生物复杂性的演变：修订间差异

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2023年9月17日 (日) 17:02的最新版本

生物复杂性的演变（evolution of biological complexity）是生物在演化过程中日益複雜化的现象，^[1]即在生物进化中一些非常复杂的生物体产生了，尽管复杂程度在生物学中很难准确定义或衡量，所以诸如基因含量、细胞类型（英语：cell type）的数量或生物形態學等属性都被提议为複雜程度的衡量标准。^[2]^[3]^[4]

许多生物学家曾经认为大部分“低等生物”（一般指体制簡單，组织及器官分化不显著，不具有脊椎的动物，如環節动物）會定向演化并且還會演化成“高等生物”（一般指体制复杂，组织及器官分化显著，并具有脊椎的动物，即脊椎动物），不過这一观点缺乏证据，^[5]現在此類生物會朝“高等生物”進化的想法现在被认为是錯誤的，因為自然选择的結果並不會讓生物朝某方向進化，生物体的複雜與否取決於自己所在的生存環境。^[6] 尽管有一些生物體在進化時复杂程度有所提高，但總體來說绝大多数的小型和简单生物体，它們的复杂程度似乎依舊相对稳定。

参考文献[编辑]

^ Werner, Andreas; Piatek, Monica J.; Mattick, John S. Transpositional shuffling and quality control in male germ cells to enhance evolution of complex organisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. April 2015, 1341 (1): 156–163. Bibcode:2015NYASA1341..156W. PMC 4390386 . PMID 25557795. doi:10.1111/nyas.12608.
^ Adami, C. What is complexity?. BioEssays. 2002, 24 (12): 1085–94. PMID 12447974. doi:10.1002/bies.10192.
^ Waldrop, M.; et al. Language: Disputed definitions. Nature. 2008, 455 (7216): 1023–1028. PMID 18948925. doi:10.1038/4551023a .
^ Longo, Giuseppe; Montévil, Maël. Dinneen, Michael J.; Khoussainov, Bakhadyr; Nies, André , 编. Computation, Physics and Beyond. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2012-01-01: 289–308 [2022-01-18]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.640.1835 . ISBN 9783642276538. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27654-5_22. （原始内容存档于2022-01-18）（英语）.
^ McShea, D. Complexity and evolution: What everybody knows. Biology and Philosophy. 1991, 6 (3): 303–324. S2CID 53459994. doi:10.1007/BF00132234.
^ Ayala, F. J. Darwin's greatest discovery: design without designer. PNAS. 2007, 104 (Suppl 1): 8567–73. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8567A. PMC 1876431 . PMID 17494753. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701072104 .

[1] Werner, Andreas; Piatek, Monica J.; Mattick, John S. Transpositional shuffling and quality control in male germ cells to enhance evolution of complex organisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. April 2015, 1341 (1): 156–163. Bibcode:2015NYASA1341..156W. PMC 4390386 . PMID 25557795. doi:10.1111/nyas.12608.

[2] Adami, C. What is complexity?. BioEssays. 2002, 24 (12): 1085–94. PMID 12447974. doi:10.1002/bies.10192.

[3] Waldrop, M.; et al. Language: Disputed definitions. Nature. 2008, 455 (7216): 1023–1028. PMID 18948925. doi:10.1038/4551023a .

[:0-4] Longo, Giuseppe; Montévil, Maël. Dinneen, Michael J.; Khoussainov, Bakhadyr; Nies, André , 编. Computation, Physics and Beyond. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2012-01-01: 289–308 [2022-01-18]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.640.1835 . ISBN 9783642276538. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27654-5_22. （原始内容存档于2022-01-18）（英语）.

[5] McShea, D. Complexity and evolution: What everybody knows. Biology and Philosophy. 1991, 6 (3): 303–324. S2CID 53459994. doi:10.1007/BF00132234.

[Ayala-6] Ayala, F. J. Darwin's greatest discovery: design without designer. PNAS. 2007, 104 (Suppl 1): 8567–73. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8567A. PMC 1876431 . PMID 17494753. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701072104 .

