiefer 2003: 207
*xrap! (?) ‘to be proportionate to, appropriate to ?; to achieve, acquire ?’
*AVESTAN: OAv. xrap- ‘to be proportionate to, appropriate to ?; ‘to achieve, acquire
[see below]’ = Liste: 16
Aor. athem.: SUBJ. 3sg. ? OAv. xrapaiti(Y 40.1)
*MISC: ? Par. kheréw- ‘to pick up’. 0 Cf. IFL I: 265a: "< *xrapaja- (Gr. xpwnıov
‘sickle’, Lat. carpö etc.) ?", whence also applicable to Av. xrapaiti ?: *xrap-/karp-
‘to pick’ < PIE *(s)kerp- (cf. IEW: 944 f., LIV: 559). This is highly conjectural.
*SANSKRIT: ? kalp ‘to be proportionate to, appropriate to’ (RV) > EWAia I: 323
9 The etymological and philological interpretation of OAv. xrapaiti, on which the
postulation of an Ir. root *xrap! rests, is difficult. See Baunack 1888: 390; Narten
1986: 271, fn. 11; Kellens — Pirart 1991: 149.
«PIE? e LIV: – | Pok.:
*xrap” (7) ‘to enter (the water), wade ?'
*CHORESMIAN: ? xrB- ‘to enter (water)’, xrby- (caus.) “о lead (to the water)’
c» Samadi: 240 f.
*NEIR: Sh. kiriws-/kirüyd ‘to stream out’, Bart. kirtws-/kirrwd ‘to wash away’
© The existence of this root in Ir. is uncertain, as the evidence is very limited. The
similarity to OCS kropiti ‘to sprinkle (with holy water), Russ. kropit’, etc. is
perhaps just coincidental.
*PIE— > LIV: —| Pok.:
*xrau ‘to tear, break, scratch’
*PARTHIAN: (+ *4-) ’xr’w- ‘to scratch oneself, graze’, eriw ‘scab, sore ?, bloody
sore/wound ?’ => Ghilain: 76 | DMMPP: 78a
Pres.: IND. 35р. *’xr’wyd {hapax}
448 *xraud
*KHOTANESE: gru- ‘to break (open), scratch’ || (+ *uz-) OKh. uysgru- ‘to tear off
=> SGS: 15
*NWIR: Abz. xävida/xäv- (orig. caus.) ‘to dig’ (see also *huar*)
*NEIR: Pash. xriy-/xriyal ‘to shave’ (LW ?), also garaw- ‘to scratch’ (regular ?,
Cheung 2004: 129), ? Yi. xird-, M. xrid- ‘to shave, scratch’, Oss. І. aerxew, D.
&rxaw ‘open wound, ulcer’ || (+ *apa-) ? Yzgh. borxand-/borxast ‘to scrape, file’
(influence from *(H)ra(n)d ?)
9 Further IE correspondences are uncertain: this root can formally go back *kreu- ‘to
hit, break (into pieces)’, cf. Gr. кроёо “I hit’, Lith. krusu (krüsti) ‘I pound, strike’, ?
OHG (h)riuwan, OE hréowan ‘to mourn’, etc. But perhaps it is rather a blend
of/with some (other) ‘scratch’ roots, notably *xšau and *xrà&.
«PIE? > LIV: 371 | Pok.: 622 f.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 97; Abaev, Slovar’ II: 442; EVS: 20b f.; DKS: 92b f., 38b f.; WIM II/1: 78; Blau
1980: 222a; Omar 1992: 686a; Paul 1998: 318a; Lecoq 2002: 124; NEVP: 28
*xraud ‘to become/make angry ?, afraid ?, confused ?'
*AVESTAN: OAv. xraod- ‘to become/make angry (?), become/make afraid Ou. 0
Humbach 1959 I: 56, fn. 65, assigns the meaning ‘to become/make angry’ to OAv.
xraod-. — Liste: 16
Aor. athem.: SUBJ. 3sg. OAv. xraodaiti (Y 51.13), OAv. xraodat (Y 46.11)
*PARTHIAN: (+ *para-, *pari-) ? prxwdn ‘scorn, abuse’ || (^ *fra-) ? frxwdn
‘contempt’. O With r...r dissimilation. = DMMPP: 281b, 158b
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *pari-/*para-) prxw0- ‘to become confused’, prxwsy- (caus.) ‘to
confuse, distract’. © Dissimilated from *pari/a-xrauda- < *раг/а-хгаиба- <
*pari/a-xrauda(ia)-. © Samadi: 158 f.
*SANSKRIT: krodh “о be/become angry’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 415
9 The precise meaning of this root needs to be elucidated.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 172
*xraus ‘to call’
*AVESTAN: xraos- ‘to cry’ (better: ‘to call’ ?) = Liste: 16
Pres. {1} them.: ОРТ. 35р. YAv. fra(-ca) "xraosöit (A 3.13), IMPV. 3pl. med. OAv. xraosantam ира (Y
53.8); Pres. {2} ja-: IND. 3sg. YAv. xraosiieiti (V 15.5)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP hlws- /xroh-/ or /xrös-/ ‘to call, cry’, MMP xrwh ‘call’
(with xw’n- ‘to call’) || (+ *ni-) MMP nxrwh- ‘to reproach? = DMMPP: 364a f.,
249a f.
Partic: perf. pass. BMP hlwst /xröst/ || (+ *ni-) Pres.: IMPV. 25р. MMP nxrwh; Partic.: perf. pass. II
MMP nxrwhyd
*PARTHIAN: xrws- ‘to call, evoke’, xrws ‘call’ = Ghilain: 64 | DMMPP: 364b
*xràs 449
Pres.: IND. 3sg. xrwsyd, 1р1. xrws’m, 3pl. xrwsynd, SUBJ. 15р. xrws’n, 1р1. xrws'm, IMPV. 2pl. xrwsyd,
“xrwsyyd; Partic.: pres. xrwsg, perf. pass. xrwst, "xrwstg
*KHOTANESE: grüs- ‘to call’ = SGS: 32
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ni-) CSogd. nxrys- ‘to rebuke’
Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. nyxrs {hapax}
*NWIR: NP xurösidan ‘to cry, shout’, NP xurös, Anar. hiros, Jow. ru:s, Nn. huros
‘rooster, cock’. The intervocalic -s- of NP xurösidan is the result of the following
developments: < OP *-si- < *-0/- < Plr. *-si-.
*SANSKRIT: kros ‘to call aloud, call to’ (RV+) > EWAia I: 416
9 An IE provenance for this common Ш. root cannot be established. Pokorny: l.c.
cites the isolated formation, OE hréam ‘emergency call’ (< Germ. *hrauhma ?), as a
possible cognate.
«PIE? > LIV: — | Pok.: 571
REFERENCES: Lambton 1938: 74b; Nyberg П: 219b; DKS: 93a; Werba 1997: 172; Lecoq 2002: 608b,
630b
*xramH ‘to tread, stride, go’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *4-) BMP ’hl’m- /axräm-/ ‘to stride to’. Ф The MMP form,
*xr’m- cited in Nyberg IL, l.c., MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 14, et al., is not mentioned in
DMMPP.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. ВМР ’hl’mydyt /axraméd/ (MX ii,145)
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. xr’m ‘to come’
Pres.: IMPV. 2sg. BSogd. xr’m
*NWIR: NP xiramidan ‘to stride’
*NEIR: Wa. Car(a)m-/carn- ‘to go in, enter’
*SANSKRIT: kram ‘to stride, go’ (RVH
9 The IE origin of the common IIr. root *kramH- cannot be ascertained, lacking
convincing IE cognate forms.
«PIE? = LIV: 369 f. | Pok.: —
REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 104; Nyberg П: 39b; DKS: 308b; Werba 1997: 278; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999:
136
*xr3š ‘to scratch’
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. хгу$ (caus.) ‘to irritate’
Partic.: pres. BSogd. yr’nsn’y ‘irritable, annoyed’ (SCE 407)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *upa-) bxr’h- ‘to be abraded’ = Samadi: 31
*NEIR: Pash. garg- ‘to scratch, scrape’ (Cheung 2004: 129)
emisc: NP xirasidan/xiras- ‘to scratch (a wound)’
The forms may be expressive, similar to Engl. scratch, NHG kratzen, etc.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
450 *xsaH
*xsaH ‘to explore, research’
*AVESTAN: xsä- ‘to explore, research’ = Liste: 16f.
Aor. them.: INJ. Zeg OAv. axso (Y 46.2), SUBJ. med. 1sg. OAv. xsai (Y 28.4); Perf.: IND. med. 3sg.
YAv. caxse (Y 65.9)
*KHOTANESE: (+ *pati-) pacas- ‘to confess’ = SGS: 63
*NWIR: (+ *fra-) ? Bal. Saksa(h)t/Saksa(h)- ‘to send (a letter)’. © Although formally
similar, this Bal. formation can hardly be connected to Sastit/Sast- ‘to send’, since
one would have to explain the cluster -sk-, which normally goes back to *-xs-.
Admittedly, it could have been contaminated with Sastit/Sast-.
*NEIR: (+ *pati-) Oss. I. fæzæxsyn/fæzæxst, D fæzæxsun/fæzæxst ‘to order; to
admonish’. Ф The inclusion of MSogd. ptcxs ‘to receive’ (Cheung 2002: 183) is
wrong: see *gáz?.
*SANSKRIT: ksä ‘to look, glance’ (MS) = EWAia I: 420
© The common Ilr. root may be originally a thematic aor. stem of Ur. *kac (*kas’).
This stem was then re-interpreted as a root (Lubotsky). = LIV: 383 f., fn. 17 | Pok.:
638 ff.
«REFERENCES: ELO: 32 f.; DKS: 197b; Werba 1997: 280; Shahbakhsh: s.v. Saksa(h)-
*xšad ‘to have mercy, grace, forgive (< to cleanse, clear of ?)’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *apa-) MMP ’bxs’y-, BMP ’phs’d- /abaxsay-/ ‘to forgive, have
pity, mercy’ > DMMPP: 15b
Pres.: IND. 35р. (?) MMP ’bxS’yd- (S9 I Ra=Ri,32)
*PARTHIAN: ’xSd ‘pity, mercy’ || (+ *apa-) ’bxs’h- ‘to have pity, mercy’, *bxs’hysn
‘mercy, pity’ = Ghilain: 70 | DMMPP: 78b, 15a f.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. ’b’x$’hyd, SUBJ. 2sg. ’b’xS’h’, 3sg. ’bxs’h’, IMPV. 250. *bxs’h, 2р1. 'b'xš'hyd
*BACTRIAN: орҳол- (denomin.) “о vouchsafe, deign to grant? = S-W, Bact.: 184b
*NWIR: (+ *apa-) NP baxstidan, baxsidan/baxs-, borrowed into: Bal. baskät/bask- ‘to
forgive’, Anar. -ibaxso/ibaxs-, Khuns. biys- ‘to pardon, excuse’. 0 NP baxsüdan,
baxsıdan/baxs-, etc. is contaminated with the root *baHx&, cf. WIM I: 66; Horn
1893: 43 f.; Henning 1933: 188 f. Therefore, Bal. baskat/bask- cannot directly go
back to *baHx$ ‘to bestow, divide, apportion’, as assumed in Korn 2005: 113, 177
(passim).
*NEIR: Oss. I. æxsædyn/æxsæst, D. æxsædun/æxsast ‘to clear, get rid of something
useless [e.g. field from stones]; to peel off
*MISC: (+ *apa-) Arm. (LW) apasxarem ‘I regret’
9 The root appears to be exclusively Iranian.
«PIE? > LIV: – | Pok.:
*IE COGNATES: ?
*REFERENCES: Ivanow 1926: 419; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 226
*xSaH 451
*xšaH ‘to rule, be lord of’
*AVESTAN: xšā- ‘to be able; rule, be lord of = Liste: 17
Pres. aia-: IND. 2sg. OAv. xsaiiehi (Y 44.15), med. 2sg. YAv. xSaiiehe (Yt 10.29), med. 3sg. ҮАУ.
xsaiiete, 2р1. OAv. xšalla08 (Y 48.9), med. 3pl. YAv. xsaiiente (Yt 17.7, ms. F1), INJ. med. 3sg. ҮАУ.
xsaiiata, SUBJ. 15р. (?) OAv. xsaiia (Y 50.9), YAv. xsaiieni (FrW 4.2), 3sg. YAv. xsaiiat (FrW 4.2),
OPT. 35р. Y Av. xSaiidit (Y 9.5), IMPV. 2sg. (?) OAv. xsaiia (Y 28.7); Aor. them.: INJ. med. 3р1. OAv.
х$әша (Y 48.5), OPT. med. 25р. Y Av. xsaesa (Y 8.5, rep.), med. 3sg. OAv. xsaeta (Y 41.2), IMPV. med.
3р1. OAv. xsöntam (Y 48.5); Partic.: pres. xsaiiant-, pres. med. xSaiiamna- ‘being able to’ (Yt 10.23, Yt
10.37, Yt 10.110). © YAv. xšaiiðit is discussed by Hoffmann 1976: 607f.; Kellens 1984: 311, fn. 1;
Kellens 1984а: 270 £.; Paul 1998: 314a f. || With regard to xSaiiamna-, cf. Gershevitch 1959: 178, ad 23:
"It seems that the middle ptc. xSayamna- with a finite verb always indicates that the subject can, or may,
perform the action expressed by the finite verb".
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *upari-) upari-xsa- ‘to rule over’ || (+ *pati-) pati-xsa- ‘to have
lordship over’ = Kent: 181a
МЕР); Pres. аја-: impf. IND. med. 159. "upariyaxsayaiy <u-p-r-i-y-a-[y]-m> (DB 4.64), patiyaxsayaiy
<p-t-i-y-x-8-y-i-y> (DNa 19, XPh 17), <[p]-[t]--y-[x]-[8]-[y]-[i]-[y]> (DSe 17); Partic.: pres. med.
xsayamna- (DNb 15)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP $^y- ‘to rule, have power; be able/worth/worthy [+ inf.]’,
MMP S’yh- ‘to be king’, rule, come into a position of authority’, ВМР gd S^y-
/Say-/ ‘to be able, possible; to be worthy’ || (+ *pati-) BMP p’ths’d, p’ths’dy (BMP
ҮТ") /pädixsä(y)/ ‘ruler, sovereign, over-lord; authorised’ = DMMPP: 315a
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP S’yhyd, BMP Sdt s’dyt /Sayed/, 1р1. BMP $’yym /sayém/, 3р1.
BMP $’dynd /sayénd/, etc.
*PARTHIAN: šh- ‘to be able [+ inf. || (+ *pati-) pd(y)xs’- ‘to rule, be lord of
c Ghilain: 88 | DMMPP: 315b
Pres.: IND. 159. sh'm, 2sg. Shyh, 35р. Shyd, Shyyd, 3pl. Shynd, SUBJ. 2sg. "sh’h, 1р1. sh’m, 2pl. sh’d,
OPT. Shyndy(y)h; Partic.: pres. ’xSynd ‘prince’, perf. pass. Sh’d || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. pdyxs’hynd;
Partic.: perf. pass. П pdyxs’h’d ‘rule’
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. "xs^y-, CSogd. xSy- ‘to rule’
Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. xSy’, 3р1. BSogd. ’xs’y’nt
*CHORESMIAN: m/xh- ‘to rule, govern’ = Samadi: 236
*BACTRIAN: þu- ‘to be able; can’ = S-W, Bact.: 235
*NWIR: NP Säyistan/säy- ‘to be appropriate’, Abyan. esö/s-, Abz. ašo/š-, Nn. Sa/si,
Qohr. ašā/š- ‘to be able’, (impers.) NP säyad ‘perhaps’ (< ‘it is fitting’), Kurd. (Sor.)
Siyan/sé- ‘to be appropriate’, Zaz. Sinayis (Sayis)/Sen- ‘to be able (to do something)’,
Anar. (impers.) mi-Sum, mi-Sowume, Fariz. -5-, Yar. ši-, Gz. šā-/šā, Isfah. (supplet.
tundn) Sa- ‘to be able’
*SANSKRIT: ksay, Кѕа ‘to rule, have power, own’ (RV) = EWAia I: 426
© The Indo-Iranian formations (Skt.) ksa-, (Ir.) *xsa- are connected to the ‘guard,
supervise’ forms (*Нахё, Av. aißiiäx$-, etc.) by Lipp (LIV: Lc.), who therefore
adopts the earlier suggestion of Wüst 1966: 80 f., 83 f. A convincing explanation of
the semantical aspects is lacking though. Since the political and cultural context of
452 *xšal
ksa- and *xsa- respectively is still not clear to us, the postulation of further IE
connections remains elusive. Gr. ктдрол ‘I obtain’, ктёото, xtpata (pl. tant.)
“property, goods’ are most often cited as possible cognates.
«PIE? c LIV: 618 f. | Pok.: 626
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 136a f.; Ivanow 1926: 422; Christensen, Contributions I: 156; Abrahamian 1936:
132; WIM II/1: 83; Werba 1997: 281; Cabolov 1997: 72; Lecoq 2002: 187 f. (passim)
*x8ai ‘to be anxious, worried, weep, lament’
*AVESTAN: OAv. xšiið ‘lament’ (Y 31.30), YAv. xSaiias-ca ‘lament, [BMP transl.]
Sywn’ (Y 71.17)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP sywn /Séwan/ ‘lament’ || (+ *a-) MMP ’x5’d ‘trouble(d),
distress(ed)’ = DMMPP: 78a f.
*PARTHIAN: Sywn ‘lament’ || (+ *4-) *’xs’dyft ‘suffering’? {hapax} = DMMPP:
321a, 78b
*KHOTANESE: ? ksäv- ‘to cry (of birds)’ — SGS: 25
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. "xs"ywn, CSogd. xsywn (m.) ‘lamentation, weeping’ || (+ *pari-
or *para-) prxSyw ‘weeping’
*CHORESMIAN: m/Xy- ‘to cry, lament’, m/Xywy- (caus.) “о cause to cry’ © Samadi:
247 f.
*NWIR: Kurd. (Sor.) S@wan/séwé- ‘to be confused, chaotic, anxious’, Awrom.
Sewiay/Sewia- ‘to be confused’, NP sévan, Kurd. sin, Awrom. siwán ‘lamentation’
*NEIR: Oss. I. axsajyn/exsajd, D. aexsajun/aexsajd (only in 3sg. + zærdæ ‘heart’) ‘to
worry, be anxious’, M. xšry-, Yi. xsi-m, Sangl. $16, Ishk. šīn-/šīd ‘to weep’
*MISC: Arm. (LW) siwan-k‘ ‘lament’
*SANSKRIT: ? Кѕа ‘to burn’
© Connections outside (Indo- ?)Iranian are uncertain. Several Iranian forms appear
to show a ua-extension, which may point to denominative origin (cf. Sundermann
1983: 642 f.). The comparison to the Skt. form is dubious, if it is to derive from IE
*d'eg™- ‘to burn’, LIV, 133 f., fn. 6. We would then expect a voiced consonant
cluster in Ir.
"REFERENCES: IIFL II: 269a, 414b; MacKenzie 1966: 109; DKS: 68; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 223 f.; Cabolov
1997: 74
*xšaip/b ‘to throw, hurl’
*KHOTANESE: OKh. ksäv- ‘to throw’ || (+ *а-) OKh. aksu- ‘to begin’ || (+ *para-ä-)
prraksiv- (pr(r)aksautta-) “о reject’ || (+ *ni-) niksu- (niksvi-) ‘to urge, promote’
= SGS: 25, 7, 53, 87
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ham-) SSogd. ’ns’yp, CSogd. ‘ур ‘to bury’. © On the semantical
aspect of these Sogd. forms and the (IIr.) root see Yakubovich 2002: 544 f.
*xSan 453
*NEIR: Sh. Xeb-/Xivd, Rosh. xiv-/xivd, Bart. xiv-/Xipt, Sariq. xeyb-/Xevd ‘to thrash,
pound, mince’, Wa. $ыр-/$ыуа- ‘to hit, pound, thrash’ || (+ *abi-) ? Wa.
viS(bI)v-/visovd, wis(br)v-/wisovd ‘to wipe’ (rather *x&aub ?)
*SANSKRIT: ksep ‘to throw, hurl’ (Kellens 1977: 197 ff. Panaino, Tist.: 96)
c EWAia I: 437
9 See also *xÉuaip/b.
«PIE ? *kseip/b- ‘to throw’ — LIV: 373 | Pok.: 625
*IE COGNATES: OCS o-sibati ‘to turn away’, Russ. sibat’ ‘to throw’
*REFERENCES: KPF II: 206; IIFL II: 552; Andreev — PeSéereva: 369b f.; MacKenzie 1966: 109; EVS:
100a; DKS: 70a; Werba 1997: 173; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 350, 303, 379
*xšamH ‘to be content with, bear, suffer, tolerate, resign oneself to’
*AVESTAN: OAv. *хёат- (xšan-) ‘to be content with, resign oneself to = Liste: 17
Inf.: pres. OAv. xsanmöne (Y 29.9)
*KHOTANESE: ? ksam- ‘to endure; to please [intr.]; to forgive’ = SGS: 24
*NEIR: (+ *uz- ?) Pash. zyam- ‘to bear, tolerate’
*MISC: Опт. zyam- ‘to bear, tolerate’ (LW)
*SANSKRIT: Кѕат ‘to tolerate, be patient, gracious’ (RV+) > EWAia I: 426
% The reconstruction of an Iranian root *xsamH is far from certain. The
interpretation of the Avestan hapax form can be disputed, whereas the Khotanese
forms might well be borrowed from Skt./Pkt. The Pashto form may go back to a
different root altogether, perhaps *gam? ‘to press, extort’ ?
*REFERENCES: EVP: 101; DKS: 66b f., 186b; Werba 1986: 348; Werba 1997: 280
*xšan ‘to harm, hurt, wound’
*AVESTAN: 9 OAv. yZaon- with disputable meaning and aberrant initial consonant
cluster may not be included, on which see *gah. = Liste: 21
*OLD PERSIAN: a-xSata- <a-x-8-t-a> (ppp.) "unhurt, unperished, unconsumated ?’
(Wüst 1966: 5 ff.) > Kent: 165
*NWIR: Gur. (Kand.) -3y- subj. ‘to collapse, be destroyed’ (in yanät béšyāū ‘Möge
dein Haus verfallen !’) || (+ *a-) ? Bal. ašešt/ašeš- ‘to rot’ ("Et. unknown.",
Shahbakhsh: s.v. ases-)
*NEIR: Wa. Sit-/Say- ‘to kill’, ? Yzgh. sad (f.), (pl.) sodezg ‘collapse(s) of a wall, etc.’
|| (+ *upa-) Yi. fšíi ‘very soft, ripe fruit’, AT ‘rotten’ (< *‘perished’). 0 Yzgh. šad is
connected by Morgenstierne (EVS, l.c.) to OP axsata.
*SANSKRIT: ksan ‘to wound, hurt ’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 423, 514
«PIE *tken- ‘to harm’ => LIV: 645 f., 198 | Pok.: 452
*IE COGNATES: Gr. «tet vo (aor. ктоуёїу, ктосдол) “I kill, slay’
*REFERENCES: КРЕП: 205; IIFL II: 543b, 209b; EVS: 77b; Werba 1997: 343 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999:
329
454 *xSau
*xSau ‘to gnaw, chew, devour; to shear, shave, cut’
*SOGDIAN: ? BSogd. xšy- ‘to chew, gnaw’ (= [axšuia-] ?)
Inf.: BSogd. ’xsy’k
*CHORESMIAN: m/x’w- ‘to gnaw, chew off’, "X"wc (obl.) ‘shaved’ © Samadi: 232 f.
*NWIR: NP xisay- ‘to bite’ (LW ?), ? Bal. stay ‘to shear, devour, rub away’
*NEIR: Oss. I. axsynyn/exsyd, D. &xsinun/zxsid ‘to gnaw; to comb hair’ (D. form <
I. ?), Yghn. xišóy-/xišásta ‘to chew, gnaw, bite’, Yzgh. saw-/Sed ‘to eat, devour’,
Wa. $brw-/Sowd- ‘to gnaw’, Ishk. saw- (Zarubin), Sangl. saw-, (?) Sh. xäw-/xäwd,
Rosh. xéw-/xéwt, Bart. Xaw-/Xod (caus.) ‘to scratch the eyes’, Sh. Sem, Khf. Sewn,
Rosh. šawm, Ishk. xawn ‘shears’, Yzgh. Sawag ‘weeding’, Wa. Хоуп ‘scissors (for
shearing sheep)’ || (+ *?) Sh. (Baj.) xüj, Rosh. axawj, Sariq. Xawj ‘weeding’ (not
from *us-rauda-ka-) || (+ *a- ?) M. axsöw-/axSevd-, Yi. axsöw- ‘to chew, gnaw’ || (+
*upa-) ? Yi. fxa-, M. fxaw-/fxevd ‘to shear sheep’ || (+ *ui- ?) (pass./intr.) Oss. I.
ixsyjyn/ixsyd || (+ *pati- ? or Oss. fae- + *ui- ?) D. fexsujun/fexsud ‘to fade, wither,
exhaust || (+ *pati- ? Sh. pixäw-/pixäwd, pixud, Rosh. pixéw/pixéwt, Bart.
pixaw-/pixawd, Sariq. püxew-, pixew-, Yzgh. p(a)Saw-/p(a)Sed ‘to shear (sheep)’ ||
(+ *fra-) ? Sh. rixäw-/rixäwd ‘to cut, lop off (branches), prune’ || (+ *ui-) ? Sh.
wixay-/wixuxt, Bart. wiXaw-/wixuxt, Orosh. wuXod ‘to comb’, Sh. wixüy], Rosh.
wixüj, Sariq. waxerj, Yzgh. x" ik ‘comb’
*SANSKRIT: ksurá- ‘razor, sharp knife’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 435
«PIE *kseu- ‘to shave’ — LIV: 372 | Pok.: 586
*IE COGNATES: Gr. $60 ‘I shave, scrape; I polish’, Gr. &vpóv (n.) ‘razor’, Lith. skusti
‘to shave, scrape’
*REFERENCES: IIFL П: 543, 414a, 195b, 209b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 560 Ё; Andreev-PeSéereva: 359a Ё;
EVS: 101b, 77b, 79b, 104a, 65a, 71a, 116b, 94b; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 240 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999:
339, 416
*xSaub ‘to rustle, tremble’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. *xSaob- (xsuf-) ‘to rustle, tremble’ = Liste: 17
Pres. inch.: SUBJ. 3pl. YAv. xsufsan (Yt 10.113)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *a-) MMP ’’Swb, ВМР ’Swp /asob/ ‘turmoil, disturbance’ || (+
*yi-) MMP w(y)swb-, BMP wswp- /wisob-/ ‘to destroy, disturb’? = DMMPP: 57b,
347b
(+ *ui-) Pres. IND. 3sg. MMP wswbyd, BMP wswpyt /wisöbed/, 3pl. BMP wswpynd /wisobend/;
Partic.: pres. MMP wswb’g, (pl) MMP wswb’g’n, perf. pass. (sec) MMP wyswbyhyd, MMP
*wyswbyh'd; Inf.: BMP wswptn /wisuftan/
*PARTHIAN: ‘уур, "šwb ‘turmoil’ || (+ *ui-) w(y)swpt- (past stem) ‘to disturb,
destroy’ = Ghilain: 95 | DMMPP: 57a, 347b
*xSaud 455
*SOGDIAN: ? CSogd. m-xwb- ‘to rush out, move forth’. © This hapax form cannot
regularly derive from *a-xs(a)ub-, v. MacKenzie 1970: 124; Schwartz 1970: 293;
Sims-Williams 1985: 56. Perhaps, it is a borrowing from Choresmian (cf. xwBy-) ?
Impf.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. mxwbynt (C2 12V.9)
*CHORESMIAN: xwfy- ‘to press’ = Samadi: 246
*NWIR: (+ *a- NP 4suftan/asub- ‘to agitate, disturb’, Kurd. (Kurm.)
(h)aZötin/(h)aZö-, (Sor.) aZütin/aZü- ‘to chase, rush; to jump’ || (+ *ui-) NP *gusuftan
(lit., lex.) ‘to scatter, fade’ (attested in dictionaries as 372)
*NEIR: (+ *abi-) ? Wa. vis(bI)v-/visovd-, wis(BI)v-/wisovd- ‘to wipe (off)’ (rather
*xSaip/b ?)
*SANSKRIT: ksobh ‘to rock, start to swing, tremble’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 440
“PIE *k“ seub'- ‘to rock, tremble’ = LIV: 372 | Pok.: 625
*IE COGNATES: Pol. chybaé ‘to rock, to move to and fro’, Lith. skubti ‘to start to
hurry’, Goth. af-skiuban, OE scufan, Engl. to shift.
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 8, 206; IIFL II: 548; Nyberg II: 216a f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 379; Werba
1997: 344 f.; Cabolov 2001: 106
*xSaud ‘to wash’
*AVESTAN: OAv. *xSaod- ‘to become liquid’, YAv. xSaodah- (n.) ‘gush, flush of
water’ (Yt 10.14), YAv. xsuöra- (Yt 19.58), YAv. xSudra- ‘liquid, fluid’(Yt 13.62, V
15.7 f., V 16.17, etc.)
Partic.: perf. pass. Ү Ау. xsusta- ‘melted, liquid (of metals)’ (Y 31.3)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP šwy-, BMP sws- (HLLWN-) /Sus-/ (past stem) ‘to wash’
c DMMPP: 320b
Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. MMP swyy’d; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP šwst; Inf.: BMP swstn /Sustan/
*PARTHIAN: Sw(w)d- ‘to wash’ = Ghilain: 64 | DMMPP: 320a
Pres.: IND. 3pl. Swwdynd; Partic.: perf. pass. šwst; Inf.: šwstn
*KHOTANESE: (+ *ара-, *pati-) ? LKh. pasoj- (inch. ?) ‘to be washed’ © SGS: 77
*CHORESMIAN: xs- ‘to wallow’ (cf. MacKenzie IV: 533) = Samadi: 242
*NWIR: NP sustan/Soy-, Kurd. (Kurm.) Sustin/So-, (Sor.) Sitin/So-, Bal. Sust, Sust/Sod-,
Awrom. Sıtay/sor-, Abyan. S6sta/Sur-, Ab: S6sta/sur-, Anar. Suste/ Sur-, Ard.
Soste/Sor-, Fariz. -Sust, Yar. -Sust, Gz. Sur-/Sus(s)-, Gil. (Rsht.) Sostaen/Sor-, Ham.
Sostän/Sur-, Gur. (Kand.) sürin/-Sür-, Jow. bam-foft/a-fur-, Meim. bem-foft/a-fuzr-,
Khuns. sür-/Sut, Suss, Nn. Suste/Sur-, Qohr. süsta/sür-, Sang. -Sost-/Suroen-, Siv.
Sür-/sét, Shamerz. -Süst-/Suräm-, Sorkh. -šust-/šur- ‘to wash’. © The -r- frequently
found in the pres. stems of modern dialects is probably analogical. It can be ascribed
to the influence of the paradigms of (notably) dastan/dar- ‘to have, hold’, kistan/kär-
‘to plant, sow’ (rather than possibly from a denomin. of Suhr ‘sperm’, as suggested
by Nyberg II, ibid.).
*NEIR: Sariq. XóXtuj ‘watering place’ (< *xsudra-StaHka-)
456 *x&ij ?
*SANSKRIT: ksod ‘to dissolve, disintegrate’ (RV) = EWAia I: 439
*PIE © The IE correspondences of the common Пг. root are unclear. The comparison
to Slavic (OCS xud» ‘small, bad’, etc.), by Pokorny is semantically difficult. W.P.
Schmidt (Gs Henning: 377 f.) suggests a connection with Lith. skudrus ‘quick’,
skaudrus ‘flowing quickly’ and several names of rivers in Lithuania, Skäudinis,
Skaudupelis, etc. = LIV: 372 | Pok.: 625
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 172 f.; KPF I: 142a; Ivanow 1926: 422; KPF II: 204; Christensen,
Contributions I: 68, 166; Christensen, Contributions II: 59, 116, 160; Abrahamian 1936: 122; Lambton
1938: 42a, 78a; Fraenkel П: 798b; MacKenzie 1966: 109; EVS: 104b; Nyberg П: 187b f., WIM I: 72;
WIM II/1: 83; DKS: 70a, 223a f.; Blau 1980: 231b; WIM III: 117; Omar 1992: 608b; Cabolov 1997: 72;
Werba 1997: 173 f.; Lecoq 2002: 121, 123, 126, 130 (passim); Korn 2005: 314, 387
*xSij ? ‘to desire, long for’
*KHOTANESE: ksimj- ‘to desire, long for’ = SGS: 24
*BACTRIAN: bo ‘good’ = S-W, Bact.: 235a
*NEIR: Oss. І. exsyzgon, D. axsizge “pleasant; urgently needed’
© Considering the limited distribution, *xsij may be a regional borrowing.
*PIE LIV: - | Pok.:
*хф паш ‘to hear (< ‘to sharpen (the ears)’)’
*AVESTAN: ? Y Av. hu-xsnuta- (+ *hu- ‘well’) ‘well-sharpened’ (Yt 10.24, Yt 10.39).
9 On Av. xsnu- see also Kellens — Pirart 1990: 233f.
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ *4-) 4-xSn(a)u- ‘to hear’ (cf. Benveniste 1946: 47 ff.) = Kent: 182
Pres. athem.: IND. Isg. äx$nümiy <a-x-8-nu-u-mi-i-y> (ХР1 26), med. "axsnauvaiy <a-x-8-n-u-[v]-i-y>
(\DNb 24 |, Hinz 1965: 229), SUBJ. 25р. axsnavahy <a-x-S-n-v-a-h-y> (DNb 29), IMPV. 2sg. äxsnudiy
<a-x-8-nu-u-di-i-y> (DNb 54). © On axšnümiy see Hinz 1969: 46. It is no doubt a late formation, on
which see Mayrhofer 1991: 201.
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *а-) MMP ’Snw-, ВМР ’Snw- /ä-Snü-/ ‘to hear, understand’
c DMMPP: 57b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP ’šnwynd (M49 II R,13, M382 II A,6(1769)), SUBJ. Zeg. MMP пуу (M219 II
R,9), ІМРУ. Zeg. MMP ‘пуу (M219 II R,14); Partic.: perf. pass. MMP ’snwd (M176 I V,14)
*PARTHIAN: ‘Snw- ‘to hear, hearken’? = DMMPP: 93b f.
Pres.: IND. 35р. ‘Snwyd, ‘Snwyyd, 3pl. ‘Snwynd (SS 53), SUBJ. 15р. ‘Snw’n, 3sg. ‘Snw’h, 1р1. ‘Snw’’m,
IMPV. 2sg. ‘Snw-, 2р1. ‘Snwyd, ‘snwyyd; Partic.: pres. *‘Snw’g (|SS 7 |), perf. pass. '$nwd; Inf.: ’snwdn
(M4572 II Ri,9(1024)), “šnwdn
*NWIR: (simplex or with *a-) NP sinudan, Sunudan, Sanidan/Sanav- ‘to listen, hear’,
Kurd. (Sina) Zinaftin/Zinaw-, Awrom. aZn(aw)iäy/-Znaw- ‘to hear’, Fariz. bäsno
‘hear !’, Abz. asnida/ó-Snónov-, Anar. -aSnofte/asnov-, Bakht. asnidan, Gil. (Rsht.)
isnaveesteen/isnav-, Ham. esnoftan/esnov-, Jow. ma-fnoft/a-fno- ‘to hear, listen’,
Gur. (Kand.) Sinäft-/-Snäw-, Meim. bem-efnofi/a-fno?-, Khuns. esnev-/esnift,
esneva, Nn. asnufle/asnov-, Natan. -$novä/sänäv-, Qohr. asnófta/asnóv- ‘to hear’,
*xSnau2 ? 457
Semn. -snüá, Sang. -osnünd-/osnovaen-, Shamerz. -äšní-/šänám-, Siv. esn-/esni, Soi
bá-šn-, Sorkh. b-ceSnu-/cesnu-, Lasg. b-ásnav- ‘to hear || (+ *a-) Zaz.
asnawitiS/asnawen- ‘to hear’. Ф It is almost impossible to distinguish between ап
initial prothetic vowel and the old preverb *a-, which can disappear or be
assimilated after a tense marker.
*NEIR: ? Wa. К$ыу-/К$әп- ‘to hear’, (caus.) К$ыу(ы)у-/К$оуоуа ‘to rebuke’ (rather
*Hax$ ?) Ф The Wa. forms are "phonetically difficult to explain", Steblin-
Kamenskij, ibid.
*SANSKRIT: ksnav ‘to whet, sharpen’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 441
«PIE *ksneu- ‘to sharpen’ = LIV: 373 | Pok.: 585
*REFERENCES: Horn 1893: 177; Zhukovskij I: 20, 156; КРЕТ: 81a f., 140a f., 207b, 247a; Ivanow 1926:
422; KPF II: 205; Christensen, Contributions I: 69, 167, 261; Christensen, Contributions II: 59, 116, 160;
Abrahamian 1936: 113; Lambton 1938: 42b, 78a; MacKenzie 1966: 89; Nyberg II: 34b; WIM I: 68; WIM
Ш: 104; Vahman — Asatrian 1991: 77; Werba 1997: 174; Paul 1998: 291; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 212;
Lecoq 2002: 120, 122, 131, 133 (passim)
*xÉnau^ ? ‘to exchange gifts (between host and guest) (whence: ‘to entertain,
welcome (a guest), to thank, praise, etc.’)’
*AVESTAN: xšnu- ‘to entertain, welcome, take care of (a guest)’, OAv. xSanmanai
"instead" (Y 29.9) = Liste: 17
Pres. {1} athem.: OPT. 2sg. YAv. xsnuiiá (Y 68.9), med. OAv. xsnouuisà (Y 28.1); Pres. {2} athem. red.:
ОРТ. 2sg. med. YAv. "kuxsnuuisa (FrW 7.2); Aor. s-: 3sg. INJ. OAv. xšnauš (Y 46.13, Y 51.12), med.
3sg. YAv. xsnaosta (P 49), SUBJ. 15р. med. OAv. xSnaosai (Y 46.1), 3р1. OAv. xšnaošən (Y 30.5);
Partic.: pres. (2) kuxsnuuana- (Yt 8.49, H 2.13), aor. OAv. xsnaosomna- (Y 46.18), perf. pass. xSnüta- (Y
31.3, Y 51.9, Y 60.2); Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. YAv. xsnauuaiieiti; Desid.: pres. IND. 15р. OAv. cixsnusa
(49.1)
*OLD PERSIAN: хёпи- ‘to be satisfied, glad’ > Kent: 182
Partic.: perf. pass. xSnuta- <x-S-nu-u-t> (DNb 26)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ‘snwm- (denomin.) “о propitiate’ || BMP sn’dyn- /snayen-/
(sec. caus.) ‘to praise, propitiate’, BMP hwsnwtk /hosnud/ /husnüd/, BMP hwsnwtk
/hosnudag/ /husnudag/ ? ‘satisfied, content > DMMPP: 94
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP ‘snwmyd {hapax} || Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. BMP sn'dynyt /Snayénéd/; Inf.: caus.
BMP Ssn’dynytn /Snayénidan/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP sn’dynyt /Snayénid/
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. ’xSnyBnt ‘hospitable, dienerfreundlich’
*CHORESMIAN: m/XNwry- (denomin.) ‘to thank’, bxnwr’wc (+ neg.) ‘ingratitude’
c» Samadi: 138
*NWIR: NP xusnüd ‘content, pleased, happy’
*NEIR: Oss. æxsæn (postp.) ‘in the middle of, between’, axszeny ‘public, general’,
æxsæny lag ‘mediator, go-between’ (with archaic meaning ?)
9 On the etymology see Schwartz, Fs H.P. Schmidt: 213 f.; Schwartz 1990: 203.
This root and its IE provenance postulated by Schwartz, l.c. is problematic, as one
458 *x&naus
needs to make several assumptions about their semantic development: it 1s a rather
tall order to reconcile notably the meanings of Av. and Oss. through an unproven
series of semantic shifts.
«PIE *ksenu- ‘to exchange gifts (between guest and host)’ ? = LIV: — | Pok.:
*IE COGNATES: Gr. &évoc, (Ion.) &etvog 'strange(r); guest, host’, Olrish son ‘in
exchange'
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 227
*xšnauš ‘to sneeze’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP snwsk /snösag/ ‘sneeze’
*CHORESMIAN: xnwy- ‘to sneeze’ — Samadi: 238
*NWIR: Kurd. (Kurm.) heniZin/heniZ- ‘to sneeze, yawn; to snooze’, Siv. esnis, Sang.
asnis ‘to sneeze’, NP sundsah, isndsah, Khuns. esniZä, išnīžä, Tr. hosnija ‘sneeze’
*NEIR: Pash. nZol, Yzgh. SonixtsnixW-, Yghn. xünúš-/xünúšta ‘to sneeze’, Pash. nZai
‘sneeze’, M. yanigo ‘sneezing’, Sh. Sini(y)zgak, Sunizgak, Rosh. Sinivzak ‘cold in
the head, phlegm’, ? Oss. I. axsnyrsyn/&xsnyrst, D. aexsnirsun/aexsnirst ‘to sneeze’.
© As for the Oss. forms, they are hardly connected to Engl. sneer, snore, snarl, NHG
schnurren ‘to purr, buzz’, schnarchen ‘to snore’, etc., as assumed by Abaev, Le All
these forms, including the Ossetic ones, are rather expressive or onomatopoetic.
*SANSKRIT: ksav ‘to sneeze’ (Br.+) = EWAia I: 430
© The root is no doubt susceptible to onomatopoetic deformations.
«PIE (?) *ks(n)eus- ‘to sneeze’ (expressive) = LIV: - | Pok.: 953
*IE COGNATES: Lith. ciáudéti, skiáudéti, ON hnjösa ‘to sneeze’, OE fnéosan, Engl. to
sneeze, etc.
*REFERENCES: Andreev — Pe&éereva: 362b f; Edel'man 1971: 253; MacKenzie, Pahlavi: 80; Abaev,
Slovar’ IV: 239; Werba 1997: 173; Lecoq 2002: 664a
*xSuaid ‘to whistle, squeak’
*CHORESMIAN: ? m/X Y6- ‘to whistle" = Samadi: 248
*NEIR: Oss. I. axsidyn/aexsyst, D. aexsedun/zxsist ‘to boil’ ("contamination"), Yzgh.
X"iZd/X'iZ- (inch. ?) ‘to whistle’, ? Wa. yaks-/yakst- ‘to boil’, ? Pash. spelai
‘whistle, hiss’, Wa. $iwäs(t) ‘whistle’, ? Yzgh. XiZ-/XiZd ‘to whistle’. 0 Yzgh. Х'17-
from *ksuid-sk- > Ir. *xsuid-zj- (Bartholomae’s Law). || As for Wa. yaks-/yakst-:
"Phonet. impossible" from Sab, IFL IT. l.c.
*SANSKRIT: ? ksved ‘to squeak (of wheels)’ = EWAia I: 441
© The root 15 onomatopoetic.
«PIE? > LIV: - | Pok.: 1040 f.
*IE COGNATES: OCS svistati ‘to whistle’
*xuaz 459
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 553b; EVS: 104b, 119b; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 235; Werba 1997: 174;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 344, 421
*xSuaip/b ‘to vibrate, tremble, shake’
*AVESTAN: YAv. xSuuaéB- ‘to vibrate (?), shake (quickly) ?’, YAv. xsuuaéba-
‘vibrant, sparkling’ (Yt 8.3) — Liste: 17
Partic.: caus. pres. YAv. xSuuaéBaiiat® (Yt 5.130)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP Syb- ‘to move quickly, be confused, [water] to be stirred
up’, BMP *syp- /šēb-/ ‘to be mixed, stirred up’ || (+ *fra-) MMP “pdsybysn
‘turbulence’ || (+ *ham-) MMP hsyft- (past stem) ‘to be confused’, MMP hsybyyn-
(caus.) ‘to shake” > DMMPP: 320b, 271a, 186b
Pres.: IND. 3р1. BMP *урупа /sebend/, SUBJ. 3р1. MMP syb'nd; Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. MMP sybynyd ||
(+ *ham-) Partic.: perf. pass. ? MMP hsyftg ‘confused’ {unpubl.}; Caus.: pres. IND. 3pl. MMP
“hSybyynynd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *4-) ’Syft, ’Syft (past stem) ‘to trouble, vex’ || (+ *pati-) руй (past
stem) ‘to trouble, toss about” = Ghilain: 95 | DMMPP: 57b, 285a
(+ *à-) Partic.: perf. pass. 'šyft, *’’Syft|| (+ *pati-) Partic.: perf. pass. psyft
*SOGDIAN: MSogd. xwsyp ‘whip’, ? BSogd. ’xws’yp ‘squinting’ (SCE: 23, 409)
*NWIR: NP Sebidan/seb-, stwidan/stw- ‘to be mixed; to mix; to tremble, shake’, (LW
9) Kurd. (Mukri) sewä/-sew- ‘to be excited’, Awrom. sewiay/Sewia- ‘to be
confused’, Gur. (Kand.) sfwiain/sia ‘to be mixed, shaken’, Qohr. sefta ‘mortar’
*NEIR: Yghn. Ziv-/Zivta ‘to whip’ (influenced by ‘to bite’, cf. Sogd. jB-) ?) || (+ *fra-)
Wa. rasvip, rošíp ‘whip’
Despite the obvious, formal similarities, the semantic differences displayed by the
Iranian forms favour the postulation of two different (Ir.) roots, *xSaip/b ‘to throw,
hurl’ and *xsuaip/b respectively, cf. Panaino, Тїї. I: 96; EWAia I: 437. The root
*xSaip/b can be connected to Skt. ksep, whereas *xSuaip/b may be related to the IE
‘swing, whip’ forms.
«PIE ? *(k)sueip- ‘to swing, shake, whip’ = LIV: 377 | Pok.: 1042
*IE COGNATES: Latv. svaipit ‘to whip’, ON svífa ‘to swing, turn’, OHG sweifen, OE
swifan ‘to turn, wipe’
*REFERENCES: IIFL П: 538; Andreev — PeSéereva: 369b; Nyberg II: 186a; Kluge: 2002: 832b; Lecoq
2002: 654
*xuaz ‘to want, desire, wish’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP xw’h-, ВМР hw'd- (B‘YHWN-) /xwäh-/ ‘to want, desire’,
MMP xwyh- (caus. ?) ‘to chase, pursue’. 9 Interv. -h- < OP *-0- < Ir. *-s- (in ppp.)?
c DMMPP: 365, 370b
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. MMP xw’hym, 2sg. MMP xw’hyh, 3sg. MMP xw’hyd, etc.
*PARTHIAN: WX Z- ‘to wish, need’ => Ghilain: 69 | DMMPP: 348a
460 *zag ?
Widely attested: Pres.: IND. 15р. wx’z’m, 25р. wx’zyh, 3sg. ? “wx’zyd, 1р1. wx’z’m, 2р1. wx’zyd, 3р1.
wx’zynd, SUBJ. 1р1. wx’z’m, IMPV. 2pl. wx’zyd; Partic.: pres. wx zg, perf. pass. wx št
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. xw(’)yz, CSogd. xwZ ‘to ask, request, beg, wish’ || (+ *a-)
BSogd. ’xws- ‘to ask’
Pres.: IND. 15р. dur. CSogd. xwZmsq, 3sg. CSogd. xwit, Ipl. SSogd. "xwy'zym, SUBJ. 3sg. SSogd.
xwyz.’t, etc. || (+ *ä-) Pret.: tr. IND. 3sg. BSogd. ’xwstw ó Tt
*BACTRIAN: X@C- ‘to ask, request, demand, claim’ = S-W, Bact.: 233b
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP x'astan/x'ah-, Kurd. (Kurm.) xwastin/xwaz-, (Sor.)
xwastin/xwaz-, Zaz. wastiS/wazen-, Anar. -vā (supplet. pret. -piya) ‘to want, wish’,
Awrom. wastáy/waz- ‘to request’, Isfah. xastän (supplet. gu-, *gaHu) ‘to want,
wish’, Fariz. -yást/-yáz-, Yar. -yaSta/-yaz- ‘to marry (a woman)’, (LW) Gz.
yas-/yas(s)-, Gil. (Rsht.) bä-yast-/yaj-, Gur. (Kand.) wäst/-uwäz- ‘to want; to ask for
the hand of’, (impers.) ? Nn. và (supplet. piya < *upa- + *Hai) ‘to want, wish’,
Natan. -yast, Shamerz. -yast-/yam-, Soi bä-xä, Sorkh. -yähi- ‘to want, desire’, Khuns.
yas-/yas(s)- ‘to want; to ask for the hand of’, (ppp.) Gz. yasse ‘guest’ (< *‘invité’)
*MISC: Arm. (LW) xuzem ‘I seek’, Arm. (LW) xoyz ‘search’
9 An ablaut variant of *kauz ‘to seek’ ?
«PIE? > LIV: – | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 134b, 137b, 244b; Ivanow 1926: 421; KPF II: 193; Christensen, Contributions I:
63, 165, 257; Abrahamian 1936: 134; Christensen, Contributions II: 113, 157; MacKenzie 1966: 112;
WIM Т: 70; WIM II/1: 78; WIM II/2: 695; Blau 1980: 222b; Omar 1992: 690b; Раш 1998: 318a; Lecoq
2002: 189, 192 f.
*zag ? ‘to sound (utter, say, etc.)
*AVESTAN: Y Av. zaxsara- ‘libel, slander’ (Yt 19.47)
*PARTHIAN: Zxs- (orig. inch. ?) ‘to sound’ = Ghilain: 81 | DMMPP: 386b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. zxsyd, IMPV. 2pl. zxsyd
*NWIR: NP zag ‘crow, raven, rook’, zag giriftan ‘to revile, abuse’, (?) zajah, Gz. zage
‘howling, lamenting’
*NEIR: Oss. I. zegyn/zagd, D. zegun/zagd, 32gun/zagd ‘to say, talk’, Sh. züy, Yzgh.
zey ‘curse, malediction’. 0 As for Yzgh. zey, EVS: 107b has a different etymology:
*uz-auga- Y Ау. aog- ‘to speak’, which is to be discarded. Note the additional
comment: "But no parallel, pejorative use of us- is known".
9 The root is perhaps expressive, similar to Lith. Zagséeti, Zegséti ‘to hiccup’, Lith.
Zagata ‘magpie’, Arm. jag ‘bird’.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: WIM II/2: 753; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 292 f.
*zail 461
*zaH ‘to leave (behind)’
*AVESTAN: YAv. za- (za-) ‘to leave (behind)’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to leave behind, abandon’
|| (+ *fra-) ‘to abandon’ = Liste: 68
Pres. athem. red.: IND. Isg. YAv. zazami (V 5.17), 3sg. YAv. zazaiti (Yt 5.130), INJ. 3pl. OAv.
auuazazat (Y 34.9), SUBJ. 2sg. ҮАУ. zazähi (V 5.15), 3р1. OAv. zazonti (Y 30.10), ОРТ. 3р1. ҮАУ. ба...
"zaziian (V 8.37 f.); Aor. {1} athem.: OPT. 1р1. OAv. zaéma (Y 41.4); Aor. {2} s-: OPT. 35р. YAv.
frazahit (Y 60.7); Partic.: perf. YAv. zazus- (Yt 13.18, P 26). 9 YAv. us.zizenti (V 3.5) was corrected to
*us.zazonti by Bartholomae, AIW: 1658 and interpreted as 3р1. SUBJ. ‘they breed’ (*zanH!), but Kellens
1984: 214 derived it from *zaH. A further emendation was made by De Vaan 2003: 213: “us.zizanonti
3pl. IND. (*zanH’).
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ш-) wzyh- ‘to depart, abandon’ = Ghilain: 89 | DMMPP: 362b
Pres.: wzyh[; Partic.: perf. pass. wz’d, wyz'd
*KHOTANESE: (+ *аџа-) OKh. vas- ‘to shun, avoid’ = SGS: 120
*SOGDIAN: (+ *aua- or *ш-) CSogd. pys-wz’y ‘heirloom’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *aua-) (?) wzy- ‘to leave behind, remain’ > Samadi: 229 f.
*NEIR: (+ *aua-) Yi. wuza- ‘to be tired’, M. uzay-/uzayi- ‘to be left behind’ || (+ *ui-)
Oss. I. zajyn/zad, D. izajun/izad ‘to remain’
*MISC: (+ *aua- or *ui-) Orm. ozuk ‘left, remaining’, Par. üzeh-/uzä ‘to remain, be
left behind’
*SANSKRIT: hà ‘to leave (behind), abandon’ (RV+) = EWAia П: 813
© This root has a good IE etymology.
«PIE *g'eH,- ‘to leave (behind) > LIV: 173 | Pok.: 418 f.
*IE COGNATES: ? Gr. vim ‘I overtake, reach, arrive, meet’ (kim, Kıynlevog),
Gr. xñpoç ‘empty, bereft’, Lat. heres ‘heritage’
*REFERENCES: JIFL I: 238a f., 388b; IIFL II: 264b; DKS: 379a; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 285; Werba 1997: 331
*zai! ‘to set in motion, impel’
*AVESTAN: zaii- ‘to set in motion’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to permeate, penetrate’ || (+ *ui-) ‘to
let go, separate oneself from’ — Liste: 68 f.
Pres. athem. red.: IND. med. 35р. ? YAv. "zazaitoe (Yt 5.34, Yt 15.24); Aor. athem.: SUBJ. 2р1. OAv.
iuuizaiiada (Y 53.7); Caus.: IND. 159. YAv. frazaiiaiiami (V 5.18), SUBJ. 25р. YAv. frazaiiaiiahi (V
5.16; Narten 1984: 275 £.)
"MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP zyn, ВМР zyn /zén/ ‘armour, weapon, sword’ = DMMPP:
386b f.
*PARTHIAN: zyn ‘armour, weapon, sword’ || (+ *upa-) *bz’y- ‘to begin’ = Ghilain:
86 | DMMPP: 386b f., 18a
(+ *upa-) Pres.: IND. 35р. *’bz’yd, OPT. *’bz’yndyh; Partic.: perf. pass. 'bz'd
*NWIR: ? Siv. z- (supplet. ese) *‘to impel’. © The verb is used in dílem mizé ‘my
heart wishes’, hardly from *xyaz, pace Eilers, WIM III, l.c.
*NEIR: ? Pash. zanol ‘to insert, plant, stab’, Sh. (Baj.) záz-/zoxt, Rosh. zéz-/zuxt,
Bart. zoz-/zoXt, Orosh. zoz-/zoxt, Sariq. zoz-/zuxt, Yzgh. zaz-/zext ‘to take, obtain,
462 *7а12
adopt’ || (+ *a- ?) Yzgh. zay- ‘to come’ || (+ *aua-,*a- ?) Wa. waz(a)y-/wazd- ‘to
arrive, come’ || (+ *pari-) ? Pash. parz-, parj- ‘to fall, be thrown down, be prostrated’
|| (+ *ш-) Oss. D. izazun/izazt ‘to lift up [with a handle]’, Oss. D. izazna ‘lever,
crow-bar?
*SANSKRIT: hay ‘to impel, drive, hurl’ (RV+) || háya- (m.) ‘horse’ (RV+), asva-hayá-
‘spurring horses’ (RV) > EWAia II: 802 f.
© This Пг. root has no verbal correspondences in IE.
«PIE *g"ei- ‘to impel, to drive’ ? > LIV: 174 | Pok.: 424 f.
*IE COGNATES: Arm. ji, (Gsg.) jioy ‘horse’, ? OE gad (f.) ‘point, spine, sting’,
Langob. gaida (f.) ‘spear’, Goth. gain-, OE g&n- ‘weapon, хут’ (in PN)
*REFERENCES: EVP: 59, 102; IIFL II: 550b; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 561; EVS: 109b; WIM III: 120; Werba
1997: 269; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 402; Cheung 2002: 195 f.; NEVP: 64
жа ‘to equip, adorn’
*KHOTANESE: (+ *à-) aysán- (aysá-) ‘to equip; adorn’ = SGS: 10
*SOGDIAN: BSogd., CSogd., MSogd. zywr ‘ornament, necklace’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *abi-ä-) By’zy’d- ‘to decorate, adorn’ (cf MacKenzie III: 323)
= Samadi: 44
*NWIR: NP zé-var ‘ornament’, zé-ba ‘beautiful’, Bal. zayo ‘ornament’ || (+ *4-) Bal.
azit/az- ‘to clean, embellish, adorn, care for’
9 This root is apparently exclusively Ir. with no IE cognates.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: DKS: 21a f.; Gharib: 473b; Shahbakhsh: s.v. 4z-; Korn 2005: 278, 381
*7aiH ‘to destroy; to take away, deprive of
*AVESTAN: Y Ау. zi- ‘to destroy’ || (+ *fra-) id.” > Liste: 69
Pres. na-: SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. zinat (Y 11.5); Partic.: perf. YAv. ziziius- (Yt 13.71); Pass.: IND. 3pl. YAv.
frazinte (Yt 10.38), INJ. 3pl. YAv. frazinta (Yt 13.38)
*OLD PERSIAN: di- ‘to rob, take away’ = Kent: 191a
Pres. nä-: impf. IND. lsg. айтат <a-di-i-n-m> (DB 1.59), 35р. айша <a-di-i-n-a> (DB 1.44),
<a-di-i-n-a> (DB 1.46, DB 1.66); Partic.: perf. pass. ditam <di-i-t-m> (DB1.50)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? BMP zyn- /zin-/ ‘to damage’, MMP zy’n, BMP zyd’n /zyan/
‘damage, injury’ (LW) || (+ *ham-) MMP hnzyn- ‘to hack, cut to pieces, murder’. ©
On MMP hnzyn- (and Pth. *hnjyn-), cf. Henning 1965: 32, fn. 5, accepted by Boyce,
Word-List: 47: ‘hack, cut to pieces, murder’. DMMPP: 386b, 182a
(+ *ham-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. MMP hnzynynd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ham-) “hnjyn- ‘to hack, cut to pieces’ > DMMPP: 181b
Pres.: IND. 3pl. "hnjynynd
*KHOTANESE: ysán- ‘to take by force’ © SGS: 112 f.
*zamb2 463
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. ’zy ‘to grab, seize’, MSogd. zyn ‘to ruin’ || (+ *pati-) CSogd.
ptzy- ‘to quarrel’
Pret.: tr. IND. 1sg. SSogd. "zytw ó rm; Pass.: pres. SUBJ. 3sg. MSogd. zytyy B’t ‘will be deprived’ (BBB:
51) || (+ *pati-) Pret.: tr. IND. 35р. CSogd. ptZy'd'rt
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *para-) ? ’pZy- ‘to break up, deflower’ = Samadi: 167
*BACTRIAN: Ct- ‘to exact, seize, take by force’ = S-W, Bact.: 192b, 174a
*NWIR: Bal. zin-/zit ‘to take, seize’, NP ziyan ‘damage, injury’ (LW)
*NEIR: Yghn. zin-/zita-, Sariq. zin-/zid ‘to take away, bereave’, Wa. zond-/zot ‘to
take away, bereave’, ? Oss. I. zyn, D. zin ‘difficult’
*SANSKRIT: Јуа ‘to take away, deprive from °’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 602
0 See also *jaiH’.
«PIE? > LIV: 167 | Pok.: 469 f.
*REFERENCES: Andreev — PeSéereva: 367b; EVS: 108; DKS: 350b f.; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 321 Ё; Werba
1997: 404 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 440; Shahbakhsh: s.v. zin-; Korn 2005: 380
*zamb! ‘to open the mouth, yawn’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *apa-, *abi-) MMP "bhwm- ‘to disclose. reveal’ = DMMPP:
lla
Pres.: IMPV. 2sg. MMP ’bhwm; Pass.: pres. IND. 3sg. MMP "bhwmyhyd
*PARTHIAN: (+ *apa-, *abi-) 'bhwmb ‘disclosure’ (< MP) = DMMPP: lla
*NEIR: Oss. I. zembyn/zembyd ‘to yawn’, Wa. zeumb(w)y-/zombovd- ‘to yawn,
open the mouth’, Wa. zim ‘yawn’ || (+ *abi-) Sariq. veizom(b)-, verjom(b)- ‘to yawn,
gape’
*SANSKRIT: jambh ‘to open the jaws wide, snap’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 572 f.
9 The nominal derivative *zamba- ‘tooth’ (= Skt. jambha-) is also attested in Ir.,
notably Khot. ysima- ‘tooth’, Pash. zama (f.) ‘molar tooth’
*PIE ? *éemb"- ‘to show one’s teeth’, *gomb'o- ‘tooth, (set of) teeth’ > LIV: 162 |
Pok.: 369
*IE COGNATES: Arm. camem ‘I chew’, (?) OCS pro-zebnoti, Lith. Zémbéti ‘to sprout’
(with unexpl. acute accent), Gr. үбрфос̧ ‘nail, peg’, Lat. gemma (Ё) ‘bud, precious
stone’, OCS zobs, Russ. zub (etc.), Latv. zuobs, Toch. A kam, B keme ‘tooth’, OHG
kamb, Engl. comb, etc.
*REFERENCES: TFL П: 556; EVS: 87a; DKS: 351b; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 296; Werba 1997: 347 f£;
Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 441 f., 460; NEVP: 102
*zamb? ‘to crush’
*AVESTAN: (+ *ham-) Y Av. ham zanb- ‘to crush’ = Liste: 67
MED.; Caus.: IMPV. 2р1. YAv. ham zonbaiiadBam (Yt 1.27)
*PARTHIAN: zmbg ‘struggle, fight” > DMMPP: 382b
464 *zamH
*NEIR: (+ *abi-) M. vzab-/vzabd-, Yi. vézb- ‘to compress’, Sariq. vizamb-/vizamd
‘to grind, rub to powder’, Ishk. avZinj- ‘to express’ || (+ *aua-) Wa. vzom-/vzomd-,
wzom-/wzomd- ‘to express, squeeze, grind’
*SANSKRIT: jambh ‘to crush, to destroy’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 572
«PIE *éemb"- ‘to tear’ > LIV: 162 f. | Pok.: 369
*IE COGNATES: Lith. Zembiü (Zembti) ‘I cut (to pieces)’, OCS zebo ‘I tear, pull up’,
Alb. (pres. 3sg.) dhemb ‘it hurts’
*REFERENCES: JIFL II: 260a, 551a; EVS: 87a; DKS: 223a; Werba 1997: 186 f.; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999:
384
*ZamH ‘to repay, reward, compensate’
*AVESTAN: YAv. zamana- (f.) ‘reward, payment, wages’ (N 17, F 626)
*KHOTANESE: ysamtha ‘payment for use’
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. z’mn’k ‘wage, payment’ || (+ *aua-) CSogd. ’wz’m-, MSogd.
"wz'm- ‘to repay, requite, condemn’, CSogd. ’wzms- (inch.) ‘to be repayed’
(+ *aua-) Pres.: IND. 3pl. CSogd. ’wz’mnt, OPT. 1р1. CSogd. ’wz’mym; Impf.: IND. 3sg. CSogd. w’z’m,
MSogd. w’z’m (Sogdica: 43); Inch.: impf. IND. 3sg. CSogd. ’wzms; Pass.: pres. OPT. 2sg. MSogd. ’wzty
пуу wByy ‘(so that) you should not be condemned’
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *aua-) wz’cyk, ’wz’cyk (Е) ‘accusation’ (< *aua-zmH- + *-¿T +
*_ka)
*BACTRIAN: (+ *aua-) wC- ‘to be liable, to be responsible, to be a liability’ = S-W,
Bact.: 234a
*NWIR: Ó Bal. zamin ‘bail, security’ is unconnected, being a borrowing from Urdu
zam(1)ni ‘mistake, misapprehension’ (< Arab.), Korn 2005: 282.
*NEIR: Pash. zaman (m.), zámna (f.) ‘stipend’ (МЕУР: 102)
On the etymology see Schwartz 1975: 202 ff. However, I cannot agree with his
ideas on the IE meaning (for which he gives ‘to match, (be in a) pair’) and possible
influence from *jem-, as they involve many, often arbitrary, assumptions. Despite
the objections raised by Schwartz, there is no compelling reason to consider the
meaning of Greek үоцёо ‘I marry (a woman)’ secondary, rather than old. The Gr.
meaning is no doubt related to the bridal payment given to the parents of the
prospective bride, cf. Mayrhofer, EWAia, Le DKS: 345b.
«PIE *éemH|,- ‘to compensate’ = LIV: — | Pok.: 369
*IE COGNATES: Gr. уорёо ‘I marry (a woman)’, yane&tng (m.) ‘husband’
*zanH! ‘to give birth; (pass.) to be born’
*AVESTAN: YAv. za(n)- ‘to give birth; (pass.) to be born’ || (+ *us-) ‘to breed,
produce; be produced, bred’ || (+ *ni-) YAv. nizanta- ‘born (in one’s own house)’
(F730) > Liste: 67
*zanHl 465
Pres. them. red.: IND. 3pl. YAv. zizananti (Yt 13.15), ? YAv. "us.zizanonti (V 3.5; De Vaan 2003: 213),
INJ. 3pl. YAv. zizanon (Vr 1.3, Vr 2.3), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. zizanät (Yt 13.142); Partic.: pres. YAv.
zizanäti (Yt 5.129), fut. med. YAv. zahiiamna- (Y 4.5, 24.10, Vr 11.13), perf. pass. YAv. zäta- (Y 9.5, Y
65.6, Yt 19.56, etc.); Pass.: IND. 3sg. YAv. zaiieiti (Yt 13.16), 3du. ҮАУ. us.zaiioie (Y 9.10), 3pl. ҮАУ.
*us.zaiieinti (У 2.41), INJ. Zeg YAv. us.zaiiagha (Y 9.13), 3sg. YAv. хайаа (V 1.17), SUBJ. 35р. ҮАУ.
zaiiaite (V 19.5), 3pl. YAv. zaiiante (Y 11.6, Vyt 1, Vyt 3, etc.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP z’y(h)-, BMP z” (YLYDWN-) /za-/ ‘to be born; to give
birth, bear’, MMP z’yn- (sec. caus.) ‘to bear, give birth to, bring forth’ || (+ *a-)
MMP d ВМР с? /azad/ ‘noble, free’ || (+ *fra-) MMP frzynd, ВМР prznd
/frazand/ ‘child, son, offspring’ (LW) > DMMPP: 380b f., 84b, 161a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP z’yyd, z’’yyd, z’yd, 3pl. MMP z’ynd, z’yynd, SUBJ. 3pl. MMP z’y’nd; Pret.:
IND. Isg. MMP z’dm; Partic.: perf. pass. MMP z'd, (pl) ВМР z’t’n /zadan/, caus. II MMP z’yn’d,
z’ynyyd; Caus.: pres. IND. 2sg. MMP z’ynyy, 3sg. MMP “z’yn’d; Inf.: ВМР zim /zadan/; Pass.: pres.
IND. 3sg. MMP z’yhyd, 3pl. MMP z’yhynd
*PARTHIAN: z’y- ‘to give birth to; be born’, z’dg ‘son’ || (+ *a-) *()jy- ‘to be reborn’,
"z'd ‘noble’ || (+ *fra-) frzynd ‘child, son’ = Ghilain: 87 f. | DMMPP: 380b f., 84b,
161a
Pres.: IND. 3sg. z’yyd, z'yd ‘is born’, Ipl. z’y’m, 3pl. z’ynd ‘they bear’, SUBJ. 3sg. "z'y'h, OPT.
z’yndyy; Partic.: perf. pass. z'd || (+ *4-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. "ууа, 3р1. ’jynd, "pd
*KHOTANESE: уѕап- ‘to give birth to’, ysai- (pass.) ‘to be born’, ysyafi- (caus.) ‘to
cause to be born’ = SGS: 112, 114
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. zn-, CSogd. zn-, MSogd. zn- ‘to bring forth’ || (+ *abi-) BSogd.
Bz’yn ‘offspring, son’ || (+ *a-) BSogd. ’’z’y, BSogd. ’’z’y ‘to be born, be produced,
grow; [tr.] to beget, produce’, MSogd. "y ‘to be born’ || (+ *upa-) MSogd. рх?
‘birth place’, MSogd. pz’tyk ‘homeland-’ || (+ *fra-) BSogd. Bs’nt’k, Bs’ntk ‘child’
(Sims-Williams 1983: 50; MacKenzie, SCE: 39) || (+ *ni-) nyz’tcw (f.) ‘born (in
one’s own house)’ (Yoshida — Moriyasu 1989: 23)
Pres.: IND. 3sg. (intr., med. ?) znty (v. Gharib 1965: 99), SUBJ. 3sg. CSogd. zn’t ‘she wants to give
birth’, IMPV. 2pl. MSogd. znd’ bring forth’; Pret.: tr. IND. 3sg. CSogd. znd’rt, Partic.: pres. CSogd.
zn'mnty ‘giving birth’ || (+ *a-) Well attested: Pres.: IND. 35р. BSogd. ’’z’yt, BSogd. "zyt, OPT. BSogd.
тугу, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: Z d (ppp.) ‘born’, z’dk ‘son’
*BACTRIAN: бобо, Cadyo, Cadayo ‘born, native’ || (+ *abi-) “aßlavavo (pl)
‘descendants’ || (+ *а-) aCu- ‘to be born, be produced’ || (+ *fra-) робо,
oopCivdo ‘descendant’ || (+ *ni-) viķaðayo ‘born (in one's own house)’ = S-W,
Bact.: 177b, 173, 230a, 208b
*NWIR: NP zäyad ‘is born’, Bal. za(y)-/zat, zah-/zahit, Kurd. zayin/zé- (also
pass./intr.), Zaz. zayis/zén-, Abz. zowa/zon-, Anar. (pres. 35р.) ezoya, Awrom.
zay/-z-, Tt. (Chal za/zas, (Ram.) zā/zāst ‘to give birth’, Gz. zén-/zint, zent, Gil.
(Rsht.) zaan/zaj-, Gur. (Kand) za/-zi, Khuns. za-/za, Mah. zö-/zä ‘to bear, bring
466 *zanH2
forth’ || (+ *a-) NP azad, Kurd. аха ‘free’, (Sor.) ‘free; hero’, Gz. äzzä ‘free’ || (+
*fra-) NP farzand ‘child, son’ (< Pth.)
*NEIR: Oss. I. zajyn/zad, D. zajun/zad ‘to bear, bring forth [usually of animals]; to be
born, grow’, Pash. zöwul, zézédal ‘to be born’, Yghn. zan-/zänta ‘bear, give birth; to
be born’, (orig. caus.) Sh. (Baj.) zi(y)-/zod, Rosh. zay-/zöd, Sariq. zey-/züd, zid ‘to
bear’, Yi. ziy-/zuy- ‘to bear a child’, Yghn. Zuta ‘child, son’ || (+ *a-) ? Wa.
yoz-/yozd-, Zit- ‘to bear [of animals]’ || (+ fra-) Sh. rizin, Khf. rizoen, Rosh. rizén,
Bart. razen, Orosh. rizin, Sariq. rajen ‘daughter’
*MISC: Par. zà-, Orm. zay- ‘to be born’ = zay-/zayok || (+ *à-) Arm. (LW) azat ‘free’
*SANSKRIT: jan! ‘to produce, cause to be born, create’ (RV+) > EWAia I: 567 f.
© This root has an impeccable IE etymology.
«PIE *бепН,- ‘to beget, bear, produce’ = LIV: 163 f. | Pok.: 373 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. үіүуорол ‘I become, come into being’, OLat. genunt ‘they
produce’, (ppp.) Lat. nätus ‘born’, Olrish gainethar ‘to descend from, to be
produced’, Arm. cnanim ‘I am born, bear’, Goth. airba-kunds ‘of earthly origin’
*REFERENCES: KPF I: 81b f.; Ivanow 1926: 422; EVP: 103 f.; IIFL I: 302a, 414b; EVP: 103; KPF II: 202;
Christensen, Contributions I: 67; IIFL П: 277a, 555b; Andreev — PeSéereva: 367a; MacKenzie 1966: 114;
EVS: 109b, 71b; WIMI: 74; WIM II/1: 86; WIM II/2: 639; Abaev, Slovar' IV: 284 f.; Cabolov 1997: 73;
Werba 1997: 288 f.; Paul 1998: 320a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 431; Cabolov 2001: 105; Kiefer 2003:
210; Lecoq 2002: 125; Shahbakhsh: s.v. za(h)-Korn 2005: 109 f., 379 (passim)
*zanHË ‘to know’
*AVESTAN: zan- ‘to know’ || (+ *aua-) ‘to perceive, recognize’ || (+ *pati-) ‘to
recognize’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to learn, get to know’ = Liste: 67
Pres. {1} na-: IND. 3pl. YAv. paiti.zanonti (Yt 13.46), ІМРУ. 2р1. OAV. paiti.zanata (Y 29.11); Pres. {2}
them. па-: IND. 3sg. YAv. frazänaiti (F 278, FrK 18 ff.), SUBJ. 3sg. YAv. paiti.zanat (Yt 13.50), 3pl.
YAv. auuazanan (У 6.45); Partic.: pres. desid. YAv. zixsnanhomna- (Yt 13.49, Yt 13.73), perf. pass.
Y Av. paiti.zanta- (Y 57.14, Y 57.34, Yt 8.34, etc.)
*OLD PERSIAN: Х$па- (inch.) ‘to know’ = Kent: 182
Pres. {1} inch.: SUBJ. 2sg. xsnäsähy <x-S-n-a-s-a-h-y> (DNa 42), 3sg. xsnasatiy <x-S-n-a-s-a-t-i-y> (DB
1.52); Pres. {2} na-: impf. IND. 3sg. adana <a-d-a-n-a> (DB 1.51), <[a]-d-a-n-a> DSq 3)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP ‘sn’s-, BMP sn’s- /Snas-/ (inch.) ‘to recognize, get to know,
(re)connaitre’, MMP d’n-, BMP d’n- (YD'YTN-) /аап-/ ‘to know, savoir’ || (+ *a-)
MMP "zynd, ’’znd ‘story’ (LW) = DMMPP: 93b, 134b f., 85b
Well attested: Inch.: pres. IND. 1sg. BMP ёп em /Snasam/, šn’sym /Snasém/, 3sg. MMP ‘sn’syd, BMP
Sn’syt /Snaséd/, 3р1. MMP *'sn'synd, BMP sn'synd /snäsönd/, SUBJ. 3р1. MMP ‘sn’s’nd, etc.; Pres.: IND.
1sg. MMP d’nym, 25р. BMP d’nyh /danéh/, 3sg. MMP d’nyd, 3р1. MMP d’nynd, etc.
сх?
*PARTHIAN: ‘Sn’s- (inch.) ‘to recognize, get to know, (re)connaitre’, z’n- ‘to know,
savoir || (+ *а-) "zynd, "znd ‘story’ || (+ *fra-) frz’ng ‘wise’ = Ghilain: 82, 84 |
DMMPP: 93b, 379b f., 85b, 161a
*zanH2 467
Well attested: Inch.: pres. IND. 3sg. “Sn’syd, 3р1. ‘Sn’synd, SUBJ. 3sg. ‘Sn’s’h, IMPV. 2pl. ‘sn’syd; Pres.:
IND. 1sg. z’n’m, 2sg. z’nyh, 3sg. z’nyd, etc.
*KHOTANESE: ysän- ‘to shine’ || (+ *aua-) OKh. уауѕап- ‘to recognize’ || (+ *pati-)
paysän- ‘to recognize’ || (+ *fra-) OKh. haysan- ‘to be aware’ || (+ *ui-) OKh.
biysen- (biyan-) ‘to wake up’, OKh. biysañ- (caus.) ‘to waken? = SGS: 112, 119,
71, 148
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. zn’kh ‘knowledge, уйапа' || (+ *a-) SSogd. "ein ‘to know,
recognize’, SSogd. "z'nt, BSogd. "z'nt, CSogd. "zynt, MSogd. '(")z(y)nd, MSogd.
"z'nt ‘tale, parable’ || (+ *pati-) SSogd. ptz’n, BSogd. ptz’(’)n, CSogd. ptz’n,
MSogd. ptz’n ‘to recognize’ || (+ *fra-) MSogd. ”fn’s ‘to recognize’ || (+ *ham-)
SSogd. nz’n ‘to declare’, BSogd. ’nz’n, CSogd. ’z’n ‘to acknowledge, confess, give
thanks’, CSogd. ’z’n ‘confession, acknowledgement, thanksgiving’
(+ *а-) Pres.: IMPV. 25р. SSogd. "z'n || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 2sg. MSogd. ptz’n’y, 3sg. BSogd. ptz’’nt,
Impf.: IND. 159. CSogd. ptyz’nw, MSogd. ptyz’nww, 3sg. BSogd. pt’yz’n, 3р1. BSogd. pt’yz’n’nt,
BSogd. pt’yzn’nt; Fut.: IND. 3pl. BSogd. ptz’nt k’m, SUBJ. 3pl. SSogd. ptz’nt k'm || (+ *fra-) Impf.:
IND. 3sg. MSogd. "f’sn’s || (+ *ham-) Pres.: SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. ’nz’n’t, POT.-SUBJ. 3sg. BSogd. ’nz’n’t
wn’’t, Impf.: IND. 15р. SSogd. mnz’nw, MSogd. mnz’nw (BBB: 36), 3sg. CSogd. mz’n; Fut.: IND. 15р.
CSogd. ’z’nnq’, 3sg. CSogd. ’z’ntq’; Partic.: pres. CSogd. ’zn’nyt (pl.) ‘confessors’; Inf.: BSogd. ’nz’n’y,
BSogd. ’nz’’n’y
*CHORESMIAN: m/n’s- ‘to become acquainted, accustomed’, (caus.) m/n’sy- ‘to
acquaint’ (n = [nn] < *zn- ?, rather than *xsn-, MacKenzie IV: 532) || (+ *apa-)
bn’sy- ‘to wean’ (< *‘to disaccustom’, MacKenzie I: 532) || (+ *ham-) m/nc’n- ‘to
acknowledge, admit’ > Samadi: 115, 22, 35, 119
*BACTRIAN: Cav- ‘to acknowledge, (bear) witness" = S-W, Bact.: 191b
*NWIR: Widely attested: NP Sinaxtan/Sinas- ‘to recognize, distinguish’, Kurd. näsin/
nas-, Zaz. паѕ-, Awrom. aznasay/aznas- ‘to know, recognize’, Gil. (Rsht.) -snast-/
Senas-, Khuns. iSnäs-, esnas-/isnayt, i$nasa, Mah. -isnas-, Qohr. esnasada/esnas-, Siv.
Snàs- (inch.) ‘to get to know, recognize’, NP danistan/dan-, Bal. zan-/zant, Kurd.
zanin/zan-, Zaz. zanayis/zan-, Tt. (Esh.) zun/zund, Anar. -izono/ezon-, Awrom.
zanay/-zan-, Fariz. zonást-/zon-, Yar. zönäj-/zön-, Gz. zün-/zünast, (LW) Gil. (Rsht.)
dänestzn/dän-, Gur. (Kand) zäna-/-zän-, Ham. zunayän/zun-, Isfah. zunän/zun-,
Khuns. zün-/zünä, Mah. zön-, Meim. zu:näj-/a-zun-, Nn. zuna/zön-/zun-, Natan.
zonaj-/zon-, Qohr. zünada/zün-, Semn. -zün- ‘to know’, Sang. -zunäj-/zun-, Soi
zünà-/zün-, Sorkh. (1sg.) me-zon-cem, (neg.) nä-zoen, Lasg. (1sg.) zæjn ‘to know; to
be able’
*NEIR: Oss. I. zonyn/zynd, D. zonun/zund ‘to know, be able’, (intr./pass. *-ja-) I.
zynyn/zynd, D. zinnun/zind ‘to be seen, appear’ || (+ *abi- ?) Yi. vozan-/vozad-, M.
vazan-/vazed- ‘to know’ || (+ *aua-) Sh. wiztin-/wizént, Rosh. wizön-/wizint, Sariq.
wazon-/wazond, Yzgh. vozan- ‘to know, recognize’ || (+ “*pati-) Pash.
468 *zanj
peZan-/p&Zand-, (?) Yghn. bizön-, bézón-, bizon-/bizonta (diff. prev. ?), Sariq.
pajan-/pajand, Wa. pazdan- ‘to recognize’
*MISC: (+ *pati-) Orm. pazän-, pazen- ‘to know, recognize’ = pazan-/pazanok ‘to
understand’, pazan- ‘to know’
*SANSKRIT: jfid ‘to know, recognize, understand’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 601
© This root has an impeccable IE etymology.
«PIE *éneH;- ‘to recognize, know’ = LIV: 168 ff. | Pok.: 376 ff.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. yıyvookoa ‘I recognize’, Lat. noscere, OCS znati, Lith. Zinöti ‘to
know’, Arm. canea- / cani- ‘to recognize’, Goth. kunnan, OHG kunnan ‘to know, to
be able’, Engl. to know, etc.
*REFERENCES: КРЕ I: 82b, 81a, 139a f., 206b, 245b; Ivanow 1926: 420; EVP: 63, 105; IIFL I: 405b;
Christensen, Contributions I: 69, 64, 161, 259; Christensen, Contributions II: 52, 55, 114; KPF II: 197 f.;
IIFL П: 260b; Abrahamian 1936: 125, 135; Lambton 1938: 42a; Andreev — Реёќегеуа: 232a; MacKenzie
1966: 89, 114; Yarshater 1969: 183; EVS: 96a, 55b; WIM I: 69, 74; DKS: 214; WIM II/1: 86; Blau 1980:
281; WIM III: 117; Omar 1992: 702a; Abaev, Slovar' IV: 315, 323; Cabolov 1997: 73; Werba 1997: 403
f; Paul 1998: 306b, 320a; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 458; Cheung 2002: 255; Lecoq 2002: 121, etc.;
NEVP: 68; Kiefer 2003: 205; Shahbakhsh: s.v. zan-; Korn 2005: 37, 88, 379 (passim)
*Zanj ‘to seize’
*KHOTANESE: (+ ш-) LKh. biysamj- ‘to take hold of = SGS: 97
*NEIR: Sangl. zenz-, zenj-/zuyd, Ishk. zänz-/zöyd ‘to seize, catch, lift up, take on
one's back’
9 The root may not be Plr., considering its limited distribution.
*PIE LIV: - | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 425a; DKS: 285b f.
*zap/f ? ‘to become quiet, still’
*KHOTANESE: ysah- ‘to become still, quiet’, OKh. yseh- (caus.) ‘to make quiet’
=> SGS: 112
The etymology of Khot. ysah- is unknown. The previously assigned meaning ‘to
cease’ and the suggested connection with the postulated Av. root zah- ‘to abandon’,
cited in SGS: (and DKS: 348a) are to be discarded, in light of the recently
discovered form ysotta (Suv. 2.66). The hapax form ysotta translates Skt. tusnibhüto
“became still’, Skjzerve, l.c. On account of -h- in the present forms and -ott/-autt in
the past the Khot. forms would go back to a root *zap/f which cannot be supported
by any cognates though: expressive ? The Avestan forms quoted in DKS: l.c. can be
interpreted differently: for YAv. frazahit (Y 60.7) see *zaH, and OAv. zaxiia- (Y
53.8), cf. Insler, Gathas: 326.
*PIE— => LIV: - | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Skjervo, SVK III: 129 f.
*zarH2 469
*zarH! ‘to hurt, wound, anger’
*AVESTAN: zar- ‘to hurt, wound’ || (+ *2-) ‘to hurt, wound, offend’ = Liste: 67 f.
Pres. them. nä-: OPT. 1р1. OAv. zaranaéma (Y 28.9); Caus.: med. 3pl. YAv. äzäraiiente (Yt 13.30), OPT.
25р. Y Av. azaraiioi$ (FrD 4); Partic.: pres. ania- med. YAv. zaranimna- (Yt 10.47), perf. med. ҮАУ.
zazarana- (Y 9.30, Yt 11.5), perf. pass. zarata- (Yt 11.5)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *ā-) MMP "z'r-, BMP el /azar-/ (orig. caus.) ‘to torment,
offend; hurt" > DMMPP: 85a
Caus.: pres. IND. 3sg. MMP "z'ryd, ’z’ryd, BMP cht /azaréd/, SUBJ. 3sg. MMP "z'r'd, IMPV. 2sg.
BMP ’c’! /azar/; Inf: BMP ’c’Itn /azardan/; Partic.: pres. MMP ’’z’r’g, perf. pass. BMP ’clt /azard/, BMP
‘см /azurd/
*PARTHIAN: zr- ‘to become angry’ || (+ *a-) ’z’r-, ’’z’r- ‘to injure’ = DMMPP:
384a, 85a
Partic.: perf. pass. П zr'd || (+ *a-) Pres.: IND. 3sg. ’z’ryd, 2р1. ’z’ryd, SUBJ. 25р. "z'r'h; Partic.: perf.
pass. *’’zyrd
*KHOTANESE: ysurra- ‘wrath’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *4-) BSogd. "z'yr ’’z’rt ‘to hurt, trouble’, MSogd. "zyr ‘to offend,
hurt’ || (+ *upa-) BSogd. ’pz’rn ‘to disturb, afflict (?)’ || (+ *pati-) CSogd. ptzyr- ‘to
afflict, torment’, MSogd. ptzrn ‘anger’
(+ *a-) Caus.: pres. IND. 159. MSogd. "om (BBB: 32), 35р. BSogd. ’’z’yrt, impf. 1sg. MSogd. m’zyrw
(BBB: 34); Pass.: pres. SUBJ. 3sg. MSogd. "zyry (Sogd.Tales: 469) || (+ *upa-) Pres.: SUBJ. 35р.
BSogd. ’pz’rn’t || (+ *pati-) Pres.: IND. 35р. dur. CSogd. ptzyrtq, CSogd. “ptzrtq; Impf.: OPT. 3pl.
CSogd. ptyzyr.nt
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *à-) m/’zry- ‘to be offended, feel offended’, (caus.) m/’z’ry- ‘to
offend’, ’z’ryk ‘harm’ || (+ *upa-) pz’r- ‘to blame, rebuke’. 0 Samadi derives the
Chor. formation pz’r- from *pa-zara(1a)-, with prev. *pa-, whose existence in Ir. was
already doubted by Henning 1965: 246, fn. 29. The preverb may be rather *pati-, in
view of CSogd. ptzyr (Sims-Williams 1989: 262). = Samadi: 11, 166
*NWIR: Bal. zar ‘anger’ (but Bal. zar ‘lament’ < NP хаг, *zaHr) || (+ *а-) NP
azurdan/azar- ‘to torment, injure’, NP azar ‘affliction, disease, grieve, vexation,
injury; [in compounds] tormenting, reproaching’ (LW), Bal. 4zurt/azar- ‘to hurt,
annoy, vex, molest’ (< NP ?)
*NEIR: Pash. zor- ‘to vez, distress; blame’
*SANSKRIT: har ‘to be angry’ (RV+) > EWAia II: 805
© No precise IE cognates of this Пг. root are attested.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 103; DKS: 354a; Werba 1997: 448; NEVP: 102; Shahbakhsh: s.v. azar-
*zarH? ‘to age, grow old’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. zar- ‘to age, grow old’ = Liste: 68
Partic.: pres. s- (+ priv.) YAv. azarosant- (Yt 19.11, Yt 19.19, Yt 19.23), YAv. azarsant- (Yt 19.89);
Partic.: perf. pass. zarata- ‘old’ (V 3.13, P 22)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP zrd ‘infirm (from old age)’ > DMMPP: 384a
470 *zarH3
*KHOTANESE: ysir- (ysad-) ‘to become old’ => SGS: 113
*NWIR: NP zal PN (in Shahn.), also ‘old (wo)man’
*NEIR: Oss. z&rond ‘old’, Pash. zor (m.), хага (Ё), Yi. zor ‘old (of people)’
*MISC: Orm. zal ‘old’ (LW ?)
*SANSKRIT: jar’ ‘to age, grow old’ (RV+) > EWAia I: 577
© This root has an impeccable IE etymology.
«PIE *gerH>- ‘to age, grow old’ = LIV: 165 f. | Pok.: 390 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. eynpa ‘became old’, Gr. yfipag ‘old age’, Gr. yepwv (m.) ‘old
man’, Arm. cer ‘old; old man’, OCS ss-zpreti “о ripen’
*REFERENCES: IIFL I: 413b; DKS: 346b; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 304 f.; Werba 1997: 289 f.; NEVP: 103
*zarHË ‘to bewail the deceased, 5: JS ex ull”
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: MMP zryg, BMP zlyk /zarig/ 'sorrow, suffering! (LW)
c DMMPP: 380a
*PARTHIAN: Z'r, Zryg ‘sorrow, suffering? > DMMPP: 380a
*KHOTANESE: LKh. ysär- ‘to sing’, ysera- ‘wretched’. 0 On ysirum ‘wretched’ (not
‘loud’, DKS: 353a) see Skjerve, SVK I: 107. © SGS: 112
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. z’ry, z’r’k, z’r’y ‘compassionate; pitiful’, CSogd. z’ry (indecl.)
‘pitiful, pitiable, sympathetic’
*CHORESMIAN: zry- ‘to announce, reveal, speak about (sorrow)? > Samadi: 264
*NWIR: NP zaridan ‘to weep, moan’ (LW), Bal. zarit/zar- ‘to be uneasy, pine for’, zar
‘lament’? (< NP) || (+ *a-) Kurd. azar (f.) (Kurm.) ‘weeping, crying’, (Sor.)
‘suffering’
*NEIR: Oss. I. zælyn/zæld ‘to sound’, І. zaryn/zard, D. zarun/zard (caus.-iter.) ‘to
sing’ || (+ *aua-) Oss. I. uzalyn/uzeld ‘to nurse, tend; to coax; to show attention; to
do something nice; to regale’ || (+ *a-) Oss. I. azelyn/azzld, D. azeelun/azaeld ‘to
give sound, echo’
*MISC: Georg. (LW) zar-i ‘horror’, Abkh. (LW) a-zar ‘songs at memorial feast’
9 The Ir. forms appear to refer to the bewailing ceremony performed in memory/
honour of the deceased: this usually involves singing, comforting, calling and ritual
lamentation (etc.). Ir. *zarH (connected to Skt. jar ‘to sing’ ?) should therefore be
separated from *garH!, Skt. gar ‘to greet, praise’, which rather refers to the
welcoming cermony given to a guest.
«PIE *g(e)rH>- ‘to bewail the deceased (i.e. through lamenting, calling, singing (etc.)
in honour/memory of the deceased)’ = LIV: 161 | Pok.: 352
ЈЕ COGNATES: Gr. үйрос ‘voice’, Olrish -gair ‘to call’, OE cearu ‘sorrow, care’,
Engl. care
*REFERENCES: Abaev, Slovar’ I: 96 Ё; DKS: 349a f., 355a; Abaev, Slovar’ IV: 295 f., 23 f., 288 f£;
Cabolov 2001: 105; Shahbakhsh: s.v. zar-; Korn 2005: 206, 379
*zau 471
*zarš! ‘to be excited, delighted, rejoice’
*AVESTAN: YAv. zarš- ‘to be excited’ = Liste: 68
MED.; Partic.: pres. (a)ia- Y Av. zarSaiiamna- (Yt 14.20)
*PARTHIAN: g3- ‘to rejoice’, gsyft ‘pride’ (from *‘complacency, satisfaction’)
= Ghilain: 58 | DMMPP: 165b
Pres.: IND. I pl. 2$, 3р1. gsynd, 2р1. gsyyd; Partic.: perf. pass. gš'd ‘glad, joyous’
*SOGDIAN: (+ *ui-) SSogd. wys-, BSogd. wys-, CSogd. wys-, MSogd. wys- ‘to
rejoice’
Well attested: Pres.: IND. 1sg. SSogd. wys’m, 25р. dur. CSogd. wysysq, 3sg. BSogd. wysty, 3р1. BSogd.
wys’nt, CSogd. wysty, SUBJ. 1sg. MSogd. wysn, etc.
*CHORESMIAN: ysy- ‘to rejoice’ = Samadi: 80 f.
*NWIR: NP gas ‘happy’, Kurd. gasan-awa ‘to rejoice’
*NEIR: ? Pash. ziZ ‘rough, stiff, rigid’ (in yüne mi ziZezi ‘the hairs of my body
become stiff?)
*MISC: Arm. (LW) garsim ‘to loathe’
*SANSKRIT: hars ‘to be delighted, excited’ (RV+) = EWAia II: 807
© According to Mayrhofer, EWAia, l.c. Skt. hars is the result of a convergence of
two Ш. roots *f'ars (continued by Y Av. zars-) and * garš (continued by Pth. gš-,
Sogd. wyš-, etc.). On the contrary, these "two" roots actually go back to the same IE
root *g"ers- (Lubotsky, per litteras). The variant *g'ars with initial velar stop arose
after the depalatalisation of the palatovelar in the zero grade *g"rs- (Weise’s Law).
«PIE *g”ers- ‘to be delighted’ > LIV: 178, 198 | Pok.: 445 f.
*IE COGNATES: Lat. horrére ‘to be stiff, ruffle up’
*REFERENCES: Gotö 1987: 347; Morgenstierne 1942: 264; Werba 1997: 387; NEVP: 101
жаг 9 ‘to draw, drag’
*AVESTAN: (+ *fra-) Y Av. frazars- ‘to drag forth’ || (+ *ni-) YAv. nizars- ‘to draw,
drag forth’ — Liste: 68
Pres. them.: IND. act./med. 3sg. YAv. nizarSaiti/e (V 19.30); Partic.: perf. pass. YAv. frazarsta (Ё) ‘(cow
that) is dragged, driven forth’ (Yt 10.38)
*SANSKRIT: cf. har! ‘to take, bring’ EWAia II: 803 f.
© The existence of this root in Ir. is dubious, as it is solely based on two Avestan
forms (and transposed BMP /nizarséd/ ad V 19.30). It is perhaps the result of a blend
of *zar ‘to take, bring’ (= Skt. har) root and *kar&/*xrah.
“PIE LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: Bailey 1953: 36 f.; Kellens 1984: 109
*Zau ‘to pour (libation)’
*AVESTAN: YAv. zaodra- ‘libation’ (Y 22.1, Y 66.1, Y 68.1, etc.) || (+ *a-) ҮАУ.
a-zuiti- ‘clarified butter, sacrificial fat’ (Yt 10.65)
472 *zauH
*PARTHIAN: (+ *ui-) wzw- ‘to fade, wither’, wyz’w- (caus.) ‘to exude, extinguish’
=> Ghilain: 76 | DMMPP: 362b, 360b
Pres.: IND. 35р. wzwyd, 3pl. wzwynd; Partic.: perf. pass. wzwd; Caus.: pres. IND. 35р. “wyz’wyd, 1р1.
wyz’w’m, 3р1. wyz’wynd
*KHOTANESE: LKh. ysun- ‘to pour, strain’ || (+ *ni3-) LKh. *nalysv- (na’ysv-) ‘to
issue’ || (+ *ui-) buysai- ‘to extinguish’ => SGS: 113, 49, 101
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. zwt’k ‘beer, liquor’, CSogd. Хуу (Asg. m.) ‘libation’ || (+ *ш-)
MSogd. wyz’w ‘extinction’
*NEIR: (+ *apa-) Oss. I. evzyjyn/avzyd, D. evzujun/evzud ‘to fall out (of hair)’,
Yzgh. zaw-/zod ‘to tread down, compress, squeeze’ || (+ *upa-) ? Yi. avzáno, M.
yivzano ‘wooden ladle’ || (+ *ui-) Sh. wizaw-/wizud, Ishk. (w)uzin-/(w)uzit, Sariq.
wazew-/wazid, wazud, Yzgh. woziw-/wozod ‘to be extinguished’, Yzgh.
wozaw-/wozawd ‘to extinguish’, Yi. wuzä-/wuzievd- (caus.) ‘to extinguish, blow out
a fire’, Yi. wuzyo ‘extinguished’
*SANSKRIT: hav ‘to sacrifice, to offer, to pour (an oblation, ghee etc.) (RV+)
c» EWAia II: 808
«PIE *g"eu- ‘to pour, libate” > LIV: 179 | Pok.: 447 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. ҳёо ‘I pour, to spill’, (ppp) Gr. хотос ‘spilled’, Toch. В ku- ‘to
pour’, Goth. gup (n.), Engl. god, etc.
*REFERENCES: IIFL II: 264b f.; Abaev, Slovar’ I: 214 f.; EVS: 109b, 96a, 118b; Werba 1997: 270;
Cheung 2002: 168; Kiefer 2003: 194b
*zauH ‘to call’
*AVESTAN: Zu- ‘to call’ || (+ *abi-) ‘to call upon’ || (+ *ä-) ‘to call to’ || (+ *upa-) ‘to
call upon, invoke’ || (+ *uz-) ‘to call out’ || (+ *ni-) ‘to call off, herabrufen’ = Liste:
69
Pres. {1} (a)ia-: IND. 15р. YAv. äzbaiia (Y 15.1, Vr 6.1), YAv. nizbaiia (Vd 20), YAv. zbaiiemi (Y
17.18, Y 26.1, Y 59.18, etc.), 2sg. YAv. zbaiiehi (Yt 17.17), 3sg. Y Av. zbaiieiti (Yt 10.83 f., Yt 10.86, Yt
13.24, Yt 13.35), ҮАУ. upa.zbaiieiti (Yt 13.69), 3du. Y Av. zbaiiato (Yt 13.35), 1р1. YAv. zbaiiamahi (Yt
12.3, Yt 12.10, Yt 12.11 ff, etc.), INJ. 3sg. YAv. zbaiiat (Yt 13.28), SUBJ.(/IND.) Isg. OAv. zbaiiä (Y
35.5, Y 46.14, Y 51.10), Y Av. à zbaiiai (Yt 10.77 Ё), OPT. med. 2sg. Y Av. zbaiiaesa (Yt 15.49 ff.), 3sg.
Y Av. zbaiidit (Yt 4.2), IMPV. med. Zeg YAv. nizbaiian‘ha (V 19.13 f., V 19.34); Pres. {2} them.: IND.
3sg. YAv. zauuaiti (Y 11.1 f£), 3pl. YAv. zauuainti (Y 11.1); Partic.: pres. {1} YAv. zbaiiant-, perf. med.
YAv. aißi.züzuiiana- (Y 8.4, N 71), perf. pass. YAv. uzbata- (Yt 13.42); Intens.: IND. lsg. OAv.
zaozaomi (Y 43.10), med. Isg. YAv. "zaozuiie (G 1.6)
*OLD PERSIAN: (+ pati-) zu- ‘to proclaim’ (LW) © Kent: 211a f.
Pres. (a)ia-: impf. IND. 1sg. patiyazbayam <p-t-i-y-z-b-y-m> (XPh 38)
*PARTHIAN: (+ *apa-) ’bzwysn ‘malediction, curse’ = DMMPP: 18b
*SOGDIAN: SSogd. ’zw- ‘to call’, ? MSogd. zBnd ‘quarrel’
Pres.: IND. 15р. SSogd. ’zw’m, 35р. SSogd. ’zwtt
*CHORESMIAN: ZD- “о curse’ = Samadi: 262
*zgad 473
*NEIR: Pash. zwag (m.) “noise, clamour, din’. 0 But zwag (m.) ‘bitterness, distress;
gall’ < *a-zausa- ‘dis-pleasure’, *zau8.
*SANSKRIT: hav’ ‘to call upon, invoke (ritually, at a sacrifice)’ (RV+) > EWAia II:
809
© This root has a good IE etymology.
«PIE *g"euH- ‘to call upon’ — LIV: 180 f. | Pok.: 413 f.
*IE COGNATES: OCS zsvati, Slov. zváti, Toch. B kwa- ‘to call out to, invite’
*REFERENCES: Werba 1997: 332; Adams 1999: 235; NEVP: 103
*zauš ‘to take pleasure, rejoice in’
*AVESTAN: YAv. zus- ‘to take pleasure, rejoice in’ || (+ *a-) ‘to be joyful about
something’ — Liste: 69
MED.; Pres. athem. red.: IND. 3sg. YAv. äzüzuste (P 43); Partic.: perf. pass. YAv. zusta- (F 620, F 764,
VdPZ 17.8)
*OLD PERSIAN: dausta (Nsg.) ‘friend’ <d-u-8-t-a> (DB 4.56, DB 4.69, DB 4.74, etc.)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: BMP dws- /doš-/ ‘to love, like, choose ?’, MMP dwst, BMP dwst
/dost/ ‘loving; friend’ = DMMPP: 145b
Pres.: IND. 3р1. BMP dwsynd /dosend/; Pass.: pret. IND. 3sg. BMP dwsyt /dösid/; Inf.: BMP dwsytn
/dösidan/
*PARTHIAN: zws ‘love’ = DMMPP: 386a
*KHOTANESE: ОКЪ. ysus- (ysv-) ‘to value; approve’ = SGS: 113
*NWIR: NP dost ‘friend’ (also dost dastan ‘to love’),
*NEIR: Pash. 20Ха (Ё) ‘a kind of syrup’, zwag ‘bitterness, distress; gall’ (< *a-zausa-)
*SANSKRIT: jos ‘to like, be pleased, to enjoy’ (RV+) = EWAia I: 599
© This root has an impeccable IE etymology.
«PIE *geus- ‘to taste, like, choose, be pleased’ — LIV: 166 | Pok.: 399 f.
*IE COGNATES: Gr. yevouat, Lat. gusto ‘I taste’, gustus ‘taste, enjoyment’, Olrish
do-goa (3sg.) ‘chooses’, Goth. ga-kiusan ‘to test’, NHG kosten ‘to taste’
*REFERENCES: EVP: 103; DKS: 354b; Werba 1997: 187; NEVP: 104
*zgad ‘to go on, gallop, mount’
*AVESTAN: YAv. zgaó(/0)- ‘to go on horseback, gallop’ || (+ *fra-) ‘to go forth’
c» Liste: 69
Pres. them.: IND. med. 3sg. YAv. zgaóaite (V 9.46), Y Av. frazgaóaite (Yt 5.97), INJ. 35р. ? YAv. zga0at
(F 20), med. 35р. Y Av. frazgaóata (Yt 19.56, Yt 19.82)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? BMP yh- /jah-/ *to jump; arise, happen, occur' (see below)
Pres.: IND. 3sg. BMP yhyt /jahed/; Partic.: perf. pass. BMP yst /jast/
*KHOTANESE: (+ *aua-) LKh. va’ysged- ‘to dismount’ || (+ *fra-) OKh. haysgas-
(pret. stem) ‘to walk’ = SGS: —
474 *zgar (*Zgar ?)
*SOGDIAN: (+ *abi-) BSogd. Bzyó, CSogd. bzyd, MSogd. Bjyst- ‘to mount’ || (+
*aua-) BSogd. ’wzy6 ‘to dismount from a horse’ || (+ *ham-) ? CSogd. ’zgd ‘to leap
u
EN Impf.: IND. 35р. SSogd. B'zyó, 3р1. BSogd. B'zyó nt, CSogd. b’Zydnt, Pass.: pperf. intr. IND.
3sg. MSogd. Pjystyy wm’t ‘was mounted’ || (+ *aua-) Impf.: IND. 3sg. BSogd. w’zyö, 3р1. BSogd.
w’zyö’nt, Perf.: IND. 3sg. MSogd. ’wjystyy "'styy ‘is descended’ (ВВВ: 34) || (+ *ham-) Impf.: IND.
3sg. CSogd. ’zgd
*NWIR: ? NP jastan/jah-, Khuns. £is(s)- (inch. ?) ‘to jump’, Bal. jist/fih- ‘to flee’ (<
NP ?), Qohr. jugada/jug- (with a hiatus filler -g-), Tr. Zva(yayZv- ‘to walk’. Ф The
old connection cited by Horn 1893: 94 for NP jastan/jah- is semantically
implausible, cf. Hübschmann 1895: 50. Bailey suggested a connection with Av.
zgad- (scribbled on his copy of Horn 1893: 94 ad jesten). The initial j- of the verb
would go back to the palatalised variant *dj-< Plr. *zj- ?
*NEIR: Pash. zyastal/zyal- ‘to run’, Yi. zoyal-/zoyast- ‘to run away [from a wild
animal]’, Sangl. ziö-/züst ‘to flow, run’
*MISC: (+ *aua-) Par. uzg-/uzgi ‘to descend’
© The root is exclusively Ir.
*PIE— > LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: EVP: 101; IIFL I: 238a; IIFL II: 275a, 424b; DKS: 355b, 466b; Lecoq 2002: 122, 129;
NEVP: 101; Korn 2005: 94, 318, 369.
*zgar (*Zgar ?) ‘to flow, drop’
*AVESTAN: (+ *fra-) YAv. fraZgar- ‘to flow into’ = Liste: 70
Pres. them.: IND. 3sg. YAv. fraZgaraiti (Y 65.4, Yt 5.4)
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. zy’rt ‘quick’, BSogd. zy’rtr ‘quicker’, CSogd. Zyrt ‘quickly’,
CSogd. zy’r ‘moisture, trickle’
*NWIR: (+ fra-) NP fargar ‘river-bed’
*NEIR: Oss. I. æğzælyn/æğzæld, D. egzelun/egzald ‘to flow into/out; to drip’, Oss.
I. egzalyn/egzeld, D. egzalun/egzald (caus.) ‘to cause to flow’, Wa. zgar-/zgard-
‘to wade; to walk; to return’, Pash. zgast- ‘to swim’, Pash. zyard ‘quick, fleet’ || (+
fra-) Oss. legzer, læzğær ‘scree’
*SANSKRIT: ksar ‘to flow’ (RV+) || (+ pra-) praksar ‘to stream forth, ooze’ (RV+)
=> EWAia: 428
9 Probably identical to *gZar.
*REFERENCES: EVP: 101; Abaev, Slovar' I: 536 f.; Werba 1997: 343; Steblin-Kamenskij 1999: 436
*7rad ? ‘to talk, speak’
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: ? MMP dr’y- ‘to shriek, call, cry out’, BMP dI’(d)y- /drayi-/ ‘to
howl, talk (daevic)’. © Skt. hräd- ‘to sound’ is compared to these Persian forms in
*zuar 475
EWAia II: 823. Alternatively, the Persian forms can also derive from *drau’.
c DMMPP: 138b f.
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP dr’yd, BMP dl’yt /drayéd/, 3р1. MMP “dr’ynd, BMP /drayéd/, IMPV. 2р1. MMP
dr’yyd; Partic.: pres. BMP dl’d’n /dräyan/, perf. pass. MMP dr’yst, ВМР dl’yt /drayid/; Inf.: BMP dl’dytn
/drayidan/
*NWIR: ? NP daräyıdan ‘to speak aloud, call’, NP daray ‘bell’
*NEIR: ? Pash. Zay ‘sound, noise, voice’ || (+ *upa-) Pash. bZalga ‘scream’
*SANSKRIT: hräd ‘to sound’ (KS+) = EWAia П: 823
9 An IE provenance for the Ш. root cannot be established.
*PIE— = LIV: — | Pok.:
*REFERENCES: EVP: 106
*zuar ‘to go (in a particular manner: crookedly, limp, sim.)’
*AVESTAN: Y Av. zbar- ‘to go crooked, limp’ = Liste: 69
Partic.: pres. YAv. zbarant- (Yt 15.50 f.), med. YAv. zbaromna- (Yt 19.42)
*MIDDLE PERSIAN: (+ *para- *pari-) MMP przyr- ‘to keep away [’w from]’
c DMMPP: 283b
Pres.: IND. 3sg. MMP przyryd
*KHOTANESE: (?) LKh. s7’r- ‘to go ill, turn bad’ = SGS: 126
*SOGDIAN: BSogd. zB’yr (caus.) ‘to cause to arrive, reach ?' || (+ *ni- or *ham-)
SSogd. "nzpr- ‘to go’
Caus.: pres. ОРТ. 3sg. BSogd. zB’yry (Dhu. 145) || (+ *ni- or *ham-) Pres.: SUBJ. 350. SSogd. ’nzßr’t
(AL 2.45)
*CHORESMIAN: (+ *upa-) ? b’Z’w- ‘he writhed with hunger [= Arab. ç ,>Jl s sl ?,
‘he cried out of hunger [= Pers. SS 5I 2 15] ?’. © Samadi compares the Chor.
verb to Skt. ä-hruta- ‘un-bent, not crooked, straight’. The Skt. ppp. ä-hruta- is
usually considered a peculiar form of the root hvar. This may also apply to Chor.
c» Samadi: 35
*NEIR: Oss. I. zyryn/zyrd, D. zurun/zurd ‘to circle (around), turn’, I. ævzær ‘bad,
evil’, Yghn. zwar-, zwer- ‘to turn’, ? Pash. zwar, zawar (m.) ‘slope, descent’
*SANSKRIT: hvar ‘to go in curves, staggering’ (RV) > EWAia П: 824
“PIE *g"uer- or *g"uel- ? ‘to go crooked, staggering vel sim.’. © On the recon-
struction *g"uer- see Schindler 1972: 37 Ё > LIV: 182 f. | Pok.: 489
*IE COGNATES: Gr. Өйр, Lith. žvėris ‘wild animal’ or Lith. pa-Zvilti ‘to bend’, Latv.
zvelu ‘to roll (over)’
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[Dialects in the surroundings of the town Kashan]: Vonisun", Koxrud", Kese,
Zefre, Sankt-peterburg 1888. Vol. 2: Dialekty goroda Semnana [Dialects of the
town Semnan]: Sengiser", Semerzod". Dialekty polosy goroda Isfahana [Dialects
in the surroundings of the town Isfahan]: Sede, Gjaz", Kjafron". Dialekty polosy
goroda Siraza [Dialects in the surroundings of the town Shiraz]: Sivend".
Guranskij dialekt" derevni Talaxedésk" [The Gurani dialect of the village
Talahadask]. Narécie evreev" goroda Kasana [The speech of the Jews of the
town of Kashan]. Narécie derevni Tadzris" [The speech of the village Tajri8], I.
Teksty, II. Slovar’. Petrograd, 1922.
ZVS: see KZ
INDICES
compiled by Jasper May
Asa rule, the forms are arranged in the order of the Latin alphabet, the “modified” letters following their
“simple” counterparts, e.g. й after a, Ө after t, etc. The vowels are ordered first by quality and then by
quantity, e.g. a, á, à. However, the traditional order of the Devanagari script is observed for Sanskrit and
Khotanese. As to the Bactrian and Greek forms, they are given in the order of the Greek alphabet (with
Bactrian p after o).
1 INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES............... 508 1.1.6.1 Kandule.................................. 544
1.0 Proto-Indo-European......................... 508 1.1.3.6.2 other and unspecified............ 544
1.1 EE 510 1.1.3.7 ENT 544
1.1.1 Old Iranian iin 510 1.1.3.7.1 Bakhtiari................................. 544
1.1.1.1 NERT 510 11372 other and unspecified............ 545
1.1.1.2a Old Persian................................ 513 1.1.3.8 Tati nn 545
1.1.1.2b Old Persian in Elamite texts.....513 1.1.3.9 Central dialects of Iran.............. 545
1.12 Middle Iranian ............................... 514 1.1.3.9.1 Abuzeydabadi........................ 545
1.1.2.1 Middle Persian.......................... 514 1.1.3.9.2 Abyaneht „issues 545
1.1.2.1.1 Manichean (MMP) ............... 514 1.13.93 Ardestäni ............................... 546
1.1.2.1.2 Zoroastrian (ВМР)............... 516 1.1.3.9.4 A Stiyani recede 546
1.1.2.1.3 Monumental (IMP)............... 519 1.1.3.9.5 RE 546
11.2.2 Parthians as sss 519 1.1.3.9.6 Isfahani Asa 546
1.1.2.2.1 Standard (Manichean) .......... 519 1.1.3.9.7 Farizandi................................ 546
1.1.2.2.2 Monumental (IPth.)... 522 1.1.3.9.8 EE 546
1.1.2.3 Khotanese.. 522 1.1.3.9.9 Hamedani............................... 547
1.1.2.3.1 Khotanese . 522 1.1.3.9.10 JowSaqani . .548
1.1.2.3.2 Tumshugese . 526 1.1.3.9.11 Kafroni.. .548
1.1.2.4 Sogdian.......... 526 1.1.3.9.12 Kasa’i.... .548
1.1.2.5 Choresmian ... 532 1.1.3.9.13 Kasani... 548
1.1.2.6 Bactrian ..... 535 1.1.3.9.14 KeSehi .. .548
1.1.2.7 Sarmatian... 536 1.1.3.9.15 Khunsari .548
1.1.3 New West Iranian. 536 1.1.3.9.16 Khuri..... ‚549
1.1.3.1 New Persian .............................. 536 1.1.3.9.17 Mahallat .549
1.1.3.1.1 Classical. 536 1.1.3.9.18 Meime’i .549
1.1.3.1.2 Tadjiki 1.1.3.9.19 Natanzi.. .549
1.1.3.1.3 other varieties ...................... 540 1.1.3.9.20а Naini ..... .549
1.1.3.2 Balochi инан 540 1.1.3.9.20b Anaraki ............ esee 550
1.1.3.2.1 Easter Hills............................ 540 1.1.3.9.21 Qohrüudi.................................. 550
1.1.3.2.2 unspecified............................ 540 1.1.3.9.22 Бедер 551
1.1.3.3 Kurdistan 541 1.1.3.9.23 SO een 551
1.1.3.3.1 Копани 541 1.1.3.9.24 і
1.1.3.3.2 SOLANGE uses 541 1.1.3.925
1.1.3.3.3 other and unspecified ........... 542 1.1.3.9.26
1.1.3.4 KE es 543 1.1.3.9.27
1.1.3.5 Awromant. 543 113.928
1.1.3.6 ër E 544 1.1.3.9.29
506
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
INDICES
.1.3.9.30 Zetrehi uses 552 122
.1.3.10 Caspian and Northeastern 1.2.3
dialects of Iran .......................... 552 13
.1.3.10.1 PAM ALT. ee 552 14
.1.3.10.2a Сао 552 141
.1.3.10.2b Rast dialect иин 552 142
.1.3.10.3 EE 552 143
.1.3.10.4 Мағапйегапі ......................... 553 144
.1.3.10.5 Sa geSatl улузун 553 1.4.5
.1.3.10.6 Semnani................................ 553 1.4.6
.1.3.10.7 Sorxehi 1.5
.1.3.10.8 Sabmer 294). 553 1.6
.1.3.10.9 Tales sie 554 1.6.1
.1.3.10.10 Velatru................................... 554 1.6.2
.1.3.11 1.6.3
.1.3.11.1 1.7
.13.11.2 1.7.1
.1.3.11.3 1.7.2
.1.3.11.4 1.7.3
-1:312 Northeastern dialects of Iran....554 1.7.4
.1.3.12.1 Khorasani.............................. 554 1.7.5
14 New East Iranian.. 554 1.7.6
.1.4.1 Ossetic ....... .554 1.7.7
1.4.2 Pashto. 560 1.7.8
1.4.2.1 Afridi.. 560 1.7.9
.1.4.2.2 Wanetsi . 560 1.8
.1.4.2.3 Waziri.... 560 1.8.1
.1.4.2.4 unspecified............................ 560 1.8.2
.1.4.3 Pamir languages........................ 561 1.8.3
.1.4.3.1a Shuglini- 2 nens 561 1.8.4
.1.4.3.1b Bajui dialect ..................... 563 1.8.5
.1.4.3.2 Bártangpl.. EE 563 19
1.4.3.3 Ishkashimi............................. 564 1.9.1
.1.4.3.4 Khufi шин. 564 1.9.2
.1.4.3.5 Oroshori................................. 564 1.9.3
1.4.3.6 Roshani у S 564 1.9.4
1.4.3.7 1.9.5
1.4.3.8 1.9.6
1.4.3.9 1.9.7
.1.4.3.10 1.9.8
.1.4.3.11 Yazghulami.... e ek 568 1.9.9
144 Yidgha-Munji............................ 570 1.9.10
1.4.4.1 Ké 570 19.11
1.4.4.2 A DEE 571 19.12
.1.4.5 Yaghnobi ................ sss 571 1.9.13
.1.4.6 Parachi-Ormuri......................... 572 1.9.14
.1.4.6.1 Paraclhi:« RAS 572 1.9.15
.1.4.6.2 Ormus 573 1.9.16
2 Indo-Aryan.................. ШШШ енер 573 1.10
2.1 San SEFIC nn NN, 573 1.10.1
Middle Indo-Aryan........................ 576
Modern Indo-Aryan languages .....576
Albanian `. 576
Anatolian ............. sese 576
Hittite |... 576
REN Ak wees ewes: 577
Hieroglyphic Luwian..................... 577
EYA nennen 577
Dy MAM |a 577
IN 577
AMETAN ee A 577
Baltic: Lee 578
Lithuanian ................ esee 578
Latvian viae 579
Old Prussian................................... 579
NIE 579
Old Church Slavonic ..................... 579
Church Slavonic............................. 580
Kugener 580
EI et E 580
Bulgarian .... .580
Serbo-Croat
Slovenian...
Polish .580
Czech .580
Celtic .580
Gallic .580
Old Irish.. .580
Middle Welsh .581
Welsh Zoe iere OS 581
Bretó ueste RR 581
Germanic .............. eese 581
VT 581
Гапвобагаіап ................................. 581
Old Norse aa. 581
New Icelandic ................................ 582
Norwegian RR 582
Old English .................................... 582
Middle English............................... 582
Present day English....................... 582
Old: ахоп tee 583
Middle Low German ..................... 583
Old High German.......................... 583
Middle High German..................... 583
New High German......................... 583
Old Frankish................................... 584
Old: Frisian. uses 584
Dutch nennen 584
Greek „essen 584
INDICES
1.10.2 Mycenaean unten 586 21,2
1.11 Haliét' ` l a uy 586 213
1.11.1 Каш: Liu 586 2.1.4
1.11.2 Italian sid 587 2.1.5
1.11.3 French LR 587 22
1.11.4 Umbrian wayayasqa ЕЕН 587 2.2.1
1.11.5 OSCARS. Re 587 222
1.12 Tocharian „uk 587 2.2.3
1.13 РУ АЙ ve 588 2.2.4
1.14 Thracian «c s 588 2.2.5
2 NON-INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES ..... 588 2.2.6
2.1 Semitic languages sss 588 2.2.7
2.1.1 Akkadian.:;; ннн 588
2.2.8
Aramaie: Acces 588
Sut — — 588
E E 588
НеБгеуу RENE sees 588
Other languages.................................. 588
Сес EE 588
Abkhaz .......... sese 588
Udmürt neuen 588
Hungarian... 588
jc Sei 588
Chuvash. 588
Tibetan ........................................ aa. 588
Brahut s ah 588
508
1 INDO-EUROPEAN
LANGUAGES
1.0 Proto-Indo-
European
*b'eg-. 4
*b'eg".. 125
*b'eH-, 1
*b'eHg-, 2
*b'(e)Hg-s'/,-, 20
*b'eid-, 3
*b''eiH-, 3
*b'elg/é^-. 14
*b'eld^-. 14
*b'end'-, 6
*b'eng^-. 71
*b'er-. 10
*b'erg^-. 11
*b'erd^-. 13
*b'erH» з-, 10
*b'ery-, 12
*b'eud'-. 15
*b'eug-, 19
*b"eug™-, 18
*b'euH;-/bheH;u-, 17
*p'ed^-. 21
*b'reg-, 24
*b'reá-/b''eré-, 23
*b'reHid-, 22
*b'reiH-, 23
*b'rem-, 24
*b'uH>-s°/,-, 26
*deH,-, 47
*deH;-, 47
*deHou-, 68
*deHi-, 45
*deiH>-, 51
*deik-, 52
*dek-, 64
*dek"s-, 71
*demH»-, 55
*denk-, 57
*dens-, 57
*der-, 60
*derk-, 62
*derb"-, 60
*dieuH,-, 73
*di-n-eH»-, 51
*dl-eH;-, 61
*dmH)-sk- ?, 64
INDICES [Proto-Indo-European]
*dreg"-, 76
*drem-, 76
*drep-, 60, 75, 77
*drepo-, 77
*dreu-, 78
*dreuH-, 80
*dreuH-so-, 80
*duei-, 82
*d'eb"., 43
*d'eg"^.. 54, 452
*d'eH;-, 46
*d'eH,-i-, 47
*d'eig"-, 53
*d'er-, 59
*d'eré^-, 63
*d'ers-, 62
*d'eu-, 66
*d'eug"-, 70
*d'euH»-, 68
*d'g"'er. 124
*d'meH-, 56
*d'reu-, 77, 78
*d'reub-, 79
*d'reug"-, 81
*d"ugHster-, 121
*geg"-, 118
*gei-b"-, 96
*geié-, 97
*gel-, 106
*gem-, 102
*geuHs>-, 115
*gemb'-, 463, 464
*бетнН,-, 464
*genH,-, 466
*gerH>-, 470
*geus-, 473
* SieuH-, 39, 226
*éneHs-, 468
*gomb"o-, 463
*g"eH»-, 94
*g"eiH;-/*g" Hsi-, 223
*o(eld'-, 106
*g"e]H-, 109
*g"elH;-, 108
*g"em-, 101
*o"erd'-, 106
*g"erH-, 107
*e"erH;-, 109
жо” der. 124
*g"^r-eH,-d'e-, 123
*o"u-jup-, 320
*g'eHu-, 95
*gher-, 104
*g'eud"-, 115
*g"rebH>-, 121
*ghreib"-, 121
*g"rem-, 122
*é'eH,-, 461
*d'ei-, 462
*é'ers-, 471
*d'eu-, 472
*d'euH-, 473
*d'uer- or *é'uel-, 475
*g"eg^. 221
*o!"MeH d^. 96
zeihen. 4, 225
*o™er- 105
*g""ono-, 103
*g”"ormo-, 105
*Heig'-, 160
*HeuH-, 169
*Hieud"-, 176
*Hmelk-, 180
*HreH,-, 187
*(H)reH,d'-, 187
*HreH;d-, 186
*(H)reud-, 193
*(H)reudH-, 194
*Hreup-, 196
*Hued'-, 201
*Hui-d'H;-, 204
*HieHis-, 154
zeng". 170
*Hiei-, 157
*HieisH»-, 159
*Hijep-, 163
*Hier-, 165
*Hierk"-, 163
*Hies-, 152
*H;(e)uk-, 217
*Hieukos-, 168
*Hieus-, 170
*Higer-, 173
*HigreH-, 173
*HieH;-, 176
*H,lei$-, 189
*H,leng""-, 192
*H,leud"-, 194, 208
*Hırei-K-, 189
*Hirem-, 191
*Hireug-, 195
*HirH;-(e)s-, 167
*HiueH»-, 204
*(H;)ues(H,)-, 406
*Hiuok-eie-, 200
Zeg, 172
*H;ekHs-, 168
*Hoeid"-, 157
*Hoeik-, 158
*Heis-, 158
*Heisd-, 160
*Hield"-, 163
*Hnelg””-, 167
*FbelH; 166
*Hielk-, 190
*H;emHs-, 160
*H;enH,-, 161
*H;erH5s-, 130
*H;eug-, 429
*H;lek-s°/;-, 196
*Hmei-, 178
*H» met. 177
*Hmeig™-, 178
*H>merd-, 180
*H>merg-, 182
*Н›пек-, 184
*Н›пег-, 183
*H»reu-, 192
*H»seus-, 174
*H»uedH-, 202
*H»ueg-, 205
*H»ueg-s*/,-, 429
*H»ueHi-, 203
*H»suelH;-, 209
* H;uenHi;-, 206
*H»ues-, 202
*Hiek"-s-, 171, 214
*H;emHs-, 160
*Hier-, 165
*Hieb"-, 175, 213
*Hmeig"-, 178
*Hameig^-, 178, 179
*H;neid-, 182
*Hireé-, 198
*HayreiH-, 188
*HireuH-, 194
*Нзтеи-, 165
*jeb®-, 213
*ieH»-, 210
*ieH;$-, 220
*jeHss-, 211
*jem-, 212
*jes-, 210
*jet-, 215
*jeug-, 218
*ke(H)up-, 250
*keHs-, 227
*keH>-mo-, 228
*k(e)Hop-, 33
*k(e)Hou-d”-, 228
*keHou-s’/,-, 251
*keiHs-, 229
*kenH;-, 233
*ke-n-H>-, 234
*ker-d-/*kre-d-, 444
*kerH»-, 239
*kert-, 245
*ki(e)H»-, 39
*kieu-, 42
*kop-, 235
*kreu-, 448
*kseip/b-, 453
*ksen- ( *pksen-?), 92
*ksenu-, 458
*kseu-, 454
*ksneu-, 457
*ks(n)eus-, 458
*(k)sueip-, 459
*KeHs, 326
*KeHs-, 326
*Keid-, 327
*KeiH;-, 328
*Kek?-. 324
*Kel-, 335, 336
*KelH-, 337
*Kem, 330
*KemH3>-, 330
*Kens-, 334
*Kep-, 335
*Kerd-/*Kred-, 444
*KerH;-, 337
*KerH;-, 338
*KeuH;-, 341
*Keuk-, 340
*Ki-, 39
*Kiesd-, 343
*Klei-, 355
*Kleu-, 357
*Kueno-, 370
*Kues-, 369
INDICES [Proto-Indo-European]
*k"eHod-, 445
*k"ei-, 27, 28
*k"(e)iH;-, 30
*k"eis-, 30
*k"eK-, 246
*Kk"e-k"K-, 35
*Kk"elH;-, 34
*k"els-, 243
*k"em-, 40
*k"er-, 238
*k" erH-, 241
*k"ieH;-, 38
#k H;eg-, 445
*k"ol/rH;-eie-, 241
*k”reiH2-, 447
*krep-, 241
*k"seub"-, 455
*leg"-, 323
*leH;d-, 322
*leH;-, 306
*leH;K-, 307
*leid^-, 311
*leik™, 308
*leip-, 308
*leitH-, 309
*lend"-, 313
*leub"-, 315
*Jeug- or *leug-, 318
*leuH-, 318
*leuk -, 316
*louk-sno-, 321
*med-, 253
*megH»-, 121
*meHi;-, 256
*m(e)H;g"-, 254
*meig"-, 259
*mei-g”"-, 259
*meiH-, 258
*meik/g(-s)-, 261
*melk"-, 266
*meitH-, 260, 261
*meitH;-, 260
*meld"-, 267
*men-, 74, 263
*menH-, 264
*mentH»-, 264
*mer-, 265
*merH-, 268
*merH»-, 268
*mers-, 269
*meuk-, 270
*meuk'”-, 275
*mHbeg- (*mag-), 272
*mieuH,-, 273
*mleuH-, 275
*mn-ske/o-, 257
*neb"-, 276
*nedo-, 277
*neido-, 278
*neig"-, 279
*neiH-, 279
*neiH, з-, 279
*neik-, 277
*nek-, 283
*nem-, 280
*nemH_-, 281
*neu-, 284
*neu(H)-, 285
*ped-, 288
*peHk-, 299
*peH»-, 289
*peH;(-i)-, 289
*peiH-, 290
*peik-, 292
*peis-, 292
*pek-, 92
*pek-se/o-, 299
*pek"-, 287
*pek"-s°/,-, 304
*pelH;-/pleH;-, 296
*pel-k-, 295
*per-, 291, 293-4, 298
*perd-, 295
*perHs-, 297
*perk-, 295
*pers-, 298
*pes-, 304
*pesd-, 305
*pet(H,)-, 301
*peu-, 301
*p(e)uH-, 303
*ріеН?-, 301
*pleH; -d'e/o-, 86
*pleu-, 91
*pod-/ped-, 305
*por-no-, 297
*preiH-, 87
*prek-, 90
*sed-, 126
*seg-, 129
509
*seHiji-, 153
*seik"-, 128
*sek"-, 125
*s(e)l-, 130
*selg-, 133
*selH,-, 131
*selk-, 131
*senH»-, 128
*sep-, 129
*ser-, 130
*ses-, 127
*seu-, 134
*seuH;-, 135
*s(e)uH-, 135
*(s)g"" Hoel-, 347
*sH»(e)i-, 136
*sieuH;-, 137
*skeid-, 327
*(s)keid-, 343
*skek-, 325
*skem-, 371
*skend-, 37
*(s)ke(n)dH»-, 343
*skep-, 345
*skerd"-, 346
*(s)kerp-, 447
*(s)ker-t-, 244
*(s)keud-, 37
*skeu(H;)-, 348
*skob'-, 235
*(s)Kek-, 325
*(s)Kend-, 333
*(s)k"eHit-, 37
*(s)k"ei-t-, 31
*(s)mer-, 138
*smer-, 138
*sneig™-, 349
*(s)neH»-, 348
*speH,-, 350
*spek-, 354
*sper-, 351
*sperd"-, 352
*sperg"-, 353
*sperH-, 353
*sperH:g-, 199
*sreb"-, 140
*(s)reg-, 314
*sreu-, 141
*srneH»;-, *sernH»-, 132
*steH» -, 360
510
*(s)teig-, 362, 390
*(s)teud-, 390
*(s)teug-, 387
*stemb"(H)-, 363
*step-, 363
*ster-, 364
*sterH;-, 365
*sterHs-, 365
*steu-, 366
*steup-, 367
*streng"-, 367
*sueH;d-, 141
*sueid-, 144
*suel-, 148
*suenH»-, 145
*suep-, 147
*suer- ( *suor-), 151
*suer-, 149, 150
*teH>-, 376
*teHok-, 376
*tek-, 375
*tek"-, 374
*temH-, 377
*temp-, 389
*ten-, 377
*ten-d-, 378
*teng"-, 392
*tenk- (*temk- ?), 378
*tep-, 380
*terd-, 380
*terH;-, 382
*terH>- (*treH;-), 382
*terk"-, 380
*terp-, 383
*ters-, 384
*tetk-, 385
*teuHy)-, 387
*teuk-, 401
*teus-, 389
*tken-, 453
*tkei-, 371
*tmH-sk‘/,-, 377
*treH u-, 395
*trem-, 395
*trenk(")-, 396
*trep-, 396
*tres-, 394
*trH;-u-, 384
*tueng'-/tuenk-, 399
*tuer-, 399
INDICES [Avestan]
*yeb'-, 402
*yed'H,-, 405
*ue£"-, 432
*ueHir-, 407
*uei(H;)-no-, 413
*ueig-, 414
*ueiH;-, 411
*ueik-, 416
*ueip-, 415
*uek-, 427
*пек“-, 404
*uel-, 419
*uelH;,-, 421
*uemHi;-, 417
*uen-, 418
*uer-, 207
*uerg-, 426
*uer(H)-, 422
*uerHi;é-, 423
*uert-, 425
*ues-, 405
*uet-, 428
*uied' Haute 411
*ujeH,., 435
*uoid-, 409
*ureg-, 438
*ureik-, 438
*uré"-so-, 209
1.1 Iranian
1.1.1 Old Iranian
1.1.1.1 Avestan
аё-, aii-, 154
aenah-, 174
aes-, 158, 159
aesma-, 157
ah-, 151,152
ahaxsta-, 442
aißi.ynixta-, 119
aipiiaxs-, 171
aiBiianh(ana-), 210
aißi.naptim, 276
aißi.vantim, 417
aißi.vöizd-, 416
aißi-sif-, 327
ainiti-, 174
aipi-OBaoya-, 18
ama-, 160
amauuant-, 160
an-aocah-, 168
an-auua-uruxti-, 318
aoc-, 169
aog-, 460
aoj-, 169
aomna, 168, 169
ap-, 161
ar-, 163-166
araska-, 167
ard-, 163
arj-, 166
armaé-Sad-, 154
ars-, 167
asarota-, 338
аѕрӧ.вагәт, 109
astö.biö-, 2
asa.stombana-, 362
asa.vazah-, 432
aSomaoya-, 271
aSa0B0.zgatama-, 398
as.baouruua-, 12
aS. vandra-, 205
auu-, 168
auua.miuu-, 273
auua.sió-, 326
аиш.Бада, 20
az-, 171
äyar-, 107
аүхгад-, 123
äd-, 153
ada-, 43
ädiuu-, 73
afonta-, 84
ah-, 153
akas-, 245
aman-, 263
à.moiiastra, 260
аѕәп-, 330
asito, 167, 328
(а)ѕрәгәг-, 353
azi-, 172
a-zuiti-, 471
axnah-, 161
aphana-, 153
baesaza-, 21
b(a)ii-, 3
ban-, 4
baod-, 14
*baoó-, bus-, 15
baoiriia-, 12
baoó-, 14
bar-, 6
baroz-, 12
barazan-, 13
barozimanam, 12
baronti, 10
bauu-, bü-, 16
baxs-, 19
band-, 4
bandaiieiti, 4
baZ-, baxs-, 1
ban-, 4
bazah-, 71
barag-, 11
baraj-, 10
barazant-, 12
barazi.gädra-, 94
bozuuant-, 71
bis-, 21
bisaz-, 21
bras-, 25
braz-, 21
büj-, bunj-, 18
büs-, 25
büstis, 25
caii-, 26
caiias-cà, 28
car-, 33
са$-, 35
Ci-, caii-, kaii-, kae-, 27
-cinah-, 233
cis-, 30
c(O)it-, 31
daés-, 51
d(a)i-, óai-, 48
d(a)ii-, 46
dab-, 42
daibis-, tbis-, 82
daibisiiant-, 82
dar-, 59
daroga-, 162
daros-, 61
daroz-, 62
darsi-nika-, 277
dasoma-, 64
dauu-, 66
daxs-, 70
daxsära-, 70
daxsta-, 70
dazda, 45
dazdé, 45
danh-, 56
daz-, 53
da-, 47
dà-, óà-, 43
daómainiia-, 55
dàr-, 57
dasta-, 64
dasto.ratu-, 64
dauu-, dao-, 65
dabaz-, baz-, 72
dabazah-, 72
d(o)roBóa-, 435
dorost, 62
drafsa-, 60, 75, 77
draosa-, 80
drauu-, 77, 78
агәВӧа-, 60
dronj-, draZ-, 76
druj-, druZ-, 80
drusta-, 80
duuan-, 83
duuár-, 83
duZ-gainti-, 103
oma-, 160
emauuant-, 160
fiianhu-, 86
fradauu-, 68
fradaxStar-, 70
fradBoz-, 82
fragädra-, 94
framaoc-, 138
framuxti-, 138
frao0-, 91
frapixsta-, 71
fras-, paras-, 88
°frasane, 88
frascinb-, 344
frasiiazj-, 329
frasparoya-, 198
frastan-, 361
frasna-, 88
fra.uruxti-, 318
frauuaéya-, 413
frauua-, |
frazars-, 471
frazgar-, 474
frad-, frad-, 86
fradorosra-, 61
frakoronaot, 240
INDICES [Avestan]
frasma-, 371
frauu-, 90
fri0-, 88
fit-, frii-, 87
fsoratü-, 93
fsaroma-, 92
fian- (vi) 91
gaesa-, 97
gah-, 93
gam-, 98
ganti-, 103
garoma-, 105
garo, 109
gau-, 95
gà-, 93
gà0a-, 94
yar-, 172
gor-, 107
goroóa-, 106
goropta-, 119
goroz-, 111
-yna-, 103
“eynaire, 108
grab- (gorob-), 119
gram-, 122
gu- (? gau-), 112
guz-, 117
güs-, 115
yZaon-, 453
yZür-, 123
hac-, 124
haéc-, 127
haétu-, 127
haéz-, 128
haf-, hap-, 129
hah-, 126
han-, 128
handramana-, 75
haos-, 173
har-, 129
harac-, 131
haraz-, 132
hau-, 134
ham.bao6-, 15
ham.sris-, 355
ham.storot-, 365
hi-, 135
hiö-, 125
his-, 128
hitäspa-, 136
hu-, 135
hudoma-, 141
hunara-, 182
hunu-, 135
hu-xsnuta-, 456
hu frasmo.dati-, 371
1-, 174
irita, 188
iriĝ-, 309
is-, 158
15-, 160
i0iiajah-, iOiiejah-, 393
iz-, 159
Jaö-, 220
Jan-, yn-, 224
*jar-, 109
*jarois, 109
Ji-, jaii-, 222
Ji(1)-, 223
juua-, 222
kahrkasa-, 168, 239
kan-, 233
kan- (ni), 229
*kan-, 232
kar-, 236, 239
karapan-, 241
kars-, 241
kart-, 243
kasiiah-, 247
kasu-, 247
Ка-х*агәба-, 150
kà-, 227
kas-, 248
kus-, 251
maó-, 253
maéya-, 259
maékant-, 257
maesina-, 261
maési-, 261
ma&0ä-, 260
maez-, 179
mag-, 254
maii-, 177
maiiah-, 156
?man-, 264
maoóano.kara-, 271
mar-, 264
marad-’, 266
maroz-, 180
ma-, mi-, 254
511
man-, man-, 73
man-, man-, 262
moronc-, тагәх$-, 265
moroZd-, 269
moangh-/mah-, 158
mi-, 177
minas, 262
mi0-, 259
mið- (moi0-), 260
midah-uuacah-, 260
mi00, 260
miz-, 261
morond-, 179
mrao-, 274
mrao-, mrü-, 274
mraoc-, 274
mräta-, 274
nad-, 276
naó-, 277
naii-, nae-, 278
napta-, 276
nar-, 183
naropis-, 282
*n(a)id-, 182
nàidiiah-, 277
näs-, 282
nas-, аё-, 183
пабапәп, 282
пәт-, nàm-, 280
norof-, 282
noro.garom, 109
niyr-, 108
niiu-, 215
nimraoka-, 274
nishida-, 126
niuuaiiaka-, 3
niuuar-, 207
-niuuä-, |
*ni-uui0-, 410
niuuiz-, 433
nizars-, 471
nizonta-, 464
niz-, 279
pac-, 286
paó/0-, 287
paés-, 291
paiiah-, 290
pairi.aojastara-, 217
pairi.bri-, 22
pairi.daez-, 52
512
pairi.gà.vacah-, 94
pairi.tan-, 377
pairiOna-, 154
pairi.uruuaesta-, 436
paitiiank-, 49
paiti.bisi-, 21
*paitismaoc-, 138
paitismux-, 139
“paidim raó-, 186
parona-, 297
parö.dasma-, 64
parsat.gauu- PN, 298
pas-, pas-, 299
pasna-, 299
pat-, 299
pazd-, 304
pà-, 288
pàr-, fr-, 293
pàra-, 293, 294
por-, 294
par-, fr-, 295
por-, pär-, pir-, 293
poroó-, 295
porot-, 298
pi-, 290
pic-, 290
pis-, 292
pitu-, 289
pu-, 302
pusa-, 303
ra-, 306
raec-, 307
raes-, 308
гаё0-, 309
ranha-, 140
raoc-, 316
raocah-, 316
raoó-, 193-4, 317
raonam, 140
raoxsna-, 321
rap-, 314
rauuo.frao0man-, 91
razah-, 322
ra-, 186
räd-, 187
raó-, 186
гапііб.ѕКәгәій-, 313
ras-, 315
гаг-, 196, 306
ranj-, 191
INDICES [Avestan]
ros-, ranh-, 140
гәпа-, 313
riz-, 310
rüp-, 195
sac-, 324
saē-, saii-, 328
san-, son-, 330
saoc-, 338
sar-, 335
sarota-, 336
sari-, 338
satayna-, 103
sauruua-, 338
saóaiianti-, 341
sah-, 326
sar-, 337
scind-, scand-, 342
sand-, 332
songh-, sanh-, 334
si- (sa-), 325
siiazd-, 343
skapta-, 344
skar-, 345
snaéZ-, 349
snaoó-, 350
snaoóa-, 350
ѕпаӨ-, 349
snä-, 348
spar-, 352
sparoya-, 198
spas-, spas-, spös-, 353
spaxsti-, 350
spä-, 369
spara.dasta-, 64
spärö.dästa-, 64
spərəda, 352
sponta-, 370
spon-ca, 370
srao-, 356
sraosa-, 397
srasc-, 356
sri-, 354
stau-, stü-, 366
staxra-, 362
sta-, 358
stonbiia, 362
star-, star-, 364
Stor-, stri-, star-, 363
stij-, 361
suši, 369
sü-, sáuu-, 341
su-ka-, 29
Saii-, 370
(S)mar-, 137
Soi6ra-, 371
()sam-, 39
3à-,38
Sama, 38
3(ii)auu-, Säuu-, 3ü-, 40
3(ii)à-, 37
tac-, 372
tap-, 378
tar-, 380
tarsna-, 383
tat.ap-, 375
tauruu-, 384
tauu-, tü-, 386
tata-, 375
Gë. 384
tinja, 393
tiZi.dastra-, 57
trap-, 383
tus-, 388
tbistiant-, 82
tkaesa-, 30
Oamnahuuant-, 390
0anuuaro, 0anuuan-, 68
0anj-, 378, 391
Өгао-, 394
0га-, 394
6ranh-, toros-, 393
*Өгәпс-, 395
0B(a)ii-, 0Boi-, 397
0Baxs-, 400
ӨВахёаһ-, 400
0Basa-, 399
0Baz-, 398
ӨВәгәѕ-, 0Baroz-, 399
u-, 204
ubdaéna-, 402
ubj-, 199
uf-, 401
upadaros-, 62
upaetom, 94
upastorona-, 364
uru-, 194
uruuaeó-, 436
uruuaédam, 436
uruuaes-, 437
uruuaii-, 436
uruuaj-, 438
uruuadah-, 438
uruuäd-, 438
uruuaz-, 438
uruuid, 436
us-, 202
uxóa-, 169
uzdaez-, uzdis-, 52
uzüidiioi, 168
una-, 204
vad-, 201
vad-, уад-, 200
vada-, 404
vadar-, 404
vaec-, 407
vaeman-, 263
vaen-, 412
vaena-, 413
vaep-, vif-, 415
vahma-, 405
vaii-, vae-, vi-, 411
vaiiah-, 416
vam-, 417
van-, van-, 417
vanä-, 183
vand-, 205
vanh-, 202
vanh-, vas-, 405
vaoc-, vac-, 402
var-, 419, 420
varod-, varəó-, 208
varoduua-, 435
varana-, 209
varat-, 423
varaz-, 422
varozaiiant-, 422
varozi, 438
varoz-, 209
vas-, us-, 427
vasna, 427
vas-, 418
vaxs-, 428
vaz-, 429
và-, 203
vad-, 404
var-, 406
var-, 206
vas-, 432
vat-, 427
vaz-, 432
vazista-, 432
voroc-, 420
voroz-, 425
vid- ‘know’, 408
vid- ‘find’, 409
vidauua, 411
vilanaya, 161
viiauua-, 1
viiu-, 215
vij-, 292, 413
visapa-, 175
viuua-, |
vi-, 407
vid-, 204
viópoz-, 82
viyzraó-, 123
vikaiehe, 28
vikan-, 229
vimiti-, 258
vimitö. dantänö, 258
vis-, 415-6
vispö.paitiis, 289
viuuap-, 418
vixaó-, 439
voiZd-, 416
xà-, 440
xraod-, 448
xraos-, 448
xrap-, 447
xsa-, 450
xsaiias-ca, 452
xsanmanai, 457
*x§am-, xSan-, 453
*xSaob- (xsuf-), 454
*x§aod-, 455
xSaodah-, 455
хёабга-, 371
xšā-, 451
xšiið, 452
хёпи-, 457
хёидга-, xSudra-, 455
xsuuaep-, 459
xSuuaéba-, 459
x'ab-, x'af-, 145
x'an-, 144
x'agh- (paiti), 141
х*аг-, 147
x'ara-, 150
x'araiQiia-, 149
x'ar-, 149
INDICES [Old Persian]
x‘asta-, 141
x‘is-, 143
yaes-, 209
yam-, yas-, 211
yaoz-, 218
yat-, 214
yaz-, 219
yà-, 210
?vyamong, 176
yü-, 215
yüó-, 176
yüj-, 217
zadanha, 188
zah-, 468
zaii-, 461
za(n)-, 464
zao6ra-, 471
zar-, 469
zarom, 104
zars-, 471
zarsuua-, 62
zaxsaera-, 460
za-, zo-, 461
zan-, 466
zar-, 469
zbar-, 475
zgad-, 474
zgaó(/0)-, 473
zomana-, 464
zonb-, 463
zi-, 462
zu-, 472
zus-, 473
1.1.1.2a Old Persian
abiyajav-, 112
*abiyataka-, 175
ah-, 152
apagaud-, 117
aspa-cana PN, 233
avahard-, 132
*avaharda, 132
avakan-, 230
avarad-, 322
avars(s)a-, 164
a-xSata-, 453
ay-, 154
amata-, 255
avahanam, 202
à-xsn(a)u-, 456
*band-, 4
bar-, 7
barsna, 13
big-, 2
°bigna-, 2
dar-, 57
darga-, 162
dars-, 62
daustä, 473
där-, 57
di-, 462
а(и)гиј-, 80
fraha(")j-, 128
framä-, 255
frasa-, 369
frais-, 159
*gam-, 99
garma-, 105
gasta-, 103
gaub-, 113
Gaubaruva, 12
grab-, 119
hamadar-, 57
ha™taxs-, 384, 400
hauma-varga-, 209
hunara, 182
Jad-, 221
Ja(n)-, 224
ji-, 223
jiv-, 222
ka(n)-, 232
kar-, 236
man-, 262
mar-, 264
*maudabaga-, 271
man-, 73
mia", 258
mu(")0-, 275
nay-, 278
nika(n)-, 230
nirs(s)a-, 164
ni-Säd-, 125
parars(s)a-, 164
pati-xsa-, 451
patiyavah-, 405
pavasta-, 303
pa-, 288
“pada-, 305
ріӨ-, 291
prs-, 88
raucah-, 316
rauta(h)-, 140
rs(s)a-, 164
*spaya tiyaya, 369
sta"b-, 362
sta-, 358
S(1)yav-, 40
S(1)yata-, 37
S(1)yati-, 37
t(a)rs-, 393
tav-, 386
Өаа-, 332
Өак-, 324
0a"h-, 334
Өаис-, 338
0av-, 67
Qatiy, 326, 334
udpat-, 300
upari-xSa-, 451
и-Өапиуап-іуа-, 68
uvaxstra-, 170
uz-mayä-patiy, 177
vahu-misa-, 177
vain-, 412
vaj-, 204
van-, 205
v(a)r-, 420
vart-, 424
vasna, 427
*vibanda-, 4
vidarna- PN, 57
vika(")-, 230
у1па0-, 282
vistaspa-, 136
vitar-, 381
у10-, 416
vimard-, 179
vrd-, 426
xsna-, 466
xSnu-, 457
yad-, 219
yas-, 211
yaud-, 218
yanam, 210
Zu-, 472
513
1.1.1.2b Old Persian in
Elamite texts
/aranjanany «ha-ra-an-
za-na-um>, 313
514
hh.mi-ban-da, 4
Ma-u-mi-is-Sa, 177
u-mu-mar-qa, 209
1.1.2 Middle Iranian
1.1.2.1 Middle Persian
1.1.2.1.1 Manichean
(MMP)
"gws-, 248
'C)mwrz-, 269
'C)myxs-, 261
’O)myz-, 261
"ny- 278
”pr’h, 89
*’sn’y-, 348
*’stw’n, ’stw’n, 366
"$wb, 454
"w'g, 403
""wr-, 7
"Uxw'n-, 144
”y-, 155
"yb, 72
"7,172
"z'r-, 469
"zynd, "end 466
’b’y-, 155
’bd’c-, 373
’bd’g, 300
"bdx-, 373
’ben-, 230
’bhwm-, 463
’bn’m-, 280
’br’st-), 196
’brwc-, 316
"brys$wm, 437
’bxs’y-, 450
’bxw’n-, 144
’bxwn, 144
"byst, 358
"bysyh-, 326
’bz’y-, 112
’bzw-, 112
"bzyn-, 29
*dyh-, 155
*dyn-, 155
’fr’h, 89
"fryn-, 87
"fwr-, ’pwr-, 87
’gyrd, 240
INDICES [Middle Persian]
"himwg"n, 271
*hr’m-, 312
"hynz-, 391
"md. 99
"m'dg, 255
"mwrd-, 424
’n’m-, 280
"ndwc-, 387
"ndwxyn, 400
"pr-, 7
"ps rysn, 336
"pwr-, 7
Trade, 68
"rySk, "ry$q, rysk, 167
’rz’’n, 166
"rn 166
’sm-, 39
’st’r, 364
*'st'rd, 364
"'ám'r-, 137
’snw-, 456
*Synzyh-, 129
^w'c-, 403
’wb’r-, 12
"wb'y-, 288
"wb'yn-, 288
’wbxt, 19
"wbys-, 300
’wdrnz-, 76
"wrzw(w)g, / wrzwg,
11,318
"wsn-, 331
"wxyz-, 440
’wyst’b-, 363
’wyst’bysn, 363
"wzdys'n, 51
"wzn-, 224
"wzyh-, 155
"xs'd, 452
*xSyn-, 171
"xyz-, 440
"xyzyn-, 440
’y’b-, 162
’y’rd-, 61
"y rdysn, 61
*y’s-, 175
’yrnz-, 191
"vun, 49
’ywyng, 49
"z'd, 465
‘sp’s, 353
‘sprhmg, 198
‘sps-, 353
‘spwr, 295
'spwx-, 354
‘spyz-, 350
‘st’n-, 361
‘st’y-, 366
‘stbr, 362
‘stft, 362
‘stwy-, 367
*'stmbg, ‘stmbg’n, 362
“k'f-, 344
*&kfs-, 344
*&kn-, 342
‘Skrw-, 346
‘šmyr-, 137
*án's-, 466
‘šn’z-, 348
‘snwm-, 457
“уте, 157
*yst-, 358
‘ystyh-, 358
'ystyn-, 358
‘yw’ryh, 208
'zw'r-, 206
*zwrd-, 424
bly, 13
b’m, 1
bn, 4
br-,7
br’z-, 21
bryn-, 22
bryz-, 23
bsn, 13
bw-,17
bwind, 13
bwr-, 22
bwxs-, 18
bwyy-, 15
bwz-, 18
bxs-, 19
bxsyh-, 19
bxt-gyh, 3
bys-, 82
bys’z-, 21
c’snyg, 35
c’xs-, 35
cn-, 36
cnyh-, 36
cr-, 33
cy-, 28
cyn-, 26
d’d, 45
d’mg, 47
d’n-, 466
d'r. 58
d’yg, 47
dm-, 55
dr’y-, 77, 474
drd, 61
drfs, 75
drwsg, 80, 81
drwz-, 80
dstn, 56
dw-, 65
dw’r-, 84
dwr-, 79
dwst, 473
dxsg, 70
dy-, 44
dyb, 72
dyd, 49
dys-, 53
fr’mwc-, 139
fr’mwS-, 268
frbys-, 2
frg’m-, 227
frmyn-, 190
frnm-, prnm-, 280
frsr’’y-, 357
frsy-, 357
frwxš-, 428
frxw’h-, 141
frystg, 159
frz’p-, 102
frzwfs-, 102
frzynd, 465
gngyy, 103
gr’myg, 107
grd-, 110
gry-, 112, 122
gw-, 113
gwg’n-, 230
gwg pt, 235
gwg y, 28
gwm"n, 262
gwm r-, 268
gwm’y-, 255
gwmyxs-, 261
gwrsgyh, 423
gws, 115
gy’g, 202
gy’n, 161
gyr-, 120
gys-, 248
gys-/gyst-, 111
h-, 152
h’w-, 134
hngn-, 232
hmb’r-, 7, 295
hmb'st-, 300
hmbh-, 300
hmbwd-, 17
hmbws-, 17
hmbxs-, 19
hmwc-, 270
hmwxs-, 270
hn'r-, 58
hnd'c-, 374
hnds-, 64
hndwxt, 387
hndys-, 51
hng'r-, 236
hngys-, 248
hnz’m-, 99
hnz'p-, 102
hnzps-, 102
hnzyn-, 462
hr'g, 131
hr’s-, 197
hrg, 131
hrwb-, 197, 319
hs’c-, 323
hs’cyh-, 323
hspyd, 146
hspyn, 146
hswd, 340
hsybyyn-, 459
hsyft-, 459
hwnr, 182
hws’g, 173
hyl-, 132
jw-, 226
jwdy, 216
jwmb-, 212
k’hysn, q’hysn, 247
k’m-, 227
k’m, 227
kf-, 234
INDICES [Middle Persian]
kp-, 234
krs-, qrs-, 241
kwn-, qwn-, 236
kws-, qws-, 251
kyn, 28
kyst, 241
m'hyg, 177
mn, 73
m’n-, m’’n-, 73
m'n'g,272
m's-, 253
md, 99
mrz-, 181
*mrzyn-, 181
mst, 253
mwg, 139
mwrz(hy)-, 266
mwy-, 270
m(y)n-, 262
myr-, 264
n'rysn, 282
n'y, 276
n’y-, 278
n'y pzd’’n, 304
n’z-, 285
nb'st-, 287, 300
nbrd, 298
nbys-, 291
nbyst-/nbys-, 301
ncyh-, 31
ncyn-, 26
ng'r,236
ng'r-, 236
ngwc-, 248
nh’y-, 134
nhwmb-, 368
nhynz-, 391
nm’y-, 255
nmyzysn, 179
npt, 276
ns’y-, 125
nšym, 126
пёуу-, 125
nw'cysn, 403
nw'g, 403
nwn-, 4, 410
nxrwh-, 448
ny’z, 171
nyh-, 45
nyr’m-, 312
nyrw-, 184
nyrwysn, 184
nyspwrd, 352
nyspy-, 369
nys’n, nyys’n, 213
“nyst’pt, 363
nyws-, 115,221
nyys-, 213
nyz y-, 221
nzbwrd, 7
p’dypr’h, 89
p r'y-, 132
p rg, 297
p’y-, 288, 305
pdr’y-, 196
pdrwb-, 315
*pdsybysn, 459
pdyd, 50
pdyr-, 120
“pdyskmb’n, 344
phryz-, 187, 307
phyk'r, 236
phykn-, 232
phykr, 236
phypwrs-, phybwrs-, 89
pn’h, 184
pr, 297
pr’r’z-, 196
prbys-, 82
pre’r-, 33
prdwz, 387
prdx-, 374
prgn-, 230
prgnd’n, 232
prm’y-, 255
prm’y-, 255
prsp-, 369
prsyst, 326
prsynz-, 127
prwr-, 422
prwrd-, 422
prwz-, 430
prxyz-, 441
pry’d-, 214
pryspr-, 352
pryst-, 358
prysm’r, 137
prz’m, 99
przyd, 26
pizyr-, 33, 475
515
przyw-, 222
ps’c-, 323
pswx, 334
psyn-, psn-, 332
pt’y-, 386
pwrs-, 89
pwsg, 303
pwst, 303
pwx-, 286
pxs-, 303
pyd'g, 49
pyg’m, 99, 221
рут’, 255
pymwc-, 139, 303
*pyr'st-, 196
pyrwz, 217
pyw'c-, 403
*pyw'sg, 203
pywh-, 405
pyws-, 427
pyws-, 14
pywyn-, 4
pyys-, 291
q'r-, 240
qf-, 234
qh-, 247
qhwn, 234
qn-, 230
qn-, 232
qwz, 252
qxs' n, 248
qys-, 30
r'myn-, 190
r’yn-, 196
r’yyhy-, 196
rs, 322
rfydgyh, 185
rh-, 140, 322
rn, 313
ıng, 313
rnz, 191
ıp’g’n, 185
ırz, 314
rs-, 164
rw-, 184
"rwb-, 320
rwc, 316
rwc-, 316
rwcyn-, 316
rwd, 140
516
rwsn, 321
twy-, 193
“rwys, 437
rwzd, 318
rwzd-, 304, 318
ryc-, 187
rysq, 167
s’rw’r, 335
shyn, 332
sr, 255
sr-’m’dg’n, 255
sr’y-, 357
srd’g, 336
swc-, 338
sweyn-, 338
swd, swwd, 341
swgnd xwr-, 149
swgnd xwrdn, 148
sxt, 325
sxwn, 334
sy-, 328
Syr-, 336
*syzdyn, 343
52-, 323
S’rs-, 92
S’y-, 451
S’yh-, 451
Sw-, 40
Swy-, 455
Syb-, 459
t’b-, 378
tnz-, 377
trw-, 384
tw’n, 386
twhyg, 388
twnd, 390
twxš-, 400
twxsyn-, 400
twz-, 388
tyrs-, 393
tysng, 383
tyz, tyz, 389
tyj, 389
tz-, 373
w’c, w’z, 403
w’n-, 417
w’r-, 208, 406
w’r-, 422
w’r’n, 406
w’ryn-, 422
INDICES [Middle Persian]
w’y-, 411
w’ywg, 411
we’r-, 33
weyd, 26
weyh-, 31
wd’y-, 168
wdc-, 376
wdyr-, 381
wh-, 410
whim, 405
whwr-, 129
whyz-, 413
whyh, 409
wmys, 260
wn’h-, 282
wnyr-, 196
wre, wrz, 426
wrd-, 424
wrw-, 420
wrwb-, 320
wryxt-, 307
wy-, 430
wy’nm’n, 45
wy ’wr-, 7
w(y)c’r-, 236, 237
wyd'r-, 381
w(y)d'r-, 61
wyd(y)b-, 42
wygr's-, 172
wyh’d’n, 391
wymız-, 266
w(y)myh-, 177
wymys, 260
wyn-, 412
wyn’r-, 183, 196
w(y)nd-, 205, 410
wynyg, 412
wypr’y-, wyfr’y-, 86
wyps-, 42
wyr’y-, 196
wys, 416
wys-, 415
wys’y-, 328, 415
wys’yn-, 328
wys-, 136
wys’h-, 136
w(y)swb-, 454
“wywdg’n, 200
wyyb-, 42
x'nyg, 440
xrwh, 448
xryn-, 446
xst, 439
xn-, 442
xw’h-, 459
xw’n-, 144
xw'nyh-, 144
xwpt, 145
xwr-, 147
xwr’s’n, 331
xwrpr'n, 293
xwyh-, 459
хуг-, 446
Xyz-, 444
y’d-, 214
yask, 195
ywb-, 195
yz-, 219
z’m-, 99
z’myn-, 99
z’p-, 102
z’y(h)-, 465
z’yn-, 465
zn-, 224
zrd, 469
zryg, 470
zy’n, 462
zyh-, 223
zyn, 461
zyw-, 222
zywyn-, 222
1.1.2.1.2 Zoroastrian
(BMP)
/afsären-/, 336
/dastän/, 70
/daxsag/, 70
/drafs-/, 75
/gay-/, 94
/ges/, 97
/gyan-abespar/, 161
/man-/, 73
/pesparag/, 296
/post/, 303
/wan/, 183
/wis/, 416
"brng /abrang/, 313
"byd's- /ayyas-/, 175
"c /az/, 172
"CL /azar-/, 469
"c't /azad/, 465
"d'It- /ayard-/, 61
"diht /erixt/, 436
"ding /ering/, 436
’dw’l /ewar/, 208
’dwyn /Ewen/, 49
’dyb’tyn- /ayadén-/, 175
"dynpt /ayinatt/, 280
’hl’m- /ahram-/, 312
*hl’m- /axram-/, 449
*hl’mydyt /ahramiyéd/,
312
*hnc-, 391
"hyc- /axez-/, 440
"k'syn- /agahen-/, 245
’kws-, ’kwh-, 248
°l- /ar-/, 166
Ра- /агау-/, 196
’Ic- /arz-/, 166
“сук /arzog/, 11, 318
"It /ard/, 166
"Iwys /arwes/, 437
"lysk /aresk/, 167
"m l- /amàr-/, 137
’m’wnd /amawand/,
160
"mwlc- /amurz-/, 269
’mwS- /amwas-/, 430
"mwst /hamwast/, 180
"myc- /amez-/, 261
"ndrz, 63
"/hndwc- /(h)andöz-/,
387
"ndwh /andoh/, 400
’p’c /awaz/, 403
"p d-, ’p’y- /abäy-/, 155
"p l- /öbär-/, 12
"pm /abam/, 162
"pm /abam/, 178
*phs’d- /abaxsay-/, 450
"pl's /afräh/, 89
"ps l- /afsar-/, 336
"psl- /afsar-/, 336
"psp 1- /abespar-/, 351
’ps’I- /apsar-/, 93
"Dal /appur-/, 7
"p(y)shyn- /ab(e)sihen-/,
326
"pytk /abedag/, 155
"pzw- /abzü-/, 112
"p't/abad/, 288
’p’t’n /abadan/, 288
"p 'tyh /abadih/, 288
"plyn- /atrin-/, 87
*pst’m /abestam/, 358
°Pst'n /abestän/, 358
"ps(y)h-, 326
"p3^n- /afsan-/, 371
"pwl- /afur-/, 87
*pywe- /abyoz-/, 217
’s’d-, 328
’s’dk /asayag/, 341
"en /asan/, 328
"6171 /astar/, 364
’st’lyn- /astarén-/, 364
’styn- /estén-/, 358
’snw- /a-Snu-/, 456
*Swp /asob/, 454
"wc- /02-/, 224
"wc /0z/, 429
"wcy- /uzi-/, 155
"wk /ogar-/, 109
"wn'd /onay-/, 119
"wpt- /oft-/, 300
’ws’n- /osan-/, 331
"wsk'l- /uskar-/, 236
"wspwlyk, 295
"wst"- /osta-/, 358
^wsm 'I- /ösmär-/, 137
"wsmwl- /osmur-/, 137
’wst’p- /awistab-/, 363
"wwl- /awar-/, 7
"wz( )y- /uze-/, 155
"wzdys /uzdés/, 51
'(w)zm ’d- /uzmày-/,
/azmäy-/, 255
’y’p- /ayab-/, 162
"yInc- /eranj-/, 191
?уѕт /esm/ or /ezny,
157
"'yw'c, 'dw'c /ewaz/,
403
"ywc- /ayoz-/, 217
’ywc-, 218
b'I'd /balay/, 13
b’lyn /balén/, 13
b’m, 1
bhS- /baxš-/, 19
bl-, 7
bl'h /brah/, 21
INDICES [Middle Persian]
bl’m- /bram-/, 24
blyn- /brin-/, 22
bnd- /band-/, 4
bsn /basn/, 13
bw-, 17
bwe- /böz-/, 18
bwd /böy/, 14
bwd- /böy-/, 15
bwlc- /burz-/, 11
bwind /buland/, 13
bwr- /bur-/, 22
bym /bim/, 3
bys- /bes-/, 82
bys’z-, bys(^)c- /bēšăz-/,
21
byš(')zyn- /besázen-/,
21
bysyn-, 82
c'$- /cas-/, 35
c'st /Cast/, 35
c'twl /Cadur/, 341
cnd- /éand-/, 36
cnd-, 37
cyhyn- /cihen-/, 31
cyn- /&in-/, 26
d’I- /där-/, 58
d’m /dam/, 47
d’n- /dän-/, 466
d’yk /dayag/, 47
dc- /daz-/, 53
dh- /dah-/, 44
dh- /dah-/, 45
dhsk /daxsag/, 70
dhsn /dahisn/, 45
dl- /darr-/, 59
dl (d)y- /drayi-/, 77,
474
dlfš /drafs/, 75
dit /dard/, 61
dlwc- /dröz-/, 80
dlws- /drös-/, 80
dlwst /drust/, 81
dlyn- /darren-/, 59
dm- /dam-/, 55
drp- /drab-/, 77
dst’n /dastän/, 70
dw- /daw-/, 65
dw(b)- /daw-/, 65
dwb’I- /dwar-/, 84
dwe- /döz-/, 67
dws- /dös-/, 66
dwst /döst/, 473
dws- /doš-/, 69, 473
dyk /dég/, 50
dyp’hl /débahr/, 72
dys- /dés-/, 53
dyt /did/, 49
frasm, 371
gc- /gaz-/, 117
gl’myk /gramig/, 107
gl’myn-, 107
glc- /garz-/, 112
glt- /gard-/, 110
gl(y)dy- /griy-/, 112,
122
glyh /grih/, 122
gndk(-) /gandag(-)/, 103
gwb- /go(w)-/, 113
gwc /g0Z/, 117
gwk’dy /gugäy/, 28
gwk’n- /gugan-/, 230
gwm'l- /gumar-/, 268
gwmlc 'k /gumarzag/,
266
gwmyc- /guméz-/, 261
gyl- /gir-/, glyptn
/griftan/, 119, 120
gyw’k /giyag/, 202
h'c- /haz-/, 124
h'csn /hazisn/, 124
h'n /xan/, h’nyk /xanig/,
440
hanbws- /hambüs-/, 17
hlg /harg/, 131
hlws- /xröh-/ or /xrös-/,
448
hmbw- /hambaw-/, 17
hmpwrs- /hampurs-/, 89
hnb’I- /hambar-/, 7, 295
hnb’rsn /hamparisn/,
293
hnc- /hanj-/, 391
hne’m- /hanjam-/, 99
hnd- /xand-/, 442
hnd'c- /handaz-/, 374
hndlcyn- /handarzén-/,
63
hndys- /handés-/, 51
hng l- /hangar-/, 236
hngyc- /hangéz-/, 97
517
hngycyn- /hangezen-/,
97
hw'd- /xwah-/, 459
hwl- /xwar-/, 147
hwl-C’)wpl’n /xwar-
öfran/, 293
hwl’s’n /xwaräsän/, 331
hwn- /hun-/, 134
hwnl /hünar/, 182
hwps- /xufs-/, 145
hws- /xwas-/, 141
hws- /hos-/, 173
hwsnwtk /hosnud/
/husnüd/, 457
hwsnwtk /hosnüdag/
/husnüdag/, 457
hwyd /xwéy/, 143
hw’r’st’n, hw’ryst’n
/xwarestan/, 149
k’h- /käh-/, 247
EL /kär-/, 240
k’m /kam/, 227
k’m-, 227
k’tk /kadag/, 227
khwbn /kahwan/, 234
klyn- /kirrén-/, 243
kn- /kan-/, 230, 232
kwhs- /köxs-/, 251
kwhssn /köxsisn/, 251
kwn- /kun-/, 236
kwp- /köb-/, 249
kws- /kös-/, 228
kws- /kus-/, 251
kys /kes/, 30
Гс /raz/, 322
I'dyn- /rayen-/, 196
IC)h- /rah-/, 322
I'm- /ram-/, 190
I'myn-, 190
I'n- /ràn-/, 165
I'nyn- /ranén-/, 165
Id- /riy-/, 188
Ih- /rah-/, 140
llc- /larz-/, 314
Incyn- /ranj-/, 191
Ind- /rand-/, 312
Is- /lis-/, 310
Is- /ras-/, 164
Iwd- /roy-/, 193
Iwn- /rün-/, 317
518
Iwp /röb/, 319
Iwp- /rob-/, 320
Iwpk /robag/, 319
Iwsn /ros(a)w, 321
Iwt /rod/, 140
lyc- /rez-/, 187
lys- /res-/, 309
I(y)stk /ristag/, 437
m'l- /mäl-/, 181
m’lyh- /mälih-/, 181
m'n- /män-/, 73
ım’n’k /mänäg/, 272
ml /mar/, 137
mlc- /marz-/, 175
mlk /marag/, 137
mt- /mad-/, 99
mwk /mög/, 139
mwincyn- /murnjén-/,
266
mwst /must/, 270
mwst /must/, 181
myc- /méz-/, 179, 257
myc(k) /mij(ag)/, 258
тусёп /mézisn/, 258
m(y)n- /men-/, 262
myr- /mir-/, 264
n’csn /näzisn/, 285
n'd /nay/, 276
n'l- /näl-/, 282
nhh- /nihax-/, 391
nhwmb- /nihumb-/, 368
nk's /nigah/, 245
nkyc- /nigez-/, 97
nmb, 2776
np k /nibag/, 288
np’s- /nibas-/, 300
npd- /nibay-/, 300
nplt /nibard/, 298
npltk /nibardag/, 298
nplyn /nifrin/, 87
nplytk /nifridag/, 87
nps- /nibis-/, 291
npstn, 301
npt /naft/, 276
ns’y /nisay/, 355
nswb'l- /nihar-/, 399
ns’n-, 125
nsdm, 126
nwn(yh)- /niwinn(th)-/,
410
INDICES [Middle Persian]
nwyd- /niwéy-/, 409
nyd'c /niyaz/, 171
nyd’dsn /niyayisn/, 221
n(y)dw(h)s- /niyös-/,
115
n(y)dwhs- /niy6(x)s-/,
221
ny8§’n /nisan/, 213
nzbwityhy /nizburdihi/,
7
p’d /pay-/, 288, 305
plk /parag/, 297
p’ths’d, p’ths’dy
/padixsa(y)/, 451
p’tpl’s /padifrah/, 89
pcyn /раёёп/, 31
pl /part/, 297
pl’hnc- /frahanj-/, 391
pl’mws- /framos-/, 268
pl’sm /frasm/, 371
plc’m- /frazam-/, 99
pld'c- /pardaz-/, 374
pldc- /pardaz-/, 374
pldp- /fréb-/, 42, 308
plglt /fragard/, 243
plgst /pargast/, 245
plkn- /fragan-/, 230
plkn- /pargan-/, 230
plm '(d)y-, 255
plsn- /frasinn-/, 326,
342
plsng /frasang/, 325
plst- /parist-/, 358
plw'c- /parwaz-/, 430
plwkyh- /frögih-/, 316
plwl- /parwar-/, 422
plwnd- /parwand-/, 4
plyd't- /frayad-/, 214
plyst-, 358
plyst'tn /fréstadan/, 159
plystk /frestag/, 159
plyw'l /parwar, 7
pn’h /panah/, 184
prznd /frazand/, 465
pshw /passox/, p’shw
/pasox/, 334
psnd- /passand-/, 332
pst /pist/, 292
psm /pasm/, 299
рёпс- /passinj-/, 127
pst /past/, 299
pstk /pastag/, 299
pt- /pad-/, 300
pt’dst- /pattayist-/, 386
pt’y- /pattay-/, 386
ptgyl- /padir-/, 120
рік? /pahikar/, 236
рік? /pahikar-/, 236
ptk’p- /pahikäf-/, 234
ptkf- /pahikaf-/, 234
ptkl /pahikar/, 236
ptkwp- /pahiköb-/, 249
ptm’d- /paymäy-/, 255
ptmwc- /paymoz-/, 139,
303
ptw'c- /paywaz-/, 403
pwd- /poy-/, 302
pwlyt, pwwlyt /pulid/,
295
pwrs- /purs-/, 89
pws- /pos-/, 303
pwtk /püdag/, 302
pyc-, 29
pyl’d-, pdl’d- /peray-/,
196
pylwe /peroz/, 217
рут /pem/, 290
pys- /pés-/, 291
pyt’k /paydag/, 49
pyt'm, pgt’m
/pay(g)anv, 99
pz’m- /pazzam-/, 99
pz’myn- /pazzamén-/,
99
pzd- /pazd-/, 304
mg /rang/, 313
rwb-, Iwb- /raw-/, 184
S'c- /saz-/, 323
s'd- /say-/, 340
s’lyn- /saren-/, 336
sc- /saz-/, 323, 325
scyn- /sazen-/, 323
shwn /saxwan/, 334
sI'd- /sray-/, 357
slš- /sris-/, 355
sit /sard/, 336
sm- /sam-/, 395
smyn- /ѕатёп-/, 395
smynsn /saménisn/, 395
sn’h /snah/, 349
snwd /snöy/, 350
sp’s /späs/, 353
spl- /spar-/, 352
splyh- /sparih-/, 352
spndrmt /spandarmad),
370
spwe- /sp6z-/, 354
spwk /sabuk/, 396
spwilt /spurd/, 351
spwlyk, 295
spyc- /spiz-/, 350
st’d-, st’y- /stay-/, 366
st'l /star/, 365
sthm /stahm/, 362
sthmbk /stambag/, 362
stlt /stard/, 365
stpl /stabr/, 362
stpt /staft/, 362
stwb /stob/, 367
stwbyn- /stowen-/, 367
swe- /s6z-/, 338
sweyn- /sözen-/, 338
swknd hwl- /sögand
xwar-/, 149
swmb- /sumb-/, 368
sws, 369
swt /sud/, 341
szd /sizd/ or /sézd/, 343
szdyn /sizden/ or
/sezden/, 343
S'd-, S^y- /Say-/, 451
S'Is- /Sars-/, 92
$’nk /sanag/, 92
Sk'p- /skaf-/, 344
šklk /Skarag/, 345
Sklw- /Skarw-/, 346
škpt /škaft/, 344
Skyn- /Sken-/, 342
Sn'c- /snäz-/, 348
Sn’dyn- /snayén-/, 457
Sn's- /Snäs-/, 466
Snwsk /sndsag/, 458
Swb- /Saw-/, 40
Sws- /Sus-/, 455
“Syp- /Séb-/, 459
Sywn /Séwan/, 452
Рс- /taz-/, 373
t’p- /tab-/, 378
tŠ- /tas-/, 384
tc- /taz-/, 373
tcyn- /tazén-/, 373
tls- /tars-/, 393
tlwptk /truftag/, 383
tlwyn- /tarwen-/, 384
tn- /tan-/, 377
tng /tang/, 377
tnnd /tanand/, 377
tt- Лаа-/, 377
twb’n /tuwan/, 386
twb'n- /tuwan-/, 386
twc- /toz-/, 388
twhs- /tuxs-/, 400
twhyk /tuhig/, 388
twnd /tund/, 390
tyc /tez/, 389
tysn, 383
tysnk /tisnag/, 383
w’c /waz/, 403
W'c- /waz-/, 433
w'd- /way-/, 203, 411
w’dyn- /wayen-/, 411
w'I- /wäl-/, 208
w'I- /war-/, 406
w'I'n /waran/, 406
w'm- /wam-/, 417
w’n- /wan-/, 417
w’py, 418
we- /waz-/, 430
we’l- /wizär-/, 33, 34
wel- /wizar-/, 33, 34
wewd- /wizoy-/ or
/wizoh-/, 37
wey- /wizar-/, 34
weyh- /wizéh-/, 31
weyt /wizid/, 26
witk /wiftag/, 415
wgl’s- /wigras-/, 172
whs- /waxs-/, 428
whsyn- /waxsen-/, 428
whylyh /wihirih/, 131
wl’c- /wiraZ-/, 196
wlc /warz/, 426
wlc- /warz-/, 426
wlt- /ward-/, 424
wit’n- /wardän-/, 424
wltyn- /wardén-/, 424
wlyc- /wirez-/, 307
wn's- /winah-/, 282
wnc- /winj-/, 434
wncyh- /winjih-/, 434
INDICES [Parthian]
wnd- /wind-/, 410
wndlsny /windarisn/,
434
wp- /waf-/, 402
ws- /wih-/, 410
wst’lyh- /wistarih-/, 364
wstl- /wistar-/, 364
wsydy /wise/, 327
wsyn- /wisin(n)-/, 326,
342
wskl /wiskar/, 345
wskpt- /wiskaft-/, 344
wswd- /wisüd-/, 135
wswp- /wisöb-/, 454
“wsy(y)k /wiség/ or
/wisig/, 416
wt’c- /widaz-/, 376
wt'cyn- /widazen-/, 376
wt'l- /widar-/, 381
wt’lyn- /widarén-/, 381
wtl- /widar-/, 381
wt(w)l- /widur-/ or
/widör-/, 381
wtyl- /wider-/, 381
wyc- /wéz-/, 407, 413
муа? /wiyan/, 45
wyd’p’n’n- /wiyaban-/,
42
wyd'p'nyn- /wiyabén-/,
42
wydwtk’n /wayodagan/,
200
wyhyc- /wihéz-/, 413
wyl’d- /wiray-/, 196
wyl'dyh- /wirayih-/,
197
wyn-, 412
wyn’l- /winär-/, 196
wynl- /win(n)ir-/, 196
wynyk /wenig/, 412
wys’- /wisä-/, 136
wysync- /wis-Sinj-/, 127
y dsn /jayisn/, y 'hsn
/jahisn/, 222
yn /gyàn/, 161
yc-, yz- /yaz-/, 219
yh- /jah-/, 473
yst-, '(y)st- /ést-/, 358
ywd- /убу-/, 218
ywd- /joy-/, 226
ywdt /jud/, 216
уме /juy/, 218
ywmb- /jumb-/, 212
ywmbyn- /jumbén-/,
212
Z'- /zà-/, 465
z'myn- /zamén-/, 99
zd- /zay-/, 221
zlyk /zarig/, 470
zn- /zan-/, 224
zyd’n /zyan/, 462
zyn /zen/, 461
zyn- /zin-/, 462
zyw- /zi(wi)y-/, 222
1.1.2.1.3 Monumental
(IMP)
"d'ly, 208
nydpim'n, 182
ptpwrs-, ptpwls-, 89
ptwhy-, 405
pty k, 49
Dyt k, pty’k, 49
wz'd-, 224
1.1.2.2 Parthian
1.1.2.2.1 Standard
(Manichean)
"СУу-, 465
”’s-, 155,167
"wie, 403
'C)w^y-, 200
'C)whr-, 424
"wr-, 8
"ywz-, 218
"2,472
"zynd, "end 466
’b’d, 288
’b’myh, 162, 178
“’b’ysn, 155
’bd’b, 379
’bd’c-, 373
’bdrynj-, 76
"bdrz-, 63
"bdys-, 51
’bdyyn, 'bdyn, 49
"beim. 101
'bg 'm-, 99
’be(’)w-, 112
'bgwnd, 114
519
’bgws, 116
’bhwmb, 463
*bhyrz-, 133
"bj'm-, 101
’bjyn’gr, 29
’bn’s-, 283
’bnf-, 280
пі, 280
’bns-, 283
’brng, ’brnng, 11, 192
*'brwc-, 316
’brwd, 193
"bsyst-, 326
’bs’m-, 39
’bwyn-, 412
’bxs’h-, 450
’bxs’hysn, 450
’by’s-, 176
’bysp’r-, 351
’byst’w-, 366
’bz’y-, 461
"bzwysn, 472
’dm’s-, 56
’dwyxs-, 413
"dyh-, 155
"dung, "deng, 49
’dysg, 51
"fr's, 89
"fryn-, 87
'g'dg, "vide, 221
"gd, 99
’gn-, "gn-, 232
'gs, 245
’gwxt, 248
*h-, 152
*hr’m-, 312
*hr’s-, 393
"hynj-, 391
"mb'r-, 8, 295
"mbd-, 300
’mbwy-, 14
"mwc-, 270
"mwjd, 269
"mwrd-, 424
"myj-, 261
*myxs-, 261
"mz-, 272
’n’w-, 284
’nd’s-, 64
’ndm-, 56
520
’ndrxs-, 395
"ndrynj-, 76, 395
"ndrz, 63, 76
"ndys-, 51, 53, 63
"ng 'f-, 235
’ng’w-, 115, 112
"ngd, 99
"ngrysn, 173
"ngw-, 112
руа, 155
"rm, 190
’rws-, "rws-, 437
’sp’s, sp’s, 353
’st’y, 153
"Zuch, ”’swb, 454
’syft, 'Syfi, 459
*Syxt, 127
"wdjn, 54
"wjn-, 224
"wmws-, 273
"wrjwg, 11
"wrjwg, ’wrjwg, 319
"wsn-, 331
"wsxt, 325
"wyst-, 359
"wystr-, 364
"wyst-, 359
"wyst'bysn, 363
"wzdys'n, 51
'(w)zyh-, 155
"X"z-, 445
’xr’w-, "xr'w, 447
"'xs'dyft, 452
"xsd, 450
*xSy-, 171
"xwr-, 147
’xyz-, 441
"z'd, 465
’z’r-, ””z'r-, 469
"frg 'r-, 237
‘skrfysn, 347
‘sp’w, 301
‘sp’w-, 273, 301
‘sprhmg, 198
‘sps-, 353
‘spwh-, 301
‘spyxt, 350
‘st’n-, 361
‘st’w-, 366
“stftyft, 362
INDICES [Parthian]
‘strb-, 364
‘stwb, ‘stwb-, 367
‘styh’g, ‘styyh’g, 362
“‘styh’gyft, 362
‘sxnd-, 442
*&kr-, 345
“тт, 137
‘šn’s-, 466
‘Snw-, 456
‘st-, *yst-, 359
‘ydw’y-, 200
'z'w-, 169
'zg^m, 99
‘zgd, 99
'Zgrysp-, 120
'zgwl-, 116
'zgyrw-, 120
'zw'r-, 207
‘zw’y-, 200
'zwrt-, 424
‘zwyd-, 409
‘zy’h-, 211
b’m, 1
bnd-, 5
br-, 8
br’z-, 21
brm-, 24
bryn-, 22
brynz-, 23
bw-, 17
bwj-, 18
bwrz, 13
*bwrz-, 11
bwrzynd, 13
bwrzyyft, 13
bws-, 14
bwxs-, 18
bwy-, 16
bxš-, 19
bxs’dnft, 3
bz-, 72
c’snyg, 36
*end-, 36
cm-, 32
cr-, 34
cyn-, 26
d’d, 46
d’mg, 47
d’r-,58
db, 42
dh-, 44
*dhysn, 46
dm-, 56
dr’w-, 78
drb-, 77
drd, 61
drfs, drfs-, 75
drxs-, 76
drz-, 63
dst, 56
dwj-’rws, 317
dyb, 72
dybhr, 72
dyd, 49
dys-, 53
“fr’gwnd-, 114
fr’mwc-, 139
fr’mwS-, 268
frb’d-, 300
frbd-, 300
frbst-, 5
frg’w, 112
frhynj-, 391
frm’y-, 255
frn’m-, 280
frnm-, 280
frnstg, 283
frsd-, 331
frsng, 325
frsyst-, 326
frs^w-, 40
frwd, 357
frwd-, 427
frwrz-, 426
frwyn-, 412
frwz-, 430
frxwdn, 448
frystg, 159
fryh, 87
frz’ng, 466
frzynd, 465
gd, 99
gnd’g, 103
gr’mg, 107
gryh, 122
grysp-, 120
grzysn, 112
gst, 103
gš-, 471
“gt, 117
gsyft, 471
gw'nyg, 95
gws, 116
gyrw-, 120
h’w-, 134
hmwa-, 427
hnj’m-, 99
“hnjyn-, 462
hw-'bs'gyft, 323
hwnr, 182
hwr-’s’n, 155
hwr-nyfr’n, 294
hws-, xwš-, 173
hxs-, 124
hyrz-, 133, 268
Гт-, 99
J’w-, 226
jn-, 224
Jyw-, 222
k’m-, k’m, 227
k’r-, 240
kf-, 234
kfwn, 234
kn-, 230, 232
kr-, 237
kwbg, qwbg, 249
kws-, 251
kyn, 28
kyst, 241
Irz-, 314
m’n-, 272
m’n-, m’’n-, 74
m's-, 253
mst, 253
myh-g’r, 258
myr-, 265
n(y)r’m-, 312
n'r-, 281, 282
n’s-, 283
n'z, n'z-, 285
nb’y-, 287
nbrd, nbrd-, 298
nbys-, 291
ncyn-, 26
nd, 276
nfryd-, 87
“nft, 276
ng’d, 221
ng'h, 245
ng'r-, 237
ng’y-, 94, 221
ngwnd-, 114
ngwrc-, 238
ngws-, 116
ngwz-, 117
nhng, 391
nhynj-, 391
nkmb-, 229
nm’y-, 255
nmiz-, 181
nmyzysn, 179
nsdm, 126, 371
“nst’ft, 363
nsyd-, 125, 126
nw'g, 403
nwrd, 294, 419
nwy-, 284
nwydg, 409
nx’b, 442
ny’z, 172
nydf’r-, 84, 399
nydrynj-, 76
nys’Z-, 323
nyspy-, 369
nys’m, 371
nyz’y-, 221
p’d, 305
p’dgws, 245
pr, 293
p r bwrd, 293
pargyina-, 26
p 'y- 288
pc-, 286
pd(y)xs’-, 451
pdbnd-, 5
pdbwrs-, 89
pdbws-, 14
pdg’m, 99
pdgs, pdgs-, 245
pdgyrw-, 120
pdhynj-, 391
pdk'r-, 237
pdkr, 237
pdm'd-, 255
pdms-, 263
pdmwc-, 139
pdr’y-, 197
pdr’z-, 197
pdrwb-, 315
pdiz-, 197
INDICES [Parthian]
pdw’c-, 403
pdw’z, 430
pdwh-, 406
pdxwn-, 144
pdyn-, 50, 157
pdysp’s-, 353
pdyst’w-, 366
png, 297
pr’gn-, 230
pr’w’z, 430
pre’r-, 34
prg’c-, 248
prg’w-, 95
prgn-, 230
prgs-, 245
prgst, 245
prm’w-, 273
prm’y-, 255
prwnd-, 205
prwrz-, 422
prwy-, 434
prxwdn, 448
prxyz-, 441
pry’b-, 162
prywg, "prywj, 217
prywx-, 217
ps'c-, 323
pswx, 334
psynd-, 332
pstg, 299
psyft, 459
pt’b-, 379
pt^w-, 386
pwd, 302
*pwd-, 302
pwrs-, 89
pwsg, 303
pwwd, 302
pyd'g, 49
pzd-, 304
q’f-, 235
rm, r’mysn, 190
r’st, 197
r’w-, 140
rf-, 184, 185
my, 192
rsk, 167
rwb-, 320
rwbysn, 367
rwc, 316
rwd-, 193
ryst, 187
ryz-, 187,311
ryzynd, 189
s’c-, 323
s’n-, 331
s’rw’r, 335
s’w-, 340
sbwk, 396
sc-, 323
sn-, 331
snwhn, 350
sr, 337
sr’w-, 357
srd, 336
srysysn, 355
swc-, 338
swgnd xwrd, 149
swnd-, 332
swnd’dyft, 332
swnd'g, 332
sxt, 325
sxwn, 334
Sy-, 328
syn-, 331
systg, 326
syzd, 343
syzdyft, syzdyft, 343
syzdyn, syzdyyn, 343
Sd 38
S'd-cn, 233
Sfr-, 92
Sh-, 451
Sw-, 40
Sw(w)d-, 455
Sywn, 452
t’b-, 379
t’c-, 373
t’m-, t’m-, 376
t’wg, 386
te-, 373
tneysn, 378
tnd, 378
tng, 378
trw-, 384
tryxs-, 395
twj-, twc-, 388
twsyg, 388
twxs-, 400
tyrs-, 393
521
tysng, 383
üy- (vüy-), 49
w’c-, 403
w'd-, 200
w'd'g, 200
w’r-, 422
w'r-, 406
w’r’n, 406
w’y-, 200
w’ywg, 411
wbst-, 5
weyh-, 31
*wd’n, 46
wd’n-"m’n’n, 46
wd’y-, 169
wdc-, 376
wdyfs-, 42
wf-, 401, 402
whyrd, 130
wirz-, 314
wm’y-, 255
wmys-, 258
wmyxs-, 261
wn, 183
wnst, 283
wnw-, wynw-, 284
wnwhg, 284
wre, 426
wrt-, wrd-, 424
wrw-, 420
wrwe, 316
wrws-, 319
wrwsn-, 321
wryh-, 310
wryxs-, 307
*ws-, 427
wsn’d, 427
wsrd, 336
wsyst, 327
wsyyd, wsyd, 327
wsynd, wsyynd, 423
wx’s-, xw’s-, 142
wx’z-, 459
wxr-, 147
wxs’’g, wyxs’g, 439
wxš-, 428
wy’g, 202
wy’wr-,8
wybr’z-, 21
wyc’r-, 34, 237
522
w(y)d’c-, 376
w(y)d’r-, 61, 381
wydby’g, 397
w(y)dr-, 381
wyfr’s-, 89
wyfr’ysn, 86
wyg’n, wyg’n-, 230
wyg’ng, 230
w(y)g’nysn, 230
wyg’h, 28
wyg’s, 245
wygn-, 230
wygr’s-, 173
wyn-, 412
wyn’r-, 197
wyn’r’g, 197
wynd-, 205
w(y)nd-, 410
wypr’y-, 86
wyr’z-, 197
wys’r-, 336
Wysprz-, 198
“wystmbg,
“wystmbg’n, 362
*wystmbgyft, 362
wys’h-, 136
wys’n-, 371
w(y)Swpt-, 454
wyt’b-, 379
wywd-, 427
wyx-, 407
w(y)xs-, 439
wyz’w, 174
wyz’w-, 472
wz-, 430
wz’w-, 112
wzw-, 112,472
wzyh-, 461
wZyn-, 26
x'nyg, 440
X'z-, 445
xd-, 439
xdm, 439
xnd-, 442
XIWS-, Xrws, 448
xwn-, 144
xwr’s’n, 331
XWsp-, 145
xwstbyd, 143
Xz-, 444
INDICES [Khotanese]
y'd-, 214
ys-, 220
yw-'rd'w, 166
ywb-, 195
ywd, 216
ywdy-, 176
ywg, 218
yws-, 176
ywz-, 195, 218
z'dg, 465
z’n-, 466
z’r, zryg, 470
z’y-, 465
zmbg, 463
zr-, 469
zws, 473
zxs-, 460
zyn, 461
1.1.2.2.2 Monumental
(IPth.)
’hmr-kr, 137
"wir 208
"wpdys-, 51
"wpst, 300
bs-, 5
prybr, 8
wyz’d-, 224
1.1.2.3 Khotanese
1.1.2.3.1 Khotanese
ajs-, 129
attaya, 375
amatau, 160
aysbrijs-, 23
a-risai', 319
arete, are (jsa), 167
avasalaka-, 336
ah-, 152
a-hvyana-, 135
ā-, 99
aksu-, 452
acana-, 29
ajum-, 211
atama-, 227
atas-, 247
atim-, 227
anaha, 276
anand, 278
abeis-, 424
ayá-, 49
ayauys-, 219
ayv-, 379
aysán- (äysä-), 462
ага, 132
arih-, 310
arüh-, 184
arüh- (arau-), 320
araus-, 319
arr-, 166
arramy- (arraj-), 192
aljs-, 163
*avad- (ava-), 200
avista-, 416
ауї-, ayi-, 49
avida, 412
avun-, 87
*asarr-, 93
*аѕраг- (aspid-, aspud-),
352
ah-, 154
ahalj- (aihai’j-), 395
ähus-, 143
in-, 174
iss- (15-), 159
“uysan-, 161
uysana-, 161
uysas-, 153
uysgana-, 103
uysgun- (uysg(a)us-),
114
uysgru-, 448
uysdis-, 50, 52
uysdu-, 69
uysdai-, 49
uysdem- (uysdaim-), 56
uysba(y)-, 200
uysvän-, 206
uskaljaka-, 239
uskuj-, 248
usküs-, 252
uskos-, 252
uskhajs-, 439
ustar-, 382
ustairs-, 380
usthamj-, 391
uspasd-, 304
uspurra-, 296
usphan-, 84
üm-, 145
est-, 359
e-saly-, 336
eh-, 162
ona-, 429
oys-, 430
aurass (oras-, auras-),
89
aurista, orista, 11
kamggan-, 232
kalj-, 239
kas- (kas-), 245, 247
kas- (kas-/kas-), 246
kar-, 240
kät’-, 35
kuhana-, 234
küs-, 252
küsa-, 228
ker-, 240
ksam-, 453
ksana-, 92
ksär- (kser-), 92
ksáv-, 452
ksimj-, 456
ksira-, 371
khad-, 439
khan- (kham-, khi-),
442
kha-, 440
khas-, 445
gatcas- (vatcas-), 342
gaha-, 94
guana, 113
güjsabris-, 24
gusprris-, 198
güjsaba’j-, 24
güjsar-, 237
gürva-, 318
gai’sättä, 111
gai'h-, 96
gai’he, 97
gganih-, 277
ggal-, 110
ggalj-, 109
gguph-, 113
ggumäls- (gümaly-),
180, 181
ggumerafi-, 267
gguhad-, 439
ggüch- (ggüs-), 168
ege I)s-, 110
gyas- (jays-), 220
grañ-, 122
gratha-, 122
grantha-, gramtha-, 122
gru-, 448
grüs-, 449
gvays- (gvas-), 430
gvas-, 286
gvahan-, 84
gvana-, 113
gvir- (gvid-), 207
cadana-, 333
car-, 34
cile, 29
cev-, 32
jah-, 215
Jän- (jin-), 223
Јеһ-, 215
Jis-, 209, 250
juv- (jv-), 176
Juv- (jü-, jvi-), 222
jüh- (jvih-), 250
jsaü-, 224
jsafia-ulysa-, 426
Јѕап-, 224
jsa-, 93
fiye, fie, 279
ttajs- (ttas-), 373
ttaräye, ttar(r)a-, 383
"ttarrayáta-, 383
ttav- (ttau(s)-), 379
пата, 376
ttäjser-, 34
*ttátsu- (ttütsa-), 41
ttäs-, 384
ttáhvai-, 142
ttihiysde, 441
ttidi, 381
ttunda-, ttuda-, 390
ttumals- (ttremvas-),
181
ttuvar-, 8
ttuvay- (tvay-), 200
tussaa-, 388
tcabalj-, 24
tcabr(r)is-, 24
tcama-, 32
tcarampha-, 314
t(t)ràm-, 312
tray- (t(t)ras-), 187
INDICES [Khotanese]
tsata-, 38
tsam-, 39
tsu- (tsi-), 41
tvasd-, 304
tvafi- (tvafi-), 386
tva’y- (ttuva’-), 125
thamj-, 391
thargga-, 395
thiS- (this-), 391
thurs-, 396, 400
thüs-, 67
thauna-, 389
dag- (das-), 54
dajs- (days-), 54
dam-, 56
dar-, 59
dar(r)a-, 59
darv-, 62
dals- (därs-), 63
däma-, 47
das-, dass-, 64
das-, 53
dirsüjsina-, 61
dinu-, 47
*dim- (did-), 55
*dim- (dan-, dan-), 55
dima-, 47
dis-, 51, 54
dis-, diss-, 52
du-, 69
duis-, 82
dumä, 68
dusta-, 67
drys- (därys-), 76
dai-, 49
dyani-, 49
drem-, 75
drräve, 78
dr(r)ah-, 75
drrüja-, 81
drrau-, 78
drv-, 79
nar-, 182, 281
naram-, 312
naljson-, 99
*naltcimph- (nitciph-),
344
naltsu- (naltsei-), 41
*nalysv- (na’ysv-), 472
naskalj-, 239
naskar-, 240
naskirrdä, 240
naskos-, 252
naskham-, 442
nast-, 385
nastau-/nistau-, 379
nastos-, 379
nasthrri-, 395
nasdem- (nasda’m-), 56
naspasd-, 304
naspul-, 295
*naspus- (naspus-), 303
naspusta-, 302
nasphaj-, 2
nasphan-, 84
nasa-, 184
*nay-, 276
näyai, 276
паѕа-, 286
nas-, 184
näjs-, 277
nät-, 125
nata’s- (na’s-), 125
nätä’y-, 153
nädo, 67
nämäs-, 259
närmän-, 177
näsäs-, 355
nähvarr-, 149
niksü- (niksvi-), 452
nijsa-, 224
nitcas-, 342
*niphan- (naphan-), 84
nimals-, 181
nimäna-, 263
*nirus-, 318
nirüj-, 318
nis(S)-, 369
niskal-, 346
nihalj- (nihej-), 395
nihujs-, 18
niyaka-, 279
nuva-, 284
nuvad-, 287
*nuvad- (nuvai-), 201
*nuvar- (nvid-, nüd-), 8
nuvalys-, 430
nuhamj-, 391
nrhis(s)-, 395
ne’hve- (nei’hvas-), 142
523
nauda-, 280
nonda-, 280
nyassa-, 247
nyas-, 245
nyür-, 207
nyüs-, 216
nyauys-, 219
nva(y)-, 200
nvas(s)-, 432
nväsa-, 432
nvi, 288
pacan-, 230
pacas-, 450
pach- (pas-), 286
pachiys-, 128
pajarünai, 107
pajarüna, 107
pajäys-, 118
pajád-, 221
pa-jisth-, 111
pajs- (pas-), 286
рајѕ(ай)-, 224
pájsas-, 35
pajsith-, 110
pajud- (pajut-), 114
pajy-, 223
pamjs-, 139
pathai- (pathu-), 67
pat- (pit-), 300
pattav-/pattau-, 379
*patäj-, 373
patajamata-, 374
patäts-, 41
раійтаг- (раттаг-),
137
patält- (pa's-), 243
patävutta-, 419
patis-, 159
patucau, 169
pattrüsa, 394
pathamy-, 391
pathis- (pathis-), 391
padama-, 56
padas- (padajs-), 54
padim-, 55
padis- (pandis-), 54
*padem- (padam-), 56
pader-, 58
padv- (padü-), 67
panam-, 280, 281
524
panas(s), 283
рапау-, 276
panäs-, 283
paphan- (paphin-), 84
paphañ-, 84
paphüj- (paphv-), 18
parath- (pirath-), 44
*par- (pud-), 293
param-, 312
pari-, 275
pareh-, 185
paroys- (parauys-,
paraus-), 430
parkam- (parküü-), 230
parchas-, 445
parnam-, 281
parbav-, 17
parbira-, 294
parmiha-, 259
parrij-, 307
parrus-, 316
parvach- (parvas-), 286
pars- (pars-), 307
paltcimph-, 344
*paljsan-, pijsan-, 230
paljsem-, 99
pasad-, 332
pasus-, 174
pasüj-, 339
pasüs-, 339
pastramj-, 367
pastri-, 367
*paspar- (paspud-), 352
paysan-, 467
pass-, 369
pasoj-, 455
pasküj-, 248
past-, 359
pastar-, 365
pastafi-, 359
pastu-, 366
paha-drauvi, 60
pahäjidä, 125
pahis-, 125
pahej-, 129
pa- (pai-), 288
раа-, 305
par-, 296
pära-, 293-4, 296-7
pärajs-, 305
INDICES [Khotanese]
päramj-, 192
pariph-, 314
pàris-, 192
parra-, 297
parssa-, 196
pasa-, 299
patay-, 153
pata(’)I- (pyal-), 163
pátükyo, 169
pätem- (pätaunda-,
pyau-), 376
päskal- (päskäl-), 346
páha- (pihei-), 439
pisal-, 336
pihisame, 395
pim-, 255
pir-, 290, 296
pirattati-, 290
pisa-, 291
pisaa-, 291
puror-, 8
pur(r)-, 294
pulani, 295
puls-, 89
puvad-, 20
püda-, 8
pus- (püs-), 89
pusta-, 302
pe’ma-, 299
peh-, 162
pyan-, 230
pyalya-, 163
pyüj-, 204
pyümj-, 403
pyüs- (pyü’-), 116
pyau, 290
*pravay- (prraväs-,
prravas-), 200
prahäjidä, 125
prahä(l)j- (prrahäj-),
395
pruha-, p(r)raha-, 298
prev-, 162
prraksiv-, 452
prrahis- (prrahis-), 395
pvah-, 142
pviys- (püls-), 303
pver-, 420
pharä-, 85
phast-, 85
phast-, 85
phude, 148
phüde, 85
pher-, 85
phrrinä, 87
bajsiha-, 3
bafi-, 5
batha-, 207
*bad- (bya-), 200
ban-, 4
bananu, 4
bam-, 417
baya-, 3
bays- (bas-), 430
baysga-, 71
bar-, 8
bal- (bad-), 424
balysga-, 13
bas-, 72
basdaa-, 4
bastarr-, 365
bathamy-, 391
badara-, 404
bay-, 200
ba’ya-, |
baysdai-, 49
bar-, 406
bara-, 406
barrai, 22
basa-, 432
bäräh- (brah-), 184
b(ä)rün-, 321
bär(r)iys- (biriys-), 189
bäs-, 416
bäsä-, 416
bijsa-, 93
bitam- (bitan-), 376
bitar-, 381
bid- (bi-, bi(^)s-), 410
binam-, 280
binäs-, 277
binem-, 280
biyass-, 220
biysamj-, 468
biysafi-, 467
biysen- (biyan-), 467
birays- (biras-), 197
birät’, 189
bile, 435
*bisimj- (bisaij-), 343
bihan-, 442
bihis-, 441
bijs-, 434
bith-, 424
bitcafi-, 342
bir-, 59, 108, 132
biráte, 108
bihiys-, 441
but- (buv-, bus-), 14
buysai-, 472
bu(r)s-, 321
bulj-, 11
bulysa-, 13
buvan-, 230
buvafi-, 230
buskuta-, 347
buhurs-, 396
büjsana-, 19
bü(d)- (buv-), 16
bür(r)v- (burüvän-), 319
büss-, 2, 20
*bei’ss- (bais-), 424
ben’-, 92
ber-, 406
berän-, 406
bev-, 42
be’sa-, 207
byamjsa-, bätamjsa-,
378
byav-, 379
byäj- (byas-), 376
byari-, 230
byata-, 176
bya(1)8-, 63
byüka-, 168, 202
byumga-, 217
byüj-, 403
byüma-, 169
byüv’-, 170
byüs-, 202
byu(h)-, 218
bye, 28
byev- (byeh-), 162
bras(s)-, 25
briya-, 87
brem- (brraim-), 24
brrijs-, 23
bvai(’)-, 125
mafi-, 263
*mad-, 253
man- (min-), 263
mamth-, 264
marsyarä, 269
*maljs-, 266
malys-, 181
malstá, 266
mäja-, 254
mäjime, 254
mañ-, 74
mañ- (müm-), 272
már-, 265
mindä, 263
miysai, 179
mur(r)-, 267
murr-, 264
mulch-/mich-, 266
mulysdi-, 269
mussa, 271
müys-, 271
maich-, 266
mvir-, 273
ran-, 313
ram-, 190
ranam, 313
riyai, 188
rüjai, 195
*rai-, 306
rais’a-, 319
rraphai, 185
ıraysaa-, 322
rrays-, 307
rras-, 197
rrása-, 313
rräha-, 185
rrima, 188
rriys-, 189
rris-, 310
rrus-, 316
*rrus-, 318
*rrüd- (rrvi-), 193
rrundata-, 321
rrüy-, 317
rrüh-, 195
1(r)is’a-, 319
rrauta-, 319
ırv-, 319
vaj(s)as- (vaj(s)is-), 35
vamjamayyau, 403
*vatajs- (vatays-), 373
vatcis- (vatcäs-), 36
INDICES [Khotanese]
vatsei- (vatsu-), 41
vadim-, 55
van-, 205
vanäs- (vanäs-), 283
van(a)u-, 284
vanvani-, 284
*vabar- (vabed-), 406
vamas-, 263
vamurr-, 267
vameys-, 181
vaysan-, 467
va’ysged-, 473
var-, 208
varas- (varas-), 197
varras- (varri-), 313
valj-, 420
vavat- (vapat-), 300
vas-, 461
vaskala-, 346
vast- (vist-), 359
vaspris-, 198
vasus-, 339
vasüj-, 339
*vaspar- (vaspud-), 352
vahaj- (vah-), 129
vahan- (vahin-), 84
vahas-, 439
vahän-, 84
vahiys- (vahaiys-), 441
vahis-, 441
vaj-, 204
vañ-, 206
vara-, 204
va-, 17
vistä- (visti-), 359
viv(a)-, 1
vüda-, 13
vau's- (vo’-), 145
Sadava, 370
ssandä-, 370
Saraima, 335
ssä-, 328
ir, 475
Sver-, 226
ssarr-, 93
ssahana-, 357
ѕай-, 371
sis- (sais-), 355
sun-/sva-, 214
sumär- (sa’mär-), 137
ssaidä, 355
*skav- (skü-/skv-), 347
skim-, 344
stä- (stä-), 359
spärgga-, 199
samkhal-, 444
ѕа(ӣ)ј, 129
samja-, 334
sat-, 331
sad-, 332
sam-, 329
sama-, 329
samu, 329
säj-, 323
safi-, 331
sada-, 337
sata-, 325
süjs- (süs-, sü-), 339
suraa-, 368
suv’ä, 369
süch-, 340
sauy-, 340
skau- (sko-, sku-), 347
skauy- (sku-), 347
skyäta-, 325
scäta-, 325
spal- (spa’-), 352
spas(s)- (sas-, s(p)as-),
353
spátaa-, 350
spai- (spyä-, spa-), 350
sphan-, 351
star-, 365
stav-, 366
stas-, 359
stiru, 365
staura-, 362
straj-/stri-, 367
stris-, 367
yan-, 131, 237
yana-, 211
ysamtha, 464
ysah-, 468
ysàn-, 467
ysar-, 307, 470
ysán-, 462
ysánaj-, 348
ysánah-, 348
ysima-, 463
ysir- (ysad-), 470
525
ysun-, 472
ysurra-, 469
ysüs- (ysv-), 473
ysera-, 470
hagav-, 95
ha ggisai, 97
hamkhis-, 441
hamga’j-, hamggalj-,
110
hamgun-, 114
*hamggad- (hamggal-,
hage-), 110
hamg(g)är-, 240
hamggüj-, 248
hamggüjsu, 248
hamggüs-, 116
*hamggeils- (hamge’-),
111
hamgratha-, 122
hamgramtha-, 122
hamgris-, 110
hamgrih-, 120
hajsim- (hajsem-), 99
hamjsas-, 35
hamjsim- (hamjsám-),
99
hamjsem-, 99
hamjvame, 226
hatäljs-, 380
hatiys-, 389
hatcafi-, 342
hatcy-, 342
hats-, 41
hadaj-, 387
hanam-, 280
hanas-, 283
hanays-, 286
hanäss-, 283
hanem-, 280
hamtrafi-, 382
hamthuta-, 67
hamthraj-, 395
hamthrris- (hamthris-),
395
handaj- (handis-), 54
hamdaj- (handaj-), 54
hamdajs-, 373
hamdar-, 58
hamdev-, 379
handau-, 379
526
hamdrra(m)j-, 76
hamdrama-, 75
hamdıri(s)-, 76
haphan-, 84
haphast-, 85
hamáh- (hämä-), 260
hamän-, 177
hamur-, 267
hamih-, 260
ham-khis-, 442
hamphaj-, 2
hamphajafia, 18
hamphv- (hamphu-), 17
hambafi- (hambas-), 5
*hambad-, 5
hambalka, 3
hambit-, 410
hambith-, 424
hambir-, 296
ha(m)bujs- (hambus-),
18
hambus-, 19
hambus-, 14
hambüta-, hambüva-,
302
hamber-, 296
hambraf-, 193
hambrui- (hambrri-),
193
hayár-, 104
hays-, 172
haysan-, 467
haysgas-, 473
haysü-, 348
haran-, 313
harays-, haras-, 197
harät’- (hars-), 189
harraa-, 132
har(r)ün-, 321
hariys-, 189
hars-, 307
haskala-, 346
haskim- (haskau-), 344
haspalgy-, 198
hasprris- (haspri-), 198
hasura-, hasüra-, 338
hastris-, 367
haspäs-, 350, 354
haspij-, 350, 354
hasv-, 341
INDICES [Sogdian]
*hahalj- (haha 'j-,
hahrri-), 395
hahva-, 142
hamura-, 269
har(u)v- (hars-), 193
hámá-, 257
hära-, 131
häs-, 127
hiya, 136
hiya-, 136
hissädai, 337
his-, 125,155
hus(s)-, 428
hüs-, 174
(h)üs-, 145
hei’-, 159
hot- (hvi-), 427
hot-, 357
haur-, 8
haura-, 8
haus- (hos-), 430
hvan-, 144
hvar-, 147
hvaraka-, 149
hvän-, 144
hva’ii- (hvai-), 174
hvaraka, 151
hvi, 143
hvai- (hvas-), 142
1.1.2.3.2 Tumshugese
ccha-, 41
vatsy-, 41
1.1.2.4 Sogdian
*"'Bnd- (B), 5
UBrxs'k (B), 11, 22
"Br (B,C,M), 8
"Brxs’kmync (S), 22
*’Brxs’kw (B), 11, 22
”Brxsyy (M), 22
"Bryn (М), 87
"Brync- (S), 11
**c’yt (S), 31
”’c’xs (S), 31
”’6’yn’k (B), 49
"ówp (M), 66
"óyn'k (B), 49
"fryn (M), 87
”y’ns (B), 445
”’y’y6 (В), 221
”’y’ynt- (B), 103
”y’z(B,M,S), 96
””ymp (М), 102
”УРК (B), 100
”yt- (B,M,S), 100
"ywnd/" "ywst (M), 114
"ywnt (B,C), 114
УУФ (M), 221
"jy (M), 465
"k'wc (B), 249
"k^ys(-) (B), 241
"kmb (M), 229
"kn (M), 232
"kwyc (B), 249
”т”- (В), 255
"m'n (В), 255
"m'yk (B), 258
"m- (S), 257
"my (M), 258
"myty (M), 258
"n()y (B), 278
"ny (M), 278
"p'rs (B), 89
"py (B.M,S), 288
"pryn (B), 87
"qwc (M), 249
”r’yt(S), 190
”r’xs (В), 190, 196
"r'yó (B), 310
"rwytky' (M), 319
"rwxst (M), 319
"s^wys- (B), 339
"s (В), 211
"stnyh (B), 359
"$m (В), 39
упс (M), 127
"w' (B), 204
"w'rt (B), 424
"wrt (M), 424
"wys (В), 414
"wystk (B), 416
*Ux's (S), 445
"x'yr (B), 443
"xst- (S), 441
"xwyr (M), 147
"y Bs- (B), 212
"vim (В), 211
*"y'ms (В), 211
"y'np- (В), 212
"y'wz- (B), 219
"ys (B,S), 155
"ywz- (B), 219
"g'n(S), 467
"g'nt (B), 467
”z’nt (M,S), 467
"ру. (В), 222
"ру (В), 465
"z'yr, "z'rt, 469
"ру (B), 465
"()z(y)nd (M), 467
"er (M), 469
’br’z(C), 22
’bryty (С), 11, 24
г (C), 8
’bryz (С), 22
’bskstw (B), 342
'Bé^yp', Bóyp (В), 72
‘Bn’w (B), 284
Впу (M), 284
‘Bs’’c- (B), 323
‘Bs’ny (B), 325
‘Bs’xs- (B), 323
‘Bs yp (В), 335
‘Bs’ypt (B), 328
‘BS’m(S), 100
‘BS’wnp- (B), 78
'Bskr- (B), 345
"Bst't'k (S), 359
"Вх п (B), 144
Ву? (S), 176
Вг?” (B), 113
‘Bz’y (В), 222
‘ауд (С), 49
"fryn (C), 87
’y’c (C), 100
yz (C), 96
*yr’m (O), 122
*yr’n- (S), 122
COrB- (S), 120
*”ytw (C), 100
C)krt- (S), 237
’m’- (С), 255
"mpt (C), 300
C)ms (M), 272
"myq (C), 258
"nb's- (B), 5
"nBrytk (B), 24
"nBryty (B), 24
"nBrytyk (B), 11
"nBrt^ kw (В), 8
"nBxs (M,S), 20
’ne’(’)y (B,S), 38
’ne’y (С), 38
"nemn (C), 100
"nemny (C), 100
"ndwxs (M), 400
"ndys (C), 51
"nó's (M), 48
"nó^w (B), 69
’nö’yk (B,M), 49
"nó ^ykh (M), 49
"nów (M), 69
’ny’rtk- (B), 104
"ny's (В), 446
"ny yz (В), 441
"nyó- (B), 439
*nyr’m (B), 122
"nyrnd- (M), 243
"nyt'k? (M), 100
"nytch (M), 100
"nytk, ’nyty (B), 100
"nyyznykh (В), 97
"njmn, ’ncmn (M), 100
’nk’yr (B), 105
*nkr’nt- (B), 243
"npt (B), 300
"ns"'c (B), 324
"ns"rty (В), 337
"ns "xs- (B), 324
’ns’y6 (В), 327
"nsp'st'ky kh (S), 353
"nspst'kyh (S), 353
"nspstqy' (M), 353
’ns’yp- (B), 129
"n^yp (S), 452
"nskr- (B), 345
"nSpr- (B), 352
"nst'y- (B), 359
"nt()wxs (B), 400
"ntph (B), 379
C)ntr^ys (B), 395
"ntwxs (C), 400
"ntxs- (C), 373
"nwth (S), 427
"nwysn't (M), 415
"nwz- (B), 430
*nx’S- (B), 242
"nx "yz (B), 441
*nxrs(-) (S), 242
INDICES [Sogdian]
"nxw^y (B), 142
"nxw^y (M), 142
"nxz- (B), 441
"ny'ms (B,S), 211
"ny (C), 278
"nz'n (B), 467
’nz’w (M), 222
"nzBr- (S), 475
"pc '$- (B), 36
"pc't (B), 125
C)pc- (B), 286
Dër (S). 8
°рӧг”у (S), 394
"py ôw (B), 221
"pyw'yz (B), 117
"pr'st (S), 322
"prs- (В), 89
"prt yt (B), 298
"prtk (B,S), 298
"ps- (S), 89
"ps k, ps’k (M), 303
"ps kh (B), 303
’ps’wc (B), 339
*ps’wxs- (M), 339
’ps’yö (С), 327
psp’ (В), 369
"pstnh (B), 359
*pstw (M), 366
C)pswxs- (B), 339
*psypw w’B (S), 335
"p3^nkty (B), 92
"pskr- (B), 345
"psty (B), 359
"psty- (M), 359
С)рйу- (S), 359
’pt’r- (B), 382
"pw'rt (B), 424
"px т/п (B), 241
*px’wn (B), 144
*pxw’y (В), 142
"py (C), 288
"pz'm (B), 469
"азу (С), 245
"qwe (C), 249
*rdyw- (C), 78
"ró^rn'k (B), 166
тё (y)8p (B), 75
rd (B), 166
ry (B,M,S), 166
"rkh (B), 131
*rmyh пуб, 154
’rn- (B), 165
"rsk' (B), 167
"rsk (M), 167
""rsqy (C), 167
’rw’stk(w) (B), 437
"'rwxs, 321, 437
's (C), 211
’s’dty (C), 341
’s’qy (С), 323
’sk’’n (B), 232
’skr’nt(-) (B), 243
’sp’s,Sp’s (B), 353
’sp’yS (B), 353
’spr’ync (S), 199
’spryk’ (B), 199
*sprym’k(w) (B), 199
"'sprymk (S), 199
’spstky’ (M), 353
’spt’k, "sptk, ’spty, 296
*spwin (B,M), 296
’spys (B,M), 353
*spyxsk (S), 350
’st’np (B), 362
’st’nyk (S), 359
’st’rs (B), 364
"sty- (S), 359
*sxnd- (M), 443
*sxs- (C), 324
()sxw’y (B), 142
’sy- (В), 328
*SB’rs (B), 92
*Sk’np (В), 344
*Sk’r- (B), 345
C)skr- (S), 345
*SkrwB (В), 347
"'ám'r (S), 138
*Spn- (C), 146
Sty- (C), 359
"Syp- (С), 129, 452
'tpn (C), 379
’wBr’wytk (B), 24
"wdyz (C), 63
’wö’yz (B), 63
"wfs- (C), 146
"wm ncn (C), 263
’wp’y (B), 288
"wpt (B,C,M), 300
’wr’ms (В), 190
^wrms (C,M), 190
527
"wryz (M), 311
"ws"wxs- (S), 339
’wst’y (B), 359
"wst- (B,C,M), 359
"wswxs- (B), 339
"wst- (B), 359
"wt (C), 427
"wx"'k (B), 142
"wx yz (В), 441
’wxr (В,С), 443
"wxyz (S), 441
"wxz (B,C,S), 441
уух (C), 414, 430
"wz'm- (C,M), 464
"wzyó (B), 474
^wzms- (C), 464
"wzy'n (B), 225
"xs (C), 445
"xs? y- (В), 451
’xS’ywn (B), 452
"xsnyBnt (S), 457
*xSy- (B), 454
’*xws’yp (B), 459
"xws- (B), 460
ху? (С), 441
"xz- (С), 441
’y- Cs-) (B,S), 152
*yjn (M), 166
’ymp- (С), 212
"'yms (C), 211
"yrznw (S), 166
"ys (С), 155
"ywp'zky" (M), 433
’yw3 (M), 219
’yz- (B), 220
’yzt’ys-kt’k (M), 51
"zn (C), 467
"zBr- (C), 8
"zy rt'k (S), 104
"zy yr- (M), 107
"zyd (C), 474
C)zw- (В), 222
"zw- (S), 222, 472
’zw’rt (B), 424
"zy (S), 463
"zynt (C), 467
'w- (C), 222
"wymyt (C), 226
b'm (С), 1
by- (B), 2
528
br- (O), 8
brxs- (С), 322
brzy (C), 13
bwe (C), 18
b(w)- (C), 17
by'm- (С), 211
bynd (M), 5
bynt (C), 5
byr- (C), 164
bywny" (С), 412
B’m’k (B), 1
B’m’nt (B), 1
B'm (B.M), 1
Bö’yz- (B), 63
Bj’w (M), 113
Biyst- (M), 474
Bjy (M), 222
Br’’mcn- (B), 139
Br’’z’’nt (B), 22
Br’’zyntk (B), 22
Br’cp- (M), 32
Br’y’z(B), 96
Br’s- (S), 197
Br’wcy (B), 269
*Br'xs- (M), 23
Br^xs (B), 322
Br’y-, 215
Br'zn(d)tyy (М), 22
Bröß’y (M), 397
Bry'z (B), 96
Bry’z(M), 118
Brys (B,S), 11
Br- (B,M,S), 8
Brxw’y (B), 142
Brywk (S), 87
Brz’y (В), 13
Brzkw (B), 13
Brzqwyy (M), 13
Brzyy (M), 13
Bs’nt’k, Bs’ntk (B), 465
Bst-ywnp- (B), 86
Bsp’ry (B), 352
Btr’ync (B,M), 395
B(w)- (B.M,S), 17
Bwe (M), 18
Bwó (B), 16
Bwxs (B,M), 18
Bxš- (B,M,S), 20
Bxt° (S), 2
Bxt-wnyy (M), 3
INDICES [Sogdian]
By’ys’ntk (В), 210
Byc (B,M), 21
Byó- (В), 5
Bynt (B), 5
Byr- (B, M), 164
Bywyn (B), 412
Bz’w (B), 113
Bz'yn (B), 465
Вгүб (В), 474
bz’w(C), 113
bzyd (С), 474
сВ- (В), 383
сЁ (M), 383
сп’ (C), 383
cs”’y- (B), 383
cš'nt (B), 36
cS’nty (B), 36
csmy ’sp’rét (B), 352
csn’ (B,C), 383
csnt (C), 36
cx-, 31
d'm (C), 47
d'r(C), 58
db'n- (C), 83
dys (C), 53
ó'm' (B,M), 47
ó r (B,M,S), 58
ö’w (B), 69
öß”’n (В), 83
6B’’ny (B), 83
öß’nz (B,S), 71
6B’nzq’wyy (М), 71
ôb r- (В), 8
5B’ys (B), 82
óB yz (В), 398
ópj (M), 398
ößr- (M,S), 8
ößys (M), 82
óy"n PN (S), 54
öy’n (S), 54
óm k (B), 56
öm’kh (B), 56
öm’s (B), 56
ör’w (B), 77
óry- (B), 63, 76
órym's'k (B), 81
órymh (B), 81
ós- (B), 53
óws- (B), 69
óxs- (B), 54
óxs- (M), 54
óync (B), 392
f )yr- (В,С), 130
fnys (C), 283
fr"y'z(B), 96
fr’’wyScy (B), 269
fr'mnc- (C), 139
fr'mrz- (M), 181
fr'wycyh (M), 269
fr'yz- (B), 197
fryrB- (B), 120
frjn- (M), 225
frkrnd (M), 243
frm’y (C,M), 255
frqrnt- (C), 243
frtyp- (C), 380
frwz- (C,M), 430
fry- (C,M), 87
fry'm (M), 211
fryš (C), 159
fryz- (C), 197
fröyp- (С), 72
fstxwmp- (C), 86, 442
fswc- (C), 339
fim (C), 100
fskr- (M), 345
(DS(m)y $w (C), 313
fšn- (C), 371
(*)fšn°s (М), 467
fsqr- (C), 345
fst- (C), 85
ft'yr- (B), 381
ftpyž- (C), 398
упс (C), 395
ftyp- (C), 72
ftyr- (C), 381
füm'ty (C), 56
füys (C), 51
y’r(B), 173
үВѕ- (B,S), 102
yd- (С), 439
yök’yn (B), 439
yfs- (C), 102
ymp- (С), 102
yn'w (O), 119
ynt’’k, ynt'k (B), 103
ynt'kw (S), 103
ynt'q (С), 103
ynt (C), 103
yr’ns (B), 122
yr’ns (В), 122
үгу” (C), 107
yrb- (C), 120
yrf- (В), 120
yrB- (M), 120
yryn (C), 122
yw- (B,C,S), 95
y(w)'w(-) (B), 142
ywb- (C), 113
ywB- (B,M), 113
ywn- (C), 113
Ywyz- (В), 252
yyr (B), 443
ТУУ (М), 94
JB’ (M), 226
Jym' (M), 81
jyyr- (M), 107
ja- (M), 225
Jw- (M), 222
Jxs- (M), 76
k’m (B,S), 227
k't'k (B), 227
КВ- (В), 235
knóh (S), 232
knóyh (B), 232
kn- (B,M), 232
ks(-) (S), 240
ktsknt'k (S), 230
(k)wn- (B,S), 237
kwrt’ (M), 250
kws (B), 228
kyr (B), 240
m’ny-prm’t’y (B), 255
m’r’nt’y (B), 273
m’r’wt(y) (C), 273
m’t(C,S), 257
m(’)yn (B), 74
md's (C), 48
mnó- (B), 264
mr’wt (C), 273
mrync (M), 266
mst’wny (B), 253
mst-k’r’k (B), 253
mst-k’ryy (М), 253
mwck(’) (B), 270
mwz’’k’ (S), 270
“mwz’kty (S), 270
m-xwb- (C), 455
myn- (B,S), 263
myn- (C), 272
туп (C,M,S), 74
myr- (B,C,M), 265
my0 PN, 259
nj (M), 285
n'w (M), 284
n’y- (S), 278
n’z(B), 285
n’zwk’ (B,M), 286
nB’ynt (B), 5
nBryc (B), 87
nBt’k, nBtk (B), 276
“nBtc’ (S), 276
nBtyy, nBtyy (M), 276
nfryty (C,M), 87
ny'd' (C), 221
ny'ó' (M), 221
ny'm (С), 100
ny’wnt (В), 114
ny’ws (B), 116
nyr’’y (B), 107
nyws (C,M,S), 116
nywynt (C), 114
nk'np- (B), 229
пт? (C), 263
nm’ny’ (С), 263
nm’rz- (B), 181
nm’y (C,M,S), 255
nm- (B,C,S), 280
nmzy’ (С), 259
np’k (S), 288
np’kh (S), 288
np'yó (B), 287
np’ys (B), 291
np()ys (S), 291
npys (C.M), 291
nró- (B), 282
nsk’w (B), 347
nsm(y) (B), 371
nsx(’)ws (В), 142
nsyd (C), 125
nt’xs- (S), 373
ntyt (C), 342
nw’yö- (B), 409
nwB, 284
nw- (M), 284
nwrt- (M), 424
nwydm' (C), 409
nwyó- (M), 409
nwyómh (B), 409
nxrys- (C), 449
INDICES [Sogdian]
nxš- (C), 242
пу” (B,C,M,S), 211
ny’z’wt (C), 172
ny’z(M), 172
nyd (C), 125
пуб (B,M), 125
nyj- (M), 155
nyjy- (M), 155
nyms (B), 211
nymz- (B), 259
nypó- (B), 287
n(y)s’y6 (B), 125
nys (B,S), 213
nys- (C.M), 283
nysk’w (M), 347
nySq'w (C), 347
nysty (B,C,S), 359
nyšyó (B), 125
nyz'tcw (B), 465
nyz’y (B), 155
nyzCy) (М), 155
nyz- (B,S), 155
nyzn’y (S), 278
nyz- (C), 155
nz’n (S), 467
p'cr't (C), 186
p’ö’y (B), 305
p’d, 305
p ywyó (M), 114
p’m’ytk (В), 178
p'myt'y (B), 178
p mytk (B), 178
p r (B,C), 296
p r (S), 293
-p r, 294
p'ts- (S), 89
р'тус (S), 187
p’s-cn (M), 233
p’spr- (M), 352
p y (B,C,M,S), 288
рс'у (B), 26
pc y- (M), 155
pcbwš (C), 16
рсВупі (В), 5
pcy z (B,S,S), 118
perıß- (B), 120
pcyry- (C), 108
peywß- (М), 113
рс- (O), 286
pcks- (S), 245
pemr- (С), 138
pemrws- (C), 180
pep’y (S), 288
pcpr- (С), 351
peq’f(C), 235, 344
peqs- (С), 245
peš- (C,M), 36
pcwqy- (C), 28
pewx’y- (С), 142
pcwz- (B), 430
pcwz- (M.S), 430
pex’yz (B), 441
pexs- (C), 118
pexw’y- (B), 142
pexwn (M), 144
pexwny (B,S), 144
pexyz- (M), 441
pc(y)'y- (B), 155
pcywfs- (C), 218
pd'r(C), 58
pd'ty (C), 46
pó wBs (В), 66
pó ync (B), 392
pó ys (B), 51
pop’yr (M), 399
póó r (М), 58
póóync (M), 392
pówBs (M,S), 66
pöwfs (M), 66
py wnt (B), 114
pywš- (C), 117
pk’np- (B), 229
ptcxs (M), 450
pn’ys (B), 283
pnys (C), 283
pr’’yt- (B), 100
pr’’sy (B), 159
pr’Byr (S), 8
pr'ó (S), 44
pr’kn- (B), 230
pr’n’y (B), 278
pr’ny (C,S), 278
pr’wp- (B), 320
pr’wyz (B), 430
pr’yc (B), 307
pr’yö (B), 44
pr’yp (B), 162
pr’ys (B,S), 155
pr-b’ytk (B), 2
pr(-)byn (M), 2
529
prbnty (С), 5
prbxs (C), 20
рут (C), 8
piB's (B). 1
prp 'yr (B.M,S), 8
prpyr- (B), 10
prdbn (C), 42
pró^y (B), 392
prö’w (M), 68
pröß’y (M), 397
prör- (S), 58
pröwty (M), 68
pröys (M), 53
ргЁ- (С), 1
pry’s- (B,S), 118
pry w (B,S), 113
pry 'yz- (B), 445
pry'z (B), 96
prys- (B), 307
prywn (B), 144
pryyz (C), 118, 446
prk’s (B), 248
prm’(’)y (В), 255
prm’n (S), 190, 263
prm’nty (C), 263
prm'qycq (C), 255
prm’y (S), 255
pın’’y’n (B), 297
pın’k (B), 297
prn’z (B), 285
prn (B), 297
prqys (М), 248
prs’ym (B), 330
*prsym (C), 330
prsm (B), 330
prsty (S), 359
prst’y (B), 359
prstr- (B), 365
prstrn (B), 365
prsy6 (S), 125
prtr- (B), 382
prw’’c- (B), 403
prw’’r(B), 406
prw’’y (B), 434
prw’rt (B), 424
prw’rz (B), 422
prw’yrt (B), 424
prw()yrt (M), 424
prwrt (C,M), 424
prwyd- (C), 410
530
prwyó- (B,S), 410
prwyj'mndy (M), 422
prwyj(-) (M), 422
pixs- (C), 307
pıxsyw (C), 452
prxw’y (С), 142
prxyy (M), 446
pry- (В), 87
pryc (C.M), 307
pryp (C.M), 162
prys (C), 155
pryš (S), 159
prysy (S), 159
pry@ (С), 44
ргу? (С), 322
préw- (C), 68
ргӨупс (C), 392
ps- (C.M), 89
ps’w- (B), 340
pstn' (C), 359
pstnh (B), 359
pswe (M), 339
psyd- (C), 327
psyp (O), 335
psyp-w Bo" (М), 335
*psyr'mndyy (M), 337
ps’y (C.M), 38
psk’r (C), 345
pskfs (M), 344
pskyr- (M), 345
pspr’mndyy (M), 352
рёрг- (C), 352
pspr- (S), 351
pst’y (C), 359
psty- (C), 359
psws- (C), 174
pšync- (C), 127
psyn (M), 92
pt’’m (M), 376
pt w (B,M), 387
pt'yó (B), 153
pt’ys- (S), 153
ptbyd- (C), 14
ptbynt (C), 5
ptbyw (С), 1
ptp- (M), 379
ptB’ynt (BM), 5
ptBr’w- (B), 91
ptBr'yn (B), 87
ptBs- (B), 89
INDICES [Sogdian]
ptBxs- (S), 20
ptByó- (B), 14
ptByw (В), 1
ptByw (М), 3
pteny, peny (С), 92
ptcs- (B), 36
ptcxs- (M), 118
ptfr’w- (C), 91
ptfr’w- (M), 91
ptfs- (C,M), 89
pty’mbry- (C), 100
pty m (B,C,S), 100
pty’ws (B), 116
ptyny’ (C), 225
ptyrf- (В), 120
ptyr(y)B- (S), 120
ptywnt (C), 114
ptyws- (B), 114
ptyws (C,M), 116
ptyws (S), 116
ptkr'k(w) (B), 237
ptkr’nt- (B), 243
ptm'(^)k (B), 255
ptm'q (С), 255
ptm’t’y (B), 255
ptm’ync (B), 139
ptmync (C), 139
ptn’ym- (B), 280
ptq’ry (C), 237
ptq's (C), 248
ptqys- (C), 248
ptr’m(-) (B,S), 190
ptr’ms(-) (B), 190
ptr’y6- (B), 310
ptr’ysky (B), 189
ptr’yz- (В), 197
ptrwó- (M,S), 193
ptrwxs- (B,C), 321
ptrys- (C), 310
ptryst- (C), 193
ptryz- (В), 197
ptrz- (С), 197
pts’c (C), 324
pts'ó (C), 341
pts'ó(^) (S), 341
pts’y (B), 324
pts’we (B), 339
pts’ynt (B), 332
ptspyn- (C), 370
ptsr’w (B), 357
ptswy- (C), 339
ptswxs- (B), 339
ptsynt (C.S), 332
pts’dty’ (C), 38
рау (C), 38
pts’nkh (B), 371
ptsknpy (B), 344
ptskró (B), 346
*ptšnq (C), 92
ptškwy- (B,M,S), 28
ptskwy, 28
ptsmr- (M,S), 138
ptsmyr- (B,M), 138
ptspr (S), 351
ptsty- (B), 359
ptw’rt (B), 424
ptw’s (B), 203
ptw’yc (C), 414
ptw’y (B), 434
ptwx’y (С), 142
ptwyd (C), 410
ptwyó (M), 200, 409-10
ptwyó (S), 409, 410
ptxryn (C), 446
ptxw’y (B,M), 142
ptxwrk’ (B), 147, 151
ptxwrk (M), 151
ptxws (S), 142
pty’m- (BM), 211
pty’ms- (В), 211
pty’p (M), 162
ptydy’(M), 174
ptyts- (C), 162
ptym- (S), 211
ptyms- (M), 211
ptyrnc (C), 381
ptyt- (C), 215
pty6y' (С), 174
pt'C)n (B), 467
pt’n (C,M,S), 467
ptBws (M), 16
ptyr- (C), 469
pting (С), 76
рёу- (С), 463
руп (M), 87
ptywó (M), 114
ptrys (M), 189
ptsynd (M), 332
ptspr(t)- (М), 351
ptw’t (M), 203
ptyws (M), 219
pizen (M), 469
pwd- (С), 129
pw'rt (M), 424
pw’yc- (B), 414
pw'zwny (C), 430
pw’zy (C), 430
pws (M), 302
pwt (M), 302
pwtyk’h (M), 302
pwx’y (C), 142
pwyrt- (C), 424
pxsn (C), 241
pxw’y (M), 142
by Ct (B), 215
*py t (C), 215
py 'm- (C.S), 255
py m- (M), 211
Dy t (M), 215
py ty (kh) (B), 215
pyms- (C), 255
pyn- (C), 136
pyr’k (B), 290
pyr- (B,C), 290
pys- (S), 159
pys-wz’y (C), 461
pyte (С), 155
руг (В,С), 292
pz't(M), 465
pz'tyk (М), 465
pzt- (B), 304
q'm (C,M), 227
qmp- (C), 229
qn- (C), 232
g5(-) (С), 240
qtsndy (M), 230
g6(-) (C), 232
гВ (B), 185
r't (B), 186
r’y (B,S), 306
r’z’y (B), 322
r’z(C,M), 322
r’zh (S), 322
rBz- (B), 194
182- (S), 194
ryn- (B), 192
rywsn- (B), 321
rnß-, rnp- (B), 185
rst’ (C), 197
rsth (B), 197
rwc (M,S), 316
rwó- (B), 193
twp (B,S,M), 319
rwst (М), 193
rwš (B,C), 141
rwt (C), 141
*rwxsn- (C), 321
rwxsny 'q- (С), 321
rwyst (C), 437
rwz (C), 319
rwzty' (C), 319
rx’’n PN (S), 190
rxm k (B), 307
rxmyh (M), 307
rxn- (C,S), 192
rxš- (B), 313
rym (C), 188
rys- (B), 310
ryt-ywwó (M), 114
ryz (B), 187, 311, 319
ryz (5), 319
ryz, ryzh (B), 319
ryz (C), 319
s'c (B,C,M,S), 323
spryt- (S), 87
sfr'cy (C), 403
sfryn (C), 87
sfryt- (M), 87
sy- (S), 325
syt- (C), 325
sywn- (B), 334
sywnw (B), 334
skn- (B), 232
sknt'k (B), 230
sm’’ön (B), 253
stBty (M), 362
sn’y (B,C), 348
sn- (B,C,S), 331
spt- (C), 296
spy- (S), 369
spyš/spxš (C), 353
sqnty (C), 230
sr'kh (S), 335
sr’w- (C), 357
sr’wtyty (C), 357
srt,Srty (B), 337
st'nyq (C), 359
stmb (M), 362
swb- (C), 368
swe (B,C), 339
INDICES [Sogdian]
swy- (S), 339
swk’nt xwr- (B), 149
swmb- (M), 368
swndyh (M), 332
swnp- (B), 368
swntk,Swnt’y (B), 332
swnty (C), 332
swx’y (С), 142
swxs- (B), 339
ѕх пісук (B), 443
ѕхг? (B), 446
sxwn (S), 334
sxwrd- (C), 149-50, 304
sxwst- (M), 142
sy- (B,C,S), 332
syd (C), 332
syó- (B,C), 327
syn- (C), 331
syy- (M), 332
3’m (B), 39
S'$ (B,C,M), 397
S'twx- (C), 38
S’tyxw (S), 38
šfrs (С), 92
Sk'np (B), 344
šk'r- (B), 345
-škrô’k (B), 346
škr- (M), 345
sm'r (B,C), 138
šm-, Sym- (C), 371
šn- (B,C), 371
šnyš (M), 349
Sqr- (C), 345
Stxw (S), 38
Sw- (B,C,M,S), 41
Swim (C), 29
Sum (M), 29, 137
šwmqy (C), 29, 137
Swnk (B), 333
šyš- (B,M), 397
t'p (S), 379
t$ (B,M), 385
t’w’nty (B), 387
t’wndyy (M), 387
tfyz (C), 398
tyt- (B), 100
tk'ws (B), 252
tkws (C,M,S), 252
tny- (C), 278
tr- (C), 381
trytyh (B), 395
trs (S), 393
t$ (C), 393
twdy (C), 388
twö’k (B), 388
twóyh (M), 388
twnt (B), 390
tw(y) z- (S), 388
twz (C), 388
txyz (C), 441
txyz (M), 441, 445
tyny- (B), 278
tys (B,C,M,S), 155
t's'ó (M), 376
tns (M), 376
tns, 377
twj (M), 388
Obr- (C), 8
ty'q (C), 391
w'b (С), 401
w’B (B,M,S), 401
w’c (B,C,M,S), 199
уб (C,M), 402
w'r(-) (B,C,M), 406
wry, утс, w’ryt, 204
w's (B), 203
w's (S), 432
w’y- (B), 405
w^ywq (M), 411
w’zt (C), 430
wbnty (C), 5
wp- (M), 17
wBs- (B), 146
wen- (C), 26
wcy- (M), 26
wdrz (C), 314
wöyr (M), 58
wy’m-n’fc (C), 100
*wy'm-n'fcy' (C), 100
“wy myt(y) (C), 100
wy yr (B), 108
wyr’s (C.S), 173
wyr’ys, 173
wyryš (C), 173
wyS- (B,C,M,S), 471
wip’ (M), 199
wjxs- (M), 76
wk’wr (B,S), 250
“wkwr (S), 250
wlrz (C), 314
53]
wm'"- (B,S), 257
wm( rz (B), 181
winrst- (S), 181
wmrzw (S), 181
wmst- (M), 181
wmxsk (S), 261
wn’wn’ky’kh (S), 417
wn- (C), 237
wn-, 131, 165
wnw- (S), 417
wnwnqy (C), 417
wnwnyy (M), 417
wnyqcyq (C), 417
wp rs (B), 89
wprs (M), 89
wprs, "wprs (C), 89
wr’ (C), 422
wrn- (C.M), 420
wrt (S), 422
wrtn (B), 424
*wrtn (M), 424
wryó- (M), 310
wrz (B), 426
wrz'yw (B), 422
wrzyw (C), 422
wsn (B,M,S), 427
wsyr- (C), 337
wš- (C), 423
ws’t-k’m (M), 136
ws’y- (B), 423
wsk'ró (B), 346
wts(-) (C), 376
ух 7$ (B), 242
wxns (M), 242
wxs- (B,M), 403
wxs- (C), 199
wxš (C), 242
wxw’n (S), 144
wy” Br (B), 8
wy’’k (B), 202
wy Br (M), 8
му? (C), 46
wy’s/s, 220
w(y)c()rt, 237
wyc’w’ (C), 28
wyc’wqy’ (С), 28
wyc’wyt (С), 28
wyc (B,C), 414
wycyr’mnty (C), 237
wyd’b (C), 42
532
wyd'bqyn (C), 42
wyd's (C), 48
wydymp' (С), 72
wyö’s (B,M), 48
wyö’y- (B), 49
wyö’ynp’h (В), 72
wyö’yr (B), 58
wyöß’ycty (М), 82
wyöß’ycy (B), 82
wyóp y (B,M), 82
wyöß’y- (B), 397
wyößxs- (B), 82
wyy’r’s (B), 173
wyyn- (M), 230
wyn (В,С,М,8), 412
wyr’kh (B), 132
wyr’m- (B), 190
wyr’ms (B), 190
wyr'rz (B), 314
wyrw(x)8- (C), 316, 321
wyrxs- (C), 187
wyrxws (B), 321
wyry0'mnt (C), 310
wys'q (C), 328
wyst’w (B), 366
wystw (C), 366
wyskyré (В), 346
wysqyst/ -rd (C), 346
wyt’’p- (В), 379
wyt(’k) (B), 435
wyt'p (C), 379
wyt'r- (M), 381
wyt’wxs (B), 376
wyt’yc (B), 376
wytr- (B,C,M,S), 381
“wytrxty’ (C), 395
wyws- (C), 202
wyz’w (M), 472
wyzp-, wzp- (B), 199
wyzp’-(C), 199
wzy'm (B), 100
x- (C,M), 152
x'w(-) (M), 142
x’xh (B), 440
x’x° (M), 440
xC )yr (B), 443
xnt- (B), 443
xr- (S), 443
xr'm (B), 449
xr'yn (B), 446
INDICES [Choresmian]
хг (B), 241
xryn (S), 446
xrys (M), 449
xš (C), 241
х$у- (C), 451
xsywn (C), 452
xw'n- (S), 144
xw’w(-) (B), 142
xw’yk PN (S), 142
xw()yz (S), 460
xwy'm-n'fcy' (C), 100
xwj- (M), 252
xwn- (В,С), 144
xwr- (B,C,M,S), 147
xws- (C), 428
xwsyp (M), 459
xwyn- (B), 144
xwyr (B,C), 147
xwys (B), 143
xwz (C), 460
xyr (C), 443
y’b(C), 212
y’b’gcy (С), 212
y’B(B,M), 212
y’n (B,C,M), 210
y’n-0b’rqy’ (С), 210
yB'r- (M), 8
ykn- (M), 230
ykyn (M), 232
yty’ (C), 215
yw’r (B,C,M,S), 420
ywe (B,C,M), 216
ywx y (С), 142
ywxs- (B,C), 216
ywxty (C), 217
yxs- (S), 216
“yxs’mntw (C), 446
z'mn k (S), 464
глу (C), 470
ZTO), z’r’k (B), 470
zB’yr (B), 475
zBnd (M), 472
zy 'r(C), 108
zy r&- (B), 110
zy rt (B), 474
zy rtr (B), 474
zy 'yr- (B), 107
zyif- (B), 120
zyrwBs- (B), 120
zyyr- (М), 107
zm’ (S), 255
zm'y (C), 255
zn- (B,C,M), 465
zn'kh (B), 467
zr()xs- (B), 190
zr'yš- (B), 189
zrx- (M), 190
zrxs- (C,M), 190
zrync (C), 190
zrys-’sy (C), 189
zryš(-) (C), 197
zryš- (M), 189
zw'rt (B), 424
zw(’)rt (M), 424
zw’yrt (M), 424
zwß’k (S), 78
zwB’kh (B), 78
zwrt (C), 424
zwt'k (B), 472
zwydm’ (С), 409
zwyó (C), 409
zwyrt (C), 424
zwz- (C), 430
zy’’m(B), 211
zy'm (C), 211
zy ms (B), 211
zyB (B), 226
zyón (B), 86
zyn (M), 463
zywr (B,C), 462
zywz- (B), 430
ž’t- (C), 75
Z'y (C), 94
Zym'syt (C), 81
žym- (C), 81
Zwb' (C), 78
Zw (C), 77
Zw- (C), 222
Zwsy (C), 472
Zwyz (C), 407
"Zyb'mnty (C), 226
1.1.2.5 Choresmian
()skwryk, 252
()sn'd, 348
"[mr-, 138
‘[pryy-, 306
'br'z, 22
’bst’-, 360
’bwd, 302
‘Bw’k, 431
"BwYN-, 413, 431
()ém-, 191
’ywö, 114
*kwbyc, 249
’m’xy-, 259
’mbyr-, 296
’mc-, 168
"mh, 158
"mm'w(y)-, 273
’mxs-, 270
’my-, 265
’nb’fy-, 296
"nb'zy-, 20
"nb'zy-, 287
"nbf-, 296
"nbncy-, 5
"nbrs-/m[nbrs-, 294
"nbs-, 89
’nc’h-, 35
"nd'ny, 47
"ndx, 400
"ndyx, 400
’ndž, 63
пуу, 115
"nh, 158
"nknc, 244
"pZy-, 463
"rd, 166
’rD’wn, 78
’röyyk, 106
"rk, 131
"r0, 166
"rx, 167
"rz- (rz-), 198
’sn’-, 348
'snCY-, 333
"end 333
*stnb, 362
"wfny, 84
’wsyk, 423
"wsynd, 423
"wz(y)-, 156
’z’ryk, 469
"zmny-, 263
"2-, 167
b'd-, 385
b’ör-, 59
b'óys, 52
b’Trd-, 121
b’h-, 153
b’wn-, 207
b'Z'w-, 475
bB’ry-, 8
bB’s-, 1
bBr-, 8
bcn-, 26, 29
bcrf/B-, 185
bexw’ry-, 147
b/pcy-, 26
bd'by-, 389
bd's-, 375
bdfs-, 379
bö’w-, 69
böß’zy-, 83
bößxs-, 83
bfn-, 87
bfy-, 87
by’h-, 93
byBy-, 120
bywnd-, 114
byws-, 116
bk's-, 247
bkn-, 232
bkny-, 232
bkrry-, 239
bkrzy-, 243
bks-, 242, 246
bmz-, 181
bn'sy-, 283, 467
bn'wy-, 284
bnw-, 284
bny-, 278
bs’m-, 39
bs’ry-, 336, 355
Bs’w-, 340
bsp’ry-, 351
bstn-, 365
bstw-, 366
bšx-, 396
bszy-, 343
béw-, 68
bw’r-, 420
bw’ry-, 420
bw’ry-, 207, 420
bw’zk, bw’zyk, 433
bw’zy-, 431
bwey-, 424
bwndst, 205
bwyn-, 413
INDICES [Choresmian]
bwz-, 431
bxnwr’we, 457
bxr’h-, 449
bxsy-, 114
by’By-, 175
by’my-, 212
byd-, 156
byfs-, 162
bync-, 127
byny-, 278
byry-, 164
Bynyk, 2
Br-, 8
Bry’k, 87
Bryz-, 23
Brzyk, 314
Bx-, 20
By’zy’d-, 462
Byr-, 164
BZk, 13
Bznyk, 13
c’tyk, 35
cBr-, 8
cyd-, 100
cyrcy-, 111
ckwnd, 228
ckwndyk, 228
c$-, 36, 356
cw’zy-, 201
cxy-, 389
cy-, 156
c’öry-, 59
é’m-, 191
E’rks-, 246
ёр-, 32
éw’xy-, 70
ёх-, 70
dh-, 48
ö’dk, 46
ö’m, 46
ó myk, 47
ó nc, 46
ó ry-, 58
ómn-, 264
ómy-, 55
ónby-, 54
órd, 61
óry-, 79
öws-, 66
óy-, 49
óZy-, 63
fh-, 87
fry’mk, 100
fy’cy-, 215
y-, 225
y z-, 96
yBy-, 120
yd, 115
yfs-, 120
yrey-, 111
Trd-, 121
ys, 93
ysy-, 471
yw-, 95
ywB@)-, 113
-ywsy-, 116
°ywsy-, 130
ywy-, 115
yyr-, 104
yyrnyk, 105
yyr(y)-, 104
h’fs-, 162
h’ny-, 165
hößy-, 54, 81
hl’wy-, 141
hlw-, 141
hnc'wy-, 38
hncy-, 38, 377
hr'zy-, 198
hr'zyk, 198
hrd"-, 130
hrdyws-, 130
hsf-, 146
hwB-, 300
k’fy-, 235
k’my-, 228
k’ry-, 240
k’t, 227
k’w-, 347
k'Z 245
k’Zy-, 245
kcy-, 243
kf-, 235
kn-, 233
kncy-, 244
knd-, 243
krb-, 241
kró-, 239
krwy-, 240
ksy-, 246
533
kwby-, 250
kwbyk, 249
kwey-, 252
kwzy-, 252
kwzy- (kwry-), 252
m['br'z-, 22
E
/
/
/
/
['knby-, 229
['ks-, 246
['kwcy-, 249
|’m’nsy-, 263
/’m’ny-, 263
m['rxs-, 190, 306
/
['sk^ny-, 233
|’sk’ry-, 240
|?
/
/
/
/
/
H
mjbs-, 89
т/Вг-, 10
m/Brs-, 10
mjBwzy-, 18
mjByrs-, 164
mjByrsy-, 164
mjByw-, 169
mjByxy-, 171
ІВгру-, 72
/В2р-, 72
m/|Bzr’wy-, 78, 141
mjBzrw-, 78, 141
m/pZz-, 11, 19
mjBZry-, 123
38
534
|cxyzy-, 441
[су-, 39
[éfy-, 383
|ду-, 383
m|d’w-, 69
|
|
|
|
B B
В ’ny-, 83
ópsy-, 82
óm's-, 56
óys-, 52
mjfsncy-, 333
mjfsw-, 41
m[fswcy-, 339
m/fsxs-, 339
|fš'ny-, 129
/fsnc-, 129
|ft'w-, 385
[ftw-, 385
m]ym-, 122
Гу
Гуту:
|
|
|
z
n's-, 119
-, 104
yw’ry-, 104
үу-, 94
Y zy-, 96
m/h-, 158
(Er 234
miks-, 228
miks-, 251
m|kw-, 347
mjkwby-, 249
m|k-, 237
mjkwnd-, 228
m/n-, 166
m/nß’ry-, 8
m/|nBncy-, 5
m/nßx-, 20
mjnc’n-, 467
mjncyrey-, 111
mjncn-, 26
m/ncs(y)-, A
mlncsy-, 3
ш{[пё-,
тјпё’ту-, 395
mjnd’my-, 55
m[ndm(y)-, 55
m/|ndxs-, 373
m/ny’sy-, 100
m/nys-, 100
mjnywnd-, 114
m/|nywsy-, 116
minyws-, 116
INDICES [Choresmian]
mjnh’zy-, 125
m/nk’ry-, 237
mjnkn-, 244
/nknby-, 229
m|nkwey-, 249
mjnkwzy-, 252
m|np’cy-, 300
m|npd-, 300
m/|nps-, 291
mjnw-, 284
mjnw’ry-, 419
mj[nwp-, 401
mjnwrey-, 425
mjnwry-, 419
m|nwsy-, 405
m/nxsy-, 114
miny xy-, 171
mjn's-, 467
mjn'sy-, 467
mjnr-, 281
mjpxs(y)-, 142
mjpxy-, 142
m/rBY-, 140
mjrBsy-, 21
mjrónb-, 79
mjróps-, 79
/rynd-, 106
тјтӨт-, 391
m/rwBY-, 319
[s-, 153
mJs’ny-, 331
[scy-, 333
mjsfs-, 369
mjsk'sy-, 247
m|skf-, 344
|sknb-, 229
[sks-, 247
mjsksy-, 347
m|skwry-, 252
mjsk(y)n-, 231
mjsm-, 330
[sn/y-, 331
[sPr-, 352
mjstnby-, 389
[stncy-, 389
mjstrY-, 364
mjstw-, 366
mjsxn-, 446
mjsxs-, 324
mjs'cy-, 324
8
8
m/skwnd-, 347
(m|)špxš-, 199
m/sw-, 134
m/Ofnc-, 398
m/w’r-, 421
mjw’ry-, 421
mjw’zy-, 431
/wen-, 26
m]wrcy-, 425
(m[)wr'my-, 191
m]wrd-, 425
wrYs-, 310
ws’cy-, 324
(w)stnb-, 389
wzph-, 199
8
Ixyz(y)-, 441
m[X(w)'sy-, 142
mjXy-, 452
Hen 452
mjZnb-, 140
m'ny-, 74, 263
m'ny-, 273
m'ry-, 273
mß-, 17
mBn-, 22
mkf-, 234
mrO’my-, 391
msp-, 369
mscy-, 396
msxs-, 396
mwcy-, 270
mwrnyk, 266
mwZy-, 426
mxsy-, 114
mX's-, 142
myz-, 179
my-, 156
mz-,272
mzy-, 272
mžß-, 140
mzy-, 181
nb'k, 289
nBdk, nßc, nBdc, 276
па?у-, 63
nk’s(y)-, 246
nkn-, 231
nrö-, 282
nscy’k, 324
пуӨ-, 125
p’cxr-, 242
p ró-, 44
p rk'sy-, 248
p rw zy-, 201
P'rwYCY-,407
pc-, 286
pcBncy-, 5
pey’z-, 118
pck’b-, 234
pckn-, 231
pekr-, 237
pemc-, 139
pemxs- (pemxs-), 269
pemy-, 256
pemyz-, 178
pemyzy-, 178
penw-, 284
penwsy-, 284
per’my-, 191
per’w-, 192
per’wy, 38, 90, 91
per’wy-, 91
perm-, 191
pery-, 38, 192
pew-, 203
pew’By-, 401
pex’w-, 142
pexf-, 440
pexr-, 147
pCXRd (PCXRd), 444
pexrs-, 242
pexw’z-, 141
рсуѕ(у)-, 52
pom, 287
pjyd-, 114
pn, 297
pr’kn-, 231
pr’skm-, 344
pr’w’zy-, 201
pre’s-, 377
pre’sy-, 377
prcy-, 298
prdys-, 53
pró By-, 43
prößs-, 43
próyzk, 53
prftk^wk, 185
prk’w-, 347
prmrcy-, 266, 267
prmsy-, 180
prmy-, 265
prmz-, 181
prpd-, 300
prw'r-, 406
prw's-, 203
prw’z-, 201
prwe-, 425
prwr-, 423
prwxs-, 418
prxn-, 446
pixsy-, 114
prxwsy-, 448
prxw0-, 448
pry-, 159, 186
ргух-, 307
ps-, 286
ps ry-, 337
psnd-, 333
ps’w-, 340
ps-, 355
PSXS-, 396
рӨхв-, 392
pwn-, 302
px-, 303
INDICES [Bactrian]
pxry-, 242
pz'r-, 469
pzn-, 50
pZy-, 133
r’wy-, 141
rs, 322
r’zy-, 198
rfš, 320
rm-, 191
ınf-, 185
rj, 192
ınj’wy-, 192
rns-, 313
rw-, 194
rw-, 141
rwby-, 319
rxn, 321
rxn-, 321
rxny-, 321
rxtyk, rxtk, 314
IXyZ-, 441
rycy-, 307
rymyc, 188
rYs-, 189
rYsY-, 437
tyz-, 311
s’ry-, 337
s’s-, 368
sfs’ny-, 92
sknt xr-, 149
sks-, 247
sm-, 330
sms-, 330
sNsY-, 283
sPY-, 292
srY-, 337
sw(y)-, 340
$°$у-, 397
Sbnc-, 199
Sy’m(y)-, 212
Sy’ry-, 108
Sy’weyk, 113
Syr-, 108
S’zy-, 86
Sk’ry-, 237
Sknbyk, 345
škš-, 246
sm’-, 256
Sm’ny-, 273
smc-, 139
Smny-, 263
Smsy-, 136
šmšy-, 180
Smwy-, 273
Smy-, 136
ёпу-, 372
Spn-, 351
&5-, 397
Sw-, 357
Sw ry-, 431
Swy-, 397
šwž-, 431
РВҮ-, 379
Рѕу-, 375
t’w’n, 387
tnc-, 387
trw-, 384
twy, 388
tx-, 393
tynk-, 393
0'w, 68
0'wy-, 68
Ow-, 68
w'r, 406
w'ry-, 406
w’s-, 203
w’zy-, 200, 201
wzy”, 431
wbd, 300
we-, 414, 418
wcy-, 424
wórs(y)-, 63
wóry-, 58
wozy-, 63
wy ry-, 108
wyr-, 96
wyrY-, 108
wk’ny-, 231
wkny-, 231
wnd-, 205
wr'ry-, 198
wrd-, 424
wróncy-, 76
wrfk, wrfyk, 185
ws-, 403
ws’ny-, 331
wsn, 427
wsNc-, 325
ws(y)-, 360
wx-, 428
535
WXs-, 441
wXy-, 428
wy k, 202
wyry-, 132
Wz-, 431
WZ'cyk, ’wz’cyk, 464
wz’m, 55
wzy-, 200, 461
wz, 209
x’r-, 444
x’ry-, 444
X'zy-, 446
хӧ-, 439
xf-, 120, 440
xFs-, 120
xnd-, 443
xndk, 443
xnwy-, 458
xrB-, 447
xrby-, 447
xs-, 455
х$5-, 242
xSy-, 242
xw’h-, 142
xw'ry-, 147
xwßy-, 455
xwfs-, 442
xwnb-, 442
x(w)r-, 147
y-, 152
y B-, 213
y’cy-, 215
Y’FY-, 162
y’sw-, 41
yf-, 162
ym ’r-, 267, 272
yw’ry-, 420
yw’s-, 203
ywzy-, 176, 217
yxs-, 217
z'd, 465
z'dk, 465
z'my-, 100,212
zp-, 472
zry-, 470
Zyw-, 223
1.1.2.6 Bactrian
оВодо, 289
оВоро, 8
536
aßarvary-, 392
aóó1vo, 49
хоВбоуоуо, 465
оВбоо-, 113
aßgı-, 223
aßndo, 156
aßıv-, 156
aßıp-, 164
aBiotavo, 360
aBiotaoonyo, 366
aBiptado, 360
aßıpraoavo, 360
aoto-, 327
aya-, 100
ovo. yo, 221
ayyapyo, 237
ayyır-, 118
*ayı-otvõo, 333
оф(о)Вар-, 8
aCyado, 8
оби-, 465
argave-, 398
Opa-, 272
apBapo-Bipoaroyo, 8
appay-, 20
av-avdaydo, 392
avCnbayo, 35
apdo, 166
apıoro, 310
apy-arv-, 154
ao-, 152
аслосо, OTAGO, 354
avayyo, 392
avpapo, 138
ax(a)o-, 446
оҳосо, 1AXA00, 446
axpıvo, 446
ор(о)кор-, ғркор-, 345
орҳолћ-, 450
Banöddıyo, 178
Водо, 5
Bap-, 8
-Bapo, 8
Bao-, 5
Baoto, 5
Bay-, 20
Bo-, 17
Boy-, 18
you B-, 102
yap Bo, 102
INDICES [New Persian]
үсоо-, 95
yaooavo, yaoavo, 95
yupC-, 112
yupa-, 106
үоВ-, 113
dpoyo, ddpwyo, 81
dpwyoutyo, 81
eC-, 156
Cad(y)o, Gadayo, 465
Capavo, 100
tav-, 467
Gv, 225
Gv, 463
Cup-, 221
Соудбио, 223
Coo-, 223
1€1po, tepo, epo, 131
1e0-, 212
10А-, 176
коВоүүо, 234
Kap(a)A-, 239
Kıp-, 237
xıbayo, 242
Àa-, 44
Хоро, 63
Anp-, 58
Ar-, 49
nıy-, 178
Hıp-, 265
HUo-yopo, HN-YAPO,
258
vaßoryo, 289
vaßavõo, 5
vopio-, 291
vayat-, 118
vaKav-, 233
vapddıya.vo, 130
vavayyo, vavayyıvõo,
392
уор-, 283
viCadayo, 465
vıbaAyno, мролћно, 126
oaG-, 431
oavivd-, 417
oaoapo, 421
оорСтоо, oapCorao,
426
oax-, 428
onA-, 201
OLYaA®, 28
oLyaApavo, 28
ofavia-yapo, 225
011010, 52
ovonp-, 237
оҳортүсуо, 446
01X0000, 142
ouxpnyavo, 446
ouxpuvo, 446
Tapayavo, 231
Tapara-, 44
Tapopap-, 8
rapoıoßıyo, 162
порортооо, 360
Tnpo, 290
rıdayynp-, 237
rıdoyano-Bapyo, 100
Ti60KopA.-, 239
r180000-, 403
T1600Qv-, 406
Ti60po-, 120
moto, 293
торбо, 293
порооото, 201
pat-, 307
pnyo, 307
DU, 307
put-, 191
oaxo-, 324
o1-, 28
o1vöo, 333
собо, 341
OTLO-, KONIO-, GANIO-,
354
otapBo, 362
taß-, 379
tayo, 373
тоот, то0о, 387
тооооуо, TAOAVO, 387
тасоро, 373
vom, 388
vayyo, 392
vapapo, 138
vapyo, 131
“vCyapo, 100
vipC-, 133
VO-VAOLVSNLO, VO-
vocivóo, 333
VO-OLVÕAHO, VO-
oıvönıo, 333
форти-, 360
YPOYAOOHO, PPOYAVO,
@poyaoo, 113
polivdo, PopLıvöo,
465
фроро--, 256
Xıp-, 446
XOQA-KAHO, YOYALLO,
228
xoav-, YOW-, xonv-,
144
xoap-, 150
x%0(a)-o1vdo, 333
хоС-, 460
om, 464
осто-, 360
роо-, 41
poot-, 41
piGyo, 456
bu-, 451
1.1.2.7 Sarmatian
waGadayog, ieCdayos
PN, 220
1.1.3 New West Iranian
1.1.3.1 New Persian
1.1.3.1 Classical
’wBst- (Judeo-), 301
abranjan, 314
abrésum, 437
afgandan, 231
afgan, figan, 94, 145
afraxtan, afrastan/afraz-,
198
afraz, 198
afroxtan/afroz-, 316
afsurdan/afsar-, 337
afsändan/afsän-, 372
afsurah, 93
afzudan/afzay-, 113
alfanj-/alfagdan, 398
anbar, 9, 296
anbastan/anbar-, 296
anbüsidan/anbüs-, 302
andarz, 63
andaxtan/andaz-, 374
andoh, 400
andoxtan/andoz-, 387,
388
andüdan/anday-, 69
angärah, 238
angäridan/ angär-, 238
angéxtan/angéz-, 97
anjog, 249
anjuman, 100
arrah, 132
arvis, arvis, 437
arz, 167
arzidan/arz-, 167
aspast, 148
ast, 152
auburdan/aubar-, 12
aubaridan, 12
aubastan/aubar-, 12
aurang, 314
abad, 289
afaridan/afarin-, 87
aftab, 379
agandan/agin-, 232
aganidan/agan-, 232
agah, 246
agaz, 96
agistan/agar-, 108, 110
ahanjidan/ahanj-, 392
alextan/alez-, 311
ahixtan/ahiz-, 392
ajidan, 29
aludan, 133
aluftan, 315
alüdan/alay-, 69
amadan, 100
amadan/amay-, 256
amar, 138
amas-, 56
amextan/amez-, 261
amoxtan/amoz-, 270
amurzidan/amurz-, 269
aramidan/aram-, 191
arastan/aray-, 198
ard, 166
arog, 195
arogidan/arog-, 195
arzo, 319
arzu, 11
as, 167
asagdah, 324
äsugdah, 339
asamidan, 40
asuftan/asub-, 455
INDICES [New Persian]
asudan/asay-, 328
avang(an), 129
avam, 162, 178
avar, 208
avazah, 404
avazidan, 404
avextan/avez-, 414
ävurdan/ä(va)r-, 9
axtan/az-, 161
ax'and, 145
ay-, 156
ayin, 50
ayinah, 50
azad, 466
azar, 469
azin-/azidan, 29
azir (aZer), 107
azmudan/azmay-, 256
azurdan/azar-, 469
bahänah, 405
barazidan/baraz-, 22
barz, 426
bastah, 20
bastan/band-, 5
baxsüdan/baxs-, 20, 450
bayo, 201
bazidan/baz-, 431
baftan/baf-, 402
bak, 3
bala, 13
balidan/bal-, 208
bam, 1
bang, 404
baran, 406
baridan/bar-, 406
bavar, 421
bavaridan, 421
baxtan/baz-, 433
bayad, 156
bazi, 433
bazidan/baz-, 433
béxtan/béz-, 408, 414
biristan, 23
biryan, 23
bistar, 365
bisüdan/bisav-, 369
bisgar(d), 346
biskal(ah), 346
biskalid, 346
bidar, 173
bim, 3
bin-, 413
bos(ah), 15
bosidan/bos-, 15
böstän, 16
boy, 16
buland, 13
burdan/bar-, 8
burridan/burr-, 22
buzidan/buz-, 18
büdan/bas-, 17
büf, 401
Cafsidan, 33
Caftah, 229
Cakidan/Cak-, 32
cam, 40
Camidan, 32, 40, 229
candis, 36
Caränidan/Carän-, 34
caridan, 34
casidan/Cas-, 36
cadur, 341
ca(h)idan/Cay-, 39
čāk, 31
Capidan/cap-, 33
car(ah), 246
Cast, 36
Cidan/Cin-, 27
ёиѕі 37
dabz, 71
damidan/dam-, 56
dar, 60
darayidan, 77, 475
dard, 61
darridan, 59
darzan, 63
dast, 56
dastür, 56
dastan, 70
davidan/dav-, 65
daxs, 70
dadan/dih-, 44
dag, 54
dam, 47
danistan/dan-, 467
dastan/dar-, 58
dayah, 47
dég, dig, 50
ата, darafs, 60, 75
dirafsidan, 75
537
dirös, 80
dizan, 54
didan, 49
dök, 65
döst, 473
doxtan/dos-, 70
döxtan/döz-, 67
dog, 66
durög, 81
durust, 81
durüdan/dirav-, 79
düd, 68
esfand, 370
éfudah, 213
es, 214
faréftan/faréb-, 43
fargar, 108, 474
fargardan, 108
fargaridan, 108
farhang, 392
farmän, 256
farmüdan/farmäy-, 256
farzand, 466
firamustan, 269
firéb- (fareb-), 308
firistadan/firist-, 360
firistah/firöstah, 159
firoxtan/firos-, 428
firsang, 325
fisurdan/fisär-,
afsurdan/afsär-, 93
furög, 316
furöxtan/furöz-, 316
gahülidan, 131
gand, 104
gandah, 104
gap, gab, 401
gardanidan/gardan-, 111
gardidan, 111
gardün, 425
garzah, 106
garzin, 108
gas, 471
gastan/gard-, 111
gauharidan, 131
-gaz, 118
gazand, 225
gaza, 118
gazidan, 118
gadan, gayidan/gay-, 94
538
gam, 100
вёў, 97
gévah, 96
gilah, 112
gimiz, 179
gimizidan/gimiz-, 179
giravidan, 421
girami, 107
giramidan/giram-, 107
giriftan/gir-, 120
girih, 123
giristan/girty-, 112, 122
gos, 116
gosidan/gos-, 116
g0z, 117
gudaxtan/gudaz-, 376
guóastan/guóar-, 381-2
guftan/goy-, 113
gum, 258
guman, 263
gumästan/gumär-, 268
gunah, 283
gunj, 434
gunjidan/gunj-, 434
gurextan/gurez-, 307
gusil-, 338
gusistan, 327
gusi (guse ?), 327
gustardan/gustar-, 365
gusädan/gusäy-, 136
gusnah, 423
*eusuftan, 455
guvah, gavah, 404
guzärdan/guzär-, 34
guzidan/guzin, 27
garmidan, 122
gaStah, 110
gunav-/gunüdan, 119
gurunbidan, 122
hamär, 138
hamyan, 211
handasi, 64
hazinah, 156
hävan, 134
hémah, hézum, 157
bës, xés, 127
hirasidan/hiras-, 393
histan/hil-, 133
hunar, 183
iftalidan/iftal-, 380
INDICES [New Persian]
ingastan/ingar-, 238
inaft, 280
istadan/ist-, 360
izid, izad, 220
Jasn, 220
Junbän, 213
junbidan/junb-, 213
Jastan/jah-, 474
Javazah, 172
Javidan/jav-, 226
Jay), 202
jan, 161
jaru, 320
Jerr, 107
Jindah, 223
jos, 250
josidan/jos-, 210
joz, 117
juda, 216
jug, 218
Justan/jöy-, 176
kandan/kan-, 231, 233
kardan/kun-, 237
kasidan/kas-, 242
kaftan/kav-, 235
kal, 239
kam, 228
kard, 244
kartana(k), 245
kastan/kah-, 247
ken, 28
kes, 30
kistan/kar-, 240
kiyan, 46
kir, 250
köbidan/köb-, 249
köftan/köb-, 249
kös, 228
kuban(i)dan, 249
kuhan, 234
kustan, kostan, 228
kustan/kus-, 251
kusti, 251
larzidan, 311, 315
laskar, 196
laj-vard, 425
linj-, 392
listan/les-, 310
lundidan/lund-, 194
makidan/mak-, 257
marg, 266
mast, 253
mazidan/maz-, 257
mac, 258
mälidan/mäl-, 181
mändah, 74
тапаап/тап-, 74
manistan/man-, 273
mäsidan/mäs-, 254
mast, 254
maz, 272
méhan, 260
mextan/mez-, 179
mihan, 260, 261
mir-/murdan, 265
morcah, 106
moyidan, 271
must, 271
muže, meZe, 259
muq, 139
nabard, naburd, 298
nabardah, 298
nabid, 289
na-har, 130
namidan/nam-, 276
nava, 284, 289
navaxtan/navaz-, 404
navistan, 271, 284
navidan/nav-, 284
nawardidan/naward-,
425
nälidan/näl-, 282
navidan, 284
nay, 276
naz, 286
nazan, 286
nazidan, 286
nibistan, nivés-, 301
nifrin, 87
nigäh, 246
nigastan/nigar-, 238
nihang, 392
nihadan/nih-, 46
nihuftan, 368
nimay-/nimudan, 256
nisastan/nisin-, 126
nisan, 213
nisem, 371
nisgardah, 244
nisgirdah, 346
nivistan/nivés-, 291
niyaz, 172
niyös-, 221
nostah, navastah, 271,
284
noyah, 271, 284
noyidan, 271, 284
nuf(e), 401
oftadan/uft-, 301
padarzah, 63
padid, payda, 49, 50
paóiruftan/paóir-, 121
panah, 184
panir, 279
parastidan/ parast-, 360
paragandah, 231
parag(/k)andan-, 231
parcidan/parécin-, 27
pardaxtan/pardaz-, 373,
374
pargandah, 231
parmasidan, 180, 256
parridan/parr-, 297
parvardan/parvar-, 423
parvardegar, 423
parvaz, 431
parwez, 408
parxas, 446
pasandidan/passand-,
333
pasagdah, 324
paskam, 344
paxSidan/paxs-, 304
payam, 221
payda, 50
paygarah, 107
pay(g)am, 100
pay(g)ambar, 100
paykandan/paykan-,
231
paykär, 238
paymöz-/paymöxtan,
139
paymüdan/paymäy-,
256
payüsidan, 427
payvastan/payvand-, 6
payxal, 444
pazmurdan/pazmir-,
265
paléz, 53
paludan, palidan/palay-,
69, 133
parah, 297
pasux, 334
pasaxt, 324
pasidan/pas-, 298
payistan/pay-, 305
payidan/pay-, 289
péé-/pécidan, 29
pérahan, 211
pérastan/péray-, 198
pist, 292
pistah, 292
pisanjidan, 127
pizisk, 21
pizohidan/pizoh-, 37
pinu, 290
piröz, 217
piyaz, 176
posidan/pos-, 303
poyidan/poy-, 302
pursidan/purs-, 89
puxtan/paz-, 286
püd, 302
püsidan/püs-, 302
raftan/rav-, 184
ramidan/ram-, 312
randidan, 313
rang, 314
ranj, 192
ranjidan, 192
rasan(i)dan/rasan-, 164
rasidan/ras-, 164
rastan/rah-, 140, 322
rasidan/ras-, 315
rask, 167
rav-, 184
гах$, 314
raxsan, 321
raxtah, 192
razdah, 313
razidan, 314
ramis, 191
randan/ran-, 165
raz, 322
res, 309
res rüdan (Judeo-), 317
restan, 437
rev, 308
INDICES [New Persian]
rextan/rez-, 187,311
182, 319
ristah, 437
ridan/ri-, 188
rim, 188
пап, 307
röb-/ruftan, 320
rod, 135, 141
rösan (rausan), 321
roz, 316
rubodah, 320
rubodan/rubày-, 195,
320
rustan/roy-, 193
rüd, 317
rüdah-kardah, 317
rug (rog ?), 195
rüna-an, 317
sabuk, 396
sah(i)m, 393
sahistan/sah-, 393
sanjidan, 392
sard, 337
saugand xurdan, 148-9
sazad, 324
sad, 325
samah, 330
saxtan/saz-, 324
sigalidan/sigal-, 238
sikinah, iskinah, 233
sipanj, 146
sipardan/sipar-, 352
sipar(h)am, 199
sipari, 296
sipar-/sipurdan, 351
sipas, 354
sipasidan/sipas-, 354
sipoxtan/sipoz-, 354
siristan/sires-, 355
sitam, 362
sitamidan, 362
sitanbah, 362
sitadan/sitan-, 361
sitayidan/sitay-, 366
sitehidan, 362
sitez, 362
sitezidan, 362
siturdan, suturdan, 364
sitüdan/sitay-, 366
soxtan/söz-, 339
sufrah, 368
suftan/sumb-, 368
surüdan/saray-, 357
sutoh, 367
suturdan, 382
suxan, saxun, 334
sud, 341
sudan/say-, 340
Sal-var, 207
Sarm, 92
Sad, 38
Sanah, 92
säridan/sär-, 123
Sas, 38
Sayad, 451
Sayistan/Say-, 451
Sebidan/Seb-,
Stwidan/Siw-, 459
Sevan, 452
Sikaft, 345
Sikaftan/Sikaf-, 345
Sikam, 345
Sikarfidan, 347
Sikastan/Sikan-, 342
Sikaf, 345
Sikaftan/Sikaf-, 345
Sikar, 346
Sina, 348
Sinaxtan/Sinas-, 467
Sinudan, Sunudan,
Sanidan/Sanav-, 456
Sitaftan/Sitab-, 363
Sudan/Sav-, 41
Sumurdan/Sumar-, 138
Sunösah, isnösah, 458
Sustan/Söy-, 455
šuš, 369
tab, 308, 379
tafsidan/tafs-, 379
tang, 378
tanidan/tan-, 377
tanjidan/tanj-, 378
taranjidan/taranj-, 396
tarfand(ah) 383
tark, 380
tarkand(ah), 380
tarsidan/tars-, 393
tas, 385
tavanistan/tavan-, 387
taxsa, 400
539
tab, 308, 379, 389
tabah, tavah, 379
taftan/tab-, 379, 389
tasidah, 377
tasidan/tas-, 377
taxtan/taz-, 373
tez, 389
tirasidan/tiras-, 385
tisnah, 383
tuhi, 388
tund, 390
turidan/tur-, 399
turn-/turnà, 399
tuxsidan, 400
todah, 388
toxtan/toz-, 387, 388
usture, 382
uskumag, 345
usnan, 348
vagust-/vayund-
(Herat), 114
varg, 207
varzidan/varz-, 426
vaxidan/vax-, 200
vel, vil kardan, 133
xafidan/xaf-,
xufidan/xuf-, 440
xamanidan, 442
xandan/xand-, 443
xard, 444
xaridan/xar-, 446
xastan, 439
xastan/xez-, 441
xazidan, 445
xarandan/xaran-, 150
xäs, 446
xayidan/xay-, 445
xésidan/xés-, 143
xesandan/xesan-, 127
xiramidan, 449
xirasidan/xiras-, 385,
449
xisay-, 454
xuftan/xusb-, 146
xurdan/x'ar-, 147, 150
xuros, 449
xurösidan, 449
xusidan/xus-, 174
xusnüd, 457
х*агаѕап, 331
540
х*аѕі 142
x'ay, 143
x‘ab, 308
x‘al, 151
x'andan/x'an-, 144
x'astan/x'ah-, 460
x'a(y), 141
yad, 176
yaftan/yab-, 162
yazidan, 215
zadan/zan-, 225
zadüdan/zadäy-, 69
zajah, 460
zamän, 100
zand-bäf, 401
zag, 460
zag giriftan, 460
zal, 470
zar, 104, 469
zaridan, 470
zayad, 465
zé-ba, 462
Ze-var, 462
zindah, 223
zinudan/zinav-, 284
ziyan, 463
zinhar, 130
zistan/ziy-, 223
Zard, 109
Zagar, 107
1.1.3.1.2 Tadjiki
furt, for, 85
gelidan, 111
nawoxtan, 404
partofton/parto-, 385
xambidan, 442
1.1.3.1.3 Other varieties
afnurdan (Gab.), 183
1.1.3.2 Balochi
1.1.3.2.1 Eastern Hills
grüst^, gras6/grad-, 435
mat6/mat'-, 264
raxt/raj, 314
rest", rés0/rés-, 437
subt'-/sub-, 368
suni0-/sun-, 357
awali0/awal-, 150
INDICES [Balochi]
1.1.3.2.2 unspecified
amrust/amrud-, 193
ankis(i)t/ankis-, 247
adén(k), 50
amurzit/amurz-, 269
art, 166
asest/ases-, 453
atk, 100
avar, 208
azit/az-, 462
azurt/azar-, 469
bast, badit/bad-, 20
bast-/band-, 5
baskat/bask-, 450
baz, 71
ba(y) da-, 433
bém, 3
böd, 16
bög, 18
bötk/böj-, 18
(b)resag, 437
brétk/brej-, 23
bur(r)it/bur(r)-, 22
burt/bar-, 8
burz, 13
buskt", bux6/busk-, 170
butk/busk-, 18, 170
buxt"a/busk-, 170
buag, 17
éamit/Cam-, 32
candag, 36
caräg, 34
car(r)it/Car(r)-, 34
Cart/Car-, 34
Cas(S)it/Cas(s)-, 36
campit/Camp-,
canpit/Canp-, 33
Cit/Cin-, 27
dai0, dahiü/dah-, 48
dajit/daj-, 54, 57
dar, 60
d(a)rog, 81
daxt/*diZ-, 54
darag, 58
dat/dey-, 44
dhakk(a), 48
diht/dih-, 48
dirt/din-, dir(r)-, 59
dista, 50
dit, ói(0), 49
dosag, 70
dötk/döc-, 67
drah-/drahit, 394
draht, dratk, dranjit,
tranjit, 76
drapsit/draps-, 75
dros, 80
drus(i)t/drus-, 81
durrit/durr-, 62.
düt, 68
er-burt/er-bar-, 12
gadrusit/gadrus-, 81
gandag, 104
garanc, 123
gassit, gast/gass-, 118
gäsit, gast/gas-, 110
gat/ga(y)-, 94
gecin, 408
ge(h)t, getk/gej-, 414
gicint/gicin-, 27
gidan, 46
giht, gitk, getk/gec-,
408
gind-, 413
gipt/gir-, 120
gis, 416
g(iy)asit/g(1y)as-,
gihasit/gihas-, 220
gimurt/gimur-, 265
ginast/ginar-, 183
gisit/gis-, 159
giwart/giwar-, 421
gOsit/gos-, 116
grancit/granc-, 123
grandit/grand-, 122
grast, gradit/grad-, 435
gud, 114
gurit/gur-, 173
gusädit/gusäd-, 137
gusnag, 423
gwaht, gwatk/gwaj-,
204
gwandit/gwand-, 205
gwapit, gwapt/gwap-,
402
gwast/gwas-, 403
gwast/gwaz-, 431
gwajarent/gwajaren-,
226
gwamelit/gwamel-, 181
gwanjat/gwanjan-, 404
gwank, 404
gwapt/gwap-, 401
gwarit, gwart/gwar-,
406
gwast/gwas-, 360
harray, 132
héd, 143
(h)ist/(h)ill-, 133
husit/hus-, 174
izbotk, 16
Ja0-/jä-, 226
Jod, 176
jat/jan-, 225
jistjih-, 474
Jita, 216
jug, 218
jus(i)t/fus-, 210
juziO/juz-, 219
kan-/ku(r)t-, 237
kandit/kand-, 443
kapt/kap-, kab-, 234
karuht, karutk,
karujit/karuj-,
haruht/haruj-, 318
kast, kas(S)it/kas(3)-,
242
karc, 244
kudit/kud-, 228
kust/kus-, 251
k'a6i0-/k'a6-, 445
kwahn (kwan), 234
madag, 20
mant-, 264
marz-, 272
marzit/marz-, 181, 269
mast/mad-, 254
mälit/mäl-, 181
manay, 74
möst, mézit/mézZ-, mez-,
179
miht, mitk/mic-, 257
missit/miss-, 178
murt-/mir-, 265
mus-/musta, 180
narit/nar-, 282
nasit/nas-, 283
nemag, 279
nidit/nid-, 277
nigerit/niger-, 105
nist/nind-, 126
nöd, 350
oman, 169
omarit/omar-, 273
östät/ost-, 360
pan(n), 297
pas(s)aw, 334
pastark, 365
past, passit/pass-, 286
patk/pac-, 286
pasit/pas-, 298
po(n)si, 202
rajit, ratk/raj-, 314
ranbit/ranb-, 312
rapt/ra(w)-, 184
rast, randit/rand-, 313
rast'/raó-, 186
retk/rec-, 187
rezit/rez-, 311
rist, rest/res-, 437
rit/ri(y)-, 188
roc, 316
rujit, rutk/ruj-, 318
runit, rutk/run-, 317
rupt/rop-, 320
rust, rudit/rud-, 193
sacit/sac-, 324
sart, 337
sat/say-, sah-, 325
siparit/sipar-, 351
sist/sid-, sind-, 327
sit", siü/si-, 341
sotk/soc-, 339
supt, sumbit/sumb-, 368
sutk/suc-, 339
šabt/šāf-, 175
Saksa(h)t/Saksa(h)-, 450
Samost/samos-, 269
Samust/samüs-, 269
Sastit, Sastit, Sasta0-
/Sast-, Sast-, 360
sauyan, sogin waray,
149
Sänt/sän-, 372
Sikam, 345
Siay, 454
Sust, šušt/šod-, 455
Sut-, 41
tacit, tatk/tac-, 373
tajen-, 378
INDICES [Kurdish]
tancit/tanc-, 378
tank, 378
ta(n)sit/ta(n)s-, 377
tar(r)it/tar(r)-, 381
tas, 385
tapt/tap-, 379
telog, 50
tir(r), 382
tost/tos-, 388
trast, trasit/tras-, 385
tu(n)n, 383
tursit/turs-, 393
tust/tus-, 388
ugarit/ugar-, 109
uznag, (h)uznag, 348
wad-kutta, 249
wapt/waps-, 146
wad, 141
want/wan-, 144
wart/war-, 147
yat, 176
zarit/zar, 470
zayö, 462
zamin, 464
zan-/zant, 467
zar, 469, 470
zä(y)-/zät, zah-/zahit,
465
zin-/zit, 463
zürag, Zirag, zorag, 421
zürt, zört/zür-, zör-, 150
1.1.3.3 Kurdish
1.1.3.3.1 Kurmanji
alastin, aléstin/alés-,
310
апт, inan/in-, 278
ar(d), 166
avasin/awas-, 414
ava, 289
avitin/avé(Z)-, 291-2
axaf(v)tin/axév-, 404
bar, 425
bariya, 421
banz, 431
bavar, bawar, 421
bawisk, bahusk, 220
baz, 433
bihistin/bihis-, bihiz-,
bihé-, 409
bihöstin/bihös-, 376
bihurin/bihur-,
buhurin/buhur-, 381
bilind, 13
bilm/bil-, 426
biraztin, birastin,
baristin/biraz-,
birez-, 23
birüsin/birüs-, 316
biskavtin/biskev-, 344
bizisk, 21
bosa, 15
bZärtin/bZer-, 34
ёапат/ёт-, 27
Cérin/Cér-, 34
Cinin/Cin-, 27
cun, Cüyin (či-), 41
daraw, 81
daw, 66
da(yk), 47
dirü(ti)n/dirü-, 60, 79
dötin/ö0S-, 70
farwar(a), 9
garin/gar-, 105
gàv, 100
gàz(1), 106
gazin, 106
gili, 106
giriZin/giriz-, 112
gotin, guhtin, 113
002, 6072, 117
gu(h), 116
guh, 174
guhérin/guhér-,
guhartin/guhér-,
gorandin/gorin-, 131
guran/guré-, gurö-, 320
guvastin/guvés-,
givastin/gives-, 180
hasün/has-, 325
(h)azotin/(h)azo-, 455
hénizin/héniz-, 458
héran/hér-, 166
histin/hel-, 133
jot, 217
jun, jütin/jü-, 226
Каг(ї), 244
karin/kar-, kanin/kan-,
238
kirin/ki-, 237
541
kur, 244
Katin/Kav-, 234
Каут/Кау(е)-, 445
Ker, 244
Kisin/Kis-, Kesan/Kes-,
242
Kutan/Kut-, 249
lavaryan/lavaryé-, 294
listandin/Iistin-, 311
Isstin, laystin/liz-, 311
métin, miZtin,
mizin/miz-, 257
mirin/mir-, 265
nalin/nal-, 282
nihér(t)in/nihér-, 130
nikandin, 231
nivin, 287
nivin, nivistin/niv-, 287
nivis-/nivisin, 291
palavtin/palév-, 133
pirsin/pirs-, 89
pivin/piv-, payvin,
pivan, 256
puc, 302
ravin, 289
rehandin/rehin-, 140
reyin/rey-, 306
го], 316
roy-, 184
Tašandin, 372
Tav-/ravin, 312
sotin/soZ-, 339
sö-, su-/sutin, 340
standin/stén-, stin-, 361
stirin/strin-, stir-, 357
Skastin/Ske-, 342
Skenandin/Sken-, 342
Sustin/So-, 455
va-roz-, 318
xistin/xi-, xin-, 142
xwandin/xwin-, 144
xwastin/xwaz-, 460
xwarin/xu-, 147
xürin/xure-, 150
zivirin, 425
1.1.3.3.2 Sorani
angütin, 249
amasan-/amase-, äwsän-
/awse-, 56
542
amézan, 261
ard, 166
awa, 289
axinin/axin-, 143
axaftin, axawtin/axew-,
404
axez, 441
аға, 466
azutin/azu-, 455
bard, 105, 425
barg, 207
bas, 20
bawar, birwa, 421
bawesk, 220
baz, 431
bazi, 433
bēžān/bēž(ē)-, 408
bitind, 13
biriZan/biriZe-, 23
biriskanawa/biriske-,
316
bistin/biya-, 409
bon, 16
burdin/bur-,
bwärdin/bwer-, 381
büZänawa/büze-, 18
bZärdin/bZör-, 34
cändin/Eön-, 27
činīn/čin-
čūn (či-), 41
daw, 65
dān/da-, 48
dā-nān/dā-nē-, 46
dāyk, 47
dirawš, 75
dirö, 81
diran (Sul.), 44
dirun/dirü-, 60
dirünawa/dirü-, 60, 79
din, 49
do, 66
dosin/dos-, 70
duwan/du-,
diwän/diwe-, 65
firöstin/firös-, 428
garan/gare-, 105
gaz(i), 106
giyan, 161
girsän (Sul.), 105
goran/gor-, 131
INDICES [Kurdish]
guris, 437
gurün/gurü-, 320
gusin/gus-, 180
gutin, kutin, 113
руё, 116, 174
gWez, 117
hat-awasin/awés-, 414
hasar, 335
hanin/han-, hénan/hén-,
тап/т-, 278
havistin/havez-,
havitin/hav-, 291-2
hestin/het-, 133
hasanawa/hase-, 328
jun/jü-, jawin/jaw-, 226
jut, 217
kandin/kan-, 233
kawtin/kaw-, 234
kaya, 227
kelan/ket-, 240
kerd, 244
kirdin/ka-, 237
kisan/kise-, 242
kul, 244
kutan/kuté-, 249
lawaran/lawar(e)-, 294
lalan (Sul.), 306
lesin, listin/lés-, 310
matin/mat-, 181
màn/men-, 74
masan/masé-, 253
mirdin/mir-, 265
miZin/miZ-, 257
niwarin, 130
niwén-, 256
nüs-/nüsin, 291
nüstin/nü-, 287
pazisk, pizisk, 21
pätawtin/patew-, 133
pew-, 256
pewenan/pewene-, 6
pirsin/pirs-, 89
piskiwin/piskiw-, 344
(re-)kanin/(re-)kan-,
443
raw-, 312
Tö-, 184
TUSE-, 318
s(t)andin/s(t)en-, 361
sü-, 340
sün/sü-, 325
sütan/süte-, 339
Sardinawa, 335
Sewan/Sewe-, 452
Sikan/Siké, 342
Sikandin/Sikén-, 342
Sitin/S0-, 455
Siyan/Se-, 451
tan-, 377
tasin/tas-, 385
tinu (Sul.), 383
tuan (Sul.), 375
tuwandinewe/tuwen-,
375
wirin/wir-, 22
xa-, 142
xawtin (Sul.), 146
xizan (Sul.), 445
xöndin(ewe)/xön-, 144
xurin (Sul.), 150
xurandin/xurén-, 150
xwärdin/xö-, 147
xwastin/xwaz-, 460
1.1.3.3.3 other and
unspecified
ara, 132
azmar, 138
aza, 466
azar, 470
barz, 13
bastin/band-, 5
bazin/baz-, 431
ba, 435
bang, 404
baran, 406
barin/bar-, 406
béZing, 408
birin/bi-, birdin/ba(r)-,
biran/bire-, 8
birin/bir-, 22
bin-, 413
bo, 16
bük, 201
bün/bi-, 17
дег, 107
dawin/daw-, 65
dà nawin, 280
da(n), dayin/di-, da-, 44
dan/di-, 48
dirawan (Sina), 79
dirist, 81
dirandin/dirin-, 59
dirin/dir-, 59
ditin, 49
dü(d), 68
&-, 156
firotin/firos-, 428
gani, 104
ganin/gan-, 104
gastin, gazin/gaz-, 118
gasan-awa, 471
gayin, 94
geZ,97
giré, 123
girsian (Sina), 105
girtin/gir-, 120
(ha)nardin/nér-
(Central), 58, 164
hasan, hasan, 325
hatin, 100
hawirdin/er- (Sina), 9
her-, 444
hinartin/hinér- (North),
58, 164
kustin/kuz-, 251
kur, 250
Kanin/Kan-, 443
Kirin/Kir-, 446
larzin/larz-, 315
latian- (Sina), 306
mast, 253
mayin, 20, 254
man, mayin/min-, 74
masa, 267
mi, méh, 174
mistin/miz-, 179
nast, 283
näsin/näs-, 467
new-new, 284
nivisk, 279
nım, 276
nistin, 126
ras, 314
res-/restin, 437
rez-, 187
rifanin, firanin, 320
ritin/rri-, 188
Tö-la, 135
sar, 337
sirin, 336
sont xarin, 148, 149
Selan, 93
Séwa/-Séw- (Mukri),
459
Sin, 452
taw, 379
terpin, 396
tinig (Sina), 383
tirsin/tirs-, 393
ti-rüf- (Abd.), 320
tiwanin, 387
unin, 402
we-rütin, 317
westa, 360
xaftin (Sina), 146
xeftin, 146
xistin/xe-, 439
xizian (Sina), 445
xundin, 145
xurian (Sina), 150
xwey, 141
xwih, 143
yad, 176
zanin/zan-, 467
zayin/zé-, 465
ziha, zuha, 174
ziwan, 206
Zinaftin/Zinaw- (Sina),
456
Ziyan/Zi-, 223
Zin, 223
Zmartin, Zmàrdin/Zmer-,
138
1.1.3.4 Zazaki
amart-/amar- (Kor.),
138
amiyayis, 100
amordis/amoren-, 138
an-, 279
antis/anjen-, 392
ar(di), 166
a-sayis/a-sen-, 333
a-sanayis, 92
asnawitis/asnawén-, 457
azne, 348
berdis/ben-, 9
bermayis/bermen-, 24
berz, 13
INDICES [Zazaki]
bestis, 5
birn-, 22
birnayis/birnen-, 22
biyayis/ben-, 17
boy, 16
carnayis/carnen-, 34
cérayis/Ceren-, 34
ёт-, 39
dara, 60
dayis/dan-, 44, 46, 48
derd, 61
derzayis, derzen-, 63
deZäyis/dezen-, 54
dirawti, 60
dira, 59
ditis, 49
dotis, dosnayis, 70
estis/erzen-, 133
gan, 161
gaz, 118
gāzī, 106
geyrayis/geyr-, 105
gin- (Kor.), 103
gin-/ginan- (Kor.), 103
ginayis, gunayis/gunen,
103
girewt, girotis/gén-, 120
giré-, 123
gn-/gun- (Siwer.), 103
80$, 116
herinayis/herinen-, 446
jawitis/jawen-, 226
jinayis/jinen-, 225
Jiya, 216
karitis/karen-, 240
kay, 227
kendis/kenen-, 233
kerdis/ken-, 237
kewtis/kew(n)-, 234
kiristis/kirösen-, 242
kistis/kisen-, 251
kutis/kuw-, 249
lawayis/lawen, 306
lerzayis/lerzen-, 315
masayis, 56, 253
mendis/manen-, 74
merdis/miren-, 265
misäyis/misen-, 270
misnayis/misnen-, 270
mizi, 179
nas-, 467
nälayis/nälen-, 282
nayis/nàn-, 46
nustis/nusen-, 291
persäyis/persen-, 89
pewtis/pewZen-, 286
peysayis/peysen, 304
pésiyen-, 136, 299
piren, 211
piroZin, 408
rä-verdis/rä-veren-, 381
resayis/resen-, 164
ristis/risen-, 159
riziyayis/riznen-, 187
riZnayis/riZnen-, 188
ro-nistis/ro-Sen-, 126
rotis/rosen-, 428
ruwayis/ruwen-, 193
sawitis/sawen-, 340
Sanayis/sanen-, 372
Sikiyayis/Siken-, 342
Siknayis/Siknen-, 342
Simitis/Simen-, 40
Sinayis (Sayis)/Sen-, 451
Siyayis/Sin-, 41
tersayis/tersen-, 393
teys, teySaney, 383
tiritis/tiren-, 383
varayis/vären-, 406
vatis/van-, 403
vaziyayis/vazin-, 404
veng, 404
vesayis/vesen-, 170
vetis/veZen-, 204
veyv, 201
vezdin, 71
veretis/veren-, 381
vindärnen-, 434
vinderdis/vinden-, 434
vini, 283
virastis/virazen-, 198
vistis, finen-, 206
vitis, 408
viziyayis/viz(iy)en-,
414
viya, 435
vurnayis/vurnen-, 150
wästis/wäzen-, 460
wendis/wänen-, 144
werdis/wen-, 148
543
weristis/werzen-, 311
wist, 410
witis, 146
winen-, 413
yen-, 156
zänäyis/zän-, 467
zayis/zén-, 465
zirayis/ziren-, 306
zivirnayis/zivirnen-,
419
1.1.3.5 Awromani
a-, 156
(ara-)namiay/(ara-
)namia-, 280
arfáy/-rfün-, 320
asariáy/-sar-, 336
asay/-san-, 361
(awa-)faznay/(war-
)razn-, 198
azn(aw)iäy/-Znaw-, 456
aZnäsäy/aznäs-, 467
amay, 100
astay/-az-, 133
awirday/-ar-, 9
barday/bar-, 9
bastay/bas-, 5
berd/ber-, 9
bidy/b-, 17
birestay/birez-, 23
biriáy/bir-, 22
Саш, 29
day/-da-, 44
dayána, 47
diay/dia-, 50
dirawan, 79
dıriäy/dıria-, 44
diriáy/dir-, 59
donay/don-, 65
duay/du-, 65
farmaway/farmaw-, 256
fisäray/fisär-, 93
gay/-ga-, 94
geläy/get-, 111
geinay/gein-, 111
gin-, 103
gırawäy/gıraw-, 112
gıriäy/gıria-, 105
gırinäy/gırin-, 105
girsáy/girs-, 105
544
gurtáy/ger-, 120
gıziay/gızia-, 222
gumez, 179
haráy/har-, 166
hur (e)stay/ (e)z-, 441
hur eznay/hur ezn-, 441
jumnay-/jumn-, 213
jimay-/jim-, 213
kannay/kan-, 233
karday/kar-, 237
kawtáy, 234
keláy/kel-, 240
kesáy/kes-, 242
kiastáy/kian-, 229
kıriay/kıria-, 238
kuay/ku-, 249
kustay/k"s-, 251
lawna, 194
latiay/latia-, 306
manáy/man-, 74
marday-/mur-, 265
mäsäy/mäs-, 56
таѓау/таѓ-, 267
märiäy/mäfia-, 267
misáy/ *mis-, 270
mistáy/miz-, 258
mitáy/mij-, 178
niay/nia-, 46
nimana, 256
nistay/-nis-, 126
nim, 276
niwistáy/-niwis-, 291
parsáy/pars-, 89
patay/pac-, 161
pimáy/pim-, 256
restáy/res-, 437
rezna, 187
sawa, 340
sanay/San-, 372
saray/Sar-, 335
seläy/el-, 93
Sewiay/Sewia-, 452, 459
Sidy, 41
Siwan, 452
Sitáy/Sor-, 455
socnáy/soén-, 339
sotáy/soc-, 339
tarsáy/tars-, 393
tažná, 383
tasay/tas-, 385
INDICES [Gurani]
taway/taw-, 387
tawiay/tawia-, 375
wanay/-wan-, 145
waray/waro, 406
wardáy/(-)war-, 148
wastay/waz-, 460
watay/wac-, 403
wetáy/wec-, 408
wiardáy/wiar-, 381
win-, 413
wirastay/wiraz-, 198
wistay/wiz-, 142
witáy/-us-, 146
wuratáy/wuras-, 429
wuriay/wuria-, 150
wurnay/wurn-, 150
xızäy/-xız-, 445
zanay/-zan-, 467
zäy/-z-, 465
ziäy/-zia-, 156
Zanay/(-)Zan-, 225
Ziwáy/-Ziw-, 223
1.1.3.6 Gurani
1.1.3.6.1 Kandüle
-àwürd-, äwird-/-är-, 9
bárd-/-ir-, 9
bas, 20
birizian/-riz-, 23
bian/-u(w)-, 17
cäpausan kär-, 33
-Cin-, 27
dán-/daü, 44
dirián, 59
di-, 50
gil-/-(g)il-, 111
gir, 105
gird-/-(g)ir-, 120
giris, 105
girián, 105
guryan, 131
hastin/-az-, 133
hin-/hän-, 152
hur -iz-/hur za, 441
käftän/-käf-, 234
kän-/-kän-, 233
kärd-/-kär-, 237
kat, 227
kifänin, kufanin, 440
kiast-/kian-, 229
kisa-/-kis-, 242
kust-/-kus-, 251
-lärüä-, 315
laliya, 306
ma-ku-an, 249
mán-/-màn-, 74
márd-/-mr-, 265
таіа-, 181
märfan/-mär-, 267
nimdir-/-ämdür-, 58
niya-/-niya-, 46
nist-/-nisän-, 126
nüwis-, 291
-oü, -àüm, 95
parcin, 27
párs-/-párs-, 89
rämä-/-räm-, 312
-ran-, 165
rifanín, 320
-ris-, -rás-, 437
rizigra/-riz-, 188
-san-, 361
-spar-, 351
sücián, 339
Sän-ä/-Sän-, 372
Sinäft-/-Snäw-, 456
Siwiain/Sia, 459
süärd-, 93
Sürin/-Sür-, 455
-Sy-, 453
-tauw-/-tàü, 387
társ-/-társ-, 393
tarin-, 381
-tawin-, 375
-ur-, 22
-uwan-, 144
-uraz-, viraz-, 198
vàt-/-(v)ac-, 403
vicä, 408
virát-/-urás-, 429
vistin/viz-, -uz-, 431
vizin/-iz-, 128
wärd-/-uwär-, 148
wäst/-uwäz-, 460
witän-/-üs-, 146
xüáin/-xü-, 443
yaw, 379
yawa-/-yaw-, 215
yàwanan-/-yawán-, 215
zà/-zi, 465
zänä-/-zän-, 467
Ziá/-Ziá-, 223
-Zinyàn-/-Zan-, 225
1.1.3.6.2 other and
unspecified
ага(т), 166
bäs-ä/-us-, 5
Cay-parzen, 133
da(ya), 47
-in-, 413
-jun-, 213
kaf-, 234
kian- (Gahv.), 229
kiast-/kian- (Bajal.),
229
kur, 250
mäl-, 181
vin-, 413
1.1.3.7 Lori
1.1.3.7.1 Bakhtiari
ardan, 166
asida, 328
asnidan, 456
avedan, avaidan,
awaidan, 100
averdan, 9
abödı, 289
axun, 143
bahig, 201
bahün, 46
bard, berd, 425
bidan, bióan/bü(h-), bi,
17
day bidan, 54
dün, 70
fisnädan, 360
gerza, 106
geva, 96
gez, 97
girévistan, 112
Jer, 107
Jinda, 223
kur(r), 250
listan/lés-, 310
parzin, 27
qasum xärdan, xerdan,
149
teristan/ter-, 384
té, tia, 50
vandan, wandan, 206
vastan, 301
wil, 133
xausidan, 146
xufa-, 440
1.1.3.7.2 other and
unspecified
baron, 406
bistin (Feili), 410
da(ya), 47
meZ-, 258
perxa, 298
rü(d), 135
1.1.3.8 Tati
amberäz (Cha.), 13
andäs/andär- (Cha.), 61
ansin/ansest (Esh.), 126
äkun/äkund (Tak.), 228
ändäst/ändär- (Tak.), 61
asi/asind- (Esh.), 38
asin/asind (Tak.), 38
bebram/bebramast
(Ebr.), 24
beram (Harz.), 24
berban/berbanast
(Tak.), 24
berben/berbenest (Esh.),
24
bermam/bermas (Cha.),
24
bettat/bettajas (Cha.),
373
buanden/van- (Cha.),
206
demas (Cha.), 177
de-star (Dan.), 364
dir/dard, 58
do-San- (Owr.), 372
dut/duj-, 67
gard/gahast (Esh.), 111
gav/gavas (Cha.), 95
go/gost (Tak.), 95
gow/gast (Ebr.), 95
harz/hast (Cha.), 133
kun/kund (Cha.), 228
m-andevmun (Xia.), 69
INDICES [Tati]
mäs- (Esh.), 254
mäs- (Xoz.), 254
mas/mas (Ebr.), 177
pa/pas (Cha.), 289
pa/past (Tak.), 289
pa/past (Xia.), 289
-Skenj/Skast (Ram.), 342
u-jir (Sag.), 108
u-mi-verzene (Cha.), 13
undard/undard (Esh.),
61
usar/usard (Tak.), 130
vast/vast (Xia.), 170
vaz/vast (Cha.), 433
xarda/xr-, xer-, 148
xen/xend (Tak.), 144
xwah-, 142
zä/zäs (Cha.), 465
za/zast (Ram.), 465
zun/zund (Esh.), 467
1.1.3.9 Central dialects
of Iran
1.1.3.9.1 Abuzeydabadi
asnıda/ö-Snönov-, 456
ašo/š-, 451
avad/av-, 126
barda/bor-, ber-, 9
basta/band-, 5
berida/berin-, 22
börömowa/böröm-, 24
Cawsowa/caws-, 33
¿erowa/¿er-, 34
Cesta/Cin-, 29
čīda/čēn-, 27
dard, 61
darda/dar-, 58
dasta/derz-, 63
dida, 49
doro, 79
dowa/d-, 44
dóta/düs-, 70
durü, 81
estowa/est-, 360
ga/-ye, 95
gelowa/gel-, 111
gere, 123
geva, 96
göz, 118
grata/ger-, 120
h-, 152
har/har-, 166
hasta/harz-, 133
jay, 221
Jovida/jov-, 226
kas/kär-, 240
kasta/kär-, 240
kända/-ken- (-kon-),
233
kärtana, 245
kesä/kes-, 242
kösta/kös, 251
küza, 253
lesta/les, 310
marda/mér-, 265
nevesta/neves-, 291
nowa/n-, 46
parowa/par-, 297
pesändowa/pesänd-,
333
pesta-/pus-, 303
powa/pec-, роё-, 286
pózowa/póz-, 304
ram kar-, 312
rasa/ras-, 164
resta/res-, 437
reta/rej-, 187
rida/ren-, 446
rüj, 316
sata/saj-, 324
söbök, 396
söta/süj-, 339
3östa/sür-, 455
Süta/sün-, 41
t-, 156
tarsowa/tars-, 393
vadasta/vader-, 382
varz, 423
vata/väj-, 204
vända/vän-, 206
vesa, 423
xanda/xon-, 144
xarda/xor-, 147
xavida/xav-, 448
yà, 202
yösta/yüz-, 172
yüs, 210
zowa/zön-, 465
Züva/Züv-, 176
545
1.1.3.9.2 Abyanehi
ammayan, 100
aya(y)-/ay-, 126
ajaya/ajey-, 229
ar, 166
ard, 166
ardan, 9
barda/bar-, 9
basta, bassa/band-, 5
biyar, 173
bóyan, 17
büsoya/büs-, 15
čāšt/čāš-, 36
Casta/Cin-, 29
Cia/Cin-, 27
Coyemün, 39
dard, 61
darda/dar-, 58
dasta/darz-, 63
dia, 49
dorü, 81
doya/d-, 44
dórün, 79
dóta/düs-, 70
esö/s-, 451
ga/-ge, 95
gelloya/gell-, 111
gennoyan, 103
gerah, 123
gerata/ger-, 120
geratan, 120
geva, 96
hasta/harz-, 133
heria/-hrin-, 446
hótta/hós-, 146
Jende, 223
kanda/kan-, 233
kardan/e-kar-, 237
katan/e-k-, 234
kard, 244
kartana, 245
kast/kar-, 240
kaye, 227
kösta/kös-, 251
kóta/kuj-, 249
küza, 253
lesta/les-, 310
mardan, 265
nimesk, 279
noya/n-, 46
546
nómüsta/nómüs-, 291
özmardan, 138
parroya/parr-, 297
pärsoya/pärs-, 89
päya/paj-, 286
pusta/pus-, 303
püsoya/püs-, 302
rahoya/rah-, 322
rasnoyan, 164
reSta/res-, 437
retta/rej-, 187
säta/säj-, 324
sötta/süj-, 339
Só/8-, 41
Sösta/sür-, 455
Stia/Stin-, 41
tarsoya/tàrs-, 393
taznoya/tazn-, 373
unia/t-ün-, 279
va gelloyan, 111
vasa, 423
västa/vaz-, 431
vatan, 403
vestoya/vest-, 360
veta/vej-, 408
vota/vah-, 402
xandoya/xand-, 443
xarda/xar-, 147
xónda/xün-, 144
xóssan, 142
xürnoya/xürn-, 150
ya, 202
yösta/yüz-, 172
yus, 210
1.1.3.9.3 Ardestani
axo/ax-, 126
Cende/Cen-, 27
dähe/d-, 44
dotte/dos-, 70
duro, 79
duru, 81
eresnahe/eresn-, 360
gire, 123
girette/gir-, 120
güe, 96
helahe/hel-, 133
issa/t-es-, 360
Jende, 223
Jiye/fin-, 225
INDICES [Central dialects of Iran]
kat/k-, 234
käd/ker-, 237
köfte/köf-, 249
maske, 254
máde, menäde/mär-,
267
mis/mes-, 179
piya/piye-, 156
poste/pus-, 303
réte/rij-, 187
50/S-, 41
SoSte/Sor-, 455
sütte/süj-, 324
sünnahe/sünn-, 339
süziya/süziy-, 339
t-, 156
tasa/tas-, 373
tesne, 383
vese, 423
viyest/viyer-, 381
viyoste/viyoz-, 172
viyu, 216
xänähe/xän-, 150
xoste/xoss-, 142
zo/zä-, 223
1.1.3.9.4 A&tiyani
vis-/visa, 210
visen-/visena, 210
1.1.3.9.5 Delijani
ajent, 225
ba-darzi, 63
ba-jeuni, 176
bar-bini, 22
bariji, berriji, 187
Баг-уајї, 204
ba-taji, 373
candes, 36
esdan, 360
geni/gena, 103
1.1.3.9.6 Isfahani
arän/ar-, 9
arzán/árz-, 167
ämnän/ämn-, 279
bärtän/bär-, 9
bästän/bänd-, 5
bezän, 17
birintán/birin-, 22
dadän, 44
dartan/dar-, 58
dasdän/därz-, 63
där-käftän/där-k-, 234
espartän/separ-, 351
faratän/faras-, 429
giftän/gir-, 120
irintän/irin-, 446
känän/kän-, 233
kesän/kes-, 242
kosdän/k(e)s-, 251
kärtän/Ker-, 237
mundän/ve-mun-, 74
nanän/n-, 46
nisdän, niy-, 126
oftän/ous-, 301
pársán/párs-, 89
resán/res-, 164
satün/saz-, 324
Sa-, 451
S(ev)-/Sezän, 41
tunán, 387
undán, 100
vatan/va-, 403
vär-vezän/vär-vez-, 414
ve-dartan/vedar-, 58
ve-gärtän/ve-gärt-, 111
venán/ven-, 413
ver-osän/ver-os-, 301
vezästän/vezer-, 381
xastán, xah-, 95, 460
xortän/xer-, 148
xosán/xus-, 143
xuntán/xun-, 144
y-, 156
zunän/zun-, 467
1.1.3.9.7 Farizandi
-ängast-/-ängäs-, 246
är-has-, är-äs-, 153
bäfärmä, 256
-bärd-/-bär-, 9
-bäs/-bänd-, 5
bäsno, 456
-bri-, 22
bu-, 17
dard-/dar-, 58
-däa/-d(ä)-, 44
-gan-/-gan-, 225
-gälä-/-gäl-, 111
-gä/-gi-, 95
-gi-, -(j)i-/-gà, 95
-girát-/-gir-, 120
-hamard-/-hmar-, 267
-hast-/-hal-, 133
-häräsin-hräsin-, 360
há-cast-/há-a-Cin-, 29
-hossiná, 146
-hot-/-hos-, 146
-haeri-/-hrin-, 446
hoerután/-hrus-, 429
ist-/va-heest-, 360
-(i)vast/-ivár-, 381
~juz-, 172
-Jäj/-Jan-, 225
käm-, 228
kärdän/-kär-, 237
kát/-k-, 234
-kisá-/-kis-, 242
-ma-, 100
-mard-/-már-, 265
mundä, -mand-/-mand-,
74
nevist-, 291
rij-/-rej-, 187
-spard/-spar-, 351
-sujin-, 339
-sut-/-suj-, 339
-8-, 451
-St-/-§-, 41
-Sust, 455
-t-, 156
-tajin-, 373
-t-är-/-m-ärd-, 9
-uni- /-(S)uni-, 41
-vast-/-vaz-, 431
-vát-/-váj-, 403
-vin-, 413
-wret-/-wrej-, 307
-yárd-, -ya/-yár-, 148
-yast/-yaz-, 460
-yos/-yos-, 142
xündän/-xün-, 144
zonäst-/zon-, 467
1.1.3.9.8 Gazi
afsurre, 93
ar-, 166
aZ-/aZà-, 167
aroq, 195
art, 166
arün, 166
ayun, 143
azza, 466
b-as, 171
békanaénd, 231
biriste, 23
biyar, 173
bu-, 17
Cast, 36
dastmün/darzón-, 63
dürün, 79
emartmün/emarón-, 267
enjue, 127
ére, 132
-évà, 289
fisisse, 327
furt, 85
gain-/gaina, 94
gire, 123
griye, 112
guve, 404
güwe, 96
ispar-/ispart, 351
iss-/issa, 360
'ya, 202
(Drin-/(irint, 446
Iy-, 156
k-/káft, 234
káa, 227
kan-/kant, 233
käs-, keS-/kasa, 242
kar-/kast, 240
ker-/ke-, kárt, 237
kes-/kust, 251
kur, 250
kü(w)-/küft, 249
lärz-/lärzä, 315
les-/les(a), 310
les-/lesa, 310
lund-/lunda, 194
luve, 194
mäl-/mäla, 181
mäs-/mäsä, 254
meg-/mega, mek-/meka,
mez-/meZa, 258
тёг-/тагі, 265
mez-/mes, miss, 179
mün-/münä, 74, 273
n-/nà, enà, 46
INDICES [Central dialects of Iran]
nám-o-nà, 276
nal-/nala, 282
nan-/nast, 126
naz-/naza, 286
nemärzün, nimärzün,
181
nevis-/nevist, 291
ni(y)-/nist, 126
numn-/numnä, 256
öskö-, о$00-, eskö-
/öskuft, 345
öSmär-/öSmärt, iSmärt,
138
pääm-/päämä, 256
párdaz-/párdaza, 374
pars-/parsa, 89
paxt/pés-, 304
pa-/paft, 289
pal-/pala, 133
pas-/pasa, 298
pasn-/pasna, 298
pérán, 211
pisánd-/pisánda, 333
pust/pus-, 303
püs-/püsa, 302
qurumb-/qurumba, 122
rüs-/rása, 164
räsn-/räsnä, 164
rés-/résà, 437
réZ-/ret, rit, 187
reZ-/reZà, 187
reZn-/reZna, 188
ron-/ruft, 193
rön-/ruft, rona, 320
rübä-/rübä, 320
rud, 194
sáng-/sánga, 392
sart, 355
saz-/sat, 324
siris-/sirist, 355
süz-/sut(a), sot, 339
suzn-/suzna, 339
sün-/sünt, 325
8-/So(1), 41
šā-/šā, 451
Sür-/Sus(s)-, 455
türs-/társa, 393
társn-/társna, 394
tain-/taina, 373
tazn-/tazna, 373
ten-/tena, 377
tén-/ténà, 377
to(u)-/to(w)a, 379
tur-/tura, 399
uzn-/uznà, 256
ümé, ата, 100
ün-/ünt, 407
vässe, vesse, visse, 423
va-/vat, 403
var-/vara, 406
vare, 207
vaz-/vaza, vaZ-/vaZa,
433
vazi, 433
vel, 133
ver-/vast, vera, 381
vez-/veza, 431
ven-, 413
vëz-, viz-/väs(se), vezà,
431
véz-/véet, 408
vez-/vet, 204
viya, 216
xasse, 439
xänd-/xändä, 443
yarn-/yarna, 150
xas-/yäs(s)-, 460
xasse, 460
xer-/yort, yü-, 148
xün-/yün(t), 144
xüs-/xus(s)-, yos(s)-,
142
xüs, 127
xüsn-, 127
yà, 202
yane, 172
yos-/yuft, yosa, 146
yusn-/yusna, 210
yus-/yusa, 210
yüz-/yus(s)-, 172
zage, 460
Zara/Zar-, 109
Zen-/Zent, 225
zen-/zint, zent, 465
zun-/zunast, 467
1.1.3.9.9 Hamedani
artän/ar-, 9
ämotän/ämuz-, 270
547
bär-gardayän/bär-e-
gärd-, 111
bär-Siayän/bär-e-S-, 41
bärtan/ber-, 9
bäxsayän/bäxs-, 20
beidestän/veider-, 381
beriyän/berin-, 22
biän, 17
busayän/bus-, 15
cärayän/cär-, 34
dartän/dar-, 58
där-bästän/der-e-bend-,
5
där-bian/där-°, 17
diyän, 50
dor-oftan/dor-ows-, 301
espartan/espar-, 351
esnoftan/esnov-, 456
färmayän/färman-, 256
foratan/faras-, 429
gärdayän/gärd-, 111
geftän/gir-, 120
hä-märtän/hä-mär-, 267
hästän/häl-, 133
he-dayán/he-i-d-, 44
he-nistän/he-i-ni-, 126
he-sayän/he-s-, 328
Jiyan/jan-, 225
käftän/der-e-k-, 234
kärtän/Ker-, 237
käsayän/kes-, 242
kendän/ken-, 233
kostän/koS-, 251
mártán/mer-, 265
mondán/mon-, 74
omiän, 100
pesändayän/pesänd-,
333
petän/pej-, 286
ränjayän/ränj-, 192
resayán/res-, 164
resenayän/tesen-, 164
rijayán (ret-) /rij-, 187
satan/saj-, 324
sujayän (sot-)/suj-, 339
Siyán/S-, 41
Sostán/Sur-, 455
tarsayán/társ-, 393
va-bián/(v)a-b-, 17
va-isayán/va-is-, 360
548
va-pärsayän/va-pärs-,
89
vatän/va-, 403
vor-osayán/vor-aws-,
301
vorows- (Judeo-), 184
xondán/xun-, 144
xortän/xär-, 148
xostän/xus-, 143
y-, 156
zunayán/zun-, 467
1.1.3.9.10 JowSaqani
ai:n-, 413
angor-, 238
ba-farmá:niya, 256
bam-á:rt/a-ta:r-, 9
bam-ba(r)t/a-ber-, 9
bam-da/di-, 44
bam-di, 50
bam-der-/a-der-, 59
bam-ehri/a-hrifi-, 446
ba-mend-/a-mun-, a-
mon-, 74
bam-efkoft/a-fkof-, 345
bam-gaft/afiges-, 246
bam-gat/ha a-gi:r-, 120
bam-gerna/a-gern-, 111
bam-haft/a-hal-, 133
bam-Ka/a-Ker-, 237
bam-na/a-n-, 46
bam-rasno/a-rasn-, 164
bam-ti:t/a-ri:d3-, 188
bam-sa:t/a-sa:d3-, 324
bam-sot/-syd3-, -sud3-,
339
bam-foft/a-fur-, 455
bam-tfi/a-tfin-, 27
bam-tfunoa/ha a-tfun-,
29
bam-vot/a-vod3-, 404
bam-vo:t/a-vods-, 204
bam-xard/a-xor-, 148
bam-xon-/a-xun-, 144
ba-rbaft-/a-rbom-, 24
ba-urut-/a-urud3-, 307
ba-vaft-/a-voz-, 431
bem-xost/a-xus-, 143
borma, 24
bu-/ba-b-, 17
INDICES [Central dialects of Iran]
dar Kat-/dar a-K-, 234
dzande, 223
gere, 123
kai, 227
ma-ga/ma-gi:, 95
ma-fnoft/a-[no-, 456
-0s-, 146
ru:s, 449
-fo, -fu-/a-[-, 41
tainagi, 383
vefa, 423
vidar, 173
1.1.3.9.11 Kafröni
destemün/derzón-, 63
hamartemün/hamerón-,
267
hàmütemün/hàmüs-,
270
nistemün/hö-ningön-,
29
vöndmün/vünön-, 407
1.1.3.9.12 Kasa’i
ho-castémün, 29
hö-£önö’imün/hö-a-
ёоп-, 30
1.1.3.9.13 Kasani
dü, 66
dürü, 81
1.1.3.9.14 Kesehi
ehmardémün/a-hmar-,
267
koya, 227
rutmün/a-rov-, 320
1.1.3.9.15 Khunsari
ali, 69
ar, 166
ar-/art, 9
art, 166
aviz-/aviza, 414
b-, 17
baf-/baft, 402
baz-/bat, 433
bend-/biss, 5
ber-, bir-/birt, 9
bistär, 365
bixs-, 450
birn-, brin-/brina, 22
buydä, 434
bur-/bura, burna, 22
burm-/buruft, 24
bus-/busa, 15
č-, 41
čāp-/čāpā, 33
čir-, 34
čīn-/čes-, kis-, 29
čīn-/čī, 27
d-/dā, 44
dār-/dārt, 58
derz-, 63
dēk, dīk, 65
dir-/dirā, 59
dirn-/dirnā, 59
dirre, derre, 60
dum-, 56
dürü, 81
düs-/düsa, 70
el-, tel-/eSt, ela, 133
erz-, 167
esnev-/esnift, esnevä,
456
esniZä, isniZä, 458
éngar-/engast, 238
frös-/fröxt-, 429
g-/ga, 94
gen-/gena, 103
giyun, 161
gü-/güa, 95
£is(s)-, 474
hämer-/hämirt, hemer-
/hemirt, 267
iskaf-/iskaft, 345
isnàs-, esnas-/isnayt,
isnasa, 467
ispar-/ispart, 351
irn-/rit, 446
k-/kift, 234
kär-/kärä, käst, 240
kardóun, 244
ken-/kend, kena, 233
kes-/kesa, 242
kir-/kirt, 237
kis-/kis(s)-, 246
kur, 250
kus-/kust, 251
kü-, 249
lerz-/lerzä, 315
lis-/Iisa, list, 310
mäl-/mäla, 181
mäs-/mäsidan, 254
masn-/masna, 254
mek-/meka, 258
mir-/mert, 265
miz-/miza, mis(s)-, 179
mun-/muna, 273
mün-/münd, 74
n-/na, 46
nal-/nala, 282
nevis-/nevist, 291
pez-/pet, 286
péim-, 256
pirdaz-, 374
pisend-/pisenda, 333
pis-/pisa, 302
purs-/pursa, 89
pusa/pis-, 303
res-/resa, 164
ris-/rist, risa, 437
riz-/rit, 188
rü-/ruft, 320
rund, 165
saz-/sat, 324
siz-/süt, 339
sizn-/sizna, 339
Sur-/Sut, Suss, 455
ten-/tena, 377
ters-/tersa, 393
(t)išmar-, Smär-/iSmurt,
138
tünis, 387
urs-, urus-, rüS-, turs-
/rüt, 429
var-/vara, 406
vazi, 433
vaz-/vat, 404
veder-/ve(de)st, 381
vis(s)/viz-, 172
vin-, 413
vis-/visa, 210
visn-/visna, vus-/vusa,
210
viz-/viza, 408, 431
vuz-/vuza, 431
xer-, 446
yas-/xas(s)-, 460
yind-/yinda, 443
yis-/yxisa, 143
yisn-/yisna, 143
Xur-, xor-/xurt, 148
xus-/xuft, 146
xusn-/yusnä, 146
xün-/yünt, 144
xüs-/yüs(s)-, 143
ya, 202
zä-/zä, 465
zin-, 225
zun-/zuna, 467
1.1.3.9.16 Khuri
be-Si-/da-s-, 41
bi-oword-, bi-owurd-, 9
dur-/duruft, 60
for-, 85, 148
hi-kerd/hi-ker-, 237
ti(a)-, 156
1.1.3.9.17 Mahallati
ar-, 9
bä-/bid-, 17
bánd-/bás(t)-, 5
bir-, 9
bödäst-, 381
burma, 24
d-/da, 44
dar-/dard-, 58
-di, 50
gin-, 103
gir-/git, 120
gird-, 111
-gü, 95
he-geftän/he-i-gir-, 121
höwos-/höwot-, 146
hur-, 148
is-, 360
-ismärd, 138
-išnās-, 467
kä-, 234
Кай, 249
kir-/kär-d, 237
kis-, 242
kus-, 251
тага, 265
mir-/mär-d, 267
nähä, 46
ris-, räs-, 164
sat/saj-, 324
INDICES [Central dialects of Iran]
š-/š(Dt-, 41
tirs-, 393
vatin/vaj-, 404
vön-, 206
wostan, 414
wötän, vötän/vöj-, 204
xizis, 441
zö-/zä, 465
zön-, 467
1.1.3.9.18 Meime’i
a-h-arzo/a-h-arz-, 167
a-ij-, 156
amgi:, 95
a-sud3-, 339
a-vaft-, 414
a-vin-, 413
ärem tfin-, 27
ba-rveft-/a-iru:d3-, 307
be-gardaj-/a-gerd-, 111
be-mej-, 100
be-resaj-/a-res-, 164
be-faj-/a-f-, 41
be-veft-/a-vez-, 431
be-vot-/a-vos-, 146
bem-ba/a-ber-, 9
bem-efnoft/a-[no?-, 456
bem-ga/a-gi:r-, 120
bem-garn-/a-gern-, 111
bem-hama, 267
bem-haft/a-hal-, 133
bem-henga-, 238
bem-heri/a-hrin-, 446
bem-horu-, 429
bem-kost, 249
bem-Ka, 237
bem-Kast, 231
bem-mäla-, 181
bem-neveft, 291
bem-resnä/a-resn-, 164
bem-reft, 437
bem-ret, 188
bem-so:d/be-sot-, 339
bem-foft, 455
bem-t-/a-tar-, 9
bem-tadzna/a-tä:dzn-,
373
bem-tfernä, 34
bem-va/a-vod3-, 404
bem-vat, 204
bem-vift, 172
b£m-xá:/a-xor-, 148
be-figaft-, a-figaft-, 246
berma, 24
bim-xost/a-xus-, 143
b-cedaft-/b-ceder, 381
dar evid3-, 414
dar Kat-, 234
darem giana, 97
dar-, 58
dian, 50
ha:tfeft-, 29
ha-m dä-/hä- a-d-, 44
hatfaft-, 29
koija, 227
vam parsa, 89
vof daj-, 46
zunäj-/a-zun-, 467
1.1.3.9.19 Natanzi
är-as-, 153
-ärd-/-är-, 9
är-väst, 414
b-am-, 100
-bänd-/-bast, 5
-beri-, 22
-bord-/bor-, -bär-, 9
дїй, 27
därd-/dar-, 58
-di-, 50
-geret-/-gir-, 120
-h(a)mard/-h(a)mar-,
267
-hängäst, 238
ha-Cin, 30
ha-da/ha-d-, 44
-horut-/horus-, 429
Һоегогѕоеп-, 360
j^ 156
-just/-juz-, 172
Jäj/jän-, 225
-kärd-/kor-, kär-, 237
-kis-/kis-, 242
Koet-/-k-, 234
mardán/mor-, 265
-münd, 74
nà/n-, 46
pia, 156
-ränjünä, 192
-räsäj-/räs-, 164
549
-Si-/-S-, 41
-Snovä/sänäv-, 456
-tärs-, 394
-täzänä/täz-, 373
-ton-est/ton-, 387
-väst-/voz-, 431
-vat-/vaj-, 404
va-istaj-/va-ist-, 360
va gola, 111
-vet/voj-, 204
viäst-, 382
vin-, 413
vojon, vojom bevet, 205
-xandäj-, 443
-yast, 460
-xäri-/-xär-, 446
-yárd/yor-, 148
-yoa/yow-, 146
yond, 144
-yüs(t)/-xüs-, 142
zonaj-/zon-, 467
1.1.3.9.20a Naini
asnufte/asnov-, 456
asis-/as-, 126
barte/bir-, 9
bäs-/-bänd-, -bénd-, 5
birefte/biremb-, 24
bi-/b-, 17
Cüsb-, 33
čeye/čin-, 27
dard, 61
da, 44
därte/där-, 58
dinisayi/dinisi, 213
di-, 50
dote/dos-, 70
durow, 79
duru, 81
endefte/endewn-, 65
este/vàl-, 133
ēmá/ēmár-, 267
-épgàst/eggár-, 238
forosna, 91
ginnaye/ginn-, 105
girefte/gir-, 120
girta-/girt-, 111
gisa/giz-, 118
huros, 449
i-mij-, 258
550
I-vás/viz-, 431
Луй, 216
kaft-/k-, 234
kärtin/kir-, 237
kas, 247
karatine, 245
kart, 244
kast/kar-, 240
kaye, 227
ként/i-kin-, 233
kisa/kis-, 242
kuft/ku, 249
leste/les-, 310
marte/mir-, 265
mas, 253
més/méz-, 179
nay-/n-, 46
nifrin, 87
nigiste/nig-, 29
nisxar, 148
omiye-, 100
-ossaye/t-oss-, 360
parsaye/pars-, 89
paxte/pez-, 286
paya, 156
pesaye/pes-, 304
рёта, 211
puste/pus-, 303
puy, 302
rassá/ras- (res-), 164
räsnä/räsn-, 164
-rat/oras-, 429
ressaye/ress-, 437
rite/rij-, 187
ri/i-rin-, 446
sawnaye/sawn-, 340
sata/saj-, 324
sot, süin-, 339
sote/suj-, 339
suvok, 396
Sa/si, 451
Si/s-, 41
SuSte/Sur-, 455
tarsay-/tars-, 393
tat/tat-, 373
tesne, 383
tovnä/tov-, 389
ufte/us-, 146
vassa, 423
và, 460
INDICES [Central dialects of Iran]
vate/vaj-, 404
vave, 419
vedra-/vedr-, 381
vir usay-/vir t-os-, 360
virite/viriss-, 308
vin-, 413
vunte/von-, 407
xasse, 439
хатауе/хат-, 150
xarte/xur-, 148
xont/xon-, 145
xus/xus-, 143
yart/t-ar-, 9
yonte/t-on-, 279
yosaye/yos-, 210
yusse/yuz-, 172
zeye/zin-, 225
zuná/zón-/zun-, 467
1.1.3.9.20b Anaraki
-asnofte/asnov-, 456
art, 166
barte/bir, 8
Capowger, 33
canaye/can-, 125
darte/dar-, 58
dinisai/di(ya)nisi, 213
dote/dos-, 70
ei, ey-, 156
ewin-, 413
ezoya, 465
getaye/gert-, 111
gidar, 382
girefte/gir-, 120
gireh, 123
ha-..-ruft, 320
ha’m-igirif, 120
ham’-do, 44
haste/hal-, 133
hat’-bes/ha-bend, 5
hauft-/haus-, 146
hendefte/hendewn-, 65
hiros, 449
hmarte/hmar, 267
-hrit/ihrin, 446
-ibaxso/ibaxs-, 450
ibreft/ibremb-, 24
ihmut, 270
-throt, 428
-ike/eker-, 237
ikeft/ek-, 234
-ikeso/ikis, 242
-ikust, 251
-ikut/ikuy, 249
-ipex/ipez, 286
ireso/eres-, 164
-irit/iriZ, 187
-iSumort/wer-usmor,
138
-iwat/ewoj-, 403
-ixo(r)/ixur, 147
-iyorto/iyor-, 9
-izono/ezon-, 467
-jas/-joen-, 225
Jiya, 216
karetine, 245
kart, 244
kaye, 227
kufte/küy-, 249
lesse/les-, 310
marte/mir-, 265
maske, 254
mi-sum, 451
nigiste/nig-, 29
nimárzi, 181
nisxar, 148
niviste/nvis, 291
niye/yon-, 278
nolo/enol-, 282
pakaft/pak-, 234
risaye/ris-, 187
rix, 188
rond/-ron-, 165
rus, 316
sate/saj-, 324
sote/süj-, 339
Si/S-, 41
Suste/Sur-, 455
turr-, 399
usse/(y)uz-, 172
vaše, 423
-va, 460
vonte/von-, 407
wer-mi-dest, 63
we-yusso, 360
woreye, 406
xando/-xind-, 443
ya, 202
yumy-, 100
1.1.3.9.21 Qohrüdi
asnófta/asnóv-, 456
asa/s-, 451
awdasta/awder-, 382
ah-/aha(d)-, 154
aha(d)-/ah-, 126
amerz-, 269
bá-münd, 74
barda/ber-, 9
basta/band-, 5
birid/bir-, 22
bórat/bórm-, 24
bö-xüt-, 146
büsa, 15
Caspada/casp-, 33
éerna/Cern-, 34
cista/Cin-, 30
Cida/éin-, 27
dard, 61
darda/dar-, 58
dasta/darz-, 63
dada/d-, 44
derü, 81
derün, 79
dida, 50
dóta/düs-, 70
dürüst, 81
esnasada/esnas-, 467
gà-/-i, 95
gelada/gel-, 111
gemun, 263
gerata/yr-, ger-, 120
gina/gin-, 103
h-, 152
hamardén/a-hmer-, 267
harza/harz-, 167
haSta/hel-, 133
hézam, 157
hirida/hrin-, 446
hóta/hós-, (v)ös-, 146
hunda/hun-, 279
istada/ist-, 360
‘jo-Cinédén/jo-va-Cin-,
30
jida/jin-, 225
Jügäda/jüg-, 176, 474
kanda/kin-, 233
ka(rda)/ker-, 238
kaSta/kar-, 240
kat/k-, 234
kada, 227
kart, 244
kartene, 245
kinäda/kin-, 229
kosta/kod-, 228
küsta/küs-, 251
küza, 253
lisäda/lis-, 310
marda/mir-, 265
mäläda/mäl-, 181
män, 263
mij-, 258
möda/tt-, 100
münoya/mün-, 263
näda/n-, 46
nüsta/nüs-, 291
parsäda/pars-, 89
рааа/ріё-, pac-, 286
parada/par-, 297
pigaz, 176
rasa/res-, 164
ris(t)a/ris-, 437
rita/rij-, 187
rüten, 320
sóta/süj-, 339
sövök, 396
Sasid/sas-, 38
Sefta, 459
Sekaf, 345
80/8-, 41
Süsta/sür-, 455
t-ángis-/angas, 246
tarsada/tars-, 394
tasada/tas-, 385
tese, 383
-tt-, 156
vasta/vüz-, 431
vata/awh-, 402
vata/vaj-, 404
vesa, 423
vüsta/vüz-, 172
vüt, 414
(v)üstada/t-üst-, 360
xandada/xand-, 443
xarda/xor-, 148
xasta, 439
xosta/xos-, 142
yada, 216
yad, 176
yüs, 210
INDICES [Central dialects of Iran]
zünada/zün-, 467
1.1.3.9.22 Sedehi
a-matán, a-maridén/a-
maran-, 267
dastén/dazan-, 63
nistén/nikon-, nikü-, 30
1.1.3.9.23 Soi
aga/ai, 95
a-sig-, 329
at-ängis-, 246
ä-ün-, ä-ün-, 413
ba-märd-/a-mir-, 265
ba-mün, 74
ba-sn-, 457
ba-xand-, 443
bá-xa, 460
ba-xrid-, 446
ba-nkisa, 242
-bär-, 9
bä-xmärd-/a-xmär-, 267
ba-üdast-/á-udir-, 382
be-spär, 351
birit/-birn-, 22
béd-, büd-/bü, 17
bü-hüt-, 146
Cist-/4-Cin-, 30
dä/där-, -där, 58
-da/hoad-, 44
di(d)-, 50
fäsär-, 93
gī-, -gá/m-ài, 95
gin-u, 103
gir-/a-ir-, 121
h-, 152
T-näsüd-, 125
käm-, 228
kárd-/kir-, 238
kät-/därä-k-, 234
küst-/-küs, 251
küzä, 253
-mád-, -med-, -müd-,
100
másgá, 254
pars-, 89
-rás-/-rás-, 164
süht-/a-suj-, 339
St-/3-, 41
vát-/a-voj-, 404
vüstad-/vá-tüst-, 360
xa/á-xor-, 148
zat, 225
zünä-/zün-, 467
1.1.3.9.24 Tari
axa(y)-/ax-, 126
casta, 30
Cawsa(ya)/Caws-, 33
éerna/Cern-, 34
dasta/darz-, 63
deran, 79
döta/dös-, 70
farasnaya/herasn-, 360
feses-, 327
gata/ger-, 121
gela(ya)/gel-, 111
gürna/gürn-, 105
h-, 152
hasta/hal-, 133
hemardaya/hmar-, 267
hosnija, 458
hota/hos-, 146
kanda/ken-, 233
kas, 247
kat/k-, 234
kända, 233
kövä/köv-, 249
küi, 253
nevesta/nves-, 291
nimesk, 279
niya/neg-, 278
parä/par-, 297
parsäya/pars-, 89
pósta/pós-, 303
pöyetön, 302
rita/réj-, 187
säta/säj-, 324
sobok, 396
söta/söj-, 339
sunja/(v)sónj-, 3
tasaya/tas-, 385
vast/varz-, 426
vasta/vóz-, 431
vares, 208
veya, 216
(v)ossa(ya)/(v)oss-, 360
vósta/vóz-, 172
vsónj-, 3
vunda/von-, 407
55]
xornaya/xorn-, 150
zayaya/zay-, 223
Zän(da), 223
Zarta/Zar-, 109
Zva(ya)/Zv-, 474
1.1.3.9.25 Vafsi
ho-wsin-/wasena, 372
vender-, 434
1.1.3.9.26 Varzenehi
barte/ber-, 9
bus, 15
cinde/Cin-, 27
deron, 79
digirnaye/digirn-, 105
dote/dos-, 70
gartaye/gart-, 111
gáran-/gárand, 105
gize, 118
gu, gà/-gu, 95
hemarte/hemar-, 267
hendarte/hendar-, 382
heSte/hel-, 133
hissaye/iss-, 360
Jenda, 223
Jinde/jin-, 225
kas, 247
kasä/kas-, 242
kaha, 227
kardowne, 245
kufte/kuv-, 249
lese/les-, 310
nemarzin, 181
ose/oz-, 172
parrä/parr-, 297
pu, 302
puste/pus-, 303
resse/res-, 437
rite/rij-, 187
säte/säj-, 324
sote/sij-, 339
täte/täj-, 373
tesna, 383
townä/town-, 389
vaza/vaz-, 433
xasse, 439
xofte/us-, 146
yos, 210
552
1.1.3.9.27 Vonisun
ruften/er-rü-, 320
xemertán/ét-xemer-,
267
0-Cessán/O-t-cin-, 30
ö-£ündän/ö-t-£ün-, 30
1.1.3.9.28 Yaran(d)i
-ängäst-/-ingäs-, 246
-bard-/-bar-, 9
-bas/-band-, 5
bu-, 17
-dä/-d(ä)-, 44
dard-/dar-, 58
-ga/-gi, 95
-gi/-ga, 95
-girit-/-gir-, 120
gon-/-gon-, 225
-hast-/-hal-, 133
-hängäst/-hängar-, 238
-häri-/-hrin-, 446
hä-cast-/hä-a-Cin-, 29
-hmard-/-hmar-, 267
-horut-/-hrus-, 429
-hosna, 146
hot-/-hos-, 146
-j-, 156
~just-/-juz-, 172
kat-/-k-, 234
kärdän/-kor-, -kär-, 237
-kisá/-kis-, 242
-mard-/mer-, 265
-mi-, ma, -me-, 100
cest-, 360
-rasná/-rasn-, 360
-ránj-, 192
-spárd, 351
Si-, 451
-Si-, 41
-$6-/Si-, 41
-Sust, 455
-Sün-/-$-uni-, 41
-t-är-/-m-ärd-, 9
-vast-/väz-, 431
-vät-/-väj-, 403
-väzn-, 431
vast, 414
-viast/-viär-, 381
-vin-, 413
-wret-/-wrej-, 307
-xa/-xor-, 148
-xand-, 443
-xäSta/-xäz-, 460
-yüs/-xos-, 142
zönäj-/zön-, 467
-Zä/-Zan-, 225
1.1.3.9.29 Yazdi
amorz-, 269
är-, 166
bard (Zor.), 425
b(e)rema (Zor.), 24
bremödvün (Zor.), 24
gisnüdvün (Zor.), 111
mart/mar-, 267
néftvün, niftvün/niv-
(Zor.), 162
paskam (Zor.), 344
pe-nart, 183
résta (Zor.), 437
venodvün (Zor.), 206
vova, 419
vopt/vop-, 402
1.1.3.9.30 Zefrehi
bi-hemért/hemer-, 267
bo-rüft/rov-, 320
ke, 227
yos, 250
1.1.3.10 Caspian and
Northeastern dialects of
Tran
1.1.3.10.1 Aftari
burme, 24
1.1.3.10.2a Gilaki
barmé, 24
daan, 44
dimistan/dimiz-, 179
düstan, 70
garze, garza, 106
noe(h)an-/neeh-, 46
tärsoen/tärs-, 393
vabist-, vavist-/vabij-,
vavij-, 23
1.1.3.10.2b Rast dialect
aj-, 156
amon-, 100
astden/-al-, 133
avardeen/evar-, 9
bägänceste, 231
bá-yast-/yaj-, 460
bu-xuft-/bu-xus-, 146
dastoen/där-, 58
dämeestoen, 56
dä-varoestoen/dä-vär-,
381
danesten/dan-, 467
deoen/din-, 50
doväncen/davän-, 65
dovaestaen/dov-, 65
dabzstoen/doeboed-, 5
doer-gadoen/doer-gan-,
231
du-Coekoenoen/du-
Coekoen-, 31
du-Coekastoen/du-Coek-,
31
du-yadoen/du-yan-, 144
fa-doen/fa-d-, 44
fa-räsoen/fa-räse-, 164
färmæstæn/färmaj-, 256
fisan-, 372
fu-radoen/fu-ran-, 165
füroyteen/furus-, 429
giftoen/gir-, 120
guzoesteen/guzar-, 381
heoen/hin-, 446
iskänen/iskän-, 342
ispurdeen/ispur-, 351
isnavoestaen/isnav-, 456
issan/iss-, 360
kändoen/kän-, 231
-käse-, 242
koeftoen/koef-, 234
kudoen/kun-, 237
kustoen/kus-, 251
manén/man-, 273
mačči, 258
márdaen/mir-, 265
mäncestoen/man-, 74
nistoen/niSin-, 126
nivistcen/nivis-, 291
pirhän, 211
soxteen/suj-, 339
-Snast-/Senas-, 467
Soan/s-, 41
INDICES [Caspian and Northeastern dialects of Iran]
Sostaen/Sor-, 455
tan-, 387
ta-vädoen/ta-väd-, 206
usadoen/usan-, 361
va, 156
va-gärd-, 111
va-moeytoen/va-meej-,
259
vaséén/vasin-, 69
va-Skafte/va-Skafe, 345
vaven/vavin-, 407
vajoe, 205
viristoen/viriz-, 311
yand-/yan-, 144
xürdoen/yür-, 148
zaan/zäj-, 465
zeoen/zoen-, 225
1.1.3.10.3 Läsgardi
-am-, 100
a-doejn, 44
-bard-, 9
b-äsnav-, 457
bz -pizes, 286
bedüsaon, 70
berüton/berüs-, 429
bi-n, 278
bé-di-, 50
b-e&skät-, 342
boestee, 360
burmä, 24
-Bast-, 6
därd-/där, dän-, 58
-därt-/dän-, 58
demeston/demiz-, 179
deret, 60
gände, 103
-git-/gin, 121
hä-kärd-/hä-kän-, 238
iskia, 342
-jás/-jaen-, 225
-kat-/k-, 234
-kost, 251
-mard-/meer-, 265
-nest-/nieroen-, 126
-ord-, 9
6-vi-n, 41
-šo/šm, 41
-tars-, 394
INDICES [Caspian and Northeastern dialects of Iran]
-vat-, 404
vin-, 413
xandäon, 443
-xot-/xos-, 146
zoejn, 467
1.1.3.10.4 Mazanderani
barm-, 24
ca, 39
Sanne, 372
1.1.3.10.5 Sangesari
asnis, 458
-bart-/band-, 9
bedüs diyetan, 70
be-pizé, 286
be-rsindan, 446
bexuyetan, 443
bam, 24
-Bäst-/-bänän-, 5
cey-, 39
-därt-/dän-, 58
-dia, 50
-aktond/kutoenoen-, 249
-osnünd-/asnovan-, 457
-farmij-/färmoen-, 256
-gird/gin-, 121
-goene€, 103
gut, 114
há-detün/din-, 44
hä-kärt-/hä-kän-, 238
hö-ründen/hö-rün-, 320
hü-cündetén/hü-Cün-,
30
-jórt-, 9
jot, 217
kart, 244
-kóst-/koscen-, 251
mast, 253
-märt-/märcen-, 265
-nést-/neercen-, 126
-ránjen-, 192
-sut-/suzoen-, 339
-suzeni-/suzoencen-, 339
-Skat-, 342
-Sost-/Suroen-, 455
-Süj-/Sun-, 41
-urit-/-urizoen-, 308
-vat-/van-, 404
vin-, 413
vund, 206
-yort-, -yord/yun-, 148
-yott-/yos-cen-, 146
-yund-/yun-, 145
-zunäj-/zun-, 467
-Zeé/Zonoen-, 225
1.1.3.10.6 Semnani
ara, 132
äskätä, 342
avárd-/bi-à'r-, 9
bá-viür-, 382
báxus, 146
bärd-/-bär, 9
bä-vandan, 206
b-át-/m-à(y)-, 153
bedüsiyon, 70
bexandiyon, 443
beyrütiyon/beyrüs-, 429
bi-hanj, 392
bi-ám-, 100
-brin-, 22
-bu-kutaniyon, kü-/-kü-,
249
bu, -bic-, 17
-ёіпё-, 27
däf-/-däf, 44
därd-/där-, 58
demestiyon/damiz-, 179
deret, 60
derow, 79
-di(é)-, 50
-gänä-, 103
-git-/-gir-, 121
h-ài-C-ài-, b-äi(-)SS-,
212
-i-, 156
-irüt-, 446
Jua, 217
-kärd-, -karé-/-kar-, 238
kät-/k-, 234
kustä/-kus, 251
mä-giär-, 95
-märd-/-mär-, 265
m-Ein-, 413
-mund, 74
nändä-, 46
-nävistä-, 291
niá-, 126
párs-, 89
-rása, 164
ritä-, 188
-Si(C-), -SÄ-/-S-, 41
-šnüá, 457
-tä-/-änj-, 392
-társái-/-társ-, 394
-xundä-, 144
-xurd-, -xurt/-xur-, 148
-zun-, 467
1.1.3.10.7 Sorxehi
a-vi-n-, a-ve-n-, 279
-äm-, 100
bedüston, 70
be-n-, be-nn-, 278
b-arsind-/arsinoen-, 167
boän, 17
bé-diàn, 50
b-asnu-/cesnu-, 457
bo-vät-/väz-, 204
-Bäst-/-Bäst-, 6
-Bord-, 9
därd-/där, dän-, 58
demestan/demiz-, 179
deret, 60
dü-rát-/dá-riz-, 188
-farm-/farma-, 256
gánn-, gánd-, 103
-git-/-gin-, 121
hä-dahän/hä-dän-, 44
hä-kärdan/hä-koen-, 238
hind-/hin-, 133
-jahan/-jan-, 225
-kät-/-ku-, 234
-kust-/kus-, 251
-kut-, 249
-mord-/meer-, 265
то-2оп-сет, 467
nä-zeen, 467
-niäst-, nin-, 126
-owrut-/owriZ-, 308
-сега-, 9
aeskát-, -Skat-, 342
-cest-/ist-, 360
pát, 286
-ránján-, 192
-rüt-/rüs-, 429
-sut-/süz-, 339
-suzän-/suzän-, 339
-šo/šm, 41
553
-Sust-/Sur-, 126, 455
-tars-/tars-, 394
-társ-/társ-, 394
vánd-, 206
-vát-, 404
-viärd-/viar-, 382
vin-, 413
viziyayis/viz(iy)en-,
204
-xähi-, 460
-xänd-/xän-, 145
-yut-/yos-, 146
1.1.3.10.8 Sähmerzädi
-ämi-/äm-, 100
-äskäst-, -aSkoed-, 342
-äsni-/Sänam-, 457
bä-diman, 50
bá-petá, 286
bäst-/bänd-, 5
bedostan, 70
be-rütén/rüm-, 320
biá, 156
däst-/däm-, -där, 58
deru, 79
-fármím-/fármám-, 256
-gít-/girám-, 121
-get-/gün-, 113
há-dán/ddn-, 44
há-kordán/há-kón-, 238
kat-/katam-, 234
ke, 227
-küst-/kosam-, 251
-mörd-am-/mir-am-,
265
-níst-am-/nàásin-ám-,
126
-ord-, urán-, 9
-räsim-/räsam-, 164
-rítam-/rizám-, 188
-süt-am-/suz-ám-, 339
suzánám-, 339
-&í(n)-/Sám-, 41
-Süst-/Surám-, 455
-társí-/tarsam-, 394
-tün- (-ton-), 387
vín-, 413
-vörd-/borän-, 9
-yast-/yam-, 460
-yord-/yoran-, 148
554
-xöt-/yosam-, 146
-yund-/yam-, 144
-Zi(n)-/-zänam-, 225
1.1.3.10.9 Tälesi
barz, 13
bamé, 24
be, 17
ЬБыгып-, 22
čarde, 34
darz, 63
dave, 79
daya, 47
dorniye, 59
doye, 44
dü, 66, 81
düse, 70
gate, 121
hamue, 256
haste, 133
havate, 429
Jüye, 226
kande, 233
kase, 242
kora, 250
larze, 315
marde, 265
mole, 181
niyo, 279
orda, 166
pese, 41
vind-, 413
voni, 417
vos, 406
voye, 406
xos-, 146
1.1.3.10.10 Velatru
ko:, 227
1.1.3.11 Southeastern
dialects of Iran
1.1.3.11.1 Bashkardi
arán-/arand, arar-
(North.), 313
dorayén, 86
ron-/rónd- (North.), 313
Sen-, 92
INDICES [Southeastern dialects of Iran]
yiran-/irant-, yiranst
(South.), 313
1.1.3.11.2 Kumzäri
rör, 135
1.1.3.11.3 Sistani
aft, aftid, 301
a, 156
om(a)da, 100
rsin-, 126
1.1.3.11.4 Sivandi
amé(y), 100
árde, 166
asan-/fesand, 146
aya, 143
bi-/bi, 17
-bur-, 22
€ar-, 34
càn, cen(ne), 29
dárri, 60
der-/dárand, 59
deria, 59
deröu, 60
derz-, dirz-/dist, 63
dien, 50
doua, 47
doui-/douiya, 65
el-, al-/(h)ist, 133
eskän, 342
(e)Sken-/eSkend, 342
esn-/esni, 457
esnis, 458
ё(у)-, 156
far-, 85
(Das-/fet, 146
gár-, ger-/geri, 105
gáran-/gáran-, 105
gäs(s), 104
gäz-/gäze, 118
(-)ва-/(-)ваѕ-, 95
gan, 161
gen-, gin-/genà, ginà,
gyänä, gyena, 103
ger-, gir-/gerd, gird, 112
gire, 123
gir(1)-/girià (+ va), 111
gav-/gavı, 226
h-, 152
isak-, isëk-, esak-
/esakia, 360
isperd, 351
jan-, yan-/yéyand, 157
i(y)-/ya, yé, 157
k(y)är-, к(у)ег-, kir-
/k(y)erd, kird, 238
k-/k(y)at, ket, 234
kusten /kus-, 251
kar-/kist, 240
kén-, k(y)en-/känd,
kend-, 233
kin-/kine, 229
kis-, kes-, kás-/kisà,
kešā, 242
kü-/küft, 249
lis-/ltsé, 310
mass, 253
mal-/mali, 181
man-/mand, 74
mek-, 258
mer-/mérd, mird, 265
nähär, 130
n(é)-/né, 46
nivis-/nivist, 291
pas, 299
pasin, 299
pat/pas-, 304
pà-, pö-/päi, poi, 289
pas-, 298
purs-/pursi, 89
ras-/rasa, ráse, 164
rasan-, 164
ran-, 165
res-/res, ris, rese, 437
ris-, res-/ret, 188
ris-/resia, 188
rin-/rid, 188
rsin-/nist, 126
rüs-/rüt, 429
š-/šr, 41
sán-, sen-, 361
sid, 355
Snàs-, 467
Sür-/sét, 455
tarsenayán/türsen-, 394
tan-, ten-/tanis, 387
ters-/tersé, 394
üer-, (Der-/färd, 148
värd(e), 425
vang, 404
vas-/vät, 404
vin(i)-, 417
vin-, 413
vörö(n), varan, 406
yan-/yand, 145, 443
ya, 157
yani, 157
(y)ar-/viard, 382
z-, 461
1.1.3.12 Northeastern
dialects of Iran
1.1.3.12.1 Khorasani
ayos, 249
alij, aliz, 311
boja, vijin, 408
nas(t), 283
psing, 127
1.1.4 New East Iranian
1.1.4.1 Ossetic
ad (I), 148
ade (D), 148
afon (1), 84
afone (D), 84
afun/aft (D), 163
agurun/agurd (D), 251
agoyryn/ag,yrd (D), 251
ag yijyn/ag,yd (D), 95
аё,упауп/аё,уѕі (T), 114
agujun/agud (D), 95
ајагеп (Т), 50
ajdene (D), 50
атајип/атаа (D), 256
атајуп/атаа (Т), 256
ameentun/amest (D),
264
ameentyn/amest (1), 264
amonun/amund (D),
263
amonyn/amynd (1), 263
arawun/arud (D), 192,
194
arawyn/aryd (D), 192,
194
arazun/arezt (D), 198
arazyn/arzzt (1), 198
arexsun/arexst (D),
196
arexsyn/arexst (Т), 196
arezun/arezt (D), 198
arezyn/arezt (Т), 198
ard xæryn (I), 149
ard xwzerun (D), 149
ardawun/ardud (D), 77,
78
ardawyn/ardyd (1), 77,
78
argawun/argud (D),
107, 115
argawyn/arg.,yd (Т),
107, 115
argevne (D), 121
arviston (I), 23
arxajyn/arxajd (1), 446
aryn (I), waryn/ard (1),
164
aryng (1), 166
asadun/asast (D), 341
asadyn/asest (1), 341
asterun/astard (D), 365
asteryn/asterd (1), 365
avinsun/avinst (D), 325
aw, Jaw (Т), 135
awazun/auzt (D), 431
awazyn/azwezt (1), 431
aw(&) (D), 135
awe (I), 420
awæ3æ (D), 420
awerdun/aurst (D), 208
awerdyn/awerst (Т),
208
awinzun/awigd (D), 414
awyn3zyn/awygd (I),
414
axzssun/axesst (D),
171
axodyn/axost (1), 141
axoryn/ax,yrst (1), 151
axsyn/axst (I), 161, 171
ax wadun/ax wast, axust
(D), 141
axwyrsyn/axwyrst (I),
151
azelun/azeld (D), 470
azelyn/azeld (1), 470
afsadun/zefsad (D), 350
INDICES [Ossetic]
æfsadyn/æfsad (1), 350
æfsar(m) (D), 92
æfsærm, æfsarm (1), 92
æfsærun/æfsarst, æfsard
(D), 352
æfsæryn/æfsærst (Т),
352
æfsnajun/æfsnad (D),
348
æfsnajyn/æfsnad (1),
348
æfsoj (D), 92
æfsonz (1), 92
æftawun/æftud (D), 385
æftawyn/æftyd (1), 385
æftun/æftud (D), 386
æftyn/æftyd (1), 385
æft æryn/æft ата (Т),
382
eft’irun/eft’ird (D),
382
æfxalun/æfxæld (D),
439
æfxalyn/æfxæld (Т), 439
efxaryn/afxard (Т),
149
æfxwærun/æfxward
(D), 149
&gas, 247
egged (I), 101
egzalun/egzald (D),
124, 474
egzalyn
(yzgalyn)/egeld (Т),
123, 474
egzelun/egzald (D),
123, 474
egzelyn
(yzgelyn)/egeld
(D, 123, 474
zjjafun/zjjaft (D), 163
ejjafyn/zjjeft (Т), 163
(zi)evun/&jj)ivd (D),
415
elgetun/elgist (D), 122
ælvasun/ælvæst (D), 25
ælvasyn/ælvæst (1), 25
ælvesun/ælvist (D), 437
aelvinun/ælvid (D), 22
ælvisyn/ælvæst (1), 437
ælvynyn/ælvyd (1), 22
elxenun/elxed (D),
446
ælxænyn/ælxæd (1), 446
&lxij (D), 123
&lxync' (D, 123
zmbaryn/emberst (1),
9
æmbærzun/æmbarzt
(D), 13, 14
aembarzyn/ambarzt
(D, 13, 14
æmbodun (D), 15, 16
ambudyn (1), 15, 16
ambujun/zembud (D),
303
amburd (D), 9
azmbyjyn/embyd (Т),
303
æmbyrd (1), 9
ampursun/zmpurst (D),
10
amg yd (I), 115
zencajun/zncad (D), 38
zencajyn/zncad (1), 38
ændazun/ændağd (D),
375
sendazyn/zndagd (1),
375
aendavun/zendavd (D),
379
zendavyn/znd&vd (Т),
379
ændæzun/ændağd (D),
375
ændæzyn/ændağd (1),
375
aendezun (D), 53
andewun/endiwd (D),
73
zendizyn (1), 53
znz&vun/enz&vd (D),
33
anzavyn/ansavd (Т),
33
engarun/engarst (D),
34, 105
engaryn/enzerst (I),
34, 105
anzug (D), 249
555
anzyg (1), 249
ængas (1), 246
ængast (D), 246
ængozæ (D), 117
ænguz (D, 117
zng&d (D), 101
zeng&lun/zngald (D),
173
zngezun (D), 97
engezun/engizt (D), 97
zengud (D), 115
aenk'arun/zenk and (D),
238
aenk'aryn/znk and (Т),
238
ank'usun/znk ust (D),
228
ank ',ysyn/znk Aust (1),
228
anqalyn/enqald (Т),
173
anqavzyn/enqavzt (I),
118
enqizyn/enqyzt (1), 97
aensaendun/ensast (D),
342
znsedun/ensidt (D),
327
zensonun (D), 214
znsonun/ensud (D),
331
zentawun/zntud (D),
386
entawyn/entyd (1), 386
æntæsun/æntæst (D),
385
гпіојпг (D), 386
entysyn/zntyst (1), 385
ænxæssun/ænxast (D),
242
anxwarsun/anxwarst
(D), 150
zpp&lun/zpp&ld (D),
239
æppælyn/æppælyn (1),
239
(er-)esk’etun/skitt
(D), 31
&r-carun/er-card (D),
34
556
&r-caryn/ar-card (Т), 34
ardozun/zrdust (D), 80
arduzyn/ardyst (Т), 80
ærğaw (D), 113
ergevdyn/ergevst (Т),
244
ergevun/ergavd (D),
121
ergevyn/ergevd (1),
121
erguvun/arguvd (D),
121
(er-)K’ityn (Т), 31
artajun/ertad (D), 375
ertasun/ertast (D), 397
ert-tevun/ert-tivd (D),
72
ert-tivyn/ert-tyvd (T),
72
arvetun/zrvist (D), 309
ærxaw (D), 448
ærxæw (Т), 448
(&)skawun/(z)sk and
(D), 347
(e)sk’zfun/(z)sk’aft
(sk’avd) (D), 33
(e)sk’zrun/(z)sk’ard
(D), 346
(«)sk’ujun/(z)sk’ud
(D), 347
(«)sk’unun/&)sk’ud
(D), 347
(&)sqawun/(z)sqawd
(D), 347
æssændyn/æssæst (I),
342
æssivyn/æssyvd (1), 328
гѕѕопуп (1), 214
assonyn/asssyd (1), 331
(«)stajun/(&)stad (D),
360
(«)stavd (D), 362
(&)stawun/(a)stud (D),
366, 386
(&)staer(n)un/(a)stard
(D), 365
(e)stzrun/(&)stard (D),
382
æstuf (D), 367
INDICES [Ossetic]
(&)st'e&un/(a)st'i&d
(D), 362
(#)sxwajun/(z)sxust
(D), 143
avdslun/zvdald (D),
58
&vdalyn/zvdald (Т), 58
evderzyn/evderzt (I),
63
evdesun/evdist (D), 52
evdirzun/evdirzt (D),
63
evdisyn/evdyst (I), 52
zvdozun (D), 67
avduzyn (1), 67
&vellon (D), 290
evgenun/evged (D),
232
evgenyn/evged (Т),
232
evgerdun/evgarst (D),
244
evnalun/evnald (D),
183
evnalyn/evneld (Т),
183
evrityn/ervyst (I), 309
avzarun/avzurst (D),
34, 421
evzaryn/evzerst (I),
34, 421
ævzær (Т), 475
evzerun/evzurst (D),
421
&VZaryn/2vzarst,
evzerd (I), 421
avzedun/zvzist (D),
409
evzidyn/evzyst (Т), 409
evzujun/evzud (D),
472
avzyjyn/avzyd (1), 472
zvgid (1), 31
evgezun/evgazt (D),
118
awwajun/zwwad (D),
203
zwwajyn/zwwad (Т),
203
awwandun (D), 417
awwandyn (1), 417
awwaerdun/zwwarst
(D), 425
zwwerdym/ewwarst
(D, 425
axsajun/zexsajd (D),
452
æxsajyn/æxsajd (1), 452
axsaedun/zexsast (D),
450
axsaedyn/zexseest (1),
450
axsedun/zxsist (D),
458
axsidyn/zexsyst (1), 458
æxsizgæ (D), 456
axsinun/zxsid (D), 454
axsnirsun/eexsnirst (D),
458
axsnun/aksnad (D),
348
axsnyrsyn/zxsnyrst (I),
458
axsun/zxst (D), 171
axsyn/zexsad (1), 348
axsyn/zexst (I), 171
axsynyn/exsyd (1), 454
axsyzgon (1), 456
æxxæssyn/æxxæst (I),
242
#exxwyrsyn/exxwyrst
(D, 150
(&)zmantun/(z)zmast
(D), 264
()zme(n)s& (D), 261
eznemun/ezne(m)t
(D), 280
badun/badt (D), 126
badyn/badt (T), 126
barun/barst (D), 9
baryn/barst (1), 9
bas (I), 168
basa (D), 168
bawzr (D), 207
baeddun/bast (D), 6
bzddyn/bast (1), 6
bzzgin (D), 71
bezgin (1), 71
bezzun/bezt (D), 72
bezzyn/bezt, baezzyd
(D, 72
bijun/bid (D), 435
bodz (D), 16
bugdeg (D), 18
bursun/burst (D), 10
buxsun/buxst (D), 19
bwar (I), 207
bygdzg (1), 18
byjyn/byd (Т), 435
byrsyn/byrst (1), 10
byxsyn/byxst (1), 19
caefsun/caefst (D), 33
caefsyn/caefst (T), 33
cegdun/cagd (D), 31
cegdyn/cagd (1), 31
caerun/card (D), 34
caryn/card (1), 34
caevun/cavd (D), 33
cavyn/cavd (T), 33
cawun/cud (D), 41
ca wyn/cyd (I), 41
cetun/citt (D), 31
cite (D), 28
codun/cudt (D), 37
cudyn/cudt (1), 37
cumun/cund (D), 40
cymyn/cymd (1), 40
cyt (I), 28
"dajyn/"dad (Т), 46
аага (I), 382
darun/dard (D), 58
daryn/dard (1), 58
dasun/dast (D), 64, 385
dasyn/dast (1), 385
davun/davd (D), 43
davyn/davd (1), 43
dawun/dawd (D), 65, 69
dawyn/dawd (1), 65, 69
daddun (D), 44
daddyn (I), 44
deejun/dad (D), 47
deejyn/dad (1), 47
damun/dand (D), 55
dawccag (Т), 65
des (D), 52
dis (I), 52
docun/dogd (D), 66
domyn/domd (1), 55
ducyn/dygd (1), 66
dumun/dund (D), 56
dunsun/dunst (D), 56
dymsyn/dymst (1), 56
dymyn/dymd, dymst (1),
56
-zijnad& (D), 233
-zin (D), 233
-3inad (D), 233
zorun/zurd (D), 226
3uryn/ayrd (1), 226
-3yn (D, 233
ergevun/ergevd (D),
121
erun/ird (D), 164
ervezun/ervazt (D), 322
es (D), 152
esun/ist (D), 212
evged (D), 31
evgujun/evgud (D), 95
evtinzun/evtigd (D),
392
evtong (D), 392
evxersun/evxa(r)st (D),
242
fad, 305
fadug (D), 305
fadun/fast (D), 305
fadyg (1), 305
fadyn/fast (1), 305
far-, fal-, 294
fasun/fast (D), 299
fasyn/fast (1), 299
fejlawyn/fejlyd (1), 90
feeldesun/feeldist (D), 53
feeldisyn/feeldyst (I), 53
feelevun (D), 308
fælgæsun/fælgast (D),
246
felgesyn/felgest (1),
246
fælğændun/fælğæst (D),
104
fzelivyn (Т), 308
feellajun/feellad (D), 274
feellajyn/feellad (1), 274
feesmerun/fesmard (D),
138
feesus (D, 174
fæzæxsun/fæzæxst (D),
450
INDICES [Ossetic]
fæzæxsyn/fæzæxst (I),
450
fæzdæg, 304
fecawun/fecud (D), 41
fedar (D), 59
felawun/felud (D), 90
feppajun/feppajd (D),
289
fexsujun/fexsud (D),
454
ficun/funxt (D), 286
fidar (1), 59
finsun/finst (D), 292
fippajyn/fippajd (1), 289
fycyn/fyx(t) (D, 286
fyssyn/fyst (1), 292
gityn (D, 31
Soytyn/goyrd (1), 251
garun/gard (D), 107,
108
fast (D), 112
£azun/£azt (D), 96
ada (D), 101
Sane (D), 103, 225
Ser (D), 107
gerzun/gerzt (D), 112
£a wurn/£ud (D), 95
Sew (D), 96
girnun/girnd (D), 122
gizun/gizt (D), 97
Sos (D), 116
guzun/guzt (D), 117
idajun/idad (D), 46
idard (D), 382
idæwccag (D), 65
idæwun (D), 65
iz&gdun/izagd (D), 32
izæğnæ (D), 32
igas (D), 247
igawun/igawd (D), 28
igetun/igitt (D), 31
igurun/igurd (D), 251
igal (D), 173
igawun/igud (D), 95
igendun/igest (D), 104
iğæstæ (D), 104, 118
igosun/igust (D), 116
igusun/igust (D), 116
ilivd (D), 308
imisun/imist (D), 177
inaje (D), 348
insun/insad (D), 326
irezun/irezt (D), 198
ird, 157
irdg (1), 157
irdge, zrdk& (D), 157
irgevyn/irgevd (Т), 121
irtasyn/irtest (T), 397
irugd (D), 318
irvezyn/irvezt (T), 322
is (D, 152
isafun/isavd (D), 335
iszefun/isavd (isaft) (D),
175,335
isaerdun/isard (isarst)
(D), 336-7
istun/istad (D), 360
isusun/isust (D), 174
isyn/ist (T), 212
itawun/itud (D), 386
itinsun/iti&d (D), 392
ivajun/ivad (D), 1
ivajyn/ivad (1), 1
ivar, 9
ivendun/ivest (D), 6
iverzun/ivarzt (D), 14
iv&yjyn (D, 95
ivtong (D), 392
ivtyn3yn/ivtygd (1), 392
ivxeersyn/ivxerst (Т),
242
ivyn/ivd (1), 415
iwarun/iurst (D), 421
iwazaeg (D), 433
iwaexsun/iwzexst (D),
418
ixeelun/ixald (D), 240
ixsyjyn/ixsyd (1), 454
izajun/izad (D), 461
izazn& (D), 462
izazun/izazt (D), 462
izæd (D), 220
kad (D), 28
kadz (D), 28
kalun/kald (D), 240
kalyn/kald (1), 240
kalun/kald (D), 240
kzelyn/kald (T), 240
Капа (Т), 233
557
keenun/kond, kind (D),
238
kaenyn/kond (1), Kynd
(1), 238
keerdun/karst (D), 244
keerdyn/karst (1), 244
kasstzer (1), 247
keesun/kast (D), 246
kasyn/kast (1), 246
kin, ken& (D), 28
kom, 228
komun/kund (D), 228
Котуп/К,ута (1), 228
korun/kurd (D), 251
kovun/kuvd (D), 250
kuryn/k,yrd (1), 251
kuvd (D), 250
kuvyn/k,yvd (1), 250
k.yvd (1), 250
k’waerun (D), 150
Кутуп (D, 150
ladarun/ladarst (D),
382
lædaryn/lædærst (1),
382
ladzrsun/ledarst (D),
382
lædærsyn/lædærst (1),
382
leederun/lederd (D),
59
legardun/legerst (D),
244
legardyn/legerst (D,
244
legz-ad (Т), 148
legzer, lezger, 124,
474
lamarun/laemarst (D),
267
lemaryn/lemerst (Т),
267
læværd (D, 9
lavar, 9
levard (D), 9
læwærdun/læwarst (D),
425
lezun/ligd (D), 308
lizyn/lygd (D), 308
lijun/lud (D), 188
558
пап, nimæl (D), 87
list(aeg) (D), 189
listen (D), 189
lixsun/lixst (D), 188
lux (D), 317
lyg (1), 317
lyjyn/lyd (1), 188
lymæn (1), 87
lyst(eg) (Т), 189
lysteen (Т), 189
marg, 266
marun/mard (D), 265
maryn/mard (1), 265
mast, 254
macun (D), 264
meecyn (1), 264
meelun/mard (D), 265
meelyn/mard (D), 265
mært (Т), 138
marzun/marzt (D), 181
marzyn/marzt (1), 181
meesteeg (Т), 254
meet (1), 263
mete (D), 263
(med)nimeer (D), 138
mesin (D), 261
mezg& (D), 179
mezun/mizt (D), 179
mi (1), 273
mijn-as& (D), 168, 260
min-as (I), 168, 260
minzg (D), 258
misyn (T), 261
miwe (D), 273
mizg& (1), 179
mizyn/myzt (T), 179
mond, 254
mos (D), 271
mynzg (Т), 258
mysyn/myst (1), 177
naj (Т), 348
najun/nad (D), 348
najyn/nad (1), 348
nard, narst, 183
namun/nad (D), 281
namyn/nad (I), 281
narsun/nzrst (D), 183
neersyn/nerst (1), 183
nerun/nerst (D), 281
neeryn/nerst (1), 281
INDICES [Ossetic]
nztun/nett (D), 276
neetyn (1), 276
newun/niwd (D), 284
nizævsun/nizævst (D),
33
nizevun/nizevd (D), 33
niganun/nigad (D),
231
nikkzsun (D), 246
nik'zd (D), 233
nimajun/nimad (D), 256
nimozun/nimugd (D),
270
ninda (D), 280
niq(q)waerun/niq(q)war
d (D), 109
nistawzn (D), 360
nive (D), 1
niveendun/niva(n)st (D),
6
nivarzan (D), 13
nivond (D), 6
niwazun/niwazt (D),
431
niweerdun/niwarst (D),
425
niwwasun (D), 432
niwyn/niwd (1), 284
nixas (D), 446
nixasun/nixast (D), 246
nixassun/nixast (D), 246
nyzavyn/nyzaavd (T), 33
nygenyn/nyged (1),
231
nykkeend (1), 231
nykkzsyn (1), 246
nymzr (Т), 138
nymajyn/nymad (1), 256
пута (1), 280
nymugyn/nymy gd (1),
270
nyqqoytyn/nyqqoyrd (1),
109
nystwan (1), 360
nyv (1), 1
nyveendyn/nyveest (1), 6
nyvarzan (I), 13
nyvond (1), 6
n(y)wazyn/nywaezt (Т),
431
nywerdyn/nywerst,
nordyn/norst (1),
425
nywwasyn (Т), 432
nyxas (1), 446
nyxasyn/nyxest (Т), 246
nyxesyn/nyxest (I),
246
od (D), 428
odajun/odad (D), 375
odænsun/odænst (D),
55
odæsun/odæst (D), 375
odun/odt (D), 176
omyn (1), 417
oramun/ored (D), 191
osongz (D), 170
ozun/uzt (D), 219
purx(a), purf (D), 298
pyrx (1), 298
qal (1), 173
дагуп/дага (1), 107, 108
gast (D, 112
qawyn/qoyd (T), 95
qazyn/qazt (Т), 96
qed (Т), 101
qæjun (D), 94
qæjyn (D), 94
qan (I), 103, 225
qær (I), 107
qarzyn/qarzt (Т), 112
qast (1), 104, 118
qewyn/quyd (1), 95
qiw (D, 96
qur (D), 109
qus (1), 116
qusyn/qoyst (1), 116
qyrnyn/qyrnd (1), 122
qyzyn/qyzt (I), 97
qyr (D, 109
qoysyn/qoyst (Т), 116
qoYzyn/qoyzt (qoyzyd)
(1), 117
raddun/rard (D), 186
raddyn/rard (1), 186
rajun/rad (D), 306
rajyı/rad (1), 306
randa (D), 165
raxsyn (1), 171, 322
redazun/redagd (D),
374
rædæzun/rædağd (D),
373
rædæxsun/ redaxst
(D), 374
raedesun/redist (D), 52
redovun/reduvd (D),
66, 79
raedujun/redud (D), 69
raeduvsun/reduvst (D),
66
reduvyn/redyvd (1), 66,
79
raedyjyn/redyd (1), 69
raedyvsyn/reedyvst (1),
66
read, 32
rezegdun/rezaxt (D),
32
ræzæxsun/ræzaxst (D),
32
reft-ad (D), 148
regenun/teged (D),
231
raegafzn (D), 234
regaw (Т), 113
reged, 101
rajun/rajd (D), 306
rajyn/ra;jd (Т), 306
ramon (D), 191
remosun/remu£d (D),
139
remuzyn/remygd (Т),
139
remun/red (D), 191
reendun (D), 313
reesazun/resagd (D),
324
raesujun/resud (D), 341
raesugd (D), 339
raesyjyn/resyd (1), 341
retawun/retud (D), 397
retawyn/retyd (1), 397
rewage (D), 405
ræwæxsun/ræwæxst
(D), 418
ræwonæ (D), 405
ræxojyn/ræxoyst (1), 143
raexwajun/rexust (D),
143
reezyn/reezt (1), 198
resun/rist (D), 309
rezun/rizt (D), 189
ris (D, 309
rissyn/ryst (1), 309
rizyn/ryzt (T), 189
roxs (D), 321
run (D), 185
ruxs (1), 321
rwajyn/rwad (1), 203
гуп (1), 185
губа (D, 318
sazun/sagd (D), 324
sazyn/sagd (I), 324
safyn/sett (1), 335
sans (D), 355
sart (1), 325
sasm (D, 355
saeddun/sast (D), 342
saeddyn/sast (1), 342
s&zun/sagd (D), 324
s&zyn/sagd (Т), 324
sefyn/sett (Т), 175, 335
ѕајип/ѕаа (D), 328
ѕајуп/ѕаа (Т), 328
salun/sald (D), 337
saelyn/sald (1), 337
sendeg, 342
særdasæn, 385
sær(d)yn/særst (1), 337
særdyn/særst (1), 336
sedun/sidt (D), 327
ses (D), 355
sidyn/sidt (1), 327
sis (1), 355
skarun/skarst (D), 346
skaryn/skærst (1), 346
sk’awyn/sk’awd (T),
347
sk’zfyn/sk’&ft (I), 33
sk’zryn/sk’zrd (1), 346
sk’.yjyn/sk’,yd (D, 347
sk',ynyn/sk уа (1), 347
so-zina (D), 29
sozun/sugd (D), 339
somi (D), 329
somun/sund (D), 329
somy (1), 329
INDICES [Ossetic]
sorun/surd (D), 338
sqawyn/sqawd (1), 347
stajyn/stad (I), 360
stavd (1), 362
stawyn/styd (1), 366 (1),
386
staeryn/stard (Т), 365,
382
stigyn/stygd (Т), 362
styn/stad (T), 360
st’elyn/st’eld (1), 365
sujun/sud (D), 329
suryn/syrd (1), 338
su-zin (I), 29
suzyn/sygd (Т), 339
su-var (D), 341
syjyn/syd (1), 329
sysyn/syst (1), 174
sy-veer (Т), 341
tazun/tagd (D), 373
tazyn/tagd (1), 373
tagd, 373
tajun/tad (D), 375
tajyn/tad (Т), 375
tavun/tavd (D), 379
tavyn/tavd (1), 379
tawyn/tyd (1), 386
taxun/taxt (D), 374
taebyn (D), 389
taezun/ta£d (D), 373
taexyn/ta£d (1), 373
tef. 379
taefsun/taefst (D), 379
teefsyn/tefst (T), 379
telfun/tzlft (D), 396
taelfyn/teelft (taelfyd) (Т),
396
tæltæg, 399
teers-/tarst (D), 394
teersyn/tarst (I), 394
terun/tard (D), 382
teeryn/tard (1), 382
taevd (Т), 379
taevda (D), 379
taex (D), 373
taexsyn/taexst (1), 379
taexun/taxt (D), 373
taexyn/taxt (Т), 373
tegun/tigd (D), 393
tew (D), 68
tigyn (1), 393
tiw (Т), 68
tonun/tund (D), 377
tonyn/tynd (1), 377
tune (D), 6, 389
tunzun/tunst (D), 387
turnun (D), 399
tux& (D), 387
tuxsun/tuxst (D), 400
tyn (D), 6, 389
tyn3yn/tygd (1), 387,
392
tyrnyn (1), 399
tysseeg (Т), 388
tyx (D, 387
tyxsyn/tyxst (I), 400
ud (I), 428
udajyn/udad (1), 375
udessyn/udest (1), 55
udaesyn/udsest (D, 375
udyn (1), 176
ufsun/ufst (D), 401
ugard (I), 244
uromyn/urzd (I), 191
usong (T), 170
uz&lyn/uz&ld (Т), 470
uzyn/wyzt (1), 219
wac (1), 404
waca (D), 404
wazun/wagd (D), 200
wazyn/wagd (1), 200
wajun/wad (D), 411
wajyn/wad (1), 411
wart, 207
warun/ward (D), 406
waryn (Т), 406
waryn/weerst (T), 421
waryn/ward (1), 406
warzun/warzt (D), 423
warzyn/warzt (Т), 423
wasæg (1), 432
wasangz (D), 432
wasun/wast (D), 203,
432
wasyn/wast (1), 203,
432
wat, 202
wazag (I), 433
wajug (D), 411
wæjyg (1), 411
559
waemun/wand (ond)
(D), 417
wemyn/weemd (Т), 417
wendyn (D, 417
werdun/werst (D), 425
werdyn/werst (Т), 425
wafun/uft, uvd (D), 402
wafyn/w&ft (Т), 402
wegun/wigd (D), 414
wezun/wigd (D), 408
wizyn/wygd (Т), 408
wigyn/wygd (Т), 414
winun/wind, jinun/jind
(D), 413
(w)ogen (D), 231
(w)un (D), 17
wyn (1), 17
wynyn/wynd (1), 413
wyrnyn (Т), 421
xafun/xaft (D), 235
xafyn/xaft (1), 235
xawun/xawd (D), 143,
442
xawyn/xawd (1), 143,
442
xalyn/xald (Т), 240
xard (I), 148 (1), 444
xarda (D), 444
xeeryn/xord (I), 150
xaryn/xord (xard) (1),
148
xeessun/xast,
xeersun/xarst (D),
242
xasssyn/xast (1), 242
xed (D), 127, 143
xezun/xizt (D), 128,
441
xid (D, 127, 143
xirx (D), 407
xizyn/xyzt (1), 128, 441
xodun/xudt (D), 443
xojyn/xost (1), 143
xonun/xund (D), 145
xonyn/xwynd (I), 145
xor (T), 148
xudyn/xudt (I), 443
xufun/xuft (D), 440
xujun/xud (D), 137
xunnun/xund (D), 145
560
xus (1), 174
xussun/xust (D), 146
xwajun/xwast (D), 143
xwar (D), 148
xwarun/xurst (D), 151
xwerde (D), 148
xwerun/xward (D),
148, 150
xwinyn/xwynd (1), 145
xyrx (I), 407
Xoyfyn/X,yft (Т), 440
хоујуп/хоуа (1), 137
хоуѕѕупх,уѕі (I), 146
yssyn/yssad (I), 326
ysxojyn/ysxwyst (1),
143
yzmentyn/yzmest (1),
264
yzmis (1), 261
zajun/zad (D), 466
zajyn/zad (D, 461, 466
zarun/zard (D), 470
zaryn/zard (Т), 470
zed (1), 220
zegun/zagd,
заёип/аёа (D),
460
zegyn/zagd (Т), 460
zelyn/zeeld (1), 470
zembyn/zembyd (1),
463
zerond, 470
zin (D), 463
zinnun/zind (D), 467
zonun/zund (D), 467
zonyn/zynd (1), 467
zurun/zurd (D), 475
zyn (D, 463
zynyn/zynd (1), 467
zyryn/zyrd (1), 475
1.1.4.2 Pashto
1.1.4.2.1 Afridi
awla, 428
yarawul, 108
1.1.4.2.2 Wanetsi
ac-, 344
döba, 379
irZa, 195
INDICES [Pashto]
lun-, 83
test-/ters-, 394
tos, 388
1.1.4.2.3 Waziri
ár(o)t, 322
ara, 132
blavsedol, 54
covda, 229
Imezol, 299
snay, 29
tast-/tas-, tost-, 394
wavd/web-, 402
wewd, 146
wizd, 13
wocaw-, 344
wu-kind, 233
1.1.4.2.4 unspecified
ácan-, 244
ayar, 108
ayér, 109
aláng, 46
alánga, 46
alwoy-, al(w)ey-, 68,
134
amleyol, 260
anang, alang, 392
ancóy, incdy, 29
angur, 238
anaw-, 165
aneyal, 166
ar(a)t, 198
aratdl, 322
ár(o)t, 322
argamoy, 195
arwedol, 130
arZai, 195
acawul, 344
ayaZol, 110
ayustol/ayund-, 114
ayzai, 118
äsp-, 370
ästaw-, 360
ästoway, 363
awustol/awarom, 425
bayära, 107
bay, 433
baylal, 433
báspor, 296
byarz, 110
blezdal, 63
blosedol, 54
böz-/bötlal, 172
bresna, 316
brex, 309
braston, 365
bürai, 23
byal, bel, 216
cac-eg-, 36
cacodol, 356
сара], 37
caredol, 34
casol, 36
cö-mra, 138
cwab, 250
cxedol, 445
¿awd, 345
cawul, 345
dalai, 46
darwag, 80
dára, 60
dóbay, 379
do-mra, 138
drabol, 396
drümedol, 75, 312
dumai, 56
gandól, 244
goraw-, 448
gorg-, 449
gorol, 173
yaibá, 96
yandol, 104
yara, 121
yar-ég/yar-ed-, 122
yaredol, 107
yaral, 111, 123
yaxt-/yar-, 111
yaráy, 109
yas, 93
yay-/yöwal, 94, 175
yen, yon, 110
yer, 108, 121
yo, 175
yoxt-/ywar-, 106
yost, 110
yur, 109
ywaz, 116
(i)&d-/iXo(d), 133
kan-/kandol, 233
karol, 240
katol, 246
kawol, kral, 238
kazal/kaz-, 245
(ksé-)mandal, 264
kütol, 235
küz, 253
laral, 58
larye, 315
lau, law, 79
I(a)wan-/lust, 83
lànga, 392
leg-, 63
lewor, 68
lid, 50
láma, 47
Iwayza, 67
Iwast-/lwal-, 15, 201
Iwas-/lwasal, 70
Iwawol, 79
Iwedol/Iwez-, 82
matar, 254
masts, 254
mat, 272
mest, 260
mal. 260
mína, 156
mitol/mez-, 179
mrol/mr-, 265
muz-/musol, 180, 181
náyand, 225
nal, 276
naral/när-, 282
nas-, nis-/niwul, 184
nat-/natol, 283
naXtej-/naXtej-, 374
naw, 276
nast, 126
nyaráy, 105
nyar(d)-/nyar-, 109
nyaZ-/nyutol, nywatol,
116
njat-/njan-, 231
nis-/niw-, 212
niyuz, 431
niz, nyuz, 219
nul, 276
nund, nümd, 276
nwaráy, 207
nwáray, 425
nXat-/nXol-, 355
nZai, 458
п2ә1, 458
od-, obd-/ow-, ob-, 402
ord, 166
parxél, paxél, 143
parz-, parj-, 462
paxlay, 287
pana, 297
pats, paté, 308
pewd-, pey-, 402
pez-/pez-, 292
pēčūmai, 344
péZan-/pézand-, 468
рәпа, 298
pay, 290
piay-/powul, 289
pirawdol, 297
por, 293
pore, 294
pox, paxá, 287
post, pasta, 287
pré-watal, 431
prolal, 44
pryez-, prez-, 172
psöl, psäls, 341
psünai, 341
puda, 302
pust(ed)ol, 90
рӣ?, 298
pyamal, 256
ras, 315
raw-/rawd-, 140
rayol/ray-, 306
raZ-/raZed-, reZ-/reZed-,
311
raZedol, 308
гё$ә1, 437
reZdedol, 189, 315
гәБәј, 320
roma, rima, 188
riyawdal, 184
rinjal, 188
run, 321
sag(kal), 325
salwaya, 67
sam(a), 329
sara, 337
satal/sat-, 324
INDICES [Pamir languages]
skastol/skal-,
skustol/skul-, 347
skastol/skan-, 244
skam, 344
sköy-, 347
sor, sara, 337
sparyóy, 199
spar-, 351
spec, spej, 350
stam, 362
stayol, 366
stdray, 365
suräy, 368
süledal, 325, 340
sun, 368
sw-/swaj-, 339
San-, 372
Sanaw-, 372
Sanol, 92
Skarol, 346
Sledol, 327
Sméral, 138
Spésta, 148
Spélai, 458
Sum-, 40
Swol, 41
Sayal/Sayam, 355
Sal, 355
tarh-eg, 394
tat, 378
taw, 389
tej-, 373
today, 383
tojol, 373
tos, 388
toxtedol, 394
téyal, 68
tiyaso, 385
tlol/tay-, 373
tog-, 385
toy, toe, 375
tod, 379
trap, 396
uyd, 13
udo, 146
uyz, 117
-wal-/-wastol, 201
wal-war, 201
wand-, 205
waryanay, 110
waryumai, 101
war-moláy, 254
warx, 440
warana, 208
wat, 3
watol, 431
way-/wayol, 401
wogay, 423
wor, 208
woxXedol, 355
winj-, 408
wist/wol-, 410
wiyar, 167
win-, 413
wit, 136
wor-eg-/(w)or-ed-, 406
wresam, 437
wresgol, 437
wrin, 87
writ, 23
wr-/wral, 9
wrost, wrastá, 88, 193
wu, 17
xarol, 444
xànd-/xandol, 443
xeZ-/xatol, 441
xor, 444
xriy-/xriyol, 448
xriyol/xriy-, 150
xula, 201
xwala, 143
xwand, 141
xwar, 150
xwarol/xür-, 148
Xax, xaX, 367
Xayol/Sayom, 357
Xay-, 357
yastol, 212
yas-, 210
yasna, 210
yos-, 212
zanol, 461
zama, 463
zdoyol, 69
zaman, zamna, 464
zgäst-, 474
zyam-, 102, 453
zyard, 474
zyästol/zyal-, 123, 474
zyör-, Zyör-, 173
561
zyumai, 101
212, 471
"zmogolay, 182
zor, zara, 470
zör-, 469
zowul, zezedol, 466
zoxa, 473
zwaßg, 473
Zwag, 473
zwor, zawar, 475
-Zan-/-Zal, 225
Zar-/Zarol, 106
Zowul, Zoyal/Zoy-, 226
Zwak, Zwand, 223
Zay, 475
1.1.4.3 Pamir languages
1.1.4.3.1a Shughni
ambi0-, 301
amboj, 2
ancäv-/ancüvd, 60
andij-, andiz-/andüyd,
374
andüj-, andüz-/andüzd,
374
angaxs-/angixt, angaxt,
249
anjic, 27
arizm, 314
avezun, 414
azär-, 108
ba cidow, 15
bidafc-/biduvd, 54
bióemb-/bióemt, 54
biyen/biyent, 372
biyis-/biyid, 127
biym, 136
birej, 309
birew-/birewd, birud,
140
birnäy-/birnäyd, 285
bispär, 352
bixéund, 342
bixsar-/bixcud, 346
bizin-/bizid, 225
boz-/boxt, 172
bünos-, 283
cáp-/cápt, 33
cif-/cift, 383
562
ci(y)-/cid, 27
cow, 79
cuy, 32
Cán-/Cint, 233
cár-t, 240
Cáw-t, 347
cemb-/cemt, 228
Cis-/Cuxt, 246
cün, 233
cün, 227
divask, 71
divén-/divént, 83
divüsk, 83
óár-/oü(y)d, 58
ói(y)-/o0d, 46, 48
óif, 60
óüy, 66
óüj-, 66
oud, 68
firäp-/firäpt, 163
firäw-, 90
f(i)r(i)xdu, 308
firüyn, 217
fur-/furt, 85, 148
gilnäy-/gilnäyd, 285
yav-/yevd, 94, 175
yury-/yuryd, 109
yay, 116
yüz, 117
yal-/yalt, 107
jay, 117
kiräx(t), 242, 243
kiriws-/kirüyd, 447
kowun-t, 347
mar-/müd, 265
men-/ment, 74
mez-/mixt, 179
möyj, 181
naxfid-/naxfid, 84
naxtiy-/naxtizd,
naxtuyd, 375
namb, 276
naw-/nud, 284
näö-/näöd, 126
näy-/näyd, 285
náyijak, 285
nidafc-/niduvd, 54
nióemb-/nióemt, 54
nióuyj, 63
niyüy-/niyuxt, 116
INDICES [Pamir languages]
nimü, 281
niO-/nüst, 126
nixard-/nixuxt, 444
nixärd-/nixäxt, 444
nixäb-, 147
nixpar-/nixpud, 353
nixs, nüxs, 283
nizar-/nizard, 108
niZor, 105
nim-óorg, 279
noy-/näyd, 285
nuxtj, 283
pai, 290
paróad-/paróod, 44
paröäw-/paröüd, 65
parwej-/parwezd, 408
parwiö-/parwiöd, 411
parwin, 435
patfar, 85
pi(y)-/pud, 302
pidwió-/pidwiód, 411
pidyuc, 217, 390, 434
piöis-/piöid, 51
pióemb-/pióemt, 54
pidin-/pidid, 51
piöüyj, 63
pijen-/pijent, 29
pirénd-/pirént, 192, 313
pirex-/pirext, 188
pirOäwak xir, 68
pis-/paxt, 286
pisen, 325
pit(t)w-/pit(t)áwd, 386
piXáw-/piXáwd, pixud,
454
pixt, 292
poo, 305
pow, 302
poy-/páyd, 289
purx-/purxt, 298
pün, 297
raf-/raft, 185
rafc, 185
razen-/razent, 322
rav-/rivd, 140
reyj-/ryzd, 315
riwáz-d, 431
riXáw-/riXáàwd, 454
rizin, 466
rux, 321
rüb-/rüvd, 320
say(d), 368
saw-/süd, 41
säd, 325
sar, 337
sär-/särd, 335
sen-/sent, 331
soxis-, 355
sifen-/sifent, 84
ѕікипа, 347
sipor-/siport, 351
sit, 370
sitüX, 383
sir, 337
süg, 340
surv, 368
Saró-/Suxt, 444
SarOk, 444
Sänd-/Sint, 443
sem, 454
Sini(y)zgak, Sunizgak,
458
Sito, 329
Sus, 369
tan-/tant, 377
tar-/tart, 382
taZ-/tizd, 378
tüb-/tápt, 389
tüx-, 385
tew-d, 385
tis, 388
tiy-/tizd, tüyd, 375
tofé, 379
0aw-/0ud, 0ad, 68
0àw-/0ud, 68
vär-/vüd, 9
vidäj-/vidüyd, 373
viray-/viruxt, 24
viréxum, 437
viyj(éj), 13
vüyj, 13
wäb, 419
waf-/wift, wäf-/wöft,
402
wäy-/wäyd, 404
wärv-/wirvd, 12
waz-/wixt, 431
wabak, 419
wäz-/wäzd, 431
weö-, 410
widob, 379
widuj-/widuyd, 67
widum, 55
wijär-/wijärt, 240
winir, 183
wirafc-/wiruvd, 184
wiráx-t, 189
wiremb-/wiremt, 184
wiröw, 317
wizäw-/wizud, 472
wizün-/wizent, 467
wiXay-/wiXuxt, 454
wixkamb-/wixküvd,
344
wixkimc, 344
wixüyj, 454
wiZafc-/wizivd, 96
win-/wint, 413
wiz-/wizd, 434
wox-/waxt, 431
-wun, 405
wary, 209
xambén-t, 442
xar-/xüd, 148
xay-/xüst, 143
xusgow-bire0, 310
xäfs-/xävd, 442
хёб, 143
xir-/xird, 150
xój, 143
Xáw-/Xáwd, 454
Xáz-/Xüzd, 198
Xeb-/Xivd, 453
xicand-/Xictyd, 244, 342
xicáft, XCof&/Xicüf-, 345
xicifU/Xicaf-, 345
Xin-/Xüd, 357
Xoy, 355
Xoy-/X£yd, 357
yad-, 215
yast, 152
ya, 126
yös-/yöd, 212
yuy, 218
zarwin-t, 435
ziban-/zibud, 206
ziben-/zibent, 206
zidaró-/ziduxt, 380
ziwäö-/ziwöst, 201
ziwor, 421
zin-/zid, 225
zuy, 169, 460
Zär-/Zärt, 107
Ziwj, 95
Zoz-/Zàxt, 96
1.1.4.3.1b Bajui dialect
barnäy-/barnäyd, 285
bidgaxc-/bidgixt, 249
biwen-/biwent, 372
biwis-/biwed, 127
biwin, 136
bes-/bed, 156
divask, 83
divés-, 52
ded, 101
deó-, 156
óüv-/óuvd, 66
óüz-/óuyd, 66
faryemc, 101
firap-/fiript, 163
firäw-/firüd, 90
yüw, 116
yuz, 117
ingixc-, 249
kin-/cüd, 238
mayz, 181
moz-/mizd, 272
nayjis-/nayjid, 101
niyaw-/niyuxt, 116
niymär-/niymärt, 268
nijüv-/nijüvd, 33
nimaw, 281
nimäö-/nimost, 254
nix(Xx)ab-/nix(x abt, 147
parmir-/parmüd, 265
parward-/parwuxt, 425
parwáx-/parwáxt, 425
paryand-/paryust, 114
patäw-/patäwd, 386
pedyoc, 217, 390, 434
peXc-/pexst-, 90
pidfar, 85
pidvaxt, 71
pidwin, 435
piöafc-/piöüvd, 54
pinij-/pinüyd, 139
piriü-/pirüst, 192, 313
pisaw-/pisud, 370
rayja, 315
INDICES [Pamir languages]
raró-/ruxt, 186
raz-/rixt, 322
rimi(y)-/rimöd, 256
rinás-/rinüxt, 283
rinäw-/rinewd, 285
ris-/red, 308
rivir-/rivirt, 9
riwäz-/riwuxt, 431
säw-/säwd, 340
sifan-/sifid, 84
sipen-, 296
siraw-/sirud, 317
sitafc-/sitüvd, 379
sitäb-/sitäpt, 379
šüó, 439
taró-/tuxt, 380
taxc-/tixt, 378
täz-/täzd, 373
tidarö-/tiduxt, 380
tüy-/tüyd, 388, 390
vi-/vud, 17
vidoj, 373
viraw-/viröyd, 24
viri-/virud, 164
viwan-/viwid, 145
vind-/vüst, 6
voyj, 13
war-óawax, 65
warz-/warzd, 316
wijin-/wijid, 27
wiraws-/wiruyd, 318
wirüj-/wirüyd, 318
wixi(y)-/wixid, 136,
355
wixij, 136
wiZifc-, 96
wuc-t, 414
wuz-/wuzd, 414
xez, 441
xi-/xust, 143
xür-widob, 379
Xan-, 357
Xanen-, Xinawen-, 357
xä0-, 356
Xici(y)-/Xicod, 39
Xikar-/Xiküd, 346
Xofc-/Xovd, 146
xüj, 454
yan-/yiyd, yüd, 166
yoyj, 166
züz-/zoxt, 461
zidar-/zidüd, zidar-
/zidüg, 382
zini(y)-/zinod, 348
zi(y)-/zod, 466
Zeb-/Zivd, 96
Zinij, 349
1.1.4.3.2 Bartangi
aboz-/aboxt, 172
aóüv-/aóüvd, 66
andiz-/andawd, 374
aror-/arord, 165
axafs-/axovd, 146
ayös-/ayöd-, 212
binis-, 283
bizän-/bizöd, 225
caw, 79
cif-/cift, 383
ciy-/cid, 27
čăn-/čānt, 233
Cas-/CÓXt, 246
caw-VEüd, 347
CiroXt, 242
Eör-t, 240
óay-/óod, 48
óe(y)-/óet, 48
doy, 66
óor-/óug, 58
firap-/firépt-, 163
firopt, 163
yav-/yivd, 94, 175
yiyaw-/yiyud, 226
yu("), 116
yuz, 117
yar-/yard, 107
incav-/incévd, 60
indiöd, 101
kiriws-/kirtwd, 447
kib-/kipt, 235
lazör, 105
mary-/maryd, 273
möwzi, 182
nawZis-/nawZéd, 101
niyü(w)-/niyüxt, 116
nid-/nöst, 126
nimäw, 281
nixtéy-/nixtuyd, 375
nöö-/nöst, 126
paöin-/paöid, 51
563
paóis-/paóed, 51
pajan-/pajint, 29
par(a)óad-/paróod, 45
paróaw-/paróüd,
paróawd, 65
parend-/parend, 192
par&0-/parüst, 192
parwar0-/parwext, 425
pataw-/patawd, 386
paw, 303
petük, 292
pēj-/püxt, 287
pixaw-/pixawd, 454
pixt, 292
pisiw-/pisud, 370
pont, 297
rafc, 320
ranis-/ranöXt, 283
rawäz-/rawö/üxt, 431
ra(y)s-/rid, 308
razen, 466
rimiy-, rimay-/rimöd,
256
ruj-/ruxt, 318
ruxn, 321
säw-/sud, 41
sawn, 368
sifan-/siföd, 84
siraw-/sirawd, 317
sit, 370
sitafs-/sitüvd, 379
sitöb-/sitöbt, 379
siw-/siwd, 340
sön-/sönt, 331
sör, 337
süg, 340
Siró-/Suxt, 444
tan-/tant, 377
10Х-, 385
töb-/töpt, 389
töz-/tözd, 373
01w-/0ud, баа, 68
viraw-/virawd, 24
viriy-, 165
viwin-/viwöd, viwäd,
145
viwön-/viwönt, 145
vuz, 13
warward-/warwüxt, 425
warwax-/warwext, 425
564
waz-/wixt, 431
wijin-/wijid, 27
wiràfs-/wirüvd, 184
wiremb-/wiremt, 184
wirfw-/wirüyd, 318
wirix-t, 189
wiröz-/wiröxt, 198
wirüj-/wiräwd, 318
wixi-/wixid, 136, 355
wixaw-/wixuxt, 454
wixéj, 136
wiö-, 410
wiry, 209
wöz-/wözd, 431
xambinak, 442
xar-/xüg, 148
xäfs-/xävd, 442
xió, 143
xIy-/xöst, 143
xiz, 441
Xaw-/Xod, 454
Xici-/Xicod, 39
xiv-/Xipt, 453
Xoyd, 357
xüy, 355
yast, 152
уд, 126
yöwj, 166
zarwi(y)-/zarwid, 435
zibön-/zibönt, 206
zirix, 123
zOz-/zoxt, 461
ZiniZ, 349
Zib-/Zipt, 96
Zoz-/Zext, 96
Zówj, 95
1.1.4.3.3 Ishkashimi
ambid-, 301
ambol, 292
andorv-/andorvd, 60
apanis-, 283
apiy-, 156
avZinj-, 464
bay-, voy-, 404
ded-, 156
des-/dest, 70
did, 68
dsray-/dsrsd, 79
f(b)ras-/f(5)rüt-, 90
INDICES [Pamir languages]
ferma(y)-, 256
fsrnis-, 283
fbrsbnd-/fersbst-, 327,
342
yeiz-/yeiZed, 109
yorond-/yerost, 122
yorsfs-, 121
yors-, 105
yoz-/yozd, 96
yurs-, 111
far-, 85, 148
forüz, 217
kaf-/küft, 235
ksn-/kül-, 238
kow-, 347
les-/list, 310
mud, 254
nas-/nöö-, 184
nez-/nost, пиё, 156, 431
nuduk, 279
nu-mul-, 259
дуаа, 101
pac-/pbx(t)-, 287
parafur-, 90
pemsc-/pemüyd, 139
рьу-/рьуа-, 289
puduk, 302
reZ-/rüyd, 314
rosnäi, 321
гә?-, 322
rüv-, 140
sew, 68
sitar-/sutuld, 364
skond-/skost, 342
sur-/surd, 335
Saw-, 454
Saw-/Sawod, 226
Sin-/Sid, 452
Sbxs-/Sbxt-, 325
Skarr-/Skul, 346
téw-, 385
teranj-/terayd-, 396
tofé, 379
u(o)rofs-/u(o)rovd, 184
uskomb-/uskovd, 344
vorn-/vred, 22
voZdük, 13
vond-/vüst, 6
vrön-, 306
wanji, 405
wed-, 411
wen-/wend-, 413
wulin-, 372
(w)uzin-/(w)uzit, 472
xawn, 454
xay-, 143
xond-, 443
zanz-/zöyd, 468
zdär-, 382
1.1.4.3.4 Khufi
biraf-/birift, 185
bispär, 352
bizoen-/bizod, 225
Caemb-, 228
day-dud, dod, 48
ói(y)-, 48
fur-/furt, 85, 148
yamundinc, 101
yiyaw-/yiyud, 226
Jiriyd, jireyd, 109
kib-/kivd, 235
neyojak, 285
nijan, 231
nimaw, 281
nimoó, 254
niZür, 105
paróad-/paróüd, 45
parfur, 9
pióüwj, 63
ravar, 10
rizoen, 466
Sawó-/xa"d, 39, 143
Sewn, 454
war-óaw-/war-óawt, 65
wib, 415
wióom, 55
win-/wint, 413
wird, 207
wix&j, 136
wuruw, 317
wustey-, 375
хахё, 242
xay-/xost, 143
Xofc-/Xovd, 146
zaen-/zód, 225
Zü(w)j, 95
1.1.4.3.5 Oroshori
b(a)raf-, 185
devaskak, 71
fur-/furd, 85
yiyaw-/yiyud, 226
yury-/yuryd, 109
yümon, 101
kaxs-/kaxt, 249
kiroxt, 242
namaw, 281
niyü(w)-/niyüyd, 116
nix6b-, 147
pará-/parüst, 313
pira0-/pirtist, 192
pis-, 292
pison, 326
ranis-/ranuxt, 283
rizin, 466
roxm, 321
ruj-/ruxt, 318
var-/vug, 9
wióóm, 55
wob, 419
wuxod, 454
Xan-/Xüd, 357
XicofU/Xicát-, 345
Xisay-/Xicod, 39
zarway-/zarwid, 435
z0z-/zoxt, 461
Zar-/Zart, 107
Züvj, 95
1.1.4.3.6 Roshani
aboz-/abüxt, 172
aóiv-/aóivd, 66
ambe0-/imbost, 301
andiz-/andawd, 374
axawj, 454
bawin, 435
binis-, 283
biraf-/birift, 185
bispar, 353
bizin-/bizod, 225
buways-/buwayd, 127
cay-/cid, 27
cif-/cift, 383
coy, 32
Cas-/Coxt, 246
Cán-/Cint, 233
cemb-/cemt, 228
Gert 240
Céw-t, 347
devin-, 83
divis-/divixt, 52
óay-óüd, dod, 48
deman-, 264
óer-/óert, 58
óe(y)-/óet, 48
óüz-/óawd, duzd, 66
faryemc, 101
firap-/firépt-, 163
firept, 163
firew-/firewt, 90
fur-/furt, 85
yawoj, 116
yav-/yevd, 94, 175
yiyaw-/yiyud, 226
yow, 116
yuz, 117
yamond, yamund, 101
imboj, 2
incav-/incivd, 60
indayd, 101
jiréx, 123
Jiriyd, jiréyd, 109
kin-/Cug, 238
kirex-t, 242
kib-/kivd, kuvd, 235
mary-/maryd, 273
mawz, 181
men-/ment-, 74
mir-/müg, 265
miz-/mixt, 179
nawfen-, 84
nawjis-/nawZod, 101
nay-/nid, 279
naw-/nawd, 285
néd-/nédd, 126
neó-/nüst, 126
nidafs-/nidavd, 54
niyüy-/niyuxt, 116
nijüm, 229
nimow, 281
niO-/nost, 126
nixtéy-/nixtizd, nixtuyd,
375
nixéb-, 147
niZer-/niZerd, 108
niZür, 105
niy-/niyd, nayén-
/nayent, 285
noy-/néyd, 285
INDICES [Pamir languages]
padve0-/padvost, 6
padwin, 435
padays-/padid, 51
paöäfs-/padävd, 54
paöin-/paöid, 51
parwij-/parwizd, 408
paröäd-/paröüd, 45
paróer, 59
paróew-/paróewd, 65
parénd-/parént, 192,
313
рагёӨ-, pared-/parost,
192, 313
parx-, 298
patéw-/patéwd, 386
patfar, 85
paws-/pawst, 90
pay-, 302
petuk, 292
p&j-/poxt, 287
piriX-/pirixt, 188
pisén, 325
pixéw/pixéwt, 454
pixt, 292
poy-/peyd, 289
püw, 303
raró-/ruxt, 186
ravar, 10
rawaz-/rawuxt, 431
rawza, 315
raXep-/raXept, 146
rayay, 217
rays-/rayd, 308
raysen-, 308
rext, 322
rez-, 314
rimay-/rimüd, 256
rinés-/rinoxt, 283
rizen, 466
ri0-/riüt, 310
rux, 321
rüb-/rübt, 320
saw-/sawd, 41
sen-/sent, 331
ser, 337
sew-/sewt, 340
sifan-/sifod, 84
sifen-/sifent, 84
sipon-, 296
sirew-, 317
sit, 370
siteb-/sitob-, 379
sor-/sért, sort, 335
survak, 368
sug, 340
Sar0ob, 444
Sawm, 454
Sinivzak, 458
Siró-/Suxt, 444
šüó, 439
taxs-/taxst, 378
tan-/tant, 377
tar-/tart, 382
teb-/tept, 389
te(y)-/tezd, tüyd, 375
tez-/tezd, 373
tis, 388
tiw-/tiwd, 385
tow-/tüxt, 385
tüy-/tüyd, 388, 390
0ew-t, 68
0rw-/0ud, 0ad, 68
vaw-/vid, 17
vidüj, 373
vind-/vost, 6
viray-, 165
viraw-, 24
vuz, 13
warv-/wirvd, 12
web, 419
-wen, 405
wext, 431
wez-/wizd, 431
wer, 207
wiräfs-/wirüvd, 184
wiréz-/wiroxt, 198
wirix-t, 189
wirüj-/wiräwd, 318
wixay-/wixid, 136, 355
wixuj, 454
wizön-/wizint, 467
wiZafs-, 96
wiry, 209
wiz-/wizd, 434
wuó-, 410
wun-/wunt, 413
xar-/xug, 148
xarüc, 148
xafs-/xavd, 442
xirt, 150
565
xiz, 441
Xan-, 357
хеј, 136
Xew-/Xewt, 454
Xéyt, 357
Xicay-/Xicüd, 39
xicefUxicaf-, 345
Xikamb-/Xikavd, 344
Xikar-/Xiküg, 346
Xikimc, 344
xiv-/xivd, 453
Xofs-xovd, 146
xOy-/xost, 143
Xüy, 355
yad-, 215
yast, 152
yawj, 166
yös-/yüd, 212
yüy, 218
zarwin-/zarwid, 435
zay-/zod, 466
zan-/zod, 225
zez-/züxt, 461
ziben-/zibent, 206
zinay-/zinüd, 348
ziweó-/ziwost, 201
züy, 169
Zinij, 349
Zib-/Zivd, 96
Ziwj, 95
Zoz-/Zext, 96
1.1.4.3.7 Sanglechi
arok, 195
astar-/astol, 364
aluzd, 202
astay-/astuó-, 360
darat, 60
deráy-, 79
deó-, 156
des-/doyd, 70
domb-, 54
dir-/dul, 58
forme-, 256
fornis-/fornit, 283
yart-, yort-/yost, 111
yeZ-/yeZoó, 109
yuz-/yuzd, 96
komay-, 228
kir-/kurt, 240
566
les-/let, 310
nas-/nöö-, 184
nav-, 276
nió-, 126
nióük, 279
niv-/nivó, 163
oyoó, 101
pamej-/pamewg, 139
póv-/póvó, 289
poy, 290
ref, 320
rez, 190
Saw-, 454
Sot, 370
$16, 452
Sbxs-, 325
sonat, 321
tew, 68
vand-/vost-, 6
voZdük, 13
vozd, 13
woniz-/wonist, 285
win-/wind-, 413
xand-, 443
xäz-/xöt, 441
xof-, 440
xurüs, 150
xür-/xorió, 150
zenz-, zenj-/zuyd, 468
zone-, 348
zió-/züst, 474
1.1.4.3.8 Sariqoli
andiz-/andewd, 374
awuj, 404
baymej-/baymi/ig, 139
balis-/baleid, 127
barézj, 308
bawey-/bawid, 435
bawein, 435
bis- (bast) /beyd, 156
bizis-/bizeyd, 225
bilis-/bileyd, bulis-
/büleyd, 127
bizis-/bizeyd, 225
caf-/caft, 383
cey-/cıd, 27
Cafan-, 235
cew-/Cid, 347
cir-, 239
INDICES [Pamir languages]
čomb-/čimd, 228
Cor-t, 240
Cos-/Cixt, 246
Cov-/Cift, 235
deyd, 101
dió-, 156
divez, 71
diwoó-, düwoö-/diwust,
düwust, 201
óafs, 60
óef, 60
óer, 60
óerz-/óaxt, 63
óex-t, 62
ó£wz-/óe£wd, 66
ógy-/óewg, 48
66-/det, 48
óizd/óiz-, 54
óimon-/óimond, óümon-
/óümond, 264
óixn, óüxn, 62
óor-/ó£wg, 58
fir-/fird, für-/fürd, 85,
148
frops-/fribt, 163
yewl, 116
yewz, 117
yeyron, 105
yeyv-/yevd, 94, 175
yirs-/yerd, 105, 111
inciv-/incivd, 60
ingauy-an, 249
ingaxt, 249
imbis-/imbist, 301
Jirö, 106
kan-/Cewg, 238
kasan, 248
meyz, 179
meyz-/maxt, 179
тод, 254
morz, 182
nadefc-/nadevd, 54
naóim-, 54
naymej-/naymi/üg, 139
nalaóon-/nalaóond, 126
nalfon-, 84
патиӨ-/патиӨ, 254
na(r)óambon-, 54
narjis-/narjed, 101
nasiroó-/nasirod, 317
naxpor-/naxpug, 353
naXpe(J)-/naXig, 353
n£y-/nüd, nid, 279
niuw, new-/niwd, 284
niyup-/niyopt, 163
nimiZg, nümüzg, 182
nom, 276
pacor-, paci-/pacug,
pactig, 337
padawez-/padawüXt,
411
padbis-/padbext, 287
padec, 217, 390, 434
padräz-/padräzd, 198
padromb-/padrom(b)d,
191
paóafson-, 54
paöin-/paöid, 51
paóor, 59
paján-/pajánd, 468
pajin-/pajid, 29
para6-/parüst, 313
paróew-/paróid, 65
parew-/parud, 90
parin-/parind, 192, 313
pars-/parst, 90
parwáf-/parwift, 402
parwein, 435
parwey-/parwid, 408,
435
patew-/patewd, 386
paXéor-/paXCig, paxcug,
346
paxig, 148
paxik, 148
paxt, 292
pey-/püd, 302
porwóf, 402
pidefc-/pidevd, 54
pira0-/pirüst, 192
pisan, 326
piraXt, püraxt, 189
pirx-/pirxt, 298
poóm, 287
purweódi-cuz, 201
puy-/puyd, 289
püsan-d, 333
plixew-, pixew-, 454
radabon-/radabond, 379
rajen, 466
ranos-/ranixt, 283
rawazon-, 431
rawoz-/rawi/üxt, 431
rayzon-, 308
re(w)y, 195
rey, 195
rimey-/rimud, 256
rinj, rinc, 192
ris-/reyd, 308
rizm, 314
rix-sipeyd, 321
rizd, 189, 309
rof-/rift, 185
ron-/rond-, 306
rov-/rivd, 140
rur-/rord, 165
ruvj, 140
rux-rost, 321
rüt, 317
sasew-/sasewd, 340
sád, 325
sewg, 340
s(i)kit, 362
s(i)rew-/s(i)rid, s(i)rüd,
317
s(i)taw-d/s(i)tüd, 366
so-/sit, süt, 41
sor, 337
sorj, 337
spon-/spond, 296, 350
stob-/stipt, 379
suóy, 325
sur-/sord, 335
Saró-, 444
S(1)tu, 329
519, $19, 439
Son-/Sind, 443
tarô, 380
tawy-, 390
tay-, tawg-, 388
téid, 390
tis, 388
tireyj, 383
top-/tipt-, 389
toZ-/tiZd, 378
ш, 379
turf-/turft, 396
tux, 385
tur, tir, 383
0awon-d, 68
0ew-/0id, 68
varaxim, 437
varaxt, 24
vew-/vid, 17
vind-/vist, vist, 6
v(i)rew-/v(i)rewd, 194
virz-/virzd, 23
viyayon-/viyayond, 215
viyuy-/viyoyd, 215
vizamb-/vizamd, 464
v(i)rey-/vr£yd, 165
viry, vury, 209
veizom(b)-, voijom(b)-,
463
vor-/vewg, 9
vuyn, 1
wadub, 379
waóem, 55
waóor-/waóord, 58
walis-/walüyd, 127
waluys-/walud, 127
warambán-, 184
war-dew-/war-dewd, 65
wareiz-, 308
warew, 317
wareyz-/warezd, 188
warofs-/warüvd, 184
waxerj, 454
wayewy, 217
wazew-/wazid, wazud,
472
wazon-/wazond, 467
waZefs-/waZevd, 96
weó, 404
wez-/wezd, 434
weyn-/wand, 413
weyö-/weöd, 410
wof-/wift, 402
woy-/woyd, 404
worv-/wirvd, 12
wuX-/wuxt, 431
xaron-/xarond, 148
xey-/xed, 145
x£yó, 143
xeyz, 441
xofs-/xovd, 442
xor-/xig, xug, 148
xuö(in), 141
Xan-/Xid, Xüd, 357
Xandon-, 357
INDICES [Pamir languages]
Xawj, 454
X£yb-/Xevd, 453
Xicand-/Xicaxt, 244
Xiker-/Xikawg, 346
Xicey-/Xicud, 39
Xóxtuj, 455
xufs-/xuvd, 146
Xuy-/Xoyd, 357
yast, 152
yoyj, yowj, 166
yon-, yüyj, yüg, 166
уоб, 126
yur, 164
yusp, 370
zarwey(n)-/zarwid, 435
zaug, 169
z£y-/züd, zid, 466
zidor-/zidug, 382
zin-/zid, 463
z(i)n£y-/z(i)nud, 348
ziwoó-, züwoó-/ziwust,
züwust, 201
ziwur, 421
zpigiw-, 114
zon-/zed, 225
zoz-/zuxt, 461
züban-/zübed, ziban-
/zibed, 206
Zeyb-/Zevd, 96
Z(i)yew-/Zyod, 226
Z(i)rex, 123
Zuz-/Zuxt, 96
1.1.4.3.9 Wakhi
andáv, 379
awoy, 404
bot, 303
bo0-/bo0t, bat-/ban-,
301
bisper, 353
bit, 302
bsin-/bond-, bot-, 83
bbrw-/bowd, 43
car-/kort, 238
Cor(o)m-/Corn-, 449
Cip-, ёыр-/ёорі, 27
ёыге, 240
Cuk-/cukt-, 32
Caw-, 41
€as-/Cast, 39
darč, 63
d(a)reiw(n), 79
di-/dayt, 46, 48
dis-/dist, 52
dsıp-/dopt, 379
dsırz-/deZd, 63
draw-/drot-, 79
drov-/drovd, 60
drsip-/dropt, 79
dat-, 44
dasn, óosnok, 62
dic-/Soyn-, 66
Sit, 68
быг-/дога, 58
Óbirzg, Oarzg, darzn, 63
быу(ы)у-/доуоуа, 43
быуу/-/доу/а, 69
ÖBIX-/Ö0oXt-, 62
our, 60
dus, 57
for-/fard-, feir-/feird, 85
gofs-/gafst-, 102
giz-/gozd, 441
yor-/yerd, 122
yas, 93
yat-/yat-, 101
yir-/yird, 105
ўыгі-/ұогі-, 111
ўыу-/үоуа, 94
istind-, 377
bif-, (h)bif-, ybıf-/oft-,
402
ытыу- (һыт(ә)у-,
уыш(ы)у-), 257
jerov-/j(a)royn-, 121
kand-/kand-, 443
kart-, 244
kas-/kast, 439
kas, 247
kom(o)y-/komot-, 228
karc(a)r-, kac(a)r-, 238
Кәгбыг, 239
ksın-/kot, 233
Кыг-/Кога-, kost, 240
kSbry(b1)v-/kSoyovd,
457
kssıy-/k$an-, 457
lix-/lixt, 310
lamarz, 182
тәг(ә)у-/тәгі, 265
567
morz, 182
mizg, 179
тыгѕ-/тогѕі, 180
ты$-/то$ 271
moó-, 20
moó-, mod-/mo6t-, 254
na$-/nast, 283
nobósn, nobóst, 299
nodofs-, 54
nomáürzg, nomórzg, 182
пәгә$, 165
norízm, 310
nosp(o)r-/nosperd-, 353
novoir, 9
now(o)z-/nyost, 431
noZor-/noZord-, 108
noZ(y)or-, 109
nid(s1)v-/nidovd-,
niö(BI)v-/nidovd,
126
nióó(w)g, 65
пі(ы)у-, пім(ы)у-, 203
піѕг(ы)у-/піѕгоуа, 335
ni(y)-, nay-/nayat, 203
ni(y)ar-/ni(y )ard-, 421
nbis-/nost, 283
nbiv-/novd, 276
nbiw-/nowd, 284
nbizd-, nazd-/nayn-, 126
pac-/pact, 287
patari, 382
patfar, potfár, 85
pazdan-, 468
pac-/past, 287
pergos-/porgost, 117
pormer-/pormord-, 265
pornsc, 279
pors-/porst-, 90
porvandan, porwondán,
205
parv(a)y-/pirvit-,
porvat-, 17
porwic-/porwoyd
(porwict), 408
petfor-/potfard-, 85
potm(o)y-/potmot-, 256
petxoz-/potxozd-, 441
potoró-, potord-/potorn-,
380
рәішп, 46
568
powaz, 431
pióic-, pidic-, 54
pióówg, 65
pitic-/pitict, 390
pitk, 302
pitük, 292
pióis-/pióon-, 51
PbIC(BI)Z-/poCost-,
pocozd-, 118, 221
рыг(ы)м-/рогожа-, 90
рыгыпа-/рогоі-, 186
psir(w)eif-/poroft, 402
рый(ы)т(Б)-
/potrom(b)d-, 191
рыігы2-/роітоға-, 198
рыу-/роуа, 289
роё-/роёі, 174
ptiy, 390
pumuc-/pumayd-, 139
puv-, pav-/pit-, 289
p3ad-/psad-, pšat-/pšat-,
370
rand-/rat- (rot), 186
raz, 190
r(e)yum, 101
roc-/royd-, 308
rod-, roó-/ron-, 165
rom(o)y-/romet-, 256
ram(b1)s-/romost, 269
ropk, 320
rasad-, rosoó-/rosn-, 327
тә$ыр, rosip, 459
roW(a)z-, TBIW(BI)Z-
/rəwəzd-, 431
rox(n), 188
riz-, raz-/razd-, 318
rizm, 314
riZ-/riZd-, 309
rizg, 309
riZ(b1)v-/riZovd-, 309
гыг-/гога-, 165
гых(ы)р(ы)у-
/roX(p)ovd-, 147
rbiX(bi)p-/roXopt-, 146
гыу-/гоуаӣ-, 306
royd, 101
rowj, 140
rut, 317
san-/sat-, 331
skaf-, 33
INDICES [Pamir languages]
sor, 337
spordónj, 352
sporZ-/sporzd-, 199
spbin-/spat- (spat-), 296
spray, 199
stors, 364
stot, 360
stow-/stowd, 366
stbi-/stot-, 360
Spir, 337
SBIX-/soXt-, 340
ѕәаыу-/ѕәйоуа-, 333
s(o)por-/s(o)pord/t-, 351
sorv, 368
Sot, 370
Soxs-, Sixs-/Sox(a)st-,
Six(o)st-, 325
Soxs(bi)v-/Soxsovd-, 325
Sit-/Say-, 453
SbrW-/Sowd-, 454
Skop, 345
Sraw-/Srawd-, 317
Svon, 137
Saz-/Sazd-, 198
Sac-/Sact-, 356
Soc(bi)v-/Socovd-, 356
Siwas(t), 458
Sbip-/Sprvd-, 453
Skar-/Skard-, 346
Skod-. $koó-/Skon-, 342
Skond(br)v-/Skotovd-,
Skondovd-, 342
Skur(g)-/Skurd, 346
Stik, 362
tayd-, 373
tanz-/tanzd-, tanz-
/tanzd-, 378
tax, 383
toc-/toct-, 373
toyd, 390
ton(o)y-/tonot-, 279
tos, 388
іыс-Лосі-, 393
tsın-/tond-, 377
tbi$-/tost, 385
tofc, 379
tov-/tovd, 389
tranj-/tranjd, 396
0aw-/05t-, 68
vand-/vast-, 6
varand-/varat-, vrond-,
306
variy-/varoyd, 194
voro(f)-/voro(f)st-, 184
vidaw-, 65
vis(bi)v-/viSovd, 453,
455
vit-, 17
voir, 9
vjin-/vjit-, 27
vorz(ik), 13
voyn, |
vros-/vrast-, 23
vrin-, vrun-/vrit, 22
vrbIy-/vroyd-, 306
vzom-/vzomd-, wzom-
/wzamd-, 464
аб, 404
way-/wayd-, 404
waz-/wast-, 431
wangr, 183
wordonz-/wordoyn-, 76
worac-/woroyn-
(woroyd), 308
were(f)s-/woro(f)st-,
184
wasar-/wasart-, 337
wos(o)y-/wost-, 394
wasik, 136
woasbik, 394
was(bI)v-/wasovd-, 394
woz(o)y-/wozd-, 462
wic-/wict, 434
wicin-/wicind-, 27
win-/wind-, vin-/vind-,
413
wis-/wist, vis-/vist-, 415
WbId(br)r-/wodort-,
wodord-, 58
Wbir, 406
мығ(ы)т-, woz(o)m-
/wozomd-, 101
WPbIZd(bi)y-/wozdoyt-,
wozdoyd-, 348
WbII(bI)V-/Wbirovd-,
wor(bI)v-/worovd-,
406
WBIS(b1)y-/Wbi$(o)n-,
136,355
woy-/woyd-, 404
xam(b)-/xam(b)d-, 442
xam(bI)v-/xamovd-, 442
xas-/xaSt-, 242
xolxofs-/xolxofst-, 146
xordóx, xoróóx, 444
Xan-/Xat-, 145
Xonz-, Xan3-/Xoyn-, 127
Xown, 454
xüw, 440
yaks-/yakSt-, 210, 458
(y)ark, 131
yo(r)wer-/yo(r)word-,
421
yaxk, 216
yod-, yoó-/yoOt-, 46
yoZ-/yoZd-, Zit-, 466
yund-/yut-, 215
z(o)bat-, z(o)bo0-
/z(a)ban-, 301
Z(o)bo0-, z(a)bat-, 2
zond-/zot, 463
zatrun-, 382
z(o)woy- /z(o)wot-, 435
zgar-/zgard-, 474
zgiv-/zgivd, 114
zim, 463
zeımb(bı)y-/zombovd-,
463
zrond-/z(o)rost-,
2(ә)гәпа-, 313
2тыу-/2гоуа, 306
zübüt-, 2
zvor, z(o)wor, 421
Zarz, 124
Zirox, 123
1.1.4.3.10 Wanji
web, 419
wej, 2
1.1.4.3.11 Yazghulami
andoZ-/andoyd, 374
anüXt/anos-, 283
aZam-/aZomt, 101
baway-/bawad, 435
bawurn, 421
bay-/bid, 156
borof-/boroft, 185
borxand-/borxast, 448
bos, 168
baspur, 353
boste0, bastid, 360
baxtoxs-/baxtoyd, 373
biray-/bired, 186
cam-roZok, 314
cox-/coxt, 70
Cok-/Cokt, 31
day-/óed, 48
doyüfc, 83
dovuz, 71
dis-, 156
day, 66
óoman-/óomüd, 264
óovan-/óovud, 83
óiy-/óed, 48
óüf, 60
óür, 60
ombis-/ombust, 301
oncav-/oncuvd, 60
oncavn, 60
fondan-, 84
forap-, 163
faraw-/farawd, 90
forip-/forapt, 163
fin-/füd, 84
yax, 93
yay-/yéd, yid, 94
yaz-/yext-, 96
yorafs-/yorovd, 121
yoraw0, 123
yovon, 116
yoz, 117
yib-/yibt, 96
yiz-, 310
yu, 95
y"afs-, 96
yay-/yayd, 94
k'as-/k 'üxt, 246
kib-/kavd, 235
k"on-/keg, 238
Kam-, 228
Kan-/Kont, 233
Kaw, 347
Kar-d, 240
manek, 273
mex" -/max"t, 259
morn-/marnt, 267
mox"an-, 259
mi-/mad, 257
miz-/maxt, 179
INDICES [Pamir languages]
némar-/némard, 268
noyu" -/noyuxt, 116
noy" /noy"ost, 115
nomoc-/nomost, 259
nomoxs-/nomoxt, 259
nowaz-/nowext, 404
nowir-/nowüg, 419
n(a)yas-/nayud, 212
nióon-/nióont, 126
ni0-/noyüst, 126
pacü, 27
paóay-/paóayd, 51
paóoys-/paóad, 51
paóir-/paóug, 58
paóu/üs, 51
paróar-/paróard, poróar-
/poróard, 59
paxt, 292
pay-/payd, 289
penas-, 283
pomar-, 138
porcid-/parcust, 192
poróis-, 67
parvar-/*parvag, 9
porwij-/porwoyd, 408
pory-üs, 168
posan, 326
p(o)saw-/p(o)sed, 454
poxas-/paxovd, 146
pióafs-/pióovd, 54
pis-/pist, 90
pitafan-/pitafant, 54
piw-/pod, 302
raó-/rost, 165
rafc, 320
rayd, 190
rak"-, 140
raxs-/rayd, 308
rabag, 320
rof-/roft, 185
roz-/royd, 316
roZ-, 314
гіӨ-/гаѕі, 310
riwz-/rawzd, 315
riwza, 315
roxn, 321
rüvn, 185
saj-/saxt, 324
sar-/sard, 335
sarag, 337
sard/sar-, 338
saw-/sed, 340
san-/sant, 331
s(o)pan-, 296
s(o)pard/s(o)par-, 351
s(o)pàn-/s(o)pànt, 350
ѕәгәпа-, 192
sori0-/sorust, 192
s(o)tizd/s(o)tiz-, 362
sin-/süd, 331
soyd (vraxti), 339
stovdag, 362
stax, 383
stüvd, 362
Sad, 453
Sat, 370
Saw-/Sed, 454
Sawag, 454
Sed/Siy-, 329
Soníx VtsniX"-, 458
Siy-/Sed, 39
Sod-, 41
Soxs-/Soxt, 216
tab-/tabt, 389
tayd, 390
tant/tan-, 377
taw-/text, 385
tax"-t, tox"an-, 68
1е2-, 373
toy-/toyd, 388
toZän-/toZänt, 373
tifs-/tüvd, 379
0amt/0am-, 330
v-, 17
var-/vag, 9
vas-/vast, 20
vag, 3
vež, 2
vajan-/vajad, 225
vond-/vust, 6
voraw-/voroxt, 24
voz, 13
vozan-, 467
vu-, vo-/vüta, 17
waö-/west, 201
waf-/waft, 402
way-/wüyd, 404
wanür, 183
war-, 406
waz-, 431
569
wazan-/wazant, 431
waz-/wayd, 434
wab, 419
web, 419
woóem, 55
woraxs-/woraxt, 190
woraxs-/warayd, 190,
308
worcand-, 76
worci0-/worcust, 76
woroxs-/woroy(d), 318
woroj-/wiroyd, 318
worxan-, 308
wosüd, 429
wosar-d, 130
woayeg, 435
wozaw-/wozawd, 472
woziw-/wozod, 472
wib-/wipt, 415
wiö-d, 410
wirv-/wirvd, 12
wiskund, 348
wix" ay-/wix" ad, 136
wiz, waz, 431
wOx-/wext, 431
wrix-t, 189
(w)urufs-/(w)uruvd, 184
wüy, 209
xand-/xant-, 443
xarax-, 242
xarn-/xarnt, 446
xawö-/xaxt, 444
xar-, x" ar-/xüg, 148
xerün-, 150
xoónag, 439
xist, 143
xüó-, 143
x"ab- (x"&b-), 146
x"arag, 148
x"ay-/x"ad, 355
x"ayn, 143
x"oban-, 146
х“, 143
Xad, 355
Xamay-, 256
Xan-/Xod, 357
Xawez-/Xawüxt, 431
Xokaftá, 345
Xokor-/Xokord, 346
XiZ-/Xizd, 458
570
X"an-/X"ant-, 145
X"er, 150
X"ik, 454
X"iZd/X" iZ-, 458
ya0, 126
yawn-/yüg, 166
zaw-/zod, 472
Zay-, 462
zaz-/zext, 461
zey, 460
zonay-/zoned, 348
zarway-/zarwayd, 435
ziban-/zibod, 206
Zan-/Züd, 225
Zaw-/Zod, 223
Zir-/Zird, 173
1.1.4.4 Yidgha-Munji
1.1.4.4.1 Yidgha
áfseno, yüfseuno, 325
anuv-, 285
araróy, 195
arrá, 132
arunyo, 321
as-, 156
avzáno, 472
avaz-/avazd, 172
awaz-/awayd-, 129
axsow-, 454
ayud-/ayust-, 114
äino, 50
avor-/avor, 9
äbüya, 292
bar-, bar-/bary, 296
bästiko, 6
boh-/bohay-, 15
éad-/Cast, 37
Cái-/Caid-, 39
Co-yü-/Co-yuvd, 96
čīy-/čūy-, 39
Coy-/Cey-, 39
cü-/Cüvd-, 27, 347
daha-, 48
da-/davd-, 69
dof-/doft, 54
diz-/dizd-, 53
faru, 320
feryámo, 101
forme, 257
INDICES [Yidgha-Munji]
formo-/formisé-, 269
forsomé, 437
farx-/farxi-, 188
firsön-/firsoy, 372
fifyo, 217
IST 453
бїї, 453
f&üv-/fsuvd, 140
fxa-, 454
yay-/yed, yid, 175
yaz-, 96
°yereno, 106
yik’, 110
yi(w)-, 96
yurex, 123
yurv-/yurd-, 121
guv-/guvd, 250
hory, hor(g), 131
imar-/imur, 138
is-/yài, 212
istör-/istär, 364
'stor-/ star-, 382
idou, 379
Jib-, 102
kar-/kisc-, 240
ken-/kor-, 238
kós-/kist, 246, 252
K'of-/K'oft-, 235
lárzé, 63
laZino, 27
lar-/lat, 58
loban-/lobad-, 83
lomön-/lomi-, 264
lori-/lorei-, 79
loróyo, 157
loróvo, 79
loyán-/loyád-, 231
loyn-/loyód-, 231
lib-/libài-, 54
lisc-, 61
lívden, 72
livzin, 71
loü-/lowái, 65
lür-/rust-, 141
lüz-/lüyd-, 66
mor-/mur-, 265
miz-/mizd-, 179
moz-/masé, 272
müZ-/muyd-, 259
nemig-/nemask’, 259
noyüy-/noyüsc-, 116
namiz, 259
noriz-/norizd-, 310
novór-/novor-, 9
noxé-/noxéai, 356
niáské, 220
nii-, 156
nis-, 212
nisáz-/nisaZi-, 35
niya, 279
nix-/niast-, 126
nov-/nivd, 276
nuvás-/nuvísc-, 299
nuvís-/nuüxt, 292
nuwostiy, 287
oyüzo, 117
oy-, 156
padrésko, 310
paixó, 143
parmorya, 265
parzini, 27
parzin, 27
pataré, 382
pčīo, 39
péruy, 318
palarz-/palisé-, 63
pénék, 297
р(ә)гѕ-/ріѕі-, 90
patisc(é), 380
pil-/pisc-im, 295
pílyo, 295
piy-/pio, 302
plär-/prist, 45
póruy, 318
poya, 290
ptromd-o, 191
pura-/prvei-, 163
puna, 297
pusé, 292
raza, 190
rim-/rimd, 191
rov-/rivd-, 194
rufó, 320
skod-/skost, 342
sa-/sovd-, 340
surv, 368
sif yiko, 340
sui, 325
Sam-/Samd, 40
Skob-/Skaboy, 344
skör-/skär-, 346
Suv-, 140
Sui, 41
ti-, 156
tiZ-, 385
traZ-/trayd-, 396
trusné, 383
uriz-/urizd, 189, 198
urw-/urw-, 12
usa-/usdvd, 357
ustin-/usinai, 145
uZér-/uZur, 238
vad-/vast-, 6
ván, 13
véliwo, 72
vézb-, 464
von-/vad-, 279
vozan-/vozad-, 467
virzané, 13
visco, 3
vri-/vrir-, 24
vroc-/vrexc-, 23
vröf-/vröft, 184
waxs-, 429
waf-/waft-, 402
war-/wat-, 421
wást-/ustá(y)-, 360
wien-/wiet-, 377
witZ, wīrž, 209
win-, 413
wor-/wisc-, 419
wor-/wusc-, 419, 425
wul-/wust-, 410
wulái, 47
wusi(y)aday, 423
wüsiyo, 423
wuza-, 461
wuzä-/wuzievd-, 472
wüzyo, 472
wüzd-/wüzd-, 348
xafs-/xavd, 442
xa-/xast-, 143
xalaryo, 444
xird-, 448
xird-/xirst, 150
xóar-/xür-, 148
xóf-/xift-, 440
xó8-/xísc-, 242
xoud-/xod-, 443
xöv-, 146
xsi-m, 452
Xüróx-/Xüróxt, 394
yàn-/yüg'i-, 166
yáré, 166
yüxs-/yüxt-, 216
yüyyámo, 215
zoyal-/zoyast-, 474
жәүй( v)-/zayuvd-, 96
zondy-/zonai-, 348
zıye-/zıyivd-, 96
ziy-/züy-, 466
zör, 470
Zaf-/Zaft-, 226
Zay-/ist-, 94
Zib-/Zibi-, 102
Zilo, 86
Zuy-, 137
1.1.4.4.2 Munji
ábəy, 292
as-, 156
avaz-/avézd, 172
axsow-/axsevd-, 454
ágüng', 110
áy-, 156
abiy, 292
ayud-/ayust-, 114
aina, 50
aver-/aver-, 9
bey-, 404
bay-/boy-, 15
cob-/covd, 33
čin-/činoy-, 27
Cinv-, 27
dif-/dift-, 72, 379
diz-/dizd-, 53
do-, 48
dvf-/dvft, 54
fortya, 217
formiy-/farmisk-, 269
fráyomiy, 101
fxaw-/fxevd, 454
guv-/guvd-, 250
güy-, 110
yaz-, 96
yanigo, 458
yrw-/yivd-, 96
yürv-/yoruvd-, yuruvd,
121
Jüv-/juvd, jüvd-, 27, 347
INDICES [Yaghnobi]
kon/ker-, 238
kor-/kosK-, 240
kügo, 242
lári-/luriy-, 79
loyon-/loyend, 231
lomóiya, 56
lorawa, 79
lovón-/lov£d-, 83
Iısk’-, 61
livden, 72
lórzoy, 63
lörziy, 63
lör-/let, 58
lur-/rust-, 141
maz-/m0sk’ -, 272
méz-/mizd, 179
mor-/mor-, 265
nayon-/loyód-, 231
nav-, niv-/nivd-, 276
never-, 9
noyuy-/nayusk’, 116
noliv-/nuvost-, 287
noriz-/norizd, 310
nic-, 356
niezye, 220
nijas-/nijast-, 35
niX-/niOst-, 126
ni-, 156
niyo, 279
nuvüs-/nuvüxt-,
nuvisk’-, 292
nuvös-/nuvast, 299
polör-/porist-, 45
polórz-, 63
porwiz-/porwöyd, 408
porx, 298
pilyiyä, 295
pisk’ em, 295
pöya, 290
puma, 292
purov-/purvi-, 163
purs-/pist-, 90
püngy, 297
razon, 307
rev-, rav-/rivd, 194
rófiko, 320
ruftuga, 185
rwxsn-, 321
san-/sanoy-, 331
skád-/skíst-, 342
sow-, 340
staw-/stiy-, stay-, 366
stór-/stor-, 364, 382
5100, 340
surv, 368
Soy, 41
Skór-/skar-, 346
Som-/Samd, 40
tew-/tevd, 385
torif-/taraft, 383
toy-, 156
tiz-/tayd, 385
tiwaniy, 385
tiZ-/tóyd-, 390
tro(n)jv-/tarayd-, 396
tuyd-/tuyday-, 390
ušáv-/ušávd, 357
uzäy-/uzäyr-, 461
uZar-/uZir, 238
üzd-/üzd-, 348
vorem-/voremd, 312
vozan-/voz£d-, 467
viskyo, 3
vizni, 13
vis-, 415
vín-/vád-, 279
vond-/vost-, 6
vrir-/vrisk’ -, 24
vzab-/vzabd-, 464
war-/wusk, 419, 425
wet-/wetta, 421
wil-, 47
wien-/wiet-, 377
wulöi, 47
wurafs-/wurafs-, 184
wurw-/wurw-, 12
(w)usoy-/(w)usyád-,
423
wusk-/wusköy, 360
wuskuj-/wuskujay-, 252
wuson-, 372
waf-/weft-, 402
wast-/wustoy-, 360
win-, 413
wüj-/wüyd-, 434
xad-/xadiy, 443
xaf-/xift-, 440
xala, 143
ха$-, 242
xäfs-/xövd-, 442
571
xréd-/xrést-, 150
xrid-, 448
xSiy-, 452
xuri, 150
xub-, 146
xür-/xur-, 148
Xiréx-, 394
yívzano, 472
yis-/yày, 212
yob-/yeby-, 213
yoba, 213
yori, 166
yóruya, 195
yumar-, 138
yüxs-/yuxt-, 216
zoyóriy, 109
zonai-, 348
zıyiv-/zıyivd-, 96
Zay-/st-, 94
Ziy-, 137
1.1.4.5 Yaghnobi
ark, 131
ast, 152
bedap-/bedápta, 54
bédéz-, bidiz-/bédéZta,
63
biyóp-, biyób-/biyópta,
163
bizón-, bézón-, bizofi-
/bizófita, 468
büdüfs-, bodüfs-
/büdüfta, 66
büyünc-/büyüsta, 117
čin-/číta, 27
ё0$-, 397
cümf-/Cümffta, 33, 86
dam-/dámta, 56
dau-/dáuta, 65
daxs(-)/dáxsta, 54
déh-/déhta, 48
déváyn-/déváynta, 83
déwí, diví, déwé-
/déwíta, 82
diyáta, 101
d'rís-/d'rísta, 189
dirówa, 79
divar-, dévár-/déwár-, 9
diy-/díta, 47
dor-/dórta, 58
572
dou-/douta, 69
diiyus-/diiyusta, 116
eš-, es-/ésta, 210
faryümé, 101
farmóy-/farmóyta, 256
firomic/s-, 269
f(1)s8óm-/f(i)$ómta, 101
f'rüs-/f'rüsta, 315
yau-/yáuta, 95
yil-/yilta, 111
yiriw-, 121
yor-, 173
yüráys-/yüráysta, 173
yürós-/yüróta, 173
inkir, 105
Jax-/jaxta, 441
kan-/kanta, 233
kis-, ki$-/kista, 242
kista, 240
kün-/ikta, 238
mayd-, 254
mesin, 261
mir-/murta-, 265
mon-/monta, 74
népid-/népista, 287
nimodin, 254
nipis-, népís-/nipísta,
292
nipöS-/nipoSta, 299
niZ-, neZ-/nista, 156
nid-, 126
nos-/nöta, 184, 212
novva, 201, 285
nuyunt-/nuyust, 115
nuyok, 285
бка, 202
oser-, 337
ósir-/ósér-/ósirta, 337
pac-/pásta, 286
pártou-, partóu-
/pártouta, 386
parwéd-, parwíd-
/parwédta, 410
payst, 304
p°čaš-/p°čášta, 36
pen-, peh-, peyn-/péta,
136
pénáys-/pénáysta, 283
penás-, pinás-/pénásta,
pinásta, 283
INDICES [Parachi-Ormuri]
piraxs-, 308
piráyZ-, paréz-, 172,
322
pirónt-/pirónta-, 45, 186
piz-/pista, 292
poy-, 289
pus-, 302
p(u)xoy-/puxásta, 143
püxs-/püxta, 286
püxsón-/püxsónta, 287
ram-/rámta, 191
rant-/ránta-, 313
rauZ-/ráuZta, 194
raxn-/ráxnta, 192
riwes-/riwesta, 437
TIXS-, rexs-, 188
roy-/royta-, 306
rup-, rub-/rüpta, rübda,
320
rus-/rusta, 141
rut-/rüsta, 193
san-/sáta-, 331
sayn-, 331
sinóy-/Sinóyta, 348
ѕиё-, soc-/sücta, 339
süxóy-/süxásta,
süxóyta, 143
süxs-, suxs-/süxta, 339
Sau-/Sáuta, 41
Si-, 39, 329
Siküfta/Siküf-, 345
Siy-/Síta, 29
táxta, 101
tifár-, tfar-/tiráfta, 9
tir-, ter-/tórta, 382
tirá3-, téras-, tiráys-
/tirasta, 397
tis-, tes-, 156
tob-/töbta, top-/töpta,
389
toš-, 385
toS-/taSta, 385
t(^)xoy-/txásta, 143
ufs-, 146
ünxóy-/ünxásta, 143
ust-/üsta, 360
vann, 13
van(t)-/vásta, 6
var-/vürta, vorta, 9
vir-/viyórta-, 165
viráy-/viráyta, 23
viríc-, véríc-/virícta, 23
virin-/virita, 22.
virín-, vérín-/viríta, 23
von-/vónta, 165
vud, wud, wod, 16
warzón-/warzónta, 426
wen-/wéta, 413
wer-/wérta, 419
wes-, ves-, 415
wes-, wes-, 156
wid-, vit-/wista, 411
wita (or vita), 435
wof-/wofta, 402
wop, 419
wov-/wóvta, 401
xant-/xánta, 443
xas-/xásta, 242
xird-/xirdta, 444
xirin-/xirita-, 446
xišóy-/xišásta, 454
xuf-/xiifta, 440
xünus-/xünüsta, 458
x"ar-/x 6rta, 148
x"ay-, xoy-/xásta,
x"astá, 143
yat-/yátta, 215
yaxs$-/yáxsta, 171, 214
yüxs-/yüxta-, 216
zan-/zánta, 466
zimák-/zimákta, 258
zin-/zíta-, 463
ziwort-, züwórt-
/ziworta, 425
zıwirt-/ziwirta, 425
zwär-, zwer-, 475
Zav-/Zafta, 226
Ziyáta, 101
Ziv-/Zívta, 459
Zivár-, Zévár-, Ziwar-, 9
Zoy-/Zóyta, 94
Zu-, 223
Züta, 466
1.1.4.6 Parachi-Ormuri
1.1.4.5.1 Parachi
andart-, 60
astar-/astari, 364, 382
auz-auzi, 432
awé, 176
aya, 101
ayun-/ayust-, 115
ar-/awur, 9
bar-/bur, 9
bez-/bést-, 6
bi, 17
b(u)ham, 16
ch-/chi, 41
é(h)im-, ¿(h)em-
/&(h)imi, 32
chó, 41
стб, 32
dah-/da, 45
daw-, 66
daw- (?), dhaw-/dah-,
66
deh-, 48
derz-/derzi, 63
dér-, 59
dhew-/dhewi, 65
dhór. dhur, 62
durf, 60
durr-, 79
durr-/durri, 60
düc-, 67
en-/ant-, 279
geh-, 94
ges, 104
guri/ghit, 121
yaf-/yafi, 402
yarw-, 12
yax, 404
yar, 407
yar-, 407
yuh-/yust, 411
yun-/yunt, 410
yurcá, 423
yurzéw-, 133
yus-, yos, 416
har-/hari, 444
harw-/hót, harwi, 130
ira, 157
Jan-/jö, 225
Janö, 223
Jar-, 107
Jar-JJarf. 106
kan-, kur-, kör, 238
kas, 242
khan-/khani, 443
kheréw-, 447
khuf-, 440
lag-, 306
lis-/lust, 311
mar-, 267
mat, 266
mer-/mur-, 265
mör-/mät, 265
miz, 179
muZ-, mus-, 259
nar-/nari, 183
nhamur, 269
ni-, 157
paric-, 408
paricón, рагіёӣп, 408
рё, pi, 290
p&c-/phók, 287
pharat-/pharati, 429
phis-, 298
phyó, 290
ram-/rami, 312
rem-, 312
rez-/rast, 198
rhayam, 101
rhaz-/rhazi, 432.
rhíne, 321
rhintó, 194
rhiz-, 198
ruh-/rhint, 194
ruh-/roita-, 306
rust, 193
rüy-/rüt, 320
sit(u), 339
suni-/suna, 348
süy, 340
tär-täri, 380
tér-/thór, 384
tha-, 385
than, 384
théw, 68
thi-, 68
thói; 68
ust-, 360
un-, 279
üzeh-/üza, 461
uzg-/uzgi, 474
wärun, 166
wesej-, 329
wiranö, 365
xar-/xür, 148
INDICES [Sanskrit]
xé, 136
xist kan-, 442
zah-, 101
zä-, 466
Ze-, 157
1.1.4.5.2 Ormuri
alésaw-/alésawók, 157
amar-ók, атаг- ek, 138
áro, 132
ast-'ek, 360
awök, 153
b-/bük, biyok, 17
ban-/banök, bat ek, 83
bas-/b(a5) ek, 20
biZ-/puxök, 287
boy, 157
bras-/brastak, 22
caw-/caw’ ek, 41
cak, 39
cwan-"Pek, 37
dar-, 59
daZ-ëk, 63
de(h)-, 48
dir-, 79
dir-/dilak, 60
drau, 79
drísi, daresi, 81
gal-/galok, 111
gas, gisi, 93
gilak, golak, 106
ger-/gerok, 425
g(e)raw-/g(e)rawök,
425
yaf-/yaf ek, 402
yanj, 104
yor-, 407
yus-/yok, ywac-/ywek,
404
yus-/yusok, 394
yusaw-/yusawok, 90
ywaz-/ywastak, yüz-
/yustuk, 432
hinl-'&k, 166
izmaw-, wuzmaw- ёк,
256
k-/dak, 238
kin-, 238
las-, 311
mar-, 267
mak, 266
mez-, maz-/mastak, 272
miz-/móxtok, 272
mizi, 179
möZ-/mök, 269
mr-/mulluk, 265
musaw-, 180
n-/nustuk, nastak, 126
nas-/nök, nis-/nök, 184
naw-, 126
nawár-/nawulók, 9
nikiz-, 253
nim-/ninr ek, 280
nis-, 157
niw-/nyók, 46
nwastak, 301
Ozuk, 461
palast, 63
paryán-/paryánok, 115
pazán-, pazen-, 468
pàk, 290
piyek, 402
prawak, 429
pray-/prak, pra-/prawak,
45
prusnaw-, 298
ras-/rasök, 437
run, 321
say-, 341
stir(äy), stor, 365
syök, 327
säm-, 40
Sir-/Sük, š iyok, 45
Sar-'ek, 124
Sen-, 447
Samot, 269
Susuk, sras-"ek, 341
Sü-, Saw-/Sustuk,
Sustak, 194
tis-ok, tist- ek, 374
tr-/tatak, 384
trünuk, tranak, 384
tusk, 388
tk, 360
undorow-, 60
uZnaw-/uZnawök,
wazn-/wazyök, 225
ür-uk, 9
waw-/wök, 163
waxay-ék, 440
573
wis-, 157
wis-, w&s-/wayyök, 415
(w)ust-, 360
xan-Ok, xan-ak, 443
x(u)r-/xuluk, xwalak,
148
yas~ék, 210
zan-/zök, 225
zay-, 466
zay-ek, 226
zay-ek, Zay-ok, 221
zäy-/zäk, jaw-/jok, 101
zal, 470
zyam-, 102, 453
1.2 Indo-Aryan
1.2.1 Sanskrit
aks, 171
áksi-, 171
aj, 172
añc, 161
ad, 148
an’, 161
apamítya-, 178
abhrá-, 276
áma-, 160
ámavant-, 160
am’, 160
amiva-, 255
ay, 174
ar, 165
arghá-, 167
arc, 163
ard, 61
ardh, 163
arh, 167
av’, 169
avadranga- (Buddh.), 76
asva-haya-, 462
as, 152, 153
asutfp-, 383
ästar-, 338
asrausit, 141
ah, 153
á-hruta-, 475
ají-, 172
ata, 166
ap, 163
ara-, 132
574
avayat, 169
ä-sirta-, 337
as, 154
id, 160
iti-, 174
irs, 167
1$, 158
upa-cit-, 27
upavya, 435
ubj, 199
ubh, 199
usäs-, 202
una-, 204
ürj-, 423
ürnä-, 209
ürnävabhi-, 402
edh, 157
énas-, 174
es, 158, 159
eh, 160
o-, 434
ókas-, 168
oc, 216, 418
ójas-, 429
omán-, 169
os, 170
oh, 170
kakh, 443
kadana-, 439
kan’, 234
kam’, 228
kamp, 229
kar, 238
kar’, 239, 241
kart, 244
kard, 444
kars, 242
kalp, 447
kasu- PN, 247
ka, 227
kakhorda- (Buddh.),
151
kama-, 228
kas, 246
kuc, 249
küla-, 251
krsá-, 247
kop, 250
krap', 241
kram', 449
INDICES [Sanskrit]
Kray’, 447
krodh, 448
kros, 449
ksa, 450
ksan, 453
ksam', 453
ksay, 371
ksay, ksä, 451
ksar, 124, 474
ksav, 458
ksurá-, 454
Кер, 453, 459
ksod, 456
ksobh, 455
ksnav, 457
ksved, 458
khac, 439
khan’, 233
kha, 440
khad, 445
gandh, 104
gam, 101
gar’, 107, 108, 109
gardh, 106
garj, 109
garh, 112
gal, 108
gav”, 115
ga, 93, 94
gäh, 96, 118
goh, 117
granth’, 123
gra(b)h’, 121
ghaná-, 103
ghar-, 105
ghars, 110
ghas, 93
ghos, 116
ghra, 121
caks, 35
cánas-, 234
cam’, 40
camura-, 32
cay, 27, 28
car, 241
cas, 36
casaka-, 36
cira-, 29
cet, 31
cela-, 29
cod, 37
cyav, 41
chattra, 342
chad, 342
chand, 333
chandas-, 333
chändu-, 333
chard, 336
ched, 327
Jan’, 466
Jambh, 463, 464
Jay, 222
Jar, 173
jar, 470
Лу, 223
Jos, 473
Jña, 468
Jya, 223, 463
tak, 374
taks, 385, 400
táksan-, 385
tafic, 378
tan, 377
tand, 378
tap, 379
tam’, 377
tar’, 382
tark, 380
tard, 380
tarp, 383
tars, 384
tav, 387
tigma-, 390
tucchyá-, 388
tüj-, 388
tujáye, 388
tunja-, 387
tud, 390
türv, 384
türvati, 381
tej, 390
toj, 387
tyaj, 393
trap, 396
tras, 394
trà, 394
tvaks, 400
tvafic, 398
tvar, 399
tvástar-, 399
tves-, 398
dams, 57
dabh, 43
dám-, 55
dam’, 55
dambh, 55
dar, 60
darp, 75
darbh, 60
dars, 62
darh, 63
day’, 51
dav, 68
dah, 54
da, day, 45, 47
das, 64
dip, 73
dipa-, 73
аїрау°, 73
div, 73
duhitär-, 121
drsäd-, 62
devar-, 68
des, 52
deh, 53
dogh, 67
dram, 75
drav, 78
агау’, 79
dräpi-, 77
drogh, 81
dves, 82
dhanus-, 68
dham', 56
dhay’, 50
dhar, 59
dhars, 62
dhav‘, 69
dhä, 46
dhä-, dhay, 47
dhäv, 66
dhura, 78
dhümá-, 56, 68
dhrav, 78
dhrüti-, 78
dhvajá-, 83
dhvan', 83
dhvar, 78
nad, 276
nada-, nada-, 277
nábhas-, 276
nam, 280
nay’, 279
nar-, 183
nard, 282
nav, 284
nävanita-, 279
nav”, 285
nas, 184, 283
nädh, 21,277
nindati, 182
nipad, 287
nimeghamäna- 178, 259
nirminoti, nirminati
(Buddh.), 177
nivrta-, 207
ni-sida-, 126
nita-, 279
nej, 279
ned, 182, 277
páksman-, 299
pac, 287
pata-, 303
pat, 301
pad, 287
päd-, 305
pay’, 290
payas-, 290
par, 294
par’, 296, 297
pari-mämrsür, 180
parc, 295
parnä-, 297
pard, 295
pavästa-, 303
pas, 354
pasutfp-, 383
pa, 289
parana-, 296
palayati, 296
pása-, 299
pitu-, 289
pu, 303
pít-, 298
pfsant-, 298
pec, 290
pes, 292
pes, 292
pota-, 302
pra-ap-, 162
pra-ksar, 474 mard, 269
pray’, 87 (*)mardh, 266
prav, 90 mars, 180
pras, 90 mars, 269
proth, 91 mástu-, 254
plav, 90 mah, 254
psáras-, 93 máhi-, 121
phan, 84 ma, 256
bamh, 71 mithás, 260
bandh, 6 mil, 259
barh, 14 miv, 273
barhís-, 14 munt, 275
badh, 20 mrditá-, 180
brhánt-, 13 mrdhrä-väc-, 267
bodh, 15 meks, 261
brav’, 275 meghá-, 259
bhaj, 2 meth, 260
bhafij, 3 mes, 259
bhay’, 3 meh, 179
bhar, 10 moc, 270
bhar, 10 mod, 271
bharv, 12 mos(‘), 271
bhav', 17 moh, 271
bhas, 199 mret, 88
bha, 1 mroc/mloc, 274
bhisáj-, 21 mla, 274
bhimá-, 3 yaks, 214
bhurá-, 162 yaksá-, 214
bhüs, 25 yaj, 220
bhed, 2 yat, 215
bhoj, 18, 19 yabh, 175
bhrams, 25 yam, 212
bhrajj, 23 yav, 215
bhram', 25 yav’, 216
bhraj, 22 yas, 210
bhri, 23 ya, 176, 210
maghä-, 254 yuga-, 218
mátsya-, mätsyä-, 177 yoj, 218
mad, 253 yodh, 176
man, 263 yop, 218, 320
man-, 74 ramh, 192
manth', 264 räksas-, 315
may, 177,178 raks”, 196
mäyas-, 156 raj, 198, 314
may’, 258 ran”, 313
mar, 265 rad, 186
mar’, 267 raddhá-, 313
mar”, 268 randh, 313
marc, 266 randhaya-, 313
marj, 182 räpas-, 185
INDICES [Sanskrit]
rabh, 184, 185
ram, 191
ray’, 188
гау’, 194
ravi-, 192
rah, 323
rahas-, 323
ra, 186, 306
rädh, 187
rec, 308
rej, 189
rep, lep, 308
res, les, 189
res, 309
reh, leh, 311
roc, 316
гој, 318
rod’, 194
rodh, 194, 317
rop, 195
lag, 306
lav, 317
lop, 195
lobh, 315
vaks, 429
vac, 404
vafic, 418
vat, 428
vad', 202, 205
vadhá-, 404
vadh”, 404
vadhü-, 201
van, 418
vand', 205
vap!, 419
уар?, 419
vam, 417
vay, 411
var, 207
var”, 421
varuna-dhrüt-, 78
varj, 209
vart, 425
vártra-, 207
vardh, 208
val, 419
vas, 4277
vas, 202, 405
vah, 432
và, 203, 204
575
576
vaja-, 433
var-, 407
vas, 432
vah, 433
(vi)ksan, 92
vidh, 204
vidháva-, 411
vimay, 177
visa, 136
visupta-, 147
vistabdha-, 363
vid, 416
vidhra-, 157
vfka-dvaras-, 84
vrtrá-, 207
vindaraka-, 434
vec, 408
vej, 414
ved, 409, 410
ven-, 413
vená-, 413
vep, 415
ves, 416
ves, 416
vyac, 434
vyadh, 411
vya, 435
vraj”, 438
vrad, 435
vradh, 438
vrési-, 438
vlay', vray’, 436
Sams, 334
Sak, 324
sankhá-, 333
Sanath, 331
Sap, 335
sam, 330
sam’, 330
Say’, 328
Sar’, 338
sardh’, 336
sárman-, 335
sarvá-, 338
Sav’, 341
sa, 326, 341
Sas, 326
51], 343
Sighra-, 329
sisira-, 337
INDICES [Middle Indo-Aryan]
Sitá-, 329
Süka-, 340
suná-, 370
Soc, 339
Sobh, 368
Sos, 174
snath’, 349
Syà-, 39, 329
srath', 356
Sray, 355
Srav, 357
Sres, 355
slagh, 357
Svábhra-, 368
Svas, 340, 369
sac, 125
sad, 126
san’, 128
sap, 129
sama-, 329
sam-paka-, 2
sar, 130
sarj, 133
sav, 134
sav’, 135
sav”, 135
sas, 127
sa, say, 136
subh-, 300
süci-, 29
sütra-, 343
sunára-, 183
sunu-, 135
sumáya-, 177
srni-, 132
sec, 128
sedh, 343
skand, 37
skandhá-, 342
skambh, 344
skav”, 348
skhal, 240, 347
stabhamäna-, 363
stambh', 363
star, 364
star’, 365
stav, 366
stegh-, 362
stobh, 367
sthä, 360
sna, 348
snihya-, 349
snuh, 350
sneh, 349
spand, 351
spar, 351
spardh, 352
sparh, 353
spas, 354
ѕрһаг, 353
sphä, 350
sphürj, 199
sphürjaka-, 199
smar, 138
syu, 137
srams, 140
srav, 141
svad, 141
svan', 145
svap, 147
svar, 149
svavrsti-, 426
sved, 143
had, 188
han, 103, 225
hay, 462
haya-, 462
har, 104, 150
har’, 471
har’, 469
hars, 471
hav, 472
hav’, 473
ha, 461
hrad-, 474, 475
hradüni-, 86
hvar, 475
1.2.2 Middle Indo-
Aryan
ata (Pkt.), 166
bhuñjati (Pali), 19
chanana (Pkt.), 372
dhutta- (Pkt.), 78
phanda (Pkt.), 84
sineha, sinhä (Pkt.), 349
1.2.3 Modern Indo-
Aryan languages
channä (Hi.), 372
chonik (Khow.), 372
dadhäti (Dard.), 48
dhakkä (Lah.), 48
kat- (Pashai), 244
kut- (Pashai), 244
katanu- (Si.), 244
kattnä (Panj.), 244
kätnä (Hi.), 244
tarahan (Lah.), 394
tarap (Hi.), 396
trapp (Lah.), 396
trahanu (Si.), 394
trap (Khetr.), 396
ugäranu (Si.), 109
zam(i)ni (Urdu), 464
1.3 Albanian
bie, 10
dava, 47
dhemb, 464
di, 50
gjizé, 98
ha, 169
he(Dq, 131
kep-, 235
leh-, 306
namé (Gh.), 281
némé (Tosk), 281
n-gjesh, 211
ngre, 173
рї-, 289
pjerdh, 295
qeth, 244
shtie, 364
sh-tir, 382
shtrinj, 365
syen, 42
thom, 326
vis, 416
zien, 105
1.4 Anatolian
1.4.1 Hittite
/arkuuanzi/, 163
/arnuzzi/, 165
/arsanija-/, 167
/ari/, 165
/dai-/, 46
/dar-/, 59
/dassu-/, 57
/da-/, 45
/dakki/, 64
/es-/, 154
/gulsanzi/, 243
/halkuessar/, 167
/haruuanai-/, 192
/huek-/, 205
/hues-/, 203
/huet-/, 201
/hulana-/, 209
/hurki-/, 209
/huuai-/, 411
/inas-/, 174
/iskuna(hh)-/, 348
/ispar-/, 353
/ispartmi/, 352
/istuua-/, 366
/iuga-/, 218
/kappilalli-/, 335
/ku(ua)liya-/, 109
/kuer-/, 238
/kup-/, 250
/kupti-/, 250
/kurka-/, 251
/lukkizzi/, 316
/merta/, 265
/merzi/, 265
/nai-/, 279
/nata-/, /nati-/, 277
/nepis-/, 276
/ninikzi/, 277
/pah-s-/, 289
/pappars-/, 298
/parh-/, 10
/paske-/, 299
/pas-/, 289
/salk-/, 133
/sanh-/, 128
/ѕагарі/, 140
/sile-/, 153
/suhmili-/, 177
/sum(m)anza(n)-/, 137
/tarh(u)-/, 382
/tarhuzzi/, 384
/tarku-/, 380
/tars-/, 384
/tekkussi{‘/,-/, 71
/tekri-/, 71
/tuhhui/, 68
INDICES [Armenian]
/uaksiiemi/, 200
/ualahzi/, 209
/uarkant-/, 423
/uatk"-/, 374
/uekzi/, 427
/uep-/, 402
/uizzai/, 405
/urki-/, 438
da-ma-aS-zi, 55
e-ed-mi, 148
e-ep-zi /epzi/, ap-pa-
an-zi /appanzi/, 163
e-es-zi, 152
hi-in-ga(-ri) /henk-/
(Old), 161
hu-e-ek-mi, 408
i-it, 157
iS-hi-an-zi, 136
1§-pa-a-an, 350
1&-ра-а-1, 350
kar-za, Каг-ға-па-а$,
245
ki-it-ta(-ri) /kitta(riy,
328
ku-(e-)en-zi, 225
mu-ü-ta-iz-zi, 274
pár-ak-ta-ru, 13
pít-ti-ia-an-zi, 301
Se-es-zi, 127
Su-ü-iz-zi (Old), 135
Su-un-na°, 135
ua-as-se-iz-zi, 405
ü-e-es-ta, 405
1.4.2 Luwian
/iba-/, 213
/piha-/, 3
/sassa-'/, 127
/tamata/, 55
/uassar/, 406
i-ti, 157
ua-a-ar, 407
1.4.3 Hieroglyphic
Luwian
/is-/, 154
was(a)-, 406
wasa-mi-, 406
wasara-, 406
1.4.4 Lycian
kikiti (B), 28
piye-, pige-, 3
siténi, 328
ttiti (A), 28
1.4.5 Lydian
katared-, 130
saréta-, 130
1.4.6 Palaic
/kitar/, 328
/luki-/, 318
1.5 Armenian
acem, 172
akah, 246
alam, 166
am-barist, 360
andohakan, 400
anicanem, 182
apakanel, 231
apastan, 360
apasxarem, 450
apat, 289
apsparem, 351
apur, 9
arbi, 140
arew, 192
aroganel, 141
aspnjakan, 147
atrusan, 170
awar, 208
awren-k*, 50
azat, 466
banam, 1
bek, 4
bekanel, 4
berem, 10
buci, 19
boyr, 16
bzisk, 21
camem, 463
canea-, cani-, 468
cer, 470
cnanim, 466
cas, 36
Casak, 36
čem, 32
C'ogan, 42
STI
das, 64
dasel, 64
dažan, 54
diem, 47
dipah, 73
dizanem, 53
dnem, 46
drawš, 75
drošm, 80
držem, 81
ebek, 4
ehar, 294
eki, ekn, 94, 101
erang, 314
erašx, 314
erasxi-k‘, 196
ompel, 289
ospar, 296
gan, 103
garsim, 471
gelum, 420
gitel, 409
go-, 203
gog, 170
govem, 114
gtanem, 410
gupar, 294
hamar, 138
(h)ambar, 9
hamboyr, 15
hamburem, 15
han-geaw, 30, 38
hark, 131
hawat, 428
hei, 167
hrapoyr, hrapurem, 302
hrasax, 325
Jag, 460
Ji, jioy, 462
Janam, 174
kardam, 106
kaxard, 151
kcanem, 98
kc-u, 98
kamem, 228
k‘amem, 40
kamk‘, 228
k'ert'em, 244
k‘urak, 251
liz(an)em, 311
578
Ik ‘anel, 308
Inu-, 296
lucanem, 318
lakis, 190
mac-, 254
macaw, 272
merZem, 182
теѓапіт, 265
mnam, 74
moyk, 139
moyr, 271
тоѓапа-, 269
nazeli, 286
nazim, 286
net, 277
nhang, 392
nis, 214
nkat-em, 246
nman, 273
nsan, 214
nsSkah-em, 246
nuér, 409
ot-, 305
OSarak, 93
par(a)berem, 294
parmayel, 256
partasim, 377
partéz, 53
partk ‘, 293
parzel, 133
patasxani, 334
patgam, 101
patmuéan, 139
patrast, 198
patsgam, 344
раіёеп, 32
psak, 303
p’argast, 246
sandaramet, 370
snanim, 331
sur, 326
spandaramet, 370
spasem, 354
sprdem, 352
spuz-el, 354
srskel, 356
stambak, 363
stanam, 361
sug, 339
Sat, 38
INDICES [Baltic]
sen, 371
Siwan-k*, 452
Stap, 363
Stapem, 363
surb, 368
sxalel, 347
tasem, 385
telam, 382
tic‘, 47
toyZ, 388
tuZem, 388
t'anam, 376
usanim, 217
vanem, 206
varsa-viray, 198
vawer, 421
veher, 130
vet, 407
vizem, 414
vkay, 28
vnas, 283
vran, 46
vtak, 374
xacanel, 445
xazm, 446
xuzem, 460
xoyz, 460
yawsel, 175
y-atnem, 165
yuzem, 219
1.6 Baltic
1.6.1 Lithuanian
akis, 171
alga, 167
apnikti, 277
at-goti, 94
aüsti, 202
bádas, 21
balnas, 14
bédà,21
beriü (befti), 10, 108
bijóti(s), 3
bréksti, 22
budrüs, 15
budziu (budéti), 15
büs, 26
båti, 17
Ciáudéti, skiáudéti, 458
degu, 54
demi (Old), 46
deru, 59
dirbti, 60
diriu (dirti), 60
drabanas, 77
dräpana, 75, 77
dristi, 62
drözti, 80
druzgas, 81
dumti, 56
duoti, 45
eiti, 157
ésti, 148
gaizti, 98
garéti, 105
gedáuju, 221
gedu, 221
geibti, 96
geidas, 106
gérti, 109
giedóti, 94
girdéti, 106
girti, 107
gizti, 98
ади (dial.), 94
gramu, 122
grébti, grobti, 121
güzti, 117
gyjü, 223
()ieskóti, 158
jóti, 176
judéti, 177
judüs, 177
jüngti, 218
jünkti, 217
juosti (Old), 211
kapiu (kapti), 235
kapoti, 235
kampas, 229
kaseti/kateti, 247
kauti, 251
kepü, 287
kertu (kifsti), 244
kikenti, 443
krienas (Old), 447
kumpti, 229
krusü (krüsti), 448
kuriü (kürti), 238
kurtas, 251
láigyti, 311
lauzti, 318
lendü (listi), 313
liáutis, 318
liekmi, 308
liezu, 311
limpu (lipti), 308
lóti, 306
magu (magéti), 254
mainas, 178
maudZiu (maüsti), 271
тайки, 270
máuju (máuti), 274
máuti, 139
menté, 264
miégas, 259
miegü (miegóti), 259
míelas, 156
miesiü (miésti), 261
miétas, 177
miäti, 263
mintü (misti), 260
minu (minti), 264
mifti, 265
munku, 275
niaüsti, 284
Nieda, 278
niedeti, 182
noras, 183
noreti, 183
paisyti, 293
pa-Zvilti, 475
pédinti, 288
peréti, 296
periu (pefti), 294
persti, 295
pesu (pesti), 299
piesti, 292
pisti, 293
pláuti, 91
prasyti, 90
purskiu (pufksti), 298
püti, 303
pyju (pyti), 290
rauda, 194
raugmi (Old), 195
riáugiu (ridugéti), 195
rimti, 191
risti, 438
rupiu (rüpéti), 196
Salti, 337
Saükti, 340
saüsti, 174
sédéti, 126
segu, 129
sekti, 125
sieti, 136
siüti, 137
skabaü (skabyti), 235
skaitaü (skaityti), 31
skäpsne, 345
skaudrüs, 456
skerdZiu (skefsti), 346
skiedZiu (skiesti), 327
skindu (skisti), 343
skobiü (sköbti), 235
skopiu (sköpti), 345
skubti, 455
skudrus, 456
skusti, 454
sniéga, 349
spainas, 297
spirti, 353
sprogti, 199
spüdinti, 302
spürgas, 199
sravéti, 141
srebiü (srebti), 140
stembti, stémbti, 363
sterti, 365
stoti, 361
südéti, 141
sunus, 135
Slákas, 356
Slakéti, 356
slékti, 356
slieti, 355
Svefitas, 370
tandus (dial.), 378
tankus, 378
tarpstu, 383
tásau (tasyti), 385
tekéti, 374
tempti, 389
tenku (tékti), 375, 378
tingéti, 392
tingus, 392
tiriü (tirti), 383
trandéti, 380
trapüs, 396
INDICES [Slavic]
trefikti (trenkiü), 396
trimti, 395
triseti, 394
tunku (tükti), 401
tüscias, 389
tvenkiü (tvefikti), 399
ükis, 168
uZ-mifsti, 269
váisinti, 416
vedega, 405
vedu (vesti), 201
veju (vyti), 412
vélti, 421
vémti, 417
vežů, 432
vilkti, 420
vilna, 209
vipti, 415
vifsti, 425
vyti, 435
Zagatà, 460
Zagséti, Zegséti, 460
Zémbéti, 463
Zembiu (Zembti), 464
Ziáunos, 226
ZiedZiu (Ziésti), 53
Zinóti, 468
Zvéris, 475
1.6.2 Latvian
beru (bért), 10, 108
biezs, 71
bítiés, 3
cértu (cirst), 244
déju, 47
drébe, 77
dzirdét, 106
dzivu, 223
delit, 61
gáju, 94
gibstu (gibt), 96
grebt, 121
gum (gumstu), 102
Ја 176
kapat, 235
laüzt, 318
miet, 177
miju (mit), 178
mitu (mist), 260
müku, 275
nidet, 182
pa-nijas, pa-ninas, 279
pelt, 85
raüda, 194
saukt, 340
salt, 337
sedet, 126
sekt, 125
siet, 136
škërZu (Skerst), 346
slacit, 356
sludinat, 357
sniegs, 349
spàrns, 297
spét, 350
sust, 174
svaipit, 459
sviedri, 144
sviestu nit, 279
svinét, 370
Skietu (Skist), 31
Sut, 137
tuku (tukt), 401
väjet, 204
zuobs, 463
zvelu, 475
1.6.3 Old Prussian
balsinis, 14
gerdaut, 106
girtwei, 107
kirdit, 239
lauxnos, 321
lindan, 313
po-linka, 308
1.7 Slavic
1.7.1 Old Church
Slavonic
bero, 10
béda, 21
bljusti, 15
bojati se, 3
briti, 23
bede, 61
byti, 17
čajo, 28
činiti, 27
cto (čisti), 31
579
dati, 45
déti, 46
dojo, 47
drbZo (drbZati), 64, 76
dsrati, 60
demo, 56
glad», 107
goréti, 105
grabiti, 121
gréjati, 105
iskati, 158
iti, 157
Jasti, 148
kovati, 251
kropiti, 447
lajati, 306
lizo, 311
ljubiti, 315
luna, 321
mazo (mazati), 272
ména, 178
mésto, 260
meto (mesti), 264
mociti, 258
того (mošti), 254
mréti, 265
тьпо (meti), 264
mysls, 271
nebo, nebes-e, 276
ne-bresti, 11
ne-raditi, 187
oci, 171
o-Sibati, 453
pariti, 296
paso, 289
pasti, 288
peko, 287
pero, 297
piti, 289
pluti, 91
po-éijo, 30, 38
po-jaso (po-jasati), 211
po-kojo, 30, 38
po-méZiti (oci), 259
po-viti, 435
po-Zreti, 109
préjo, 88
pri-teZati, 392
prositi, 90
pro-zebnoti, 463
580
рыўо (peréti), 294
рьѕай, 292
ras-prasiti, 298
revo (rjuti), 195
sedeti, 126
seth, 333
skaco (skakati), 325
skopiti, 345
skubati, 344
ѕпёръ, 349
spéti, 350
sram», 92
stati, 361
stopa, 363
stopiti, 363
susiti, 174
svarb, 149
svetb, 370
ѕърай, 147
Sb-zbréti, 470
syn», 135
tajeti, 376
teplosts, 380
teso (tesati), 385
testi, 374
tomljo (tomiti), 377
trepets, 396
trod», 380
testo, 389
uciti, 217
vabiti, 401
velits, 421
vezo, 432
vede, 409
véjati, 203
vlaciti, 420
vrbtéti, 425
Vbsb, 416
vsz-niko, 277
vyknoti, 217
xuds, 456
zebo, 464
znati, 468
zobs, 463
zevati, 473
Zivo, 223
Zuju, 226
1.7.2 Church Slavonic
bysest, bySost-, 26
INDICES [Celtic]
iz-roniti, 165
kydati, 37
pexati, 293
rastesti, 392
rygajo se, 195
sbcati, 128
skytati se, 37
svistati, 458
tero (tréti), 383
tyti, 387
xoxotati, 443
Zeldeti, 107
Zpmo (Zeti), 102
1.7.3 Russian
beregü (beréé’), 11
bert, 10
bgat’, 18
brit’, 23
derZát', 64
dórob (Blruss.), 60
drapat’ (obs.), 79
dsmu (Old), 56
ebat’, 175
gajati (Old), 94
gólod, 107
gon, 103
klast’, po-lozit’, 244
kropit’, 447
kropotat’, 241
krenuti, krenuti (Old),
447
läjat’, 306
lipkij, 308
lozit’, klast’, 244
makat’, 258
méra, 257
milyj, 156
mnu (mjat’), 264
molvá, 275
тыуа (Old), 275
oskórd, 346
päsmo, 299
perdet’, 295
porom» (Old), 294
pru (perét’), 294
pryt’, 90
prytkij, 90
raditi (Old), 187
rebénok, 184
réjat’, 188
rinut’, 188
ronjat’, uronit’, 165
rupit’, 196
Sibat’, 453
Sit’, 137
sljakot’, 356
spat’, 147
sram, 92
svjatój, 370
tepstí (dial.), 389
tjaZélyj, 392
tuzit’sja, 392
vesti Zenu (Old), 201
vit’, 435
zub, 463
Zuju, 226
1.7.4 Ukrainian
bháty, 18
Jebaty, 175
päsmo, 299
tjdknuty, 375
1.7.5 Bulgarian
kuka, 249
pasmó, 299
1.7.6 Serbo-Croat
bérém, 10
blazina, 14
dipnuti, 75
diZati, 64
düti, 56
miZati, 179
Siti, 137
ze, 102
1.7.7 Slovenian
blazina, 14
dípljem (drpati), 75
gaziti, 96
pereti, 296
prkati se, 295
svär, 149
zvati, 473
1.7.8 Polish
brzmie (brzmiec), 24
chybaé, 455
o-brzasknaé, 22
rupic, 196
1.7.9 Czech
makati, 258
mluviti, 275
finouti se, 188
ruditi (Old), 194
skusti (Old), 344
zdraby, 77
1.8 Celtic
1.8.1 Gallic
drappus, 75, 77
Nida PN, 278
pissíiumí, 30
bardus (Gall.-Lat.), 106
1.8.2 Old Irish
á(i)lid, 210
ad-bond-, 15
ad-cí, 30
agid, 172
-aid-begar, 4
airim, 130
-ánaic, 184
as-cesar, 327
ban, 1
bard, 106
berbaim, 12
biru, 10
boi, 17
bolgaim, 14
braigim, 24
bronnaid, 23
bruth, 12
bua-chail, 35
cath, 326
cécht, 324
celim, 336
condud, 68
con-ói, 169
crenaid, 447
cruth, 238
cuar, 249
cumal, 330, 391
damnaim, 55
dech, 64
do-goa, 473
döid, 68
do-moin-, 263
dringid, 76
ercaim, 295
ernaim, 297
fedid, 201
fethid, 428
fo(a)id, 203
foccul, 404
fo-ceird, 241
fodb, 405
gainethar, 466
-gair, 470
gáu, gó, 95
ger, 98
glám, 112
gonim, 225
guidiu, 221
línaim, 296
lingim, 192
lüan, 321
luss, 194
mar(a)im, 268
men, 264
mescaim, 261
mláith, 274
name, 281
necht, 279
nertaim, 183
nigim, 279
nuall, 285
-ráidi, 187
reb, 184
rían, 188
rigim, 198
ro-fetar, 409
ro-finnadar, 410
ráad, 193
sceirtid, 346
scuichid, 325
sechithir, 125
selg, 133
sén, 129
sernim, 365
snaid, -sná, 348
snám, 348
soid, 135
son, 458
sorb, 151
suth, 134
INDICES [Germanic]
té, 380
tech-, 374
técht, 378
-téici, 378
turc, 400
1.8.3 Middle Welsh
anadl, 161
arlludd, 317
berw-, 12
bref-, 24
bu, 17
cyw, 341
dringo, 76
dy-weddio, 201
estwng, 387
gwyr, 409
kesgyc, 325
pybyr, 324
rwyg-, 189
1.8.4 Welsh
bardd, 106
cymeraf, 10
di-gawn, 331
gau, 95
paraf, 238
rhuddion, 193
tawdd, 376
1.8.5 Breton
mar, 268
roeg- (Middle), 189
1.9 Germanic
1.9.1 Gothic
af-skiuban, 455
aigun, 158
aih, 158
airpa-kunds, 466
aistan, 160
ana-biudan, 15
and-staurran, 365
bairan, 10
bairgan, 11
banja, 4
beitan, 3
bidjan, 221
bi-laigon, 311
bindan, 6
biugan, 18
bi-uhts, 217
brikan, 24
brinnan, 105
daigs, 53
daug, 67
digand-, 53
dis-tairan, 60
drau(h)snos, 81
fahan, 299
faran, 294
faur-biudan, 15
fotus, 305
fraihnan, 90
fra-liusan, 317
ga-daursan, 62
gain-, 462
ga-kiusan, 473
ga-leipan, 309
ga-nah, 184
ga-naitjan, 182
ga-redan, 187
ga-teihan, 52
ga-timan, 55
gramjan, 122
greipan, 121
gup, 472
hafjan, 33
haftjan, 33
-hafts, 33
haitan, 327
haldan, 336
hors, 227
hropeigans, 239
huljan, 336
inmaidjan, 260
ist, 152
itan, 148
Jiuka, 219
Jukuzi, 218
kunnan, 468
laikan, 311
leilvan, 308
liudan, 194
liuhap, 316
mag, 254
man, 263
*maurnan, 138
mel, 257
581
mins, 258
qiman, 101
rimis, 191
rinnan, 165
rodjan, 187
saljan, 131
sitan, 126
siujan, 137
skaban, 235
skaman, 371
snaiws, 349
spill, 85
stautan, 390
sunus, 135
swarts, 151
preihan, 396
un-mildjai, 267
us-baugjan, 19
uz-anan, 161
wahsjan, 429
waian, 203
wait, witum, 409
wans, 204
warjan, 207
warp, 425
waurkjan, 426
weihan, 408
weihs, 416
wiljan, 421
wilwan, 209
wisan, 203
wopjan, 401
wrikan, 438
1.9.2 Langobardian
gaida, 462
1.9.3 Old Norse
agn, 168
&ja, 168
bani, 4
bera, 10
bingr, 71
bolginn, 14
brood, 12
dyja, 69
eisa, 159
eykr, 218
fara, 294
fata, 288
582
feyja, 303
fraud, froða, 91
füinn, 303
gnaga, 119
gripa, 121
gygr, 117
hagar, 324
halda, 336
hein, 326
heita, 327
herma, 239
hnjosa, 458
hvosa, 369
kala, 106
14, 318
le, 318
lida, 309
rauta, 194
reyfa, 196
reyta, 193
samna, 330
selja, 131
skamma, skemma, 371
skarn, 444
spara, 351
sperna, 353
suga, 134
svara, 149
svart, 151
svifa, 459
téa, 52
teitr, 51
рей, 378
prior, 395
byrja, 399
vari, 407
vattr, 404
vaxa, vexa, 429
veifa, 415
vikja, 414
vita, 409
1.9.4 New Icelandic
hvóma, 40
1.9.5 Norwegian
keiv, keiva (dial.), 96
smeikja, 262
smika, 262
INDICES [Germanic]
1.9.6 Old English
a-fréodan, 91
ägen, 158
barmen, 24
beran, 10
bitan, 3
bög, böh, 18
borgian, 11
brecan, 24
bréowan, 12
bröd, 12
bügan, 18
cealer, calwer, 106
cearu, 470
céowan, 226
cradol, 123
dear(r), 62
driogan, 81
ealgian, 190
fangan, 299
faran, 294
fearn, 297
fn&osan, 458
fogian, 299
forléosan, 317
fot, 305
frogga, 90
genog, 184
georne, 104
giest, 210
gnagan, 119
gremman, 122
gàd, 462
g&n-, 462
haeteru, 342
héawan, 251
hream, 449
hréowan, 448
hwosan, 369
hün, 341
läcan, 311
l&dan, 309
leodan, 194
liccian, 311
macian, 272
mióan, 260
migan, 179
milde, 267
murnan, 138
reofan, 196
reotan, 194
samnian, 330
scafan, 235
scearn, 444
sceomian, 371
sceotan, 37
scüdan, 37
scüfan, 455
sear, 174
seaw, 134
sellan, 131
seon, 128
smäcian, 262
smeortan, 180
solcen, 133
spannan, 92
sparian, 351
spranca, 199
spyrd, 352
starian, 365
steeppan, 363
sugan, 134
sulh, 131
sweart, 151
swefan, 147
sweorkan, 151
swerian, 149
swete, 141
swifan, 459
swinn, 145
tearflian, 60
teon, 52
tö-lücan, 318
bicgan, 375
‚bweran, 399
werian, 405
wican, 414
windwian, 206
winnan, 418
wirkian, 426
witan, 409
witan, 411
wöh, 418
wrecan, 438
wrencan, 209
wrigian, 438
1.9.7 Middle English
snurtin, 282
1.9.8 Present day
English
ask, 158
be, 17
bid, 221
bind, 6
bite, 3
borrow, 11
bough, 18
bow, 18
break, 24
breakfast, 130
brew, 12
brood, 12
burn, 105
care, 470
chew, 226
comb, 463
come, 101
cradle, 123
dare, 62
do, 46
dough, 53
draw, 161
eat, 148
enough, 184
fare, 294
fart, 295
fern, 297
fetch, 288
fill, 296
flow, 91
foot, 305
for-bid, 15
free, 88
frog, 90
froth, 91
god, 472
grim, 122
haggard, 247
have, 33
helmet, 336
hew, 251
hold, 336
is, 152
know, 468
lead, 309
lean, 355
lick, 311
light, 316
lose, forlorn, 317
love, 315
lye, 318
make, 272
may, 254
mean, 263
mild, 267
mind, 263
mis-, 260
mourn, 138
own, 158
run, 165
scratch, 449
sear, 174
sell, 131
sew, 137
shame, 371
shave, 235
shift, 455
shine, 333
shoot, 37
sit, 126
smart, 180
sneer, 281
sneer, snore, snarl, 458
sneeze, 458
snow, 349
son, 135
sore, 150
span, 92
spare, 351
spell, 85
sprig, 199
stare, 365
stay, 361
step, 363
storm, 97
sulky, 133
swart, 151
swear, 149
sweat, 144
sweet, 141
tame, 55
tear, 60
thirst, 384
thrive, 395
tongs, 57
twist, 82
wax, 429
weave, 402
INDICES [Germanic]
wed, 201
wedding, 201
weep, 401
well, 109
whore, 227
-wich, -wick, 416
will, 421
win, 418
winnow, 206
wit, 409
work, 426
wreak, 438
wrinkle, 209
wry, 438
yearn, 104
yeast, 210
yoke, 218
1.9.9 Old Saxon
dök, 83
fra, 90
gnagan, knagan, 119
sparön, 351
samo, 329
swerkan, 151
werran, 422
wäh, 418
witan, 411
1.9.10 Middle Low
German
dök, 83
rüten, 193
1.9.11 Old High
German
beran, 10
biben, 3
bintan, 6
biogan, 18
briuwan, 12
chlaga, 112
chlagön, 112
den(n)en, 377
derren, 384
durst, 384
dweran, 399
dwingan, 399
eiscön, 158
eit, 157
fahan, 299
far-liosan, 317
farn, 297
feh, 292
ferzan, 295
flouwen, 91
frao, frö, 90
friten, 88
fuogen, 299
fuoz, 305
gerno, 104
gi-kewen, 115
gi-lingan, 192
gi-skehan, 325
gi-winnan, 418
gremmen, 122
heizan, 327
helan, 336
helm, 336
hlinén, 355
houwan, 251
(h)riuwan, 448
ita-rucken, 195
jesan, 210
Joh, 218
kamb, 463
kewa, 226
kratto, 123
kunnan, 468
liehsen, 321
liob, 315
16, 318
mahhon, 272
mal, 257
mein, 178
midan, 260
mornén, 138
nebul, 276
quellan, 109
re(c)chan, 198
rennen, 165
samanon, 330
samo, 329
scehan, 325
scunten, 37
sinnan, 128
sou, 134
sparon, 351
spehon, 354
staren, 365
583
stan, 361
sweifen, 459
sweiz, 144
sweran, 150
swerien, 149
swero, 150
sihan, 128
sügan, 134
triugan, 81
triuuit, 395
trouuen, 395
tuoh, 83
tuon, 46
wan, 204
waen, 203
weban, 402
wegan, 432
werdan, 425
werran, 422
widamo, 201
wihen, 408
wihhön, 414
winton, 206
wisan, 411
wizzan, 411
zuscen, 68
1.9.12 Middle High
German
entwisen, 411
gampen, gumpen, 102
geschehen, 325
gewahenen, 404
Jöuchen, 219
16, 318
reben, 184
rüten, 193
schehen, 325
schmeichen, 262
selken, 133
snarz, 282
tuoch, 83
wifen, 415
zwist, 82
1.9.13 New High
German
barmen, 24
beben, 3
beißen, 3
584
Berg, 13
challen (Alem.), 106
dehnen, 377
drängen, 396
entwischt, 411
Erbarmen, 24
frei, 88
Friede, 88
froh, 90
furzen, 295
gelingen, 192
geschehen, 325
geziemen, 55
grimm, 122
haben, 33
haften, 33
hager, 247
kosten, 473
Kranz, 123
kratzen, 449
Nebel, 276
reden, 187
Same(n), 330
sammeln, 330
scheinen, 333
schieBen, 37
schnarchen, 458
schnurren, 458
spähen, 354
starr, 365
starren, 365
stauchen, 387
stechen, 362, 390
stoBen, 390
taugen, 67
Tuch, 83
verwirren, 422
wehen, 203
wehren, 207
weichen, 414
Weife, 415
werden, 425
zähmen, 55
Zange, 57
zeigen, 52
zwingen, 399
Zwist, 82
1.9.14 Old Frankish
chr&o-mösido, 271
INDICES [Greek]
-dok, 83
steppa, stapa, 363
1.9.15 Old Frisian
skern, 444
1.9.16 Dutch
smeken, 262
sneren, 281
stappen, 363
twist, 82
(ver)warren, 422
1.10 Greek
1.10.1 Alphabetic
Greek
üyıog, 220
Ayo, 172
беса (уб кто), 203
тст, 203
&Copar, 220
&ӨєнВо®со., 102
о100с, 157
ойдо, 157
ot vo, à véo, 206
&-к@ноут-, 330
колос, 168
&AXoAxe, 190
оло, 166
бло, 196
&A8aívo, 163
Ark, 190
&AXopat, 130
Argyaveıv, 167
ower, 167
A-Avrro-neön, 318
Aneißo, 178
&pépyo, 182
&нёрбо, 180
Ouooc, 160
Ayvyıoı, 209
&vepoc, 161
Avıntog, 279
буйр, 183
avo, 128
Grein, 85
&póc, 130
coteLors, 363
advdca, 202
adaaég, 420
aŭto, б (FEE, 429
ava, 174
a oc, 0с, 202
B&A Ao, 108
Batve, 101
Ba, 94
Віа, 222
В:Вроско, 109
BAantw, 266
ВА&о-фтцос, 267
BATA, 108
Bpaötvog, 436
yaneıng, 464
yopéo, 464
yeuo, 102
yévto, 102
үёрүғро, 110
үёроу, 470
yevouat, 473
ypas, 470
"pue, 470
үіүуорол, 466
yıyvooko, 468
yoco, 115
yopoc, 102
Yóugoç, 463
yov, 320
боло, 68
drvo, 57
SaAAet, 61
óc vnu, 55
ботёоцол, 47
déat0, 51
dExdaı, 64
Séna, 68
sirvo, 52
detpac, 62
dEKoNa1, SExopar, 64
бёцос̧, 55
éno, 55
бёууос, 104
бёркорой, 62
dépa, 60
dé, 47
önıog, 68
блауектс (Att.), 184
Aë oko, 57
iom, 45
Sinua, 174
öinveng, 184
din, 52
Süde, 51
dSpacoopar, 64, 76
dpé po, 76
péro, 60, 75, 77, 79
бӧролто, 79
Edo, 204
Еру, 94
£yeípo, 173
Eynpa, 470
Eyküpon, 150
Edıkov, 52
Eöuevon, 148
Égóva, 201
Soo, (Go, 126
ciko, 414
£u £o, 209, 420
єїрой, 405
eiu, 157
£wnetv, 404
ExéAoapev, 336
ÉxAvov, 357
Ë£xo v, 427
£Aeiv, 131
EAeAtCo, 189
EAEvOepoc, 194
£) Ko, 131
ÉAxo, 131
&Лор, 131
Ep vn, 61
ёрёо, 417
Eunope, 138
€poptev, 265
èvvopu, 405
Zero, 125
Enneravög, 169
Enıvegen, 276
Sie, 35
čno, 129
Epyov, FEpyov, 426
ёрғіко, 189
Epevyopar, 195
ёрёҳӨо, 315
Epvuan, 207
Epxonou, 165
Есті, Son, 152
EtaKn, 376
étepev, 40
£O хоно, 170
£00, 170
evade, б дє, 141
Eqayov, 2
реҳёто (Pamph.), 432
GaAog (Dor.), 174, 210
Сёел, 210
Ceotdc, 210
Gevyvoni, 218
Aoc, 174, 210
Сӧфос̧, 213
Goyóv, 218
бууш, 211
ntdeog, G (0goç, 411
nvopén, 183
Npépa, 191
oto, 154
ӨспВос, 48
Ө@рсос, 62
Bada, 48
Өёо, 48
Dei vom, 225
Əépopar, 105
ӨёссооӨол, 221
Өёо, 66
Om-An, 47
Onp, 475
800g, 66
Өрос%с, 62
Өроостбӧс, 81
Opava, 81
Өрёоцол, 77
Өролто, 79
Ovyd cnp, 121
Өхуёо, 69
1ӧрос, 144
Tepor, 412
10о0рӧс̧, 157
ipeípo, 138
ivaw, 159
1лло-кӧрос̧, 330, 391
їсти, 361
ixoívo, Love, 160
к@нуо, 330, 391
KAHÓVTEG, 330
KAUTTO, 229
колто, 33
каха бо, 443
keinen, 328
кекоёоу, 440
KEKQOHaL, 333
INDICES [Greek]
кёЛонол, 336
KepaiCa, 338
кёроууорл, 337
Kev0o, 115
кіубоубс, 73
Kıveo, 229
кіта, 461
кіо, 229
KAtva, 355
KAo1óc, 357
корёо, 330, 391
кӧлто, 235
Kpova, 448
кре mov, 447
KTEATO, ктўцото, 452
ктеіуо, 453
Kiew, ктіссол, 371
Kranoı, 452
коёо, 341
коро, 341
кҡорелу, 150
K'ópvoc, 251
крос, 334
Aaígw, 306
Aatxo, 311
Adoko, 307
AEN, Aud vo, 308
AevKdc, 316
Aéxoç, 323
Aınatvo, 308
Aw poc, 308
Ado, 317
Hapvapar, 268
рассо, 272
naAaxog, 274
naAdaxög, 267
Hapatve, 268
péya-, 121
L(e)tyvopt, Lioya, 261
petpopar, 138
petov, 258
нёноуо, 263
ué vo, 74
HEOTÓG, 253
uuvú0o, 258
Һ900с, 271
россоцол, 270
vetkoc, 277
veier, 349
уекрӧс, 283
уёрестс, 281
veuécop, 281
veö-Öuatog (Dor.), 55
vevo, 284
vé pos, 276
убо, 279
viga, 349
voOpóc, 277
Eaive, 92
Eetvog (Ion.), 458
té voc, 458
&upöv, 454
Eve, 454
oda, 409
окёо, 416
oiKos, 416
oiua, 159
oipo, 175
opetyo, 179
оріҳАт, 178
ópvopt, 160
öveıöog, 182
opydo, 423
opyn, 423
ope ya, 198
öpivo, 188
Opvopt, 165
öpovraı, 130
óouoç, 215
öcoe, 171
OTPAAE ос, 399
otpvva, 399
óxoç, 432
Tapaderoos, 53
Tapacayync, 325
т@ос, 71
neípo, 294
netoud, 6
пёко, 299
пёЛорол, 35
TETPMTAL, 297
nepdonon, 295
пёссо, лётто, 287
пёторол, 301
пеъдорол, 15
TEVOW, 15
тӯ, 37
riAvaraı, 294
Tipern, 290
TITAN, 296
585
riunpnu, 296
Tivo, 289
TAEO, 91
TANI, 86
поё-пуєкс̧, 184
nodew, 221
поо, 27
то1кїЛос,‚ 292
Town, 28
TOAEVO "fv, 241
Topetv, 297
TOpoc, 294
лот, 301
Tpiacbar, 447
птіссо, 293
птоіа, 301
пъӨонол, 303
пос, 303
пос, 1oóóc (Dor.), 305
paöıvög, 436
рёбо, 314
peiv, 141
peso, 426
Droe, 314
poyedg (inscr.), 314
рофёо, 140
00.05, 387
oapé, 400
сотто, 399
osio, 398
oevopat, 42
ofi /oAna, 50
сколто, 235, 345
скёлтород, 354
скіёутш, 343
слёрҳорол, 353
ong000, 302
otepedc, 365
Otedtat, 366
стібо, 362, 390
o1ópvupt, 365
стоүёо, 387
стола бғ1, 367
ovvv£geı, 276
соркес (Aeol.), 400
сфаллонол, 347
сҳібо, 327
токо (Dor.), 376
тороу, 48
tetv@, 377
586
теіро, 383
тєїўос, 53
TEKLOP, TÉ KAP, 71,
246
тёктоу, 385
тёЛсоу, 243
тёрло, 383
тёрсонол, 384
Cedom, 67
TKO, 376
tiOn, 46
тіуоройл, 28
тіуо, 28
tio, 28
троуцс, 394
tpanéw, 396
трёңо, 395
TPE, 394
TWYXAVO, 67
doptvn, 177
Do) vo, 402
den, 402
ode, |
oatva, 1
феїбоцол, 3
épo, 10
gege, 19
фӨғіророл, 124
gBeipw, 124
фӨбуос, 104
ovoc, 103, 225
@pevo-daAre, 61
opvya, 23
ovopar, 17
хоро, 104
Xo roc, 95
xéo, 472
Xfipoc, 461
хотос, 472
xapniyıa, 131
ФӨёо, 404, 405
Luten PN, 177
@pvopoar, 195
1.10.2 Mycenaean
de-de-me-no, 47
ki-ti-je-si, 371
qi-ri-ja-to, 447
wo-ze, 426
INDICES [Italic]
1.11 Italic
1.11.1 Latin
ad-nüit, 284
ago, 172
albeo, 61
amo, 160
anima, 161
animus, 161
apiscor, 163
aro, 130
avere, 169
bibere, 289
cachinno, 443
capio, 33
carpo, 447
ca-rus, 227
catus, 326
cavus, 341
cedo, 343
célare, 336
celer, 336
censeo, 333, 334
censuere (Old), 334
-cerda, 444
cieö (ciere), 39, 229
cluere, 357
clinare, 355
co-epi, 163
colo, 35, 241
com-pesco, 295
conari, 331
coquo, 287
cos, 326
cratis, 245
crepare, 241
cupio, 250
cüdö, 228
-cutiö, 37
dare, 45
decet, 64
de-stinäre, 361
dicere, 52
dignus, 64
di-vidö, 204
doléo, 61
domäre, 55
edo, 148
e-mungö, 270
e-rugo, 195
est, 152
1-сї, 46
fervere, 12
fero, 10
ferctum (Old), 23
findö, fissum, 3
fingö, 53
firmus, 59
foveö, 54
frangö, 24
fraus, 78
fremö, 24
frigö, 23
fugiö, 19
fui (Old), 17
fumus, 68
fungor, 19
furo, 10
gelare, 106
gelü, 106
gemma, 463
gemo, 102
genunt (Old), 466
gibber, 96
gibbus, 96
gratus, 107
grex, gregis, 110
gustus, 473
gusto, 473
hau(d), 95
hauelod (Old), 95
heres, 461
horior, 104
horrere, 471
laiientare, 220
iaiiunus, 220
ianus, 176
in-ciéns, 341
in-stigare, 390
indicare, 52
intrare, 382
ioube- (Old), 177
ira, 159
те, 157
iubere, 177
iugum, 218
iungere, 218
iuväre, 169
lana, 209
lassus, 322
latrare, 306
laxsus, 322
lingo, 311
linquo, 308
losna, 321
lubet, 315
lubido, 315
lügeo, 318
lüna, 321
lax, 316
madeo, 253
maneo, 74
meio, mingo, 179
memini, 263
mereo, 138
mergae, 182
merges, 182
métior, 257
migrare, 259
minor, 258
minuo, 258
misceö, 261
mittere, 261
mora, 268
mordeo, 180
morior, 265
moveo, 274
mulceo, 180
muüto, 260
паге, 348
natare, 348
natus, 466
necare, 283
neriösus, 183
ninguit, 349
nitor, 215
nix, 349
nocere, 283
norma, 197
noscere, 468
nüntius, 285
ob-stinare, 361
oculus, 171
pacisco, 299
par, 293
parens, 296
pario, 296
paro, 297
pasco, 289
pavere, 301
pax, 299
pecto, 299
pēs, pedis, 305
pessum, 288
peto, 301
pingo, 292
pinsere, 293
pleo, 296
pluit, 91
porto, 294
portus, 294
posco, 90
prae-stinare, 361
prosterno, 364
pus, 303
quatio, 37
queror, 369
quiésco, quiévi, 30, 38
rabio, 184
rego, 198
res, 187
rivus, 188
rodere, 186
rudo, 194
rüdus, 193
rümor, 195
rumpere, 196
salire, 130
sar(r)ire, 132
scabo, 235
scamnum, 344
scando, 37
scindö, scidi, 327, 343
sepelire, 129
sequitur, 125
serra, 132
sido, 126
sistere, 361
situs, 371
sonere, sonare, 145
sonus, 145
sopire, 147
sorbeo, 140
sordeo, 151
spargo, 199
speciö, 354
spernere, 353
sternere, 365
stupere, 367
sudor, 144
INDICES [Tocharian]
suere, 137
sulco, 131
susurrus, 149
tempus, 389
temulentus, 377
tendo, 378
tepere, 380
tero, 383
torquere, 380
torrere, 384
tremo, 395
trepido, 396
trepidus, 396
tundo, 390
ulciscor, 190
urgere, 438
urinari, 407
uro, ustus, 170
vacare, 200
vanus, 204
vannus, 206
veho/vexi, 432
vello, 209
venari, 413
venire, 101
vergere, 209
verto, 425
vestis, 405
vibrare, 415
victima, 408
vicus, 416
vidua, 411
viére, 435
vincire, 434
vivo, 223
vocare (Old), 200
volo, 421
voluö, 209, 420
vomere, 417
vorare, 109
vorti (Old), 425
voveö, 170
1.11.2 Italian
drappo, 75, 77
1.11.3 French
drapeau, draper, 75, 77
hagard, 247
1.11.4 Umbrian
frosetum, 78
re-per, 187
uacetum, 200
vufru, 170
1.11.5 Oscan
aiso-, 160
anamüm, 161
brateis, 107
1.12 Tocharian
aik- (B), 158
akalk (B), 221
anask- (B), 161
ak-, 172
akal (A), 221
ep(i)yac (B), 176
kam (A), 463
káln-, 357
kárnau, 338
káry-, kürnask- (B), 447
käs- (А), 326
kaus- (B), 251
kaut- (B), 228
keme (B), 463
kos- (A), 251
kot- (A), 228
ku- (B), 472
kwar-, 124
kwa- (B), 473
lit-, 309
luk-, 316
mai- (B), 257
mänt-, 264
márs-, 269
mäsk- (B), 178, 257
me- (A), 257
тепак, 273
mit- (B), 261
mus- (B), 272
nák-, 283
nám-, 281
nask- (B), 348
nu-, 285
ñaipa (B), 289
oksis (A), 429
opyac (A), 176
paks- (B), 304
pare (A), 293
587
pálla-, 85
pälw- (B), 275
par-, 10
park-, 13
pärko (A), 113
pärkäu (B), 113
pars-, 298
pak (A), 2
pake (B), 2
pas- (A), 289
pask- (B), 289
perak, 290
peri (B), 293
perpente, 6
pik- (A), 292
pink- (B), 292
prak- (A), 90
prek- (B), 90
ritt- (B), 310
ritw- (A), 310
säl- (B), 130
sälk- (B), 131
spaktanike (B), 354
spaktäm, 354
spaktänik (A), 354
stäm- (B), 363
swär (A), 141
syelme (B), 144
saru (A), 338
sausäm (B), 340
sänm- (A), 363
sät(A), 38
säte (B), 38
Saw-, 223
Scire (B), 365
serwe (B), 338
su-, 226
stám- (A), 363
tánk-, 392
tárka-, 380
tsák-, 54
tsám-, 55
wäp- (A), 402
wärksantän (A), 209
wäs- (B), 203
wás-, 405
watk-, 204
wap- (B), 402
yarke (B), 163
yase, 160
588
yaukk- (B), 218
yáp- (B), 213
yärk (A), 163
yärksät (A), 163
yäs-, 210
yät-, 215
yäw- (A), 213
yà- (A), 176
yask- (B), 210
yat-, 215
yuk-, 219
1.13 Phrygian
keneman (Old), 233
1.14 Thracian
Bevö-, 6
2 NON-INDO-
EUROPEAN LANGUAGES
2.1 Semitic languages
INDICES [Non-Indo-European languages]
2.1.1 Akkadian
naptu, 276
U-mi-is-si (Babyl.), 177
u-mu-ur-ga-’, 209
2.1.2 Aramaic
’w’r (Mand.), 208
’wspyz’, 147
h’lax, 131
whwms, 177
2.1.3 Syriac
'espezza, 147
b-avden, 50
gyn-’bspr, 161
mögä, 139
nys’, 214
parsagna, 32
prsh’, 325
2.1.4 Arabic
afsaraj, 93
anbär, 9
bagt, 2
baxt, 2
farsax, 325
falız, 53
fihrist, 198
Junäh, 283
muq, 139
wagt, 2
wara, 207
xaraj, 131
xarj, 131
2.1.5 Hebrew
ptsgn, 32
2.2 Other languages
2.2.1 Georgian
Jog-, 217
nazi, 286
nigoz-, 117
zar-i, 470
2.2.2 Abkhaz
a-zar, 470
2.2.3 Udmurt
vord-, 208
2.2.4 Hungarian
mu, 273
2.2.5 Tatar
basma, 299
2.2.6 Chuvash
basma, 299
2.2.7 Tibetan
(h)phrin, 87
2.2.8 Brahui
husing, 170
tela, 50
ENGLISH — IRANIAN INDEX
The English meanings have been extracted mainly from the translations of the head words in the
Etymological Dictionary part. Several specific meanings found within the entries have been added
(indicated by “s.v.”), but no attempt has been made to be comprehensive.
to abandon
abandonment
to accept
to accomplish
to achieve
to acquire
to act violently
to adorn
to affect
to afflict
affliction
to age, grow old
to agitate
to agree, approve
agreement, pact
to aid, help
*čiau (s.v.), *аѕ? (s.v.),
*harz (s.v.), *(H)uac (s.v.),
*mard, *raic, *raz (S.V.),
*tarH' (s.v.), *xar (s.v.),
*zaH (s.v.)
* Ота] (s.v.)
*eaz, *erabH (s.v.), *nam
(s.v.), *uais (s.v.)
*carH (s.v.), *(H)rad, *kar
(s.v.), *tac? (s.v.)
*bauH (s.v.), *Hap/f (s.v),
*Hraz (s.v.), *xrap!
*Hap/f (.v.), *Har' (s.v.),
*iauc (s.v.), *auf, *9uafn)],
*xraiH (s.v.), *xrap!
*HiH (s.v.), *Hmarz (s.v.),
*kard (s.v.), *tund
*Hraz (s.v.), *iat (s.v.), *pais,
*su(m)p/b’, *zai”
*Hrab/f , *raic? (s.v.)
*ban, *tac? (s.v.), *tamH
(s.v), *zarH' (s.v.)
*tap (s.v.), *zarH' (s.v.)
*iat (s.v.), *JaiH? (s.v.),
*zarH^
*jauz (s.v.), *manGH, *nam
(s.v.), *span(d)/sfan (d),
*xsaub (s.v.)
*baud' (s.v.), *fraiH (s.v.),
*eaHu (s.v.), *kar (s.v.),
*män (s.v.), *sac? (s.v.),
*sam, *sand (s.v.), *zaus
(s.v.)
*kar (s.v.), *pas (s.v.), *sam
(s.v.)
*(d)banz’ (s.v.), *HauH, *iat
(s.v.), *kars/xrah (s.v.), *rap/f
to aim
to amass, heap
to anger
anger
to appear
to apportion
to approach
to arrange
to ascend, rise
to ask
to aspire to
to assemble
to assign
to assist
to atone
*Haxs', *kap/f (s.v.), *raxs,
*yaid (s.v.)
*bar (s.v.), *cai', *daiz (s.v.),
*das’, *gart (s.v.), *suaH
(s.v.), *tauf (s.v.), *uart
(s.v.), *uaz (s.v.)
*eram, *juar (s.v.), *uaz
(s.v.), *zarH'
*cai! (s.v.), *diHp (s.v.),
*zarH' (s.v.)
*daiH' (s.v.), *датН? (s.v.),
*Hai (s.v.), *Huaj (s.v.), *ias,
*kas', *maH' (s.v.), *sac?
(s.v.), *sand, *spas (s.v.),
*yai(H)n (s.v.), *uar(H)'
(s.v)
*baj, *baxs
*iat
*dar' (s.v.), *das?, *Hraz
(s.v.), *paus (s.v.), *sac? (s.v.)
*damb (s.v.), *fan (s.v.),
*frau' (s.v.), *gam' (s.v.),
*gamp/b’ (s.v.), *Hah’ (s.v.),
*Hai (s.v.), *Har' (s.v.),
*Hraz (s.v.), *kas? (s.v.),
*pat, *san, *uart (s.v.), *xac,
*xaiz
*jad, *fras/prs, *ka(H)r
(s.v.), *kauz! (s.v.), *uaid?
(s.v.), *xuaz (s.v.)
*sparz
*gam! (s.v.), *garf, *tauf
(s.v.), *uaz (s.v.), *uiac (s.v.)
*cais, *daH' (s.v.)
*iat (s.v.), *rap/f
*čať , *fraiH
590
to attach
to attack
to attain
to attend to
to bake
to barter
to be
to be able
to be acquainted
to be afflicted
to be anxious
to be appropriate to
to be ashamed
to be awake,
wake up
to be boasting,
boast
to be born
to be brimming
to be busy,
occupied
to be calm
to be concerned
to be content
to be contentious
to be corrupted
to be deceived
to be delicate
to be delighted,
enjoy, rejoice
to be distressed,
in distress
INDICES [English — Iranian]
*band (s.v.), *čap, *darz,
*kas?, *rag, *srais, жас?
(s.v)
*Hrab/f,, *kap/f' (s.v.), *kard
(s.v.), *naic, *uan (s.v.)
*Hap/f, *Hnas, *tac?
*iam (s.v.), *spas, *xaiz (s.v.)
*bra(i)j, *ear? (s.v.), *pac
(s.v.)
*harH
*bauH, *Hah', *таН?
*dais! (s.v.), *Hais, *Hnar,
*kar (s.v.), *sac’, *tary (s.v.),
*tauH
*grabH (s.v.), *uat, *zanH?
(s.v)
*baid (s.v.), *ban, *raub,
*GrauH (s.v.)
*xsai
*xrap!
*f#ar', *Sam (s.v)
*Hgar, *jaiH!' (s.v.), *tac!
(s.v.), Som (s.v.), *zanH?
(s.v)
*gaub (s.v.), *ndz (s.v.),
*raHz (s.v.), *srag
*Har' (s.v.), *jaiH'! (s.v.),
*k(a)ur, *zanH!
*uarHz
*Hap/f (s.v.), suaH (s.v.),
*Quaxs, *uais
*čiaH’, *Hram
* Quaxs (s.v.), *uais
*saiH (s.v.), *sand (s.v.),
*xsamH, *xsnaw (s.v.)
*staij
*jaiH?
*dab (s.v.), *ia(m)b/p (s.v.),
*nas (s.v.), *uarc (s.v.)
*naz
*bauf, *fraiH, *gaHz (s.v.),
*gar', *gäz (s.v.), *Hram
(s.v.), *raH (s.v.), *ran(H),
*yarHz (s.v.), *zars', *zaus
*darH (s.v.), *nad
to be destroyed,
perish
to be devoted to
to be empty
to be envious
to be excited
to be faulty
to be foolish
to be forceful
to be glad, happy
to be glorious
to be haughty,
proud
to be helpful
to be hungry
to be ill
to be in command
to be in commotion
to be incomplete
to be informed
to be like, resemble
to be lord of, rule
to be moist, wet
to be occupied,
busy
to be proportionate
to be proud
to be related
to be seated
to be skilful, skilled
to be small
to be soft, soften
to be stern
to be stuck
to be suitable, fit
to be supportive
*Hai (s.v.), *Hrais (s.v.),
*jaiH’, *kan! (s.v.), *nas,
*said' (s.v.), *san (s.v.), *sap
(s.v.), *uraid (s.v.), xSan
(s.v)
*Huaid(H)
*HuaH’, *taus
*Hars
*jauz (s.v.), *Quanz (s.v.),
*xšuaip/b (s.v.), *zars!
*gaHu
*maug
*HamH
*CiaH', *xšnav (s.v.)
*naz
*gaub (s.v.), *Hraz (s.v.),
*näz, *uraz
*(d)banz?
*nad (s.v.), *uars
*daj (s.v.), *darH (S.v.),
*rais (s.v.), *saiH (s.v.), *tap
(s.v.), *xràs (s.v.)
*sac?
*iauz
*HuaH?
*yat
*baH (s.v.), *man
*Hais, *Hraz (s.v.), *xSaH
*garH? (s.v.), *haic, *nab
(s.v.), *snaud
*Hap/f (s.v.), suaH (s.v.),
*Quaxs, *uais
*xrap!
*gaub (s.v.), *Hraz (s.v.),
*naz, *uraz
*k(a)ur
*had, *HaHh
*dau’, *Hnar
*kas*
*mraH, *naz (s.v.), *urad
*stamb(H)
*gar* (s.v.), *gauz (s.v.),
*pad, *tač (s.v.), *ға(п)с
(s.v)
*(d)banz’, *sac
*(d)banz?
to be thirsty
to be torn
to be unmoving
to be unsteady
to be wanting
to be worried
to be worth
to bear
to bear, be pregnant
to beat
to become
to be(come) afraid
(of), fear
to become agitated
to be(come) angry
to be(come)
attentive
to be(come) caring,
comfort
to become cold,
freeze
to become
confused
to be(come) dense
to become drunk,
intoxicated
to become dry,
dry out
to become
enthousiastic
to become joyous
to become narrow
to become pleasant
to become quiet
to become savoury
INDICES [English - Iranian]
*tars
*dar? (s.v.), *huah (s.v.),
*Hrais, *said' (s.v.), *skauH
(s.v.), *tard (s.v.), *9uar/tur
(s.v.)
*stamb(H)
*Grap/tarp
*eaHu
*xsai
*Harj, *xSaH (s.v.)
*bar, *tauH (s.v.), *xsamH
*zanH! (s.v.)
*daH’, *jan (s.v.), *ka(H)ud
(s.v.), *kaup!, *kaus! (s.v.),
*namH, *pais (s.v.), *skard
(s.v.), *xad
*bauH, *gan, *maH?
*baiH, *pau, *ram (s.v.),
*9rah, *9ram, *xraud
*jauz (s.v.), *span(d)/sfan(d),
*yaij (s.v.)
*yaij(s.v.), *uaz (s.v.),
*xraud, *zarH' (s.v.)
* 9am
* Jam
*bad (s.v.), *ciaH/ciH,
*saiH/siH, *sarH!
*gaiz (s.v.), *raub, *Suaxs
(s.v.), *uaiš (s.v.), *uar(H)?
(s.v.), *xraud, *xsai (s.v.),
*xSuaip/b (s.v.)
*(d)banz', *tanc
d
*mad
*Hhaus, *HuaH' (s.v.),
жаН? (s.v.)
*urad
*mad', *yrad
*tané
*huad
*erabH (s.v.), *Hram (s.v.),
*saiH (s.v.), *samH, *zap/f
*huad
to be(come) stiff,
stiffen
to become still
to be(come) strong
to be(come) thick,
fat
to be(come) tired,
bored
to befall
to beget, give birth
to behave like a
banner
to belch
to believe
to bend
to benefit
to bestow
to bewail
to bind
to bite
to blame
to bless
to blink
to block
to bloom
to blossom
to blow
to boil
to bore
to bow
to brand
to bray
to break
591
*gar’, *starH’, *stamb(H),
*stranj
*zap/f
*damH? (s.v.), *tauH
*damH? (s.v.), *(d)banz!,
*Hnar (s.v.)
*(d)man (s.v.), *huah, *Hubj
(s.v.), *mraH (s.v.), *raic
(s.v.), *rand (s.v.), *samH,
*tamH
*gan, *huah, *kap/f'
*hauH’, *zanH!
*drafs
*Hrauj
*pair, *uar(H)!
*bauj , *kamp, *kauc, *nam
*suan
*baj, *baxs, *nau (s.v.)
*(H)raudH, *zarH°
*band, *daH', *hHai, Soul.
*раѕ
*dans, *gaz, *xsau (s.v.)
*Hranj (s.v.), *mard (s.v.),
*part (s.v.), *uraid, *zarH!'
(s.v)
*fraiH (s.v.), *huanH (s.v.),
*marzd (s.v.), *suan
*maij!
*Hram (s.v.), *marH’, *raud,
*yaid (s.v.)
*(H)spar(H)j, *spaic
*(H)spar(H)j
*damH°, *HuaH!, *pazd'
*baru', *iah, *urad (s.v.)
*su(m)p/b!
*bauj (s.v.), *kauc (s.v.),
*nam, *suaH (s.v.)
*daj (s.v.), *drau(H)s
*отай/отаі9 (s.v.), *nar,
*nard (s.v.), *raH (s.v.)
*baid (s.v.), *baj,
*braj,*(H)raud, *Hraup,
*(H)spar(H)j, *maz, *rauj',
*rauxs, *said', *sarH’,
*scand, *xrau
592
to break wind
to breathe
to brew
to bring
to bring up
to bubble
to build
to bulge
to burn
to burst
to buy
to call, claim
to cane
cane
to carry
to carry out
to cast
to castrate
to cause to go,
thread
to celebrate
to chain
INDICES [English — Iranian]
*pard
*ЛатН?, *HanH
*bary!
*bar, *Haz (s.v.), *Huad
(s.v.), *iam (s.v.), *naiH!
(s.v.), *par? (s.v.), *srai
(s.v.), *uaz (s.v.)
*Hraud (s.v.), *san (s.v.)
*iah
жаі! (s.v.), *daiz, *damH",
*Hmai', *skamb (s.v.), *suaH
(s.v.), *tas (s.v.)
*sauH
*daj, *dauH!, *hau’, *Haid,
*Haus, *kaup’ (s.v.), *pax
(s.v.), *sauc’, *tab (s.v.)
*Hrais (s.v.), *(H)raud (s.v.),
*(H)spar(H)j, *kap/f (s.v.),
*rand (s.v.), *rauj', *skap/f
(s.v.), *skauH (s.v.), *tard
(s.v.)
*erabH (s.v.), *Harj (s.v.),
*Hnas (s.v.), Som (s.v.),
*parH?. (s.v.), *staHn (s.v.),
*xraiH
*drau', *ан?, *gard! f
*garH!, *gauH, *huanH,
*raHz, *said’, *sauc’,
*uab/f! , *xraus, *zauH
*saif
*nad (s.v.)
*bar, *cap (s.v.), *gam' (s.v.),
*garH? (s.v.), *Haz (s.v.),
*Huad, *iat (s.v.), *kars/xrah
(s.v.), *naiH' (s.v.), *uaz
*bar (s.v.), *iauj (s.v.), *san
(s.v.), *uarz (s.v.)
*dais’ (s.v.), *harc, *ram
(s.v)
*drau(H)s (s.v.), *saH (s.v.),
*skap/f (S.v.),
*pazd
*jaz (s.v.), *karH!
*darz (s.v.), *hHai
to change
to change colour
to chase
toc
toc
toc
toc
toc
toc
toc
nase away
hat, talk
heat, deceive
herish
hew
noose
num
to clean, cleanse
to claim, call
to cleave
to cling
to clothe
to coagulate
to collapse
to collect
to colour
*gart (s.v.), *Hmai’, *harH
(s.v.), *iaup, *mai9HP, *yart
(s.v.)
*baH (s.v.), *pais (s.v.),
*yaip (s.v.)
*daH (s.v.), *Наг (s.v.),
*naiH' (s.v.), *pazd (s.v.),
*saij (s.v.), *saru, *skar
(s.v.), *tac? (s.v.), *tarH'
(s.v.), *uaiH
*Haz (s.v.), *(H)uac (s.v.),
*siazd (s.v.), *uaz (s.v.)
*dau, *zrad
*dab, *drauj, *karz
*(H)uandH, *sand (s.v.)
*bary’, *enaic, *jiauH, *xad
(s.v.), *xsau
*cai! (s.v.), *9гйў (s.v.),
*uaic (s.v.), *uar(H)', *zaus
(s.v)
*man8H, *jan (s.v.), *kaup'
(s.v.), *naiH”, *San (s.v.)
*cai! (s.v.), *tarH? (s.v.),
*uaic (s.v.), *xšad, *zaË
(s.v)
*drau', *gaHP, *gard! ;
*garH!, *gauH, *huanH,
*raHz, *said’, *sauc’,
*uab/f! , *xraus, *zau H
*kap/f (s.v.), *scand, *skap/f
(s.v.), *tard (s.v.), *tas (s.v.)
*ha(n)j, *rag, *srais (s.v.)
*drap (s.v.), *gaud (S.v.),
*(h)mauc, *paus
*gar*, *Hané (s.v.), *mad’,
*saiH/siH (s.v.)
*brans, *pat (s.v.), *xsan
(s.v.)
*bar (s.v.), *ёаї!, *daub
(s.v.), *Har? (s.v.), *kan?
(s.v.), *raup! (s.v.), *skar
(s.v.), *suaH (s.v.), *tauf.
(s.v.), *9ua(n)j (s.v.), *uart
(s.v.), *uaz (s.v.)
*huar’, *kar (s.v.), *pais
(s.v.), *ra(n)j
colour
to come
to come to a halt
to commit oneself
to compensate
to complain
to conceal
to conclude an
agreement
to condemn
to conquer
to consider
to constrict
to construct
to consume
to contain
to contend
to contract
to convince
to cook
to cool
to coquet
to cough
to count
to cover
to cover
to crack
to crackle
to crawl
to creep
to cross over
to crush
to cry
to curdle
to cure
to curse
to cushion
to cut
to cut down
INDICES [English - Iranian]
*baH (s.v.), supra
*carH, *čiau (s.v.), *gam',
*Hai (s.v.), *Har' (s.v.)
*Giaj
*par!
*zamH
*mar
*gauz, *maus(H), *sar!
*hmar (s.v.), *sam
*uraid
*hanH, *jai
*man
*tanc
*tas
*huar!
*yiac
*yar
*kauc
*yar(H)!
*gar’, *pac, *paxš
*sarH!
Dud:
*xaf
*hmar
*barz’, *gaud, *Huar',
*paus, *sad, *uiaH
*skauH
*skap/f
*HrauH
*ia(m)b/p, *xaz
*xaz
*par’, *tarH!
*darš , *Hmard, *ka(H)ud,
*marH' , *pais, *uraiH,
*zamb?
*ban (s.v.), *bram, *nau(H),
*raH
*mad
*bisaz
*sap
*barz?
*braiH, *Hrais, *kap/f,
*kart', *saH, *tas, *9uars,
*xsau
*drauH
to cut off
to damage
to dare
dawn, day
to deceive, cheat
to declare
to decompose
to decrease
to defeat
to defecate
to defend
to deliver
to delude
to demand
to deprive
to descend
to desire
to despise
to destroy
to deviate
to devour
to die
to dig
to diminish
to direct
disagreement,
discord
to disappear
to discard
to dismount
to disparage
to disperse
to distance from
distress
to distribute
to disturb
to divide
to do
593
*uai
*maiH, *maréc, *ras
*dars!
*baH (s.v.)
*dab, *drauj, *karz
*sanh
*frait/9.
*maiH, *narp
*staup
*Cialf (s.v), *HraiH, *xard
*Hraxs, *Hyar
*bauj?
*drau°
*jaH, *jad
*zaiH
*xa(m)p/b
*оаНи, *gard, *Hais, *Haiz,
*kaH', *kaHm, *rauj’, *xSij,
*xuaz
*mard
Stat, *kan', *Hmarz (s.v.),
*kan! (s.v.), *marc, *Hrais
(s.v.), *said', *zaiH
*mai 9H?
*xsau, *xad
*mar', *frait/9 (s.v.), *rai9!
*kanH', *kap/f, *Hrad, *xaH
*kas*
*Hraz
*baj (s.v.)
*daiH' (s.v.), *Hai (s.v.), *fan
(s.v), *gauz (s.v.), *HuaH?
(s.v.), *аїН (s.v.), *nas
*mai 9H?
*xa(m)p/b
*mard
* Quai, *uap!
*siazd
*darH (s.v.), *maud (s.v.),
*staup (s.v.), *tanč (s.v.),
*xsai (s.v.), *zauH (s.v.)
*Дан?
*gaiz
*baj, *baxs, *daH°
*kar, *uarz
594
to drag
to draw
to draw a line
to draw (picture)
to dress,
wear clothes
to drink
to drip
to drive
to drop
to dwell
to dye
to earmark
to eat
to elect
to emit flames
to employ
to empty
to endeavour
to enjoy, be
delighted,
rejoice
to enter
to entertain
to entrust
to equalize
to equip
to erect
to err
to escape
to establish
to esteem
to exchange
to excite
to exert
to experience
to expiate
to explain
to explore
to extend
INDICES [English — Iranian]
*fSan, *uarc, жағ
*Напё, *kars/*xrah, *kauc,
* Ganj, *zars
*Hraz
*kar (s.v.)
*drap (s.v.), *gaud (S.v.),
*(h)mauc, *paus
*čaš , *huar' (s.v.), *JiauH
(s.v.), *9anj (s.v.), *paH’,
*yaz (s.v.)
*čaš , *srasc
*hauH', *Haz, *skar, *uaz
*raiz', *zgar
*dar', *(d)man, *Hauc,
*Huah’, *mai9H!, *аі
*ra(n)j
*skauH
*eas?, *far! ‚ *HasH, *huar',
*spaH, *xad
*uaic
*sauc!
*jauj
*taus
*buHs, *diHu
*bauf, *fraiH, *gaHz (s.v.),
*gar', *gäz (s.v.), *Hram
(s.v.), *raH (s.v.), *ran(H),
*yarHz (s.v.), *zars', *zaus
*yais, *xrap°
*yraz, *xsnaw.
*spar
*par
*zai?
*suaH
*maug
*(h)rah, *raz
*yindar
*srag
*harH, *Нтаіў , *хќпаи?
*gaiz
*gamp/b?
*bauf
*tauj
*sanh
*xsaH
*har’, *tan
to extort
to extract
to fade
to faint
to fall
to fart
to fashion
to fasten
to fear, be(come)
afraid (of)
to feed
to feel
to fight
to fill
to find
to fit, be suitable
to fix
to fixate
to flap
to flee
to float
to flog
to flow
to flutter
to fly
to fly up
to follow
to forget
to forgive
to form
fortune
to foster
to free
to freeze, become
cold
to fume
to gain
2
*eam*
*hau'
*maiH
*tamH, *tand
*brans, *duai, *(h)rah,
*kap/f', *kas’, *pad, *pat,
*raiz’
*pard
*Hmai!
*darz, *dra(n)j
*baiH, *pau, *ram (s.v.),
* гай, *9ram, *xraud
*CarH (s.v.), *kars/xrah
(s.v.), *paiH, *uarHz (s.v.)
*baud'
*Hiaud, *Hrab/f, *kaus ,
*naic, *par’, *part, *ran(H),
*yaz
*kan’, *parc, *parH'
*uaid^
*(d)banz’, *sac
*dra(n)j, *Hmai'
*Hmai!
*duaj
*mu(n)9, *Srah
*mrauc
*saif
*frau’, *gzrä(H)d, *gZar,
*hrau, *Hmaij’, *Hraic,
*naid, *tac', *taH, *uaz
(s.v.), *zgar
*duaj, *fast
*duanH, *frau' *parn, *pat,
*yaz (s.v.)
*drafs
*hac
*mars
*marzd, *xsad
*daiz, *Quars
*baj (s.v.)
*maiz”
*bauf, *mauc!
*CjaH/ciH, *saiH/siH
*dyanH
*auf
to gallop
to gather
to get
to get even
to gird, girdle
to give
to give birth
to glorify
to glue
to gnaw
to go
to go forth
to go over
to go to sleep
to go towards
to gorge
to grab
greed, greedy
to greet
to grieve
to grind
to grow
to grow old, age
to growl
to guard
to hail [weather]
to hand over
to hang on
to happen, occur
to harm
to harness
to hasten
to hate
to have a share
to have a sore
to have grace
to have mercy, pity
to have pain
INDICES [English - Iranian]
*zgad
*cai', *garj’, Маш]
*Qua(n)j
*par
*iaHh
*baj, *daH' , *HraH, *parH°
*haulf, *zanH'
*mag
*srais (s.v.)
*enaic, *xsau
*Ciau, *gaH', *Hai, *Hrab/f ,
*iat, *ram, *uraj, *xar,
*xramH, *zuar
*rai 9! , *uraj, *zead
*par
*saiH
*Har!
*eah, *xad
*erabH, *Hrab/f
*garH' (sv.), *Haz (s.v.),
*rauf (s.v.)
*garH!
*HiH
*draus, *HarH, *pais
*Hraud, *(H)uard, *uarHz,
*uaxs
*iat (s.v.), *јаіН? (s.v.),
*zarH*
*HrauH
*har', *Haxs’, *paH!
*fiahu
*spar
*ha(n)j
*čiau (s.v.), *gan, *gars!
(s.v.), *iat (s.v.), *kar (s.v.),
*zgad (s.v.), *xaiz (s.v.)
*maiH, *ras, *xsan
*jauj
*stap, *tauj !, *Syar/tur
*duais
*baj, *baxs
*huar*
*xsad
*xsad, *marzd
*darH
to have sexual
intercourse
to heal
to heap, amass
to hear
to heat
to help, aid
to hide
to hinder
to hit
to hold
to honour
honour
to howl
to hunt
to hurl
to hurry
to hurt
to impel
to implore
to imprison
to incite
to increase
to inflict a wound
to injure
to inquire
to inspire
to instruct
to insult, offend
to invoke
to itch
to join
to jump
to keep
to keep down
to kick
to kill
to kindle
to kiss
595
*gaH, *Hiab
*bisaz
*bar (s.v.), *cai', *daiz (s.v.),
*das’, *gart (s.v.), *suaH
(s.v.), *tauf (s.v.), *uart
(s.v.), *uaz (s.v.)
*gaus, *srau, *x$nau!
ear), *tap
*(d)banz (s.v.), *HauH, *iat
(s.v.), *kars/xrah (s.v.),
*rap/f
*gauz, *sar!
*marH’, *raud
*éak/g, *daH°, *daub, *xad
*baj (s.v.), *dar', *dra(n)j,
*iam, *iau'
*barj, *das', *zarH° (s.v.)
*baH (s.v.), *baiH (s.v.)
*raH
*saru, *uaiH
*xSaip/b
*Quar/tur
*xad, *xšan, *zarH!
*éaud, *sar’, *tauj', жуа!
*Haiid, *uah’
*kas
*gaiz, *hauH,, *sar?
*fraHd, *gau, *(H)uard,
*ғаиН?, *uaxs, *xaiz
*xad
*HiH
*fras/prs
*yat
*danh, *saHh
*HiH, *Hnaid
*gauH
*hyar*
*band (s.v.), *darb
*raiz
*dar', *hap
*Hubj, *kard
*sparH
*jan, *kaus’
*gar!
*baud' (s.v.), *maic (s.v.)
596
to knead
to know
to labour
to lack
to lactate
to lament
to languish
to laugh
to lay around
to lead
to lead astray
to lean
to learn
to leave
to leave behind
to lessen
to let (go)
to lick
to lie
to lie down
light
to light a fire
to light up
to listen
to live
to live at home
to load
to long for
to look
to look for
to look for
to loosen
to lose
to love
luck
to make
to make a crack
to make a noise
to make angry
to make anxious
to make furrows
to make grow
INDICES [English — Iranian]
жолуў
*yaid', *ап?
*одтр/Ь?
*НиаН?
*paiH
*ban (s.v.), *garz, *karp,
*nard, *xsai, *zarH (s.v.)
*tand
*xand
*Huarj
*Haz, *Huad, *naiH' , *rai9'
*drau°
*srai
*iauc, *mauc?
*(h)rah, *raic, *raz, *zaH
*raic, *xa(m)p/b, *zaH
*kas*
*(h)rah, *harz, *(H)uac,
*mauc! , *raic
*raiz!
*drauj
*saiH
*baH (s.v.)
*braHz, *daiH’
*diHp
*gaus, *srau, *x$nau!
*jaiH, *Sai
*Hauc
*darz
*Haiz, *xsij
*daiH! , *haiz, *kas! , *kaus?
*Hais
*skar
*sraGH
*u az
*kaHm, *kanH’, *yarHz
(s.v.), *raub (s.v.), *zaus
(s.v.)
*baj (s.v.)
*kar, *tas
*skap/f
*sinj, *uas
*xraud
*Hiaud (s.v.)
*karH?
*uarHz
to make high
to make ill
to make known
to make noise
to make pregnant
to make pleasant
to make savoury
to make up
to make wet
to mark
to marry
to measure
to melt
to milk
to mingle
to mistreat
to mix
to moan
to moisten, make
wet
mortar
to mount
to mourn
to move
to move away
to move rapidly
to move to
to move to and fro
to move unsteadily
to mow
to mumble
to need
to neglect
to nourish
to observe
to occur, happen
to offend, insult
*barz!
*ban (s.v.), *rais (s.v.)
*cais (*kais)
*nad
*Hiab (s.v.)
*huad
*huad
*su(m)p/b^
*nab
*daxs, *drau(H)&, *Haxs",
*raxs
*Huad
*maH"
*taH, *taHc
*dauc', *daux
*maiz', *raid’, *yar(H)’
*mrau
*maiz', *rai9, *sarH’,
*uar(H)°
*(H)raudH, *karp, *mar,
*nard
*oarH’, *haic, *nab
*baj (s.v.), *dars’ (s.v.), *hau
(s.v.)
*san, *zgad
*maud, *zarH (s.v.)
*čiaHľ, *cjau, *fan, *fast,
*gaH', *ia(m)b/p, *kaiH,
*miHu, *nau, *ram, *suaH,
*yaz
*xa(m)p/b
*barH
*gamp/b', *maij?
*farc
*Grap/tarp, *zuar
*cai! (s.v.), *drauH
*karp
*gaHu
*mard
*9ғаНи, *parH', *yarHz
*бар, *čait/9, *hap, *har!
*čiau (s.v.), *gan, *gars!
(s.v.), *iat (s.v.), *kar (s.v.),
*zgad (s.v.), *xaiz (s.v.)
*HiH, *Hnaid
to offer
to open
to oppress
to overcome
to paint
to pale
to pant
to pass
to pasture
to pave
to pay
to pay back
to pay tribute
to peel off
to perceive
to perish
to pervade
to pervert
to pick
picture, image
to pierce
to pinch
to place
to play
to please
to plough
to pluck
to plunder
to poke
to pound
to pour
to praise
to pray
to prepare
to prepare a drink
to present
to press
to press on
INDICES [English - Iranian]
*HraH, *mag
*bauf, *xaH
*siazd, *stap, *9ra(n)č,
*GrauH
*staup, *taru
*huar’, *pais
*baH (s.v.)
*suah
*fan, *sac?, *xar
*CarH (s.v.), *paH!
*Hrad
ба, *tauf
*auf
*harH
*draub
ба
*Hai (s.v.), *Hrais (s.v.),
*jaiH’, *kan! (s.v.), *nas,
*said' (s.v.), *san (s.v.), *sap
(s.v.), *uraid (s.v.), *xsan
(s.v.)
*rai9?
"ja(m)b/p (s.v.)
*daub
*kar (s.v.)
*skard, *su(m)p/b! , *tard
*paic
*daH’, *kan', *staH
*u az
*fraiH, *rauf
*karH’, *karš/*xrah
*rauH, *HuarH
*HuarH
*skauH
*ka(H)ud, *ka(H)us, *kaup!
*haic, *Hraic, *Hmaij , *zau
*barj, *Hauj, *(H)uandH,
*karH'! , *stau
жна?
*sac?
ar
#рағН?
*bäd, *fSar’, *gam’, *hau',
*stap
*Quanz, *manH
to proclaim
to prosper
to protect
to protrude
to pull
to pull out
to pursue
to push down
to put
to put in pieces
to put on clothes
to put out
to put together
to quiver
to radiate
to rain
to raise
to rake
to reach
to reach out
to reap
to recall
to receive
to regale
to reject
to rejoice, be
delighted, enjoy
to release
to release [sound]
to relieve oneself
to remain
to remark
to remember
to remove, erase
to repay
to repel
to request
to research
to resemble, be like
597
*mrauH (s.v.), *uac (s.v.),
*zauH (s.v.)
*Hard
*Hraxs, *Hyar’, *paH',
*graH, *sad
*xac
Son!
*rauH
*skar
*yraiH
*daH’, *kan!
*uarc
*drap
*Huaj
*srais
*spard
*baH (s.v.), *ГаіН?,*ғаиё
*Hmaijf , *uaHr
*uaizd
*saif
*Hap/f, *Har', *Hnas, *iat,
*tac?
*iam
*drauH
*hmar
жейт, *tac?
*uraz, *xsnaw.
*(h)rah
*bauf, *fraiH, *gaHz (s.v.),
*gar', *gäz (s.v.), *Hram
(s.v.), *raH (s.v.), *ran(H),
*yarHz (s.v.), *zars', *zaus
*bauj”, *harz, *(Н)иас,
*mauc! , *raic
*(H)spar(H)j
*CiaH?
*(d)man, *Huah?
*cait/9
rau, *HiaH, *hmar
*bar (s.v.), *star (s.v.), *tac?
(s.v.), *uar(H)' (s.v.)
*tauĵ , *zamH
*siazd
*iaH
*xsaH
*baH (s.v.), *man
598
to resign oneself
to respect
to rest
to reveal
to reward
to ride
to rise, ascend
to roam
to roar
to roast
to rob
to roll
to rot
to rove
to rub
to rule, be lord of
to run
to rustle, tremble
sacrifice
to sacrifice
to satisfy
to save
to saw
to say
to scatter
to scold
to scorch
to scorn
to scrape
to scratch
to search
INDICES [English — Iranian]
*xsamH
*yaz!
*CaiH’, *cial
*daxs
*zamH
*bar (s.v.)
*damb (s.v.), *fan (s.v.),
*frau' (s.v.), *gam' (s.v.),
*gamp/b’ (s.v.), *Hah’ (s.v.),
*Hai (s.v.), *Har' (s.v.),
*Hraz (s.v.), *kas? (s.v.),
*pat, *san, *uart (s.v.), *xac,
*xaiz
*bramH
*earj , *grait/erai9, *eram,
*nar, *uäs
*bra(i)j
*HuarH, *raup!
*naj
*frait/9, *pauH
"ja(m)b/p
*dauH’, *garš, *marH!,
*Hmars, *Hmarz, *samH,
*sard, *sauH!, Sort"
*Hais, *Hraz (s.v.), *xsaH
*dau', *dram, *drau’, *duar,
*gaHz, *paud, *saij, *tac’,
*yaiH
*xsaub
*band (s.v.)
*iaz, *uai
*spaH
*bauf
*harn
*gaub, *HaH(a)d, *Hauj,
*juar, *mrauH, *uac, *zag
*karH’, *9ràs, *yap'
*grait/graiG, *Hrais (s.v.),
*(H)uandH (s.v.), *raH (s.v.),
*stau (S.V.)
*haw
*Hnaid
*kap/f, *rand
*draub, *huar”, *xrás, *xrau
1
*kauz
to search for
pastures
to see
to seek
to seem
to seize
to select
to sell
to send
to sense
to separate
to serve
to set
to set fire
to set in motion
to set on fire, alight
to sew
to shake
to shame
to sharpen
to shave
to shear
to shear off
to shed
to shelter
to shield
to shine
to shoot
to shout
to show
to sift
to sin
to sing
to sip
to sit
to sit down
to slaughter
to slay
*haiz
Soa), *daiH! , *dars, *hais,
*kaus’, *uai(H)n
*Hiaud, *kauz!
*sand
*Cap, *erabH, *zanj
*uaic
*baxs (s.v.), *daH' (s.v.),
*HraH (s.v.), *uaxs (s.v.)
*harc, *saij
*baud'
*iau’, *yaic
*spas
*staH
*Haid
*HaisH, *Har’, *kaiH, *zai'
*braHz, *daiH’
*éaiH!', *darb, *darz, *dauc’,
*hiauH
*¿at, *Hraiz, *rarz, *San,
*Grah, *uaij, *uaip, *ua(n)c,
*xSuaip/b
*fsar!
*ti(n)f , *xšnau!
*braiH, *pas, *yap’, *xšau
*braiH, *paš, *xšau
*rauH
*ras
*Hrak
*sad
*baH, *braHz, *daiH’,
*diHp, *drafs, *Huah',
*rauc, *rauxsn, *spaic, *Sam
*Haxs', *raxs, *uaid®
*raHz, *ийѕ
*Cas', *dais', *daxs, *ias
*uaic
*star
*gaH, *Harc, *uab/f' (s.v.),
*zarH? (s.v.)
*hrab
*had, *HaHh
*еаіН?
*mrau
*jan, *uadH
to sleep
to slumber
to smear
to smell
to smoke
to smoothen
to sneeze
to snore, snort
to snow
to soak
to soften, be soft
to sort out
to sound
to sow
to speak
to spin
splendour
to split
to spread
to sprinkle
to sprout
to spur
to squeak
to squeeze
to stab
to stagger
to stain
to stand
to start
to steal
to steep
to stick
to stiffen, be(come)
stiff
to sting
to stink
to stir
to stream
to stretch
to strew
INDICES [English - Iranian]
*enauH, *hah, *huap/f,
*saiH
*enauH
*dauH’, *raip, *sard
*baud’, *eant, *eraH, *pauH
*pazd'
*rand
*frau (s.v.), *pazd' (s.v.),
*xsnaus
*frau 9.
*snaij
*garH?
*mraH, *naz (s.v.), *urad
*uaic
*hyar’, *nad, *staub/f, *zag
*karH°, *tau
*dau, *far’, *HaH(a)d,
*HuadH, *juar, *uab/f' (s.v.),
*uac, *zrad
*gaip/b, *urais
*baH (s.v.)
*baid, *dar’, *fsan, *Hrais,
*kap/f , *said' , *skap/f, *tard
*HyanH, *karH? ,*starH' ,
*tau, * Gras, *9uai
*pars
*(H)spar(H)j
*Hranj
*xsuaid
*hau'
*staij
*ua(n)c
*huar
*pad, *staH, *uindar
*gaHz
*maus(H), *tarp
*garH?
*Cap, *kard
*gar’, *starH’, *stamb(H),
*stranj
*gaz
*gant, *pauH
*eaiz, *man3H, *sar?
*taH
*har^, *iam, *tan
*pars, *Oras
to stride
to strike
to strike down
to strive
to struggle
to stumble
to submerge
to succeed
to suck
to suckle
to suffer
to supervise
to support
to swallow
to swear
to sweat
to sweep
to swell
to swim
to swing
to take
to take away
to take care
to take pleasure in
to take position
to take refuge
to take wing
to talk, chat
to tame
to teach
to tear
to tear out
to tend
to think
599
*xramH
*čak/g, *Cap, *daH’, *damb,
*daub, *gan, *huah, *jan,
*karc, *namH, *sna9H, *xad
*kap/f!
*Hiaud, *sparz
*Hiaud, *kaus' , *par’, *part,
*xàaz
*skarf
*mrauc
*(H)rad
*daH’, *dauxs, *hrab, *maic
*daH’, *dauxs
*baid (s.v.), *Hraup, *rais,
*xsamH
*Haxš
*rap/f, *skamb
*baru’, *ciam, *garH"
*huar’, *sap
*hyaid
*raup’, *star
*damH’, *ѕаиН?
*snaH
*yaij, *uaip
*erabH, *huar’, *Hnas,
*staHn
*raup', *zaiH
*maiz”
*kaH!, *kanH’, *naz, *zaus
*iat
*Hrak
*parn
*dau, *zrad
*damH?
*čaiš, *Cas', *danh, *daxs,
*iauc, *mauc’, *saHh
*baj (s.v.), *dar’, *fsan,
*harc, *Hrais, *(H)raud,
*Hraup, *xrau
*HuarH
* Jam
*cas’ (s.v.), *dais! (s.v.),
*fraw (s.v.), *hmar (s.v.),
*Hear (s.v.), *Hram (s.v.),
*kar (s.v.), *man, *paH'
(s.v)
600
to thresh
to throw
to throw down
to thrust
to thunder
to tie
to till the land
time
to tolerate
to touch
to trade
to transport
to tread
to tremble
to triumph
to turn
to twist
to twitch
to understand
to undulate
to unite with
to unsheathe
to urge
to urinate
to use as support
to utter
to venerate
to vibrate
violent, violence
to vomit
INDICES [English — Iranian]
*huah
*čiaHľ, *dais’, *duanH,
*oarH’, *Hah’, *HuanH,
*kan', *kauz’, *mai9H’,
*suaH, *tau, *uaid’, *xsaip/b
*star
*spauc
*earj', *gram, *nar
*darb, *era9H, *pas
*yarz
*baj (s.v.), *fan (s.v.), *gam'
(s.v.), *had (s.v.), *sac? (s.v.)
*xsamH
*Hmars, *Hrab/f. , *skauH
*harH
Жах
*sparH, *xramH
*Cat, *drafs, *rarz, *Orah,
*xSuaip/b
*yan
ear, *gars! , *gart, *Huarj,
*karť , *naj, *tarc, *uar,
*yart, *urais
*kart’, апе, *tap
*spard
*bar (s.v.), *baud' (s.v.),
*dais! (s.v.), *dar' (s.v.),
*erabH (s.v.), *Huar' (s.v.),
*man (s.v.), *ram (S.V.),
*srau (S.V.)
*iauz
*sarH?
*Hand
*Caud, *Hranj
*&iaH? (s.v.), *Hmaiz
*skamb
*staub/f, *uab/f , *zag
*iaz, *uah’, *ui(H)z
*xSuaip/b
*daj (s.v.), *skap/f (s.v.),
*sna9H (s.v.)
*yamH
to wade
to wail
to wake up,
be awake
to walk
walnut
to wander
to wane
to want
to want to leave
to ward off
to wash
to watch
to wave
to wear clothes,
be dressed
to wear (off)
to weave
to weep
to welcome
to wheeze
to whet
to whistle
to win
to wind
to wink
to wipe
to wish
to wither
to withstand
to work
to worship
to wound
to wrap
to write
to yawn
to yoke
*xrap?
*(H)raudH, *nau(H)
*Hgar, *jaiH!' (s.v.), *tac!
(s.v.), *9am (s.v.), *zanH?
(s.v.)
*éam, *tac!
*gauz (s.v.)
*bramH, *carH, *ia(m)b/p
*narp
*gaHu, *kaup', *uas, *xuaz
*Giaj
*Huar’, *raud
*Hrau, *naij, *snaH, *tap,
*xsaud
*hais
*iauz
*drap (s.v.), *gaud (S.v.),
*(h)mauc, *paus
*sauH!
*yab/f
*bram, *garz, *snaud, *xSai,
*zarH? (s.v.)
*ysnair
*suah
*saH, *sauH!
*xsuaid
*jai, *uan
*gar’, *gars', *tap
*maij
*Hmars, *Hmarz, *samH,
*tarH’
*gard’, *uas, *xuaz
*Hhaus
*stamb(H)
*gamp/b’, *Quaxs, *uais,
*u arz
*jaz, *mag
*xsan, *zarH!
*yiaH
*pais
*jäs, *zamb!
*Ganj (s.v.), *iauj