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 {{expand|time=2015-08-23T23:38:32+00:00}}
-'''生物复杂性的演变'''是指生物在[[演化]]过程中日益複雜化，<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Werner |first1=Andreas |last2=Piatek |first2=Monica J. |last3=Mattick |first3=John S. |title=Transpositional shuffling and quality control in male germ cells to enhance evolution of complex organisms |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |date=April 2015 |volume=1341 |issue=1 |pages=156–163 |doi=10.1111/nyas.12608 |pmid=25557795 |pmc=4390386|bibcode=2015NYASA1341..156W }}</ref>即在生物进化中一些非常复杂的生物体产生了，尽管复杂程度在生物学中很难准确定义或衡量，所以诸如基因含量、{{link-en|细胞类型|cell type}}的数量或[[生物形態學]]等属性都被提议为複雜程度的衡量标准。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Adami, C. |title=What is complexity? |journal=BioEssays |volume=24 |issue=12 |pages=1085–94 |year=2002 |pmid=12447974 |doi=10.1002/bies.10192}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Waldrop, M. |title=Language: Disputed definitions |journal=Nature |volume=455 |issue=7216 |pages=1023–1028 |year=2008 |doi=10.1038/4551023a |pmid=18948925 |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/11720591 |title=Computation, Physics and Beyond |last1=Longo |first1=Giuseppe |last2=Montévil |first2=Maël |date=2012-01-01 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=9783642276538 |editor-last=Dinneen |editor-first=Michael J. |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |pages=289–308 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-27654-5_22 |editor-last2=Khoussainov |editor-first2=Bakhadyr |editor-last3=Nies |editor-first3=André |citeseerx=10.1.1.640.1835 }}</ref>
+'''生物复杂性的演变'''（evolution of biological complexity）是生物在[[演化]]过程中日益複雜化的现象，<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Werner |first1=Andreas |last2=Piatek |first2=Monica J. |last3=Mattick |first3=John S. |title=Transpositional shuffling and quality control in male germ cells to enhance evolution of complex organisms |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |date=April 2015 |volume=1341 |issue=1 |pages=156–163 |doi=10.1111/nyas.12608 |pmid=25557795 |pmc=4390386|bibcode=2015NYASA1341..156W }}</ref>即在生物进化中一些非常复杂的生物体产生了，尽管复杂程度在生物学中很难准确定义或衡量，所以诸如基因含量、{{link-en|细胞类型|cell type}}的数量或[[生物形態學]]等属性都被提议为複雜程度的衡量标准。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Adami, C. |title=What is complexity? |journal=BioEssays |volume=24 |issue=12 |pages=1085–94 |year=2002 |pmid=12447974 |doi=10.1002/bies.10192}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Waldrop, M. |title=Language: Disputed definitions |journal=Nature |volume=455 |issue=7216 |pages=1023–1028 |year=2008 |doi=10.1038/4551023a |pmid=18948925 |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/11720591 |title=Computation, Physics and Beyond |last1=Longo |first1=Giuseppe |last2=Montévil |first2=Maël |date=2012-01-01 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=9783642276538 |editor-last=Dinneen |editor-first=Michael J. |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |pages=289–308 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-27654-5_22 |editor-last2=Khoussainov |editor-first2=Bakhadyr |editor-last3=Nies |editor-first3=André |citeseerx=10.1.1.640.1835 |access-date=2022-01-18 |archive-date=2022-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118053202/https://www.academia.edu/11720591 }}</ref>
-许多生物学家曾经认为大部分低等生物（一般指[[体制]]簡單，[[组织 (生物学)|组织]]及[[器官]][[分化]]不显著，不具有[[脊椎]]的[[动物]]，如[[環節动物]]）會[[定向演化]]并且還會演化成 "高等生物 "（一般指[[体制]]复杂，[[组织 (生物学)|组织]]及[[器官]][[分化]]显著，并具有[[脊椎]]的[[动物]]，即[[脊椎动物]]），不過这一观点缺乏证据，<ref>{{cite journal |author=McShea, D. |title=Complexity and evolution: What everybody knows |journal=Biology and Philosophy |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=303–324 |year=1991 |doi=10.1007/BF00132234|s2cid=53459994 }}</ref>現在此類生物會朝 "高等生物 "進化的想法现在被认为是錯誤的，因為[[自然选择]]的結果並不會讓生物朝某方向進化，生物体的複雜與否取決於自己所在的生存環境。<ref name="Ayala">{{cite journal |author=Ayala, F. J. |title=Darwin's greatest discovery: design without designer |journal=PNAS |volume=104 |issue= Suppl 1|pages=8567–73 |year=2007 |pmid=17494753 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0701072104 |pmc=1876431|bibcode=2007PNAS..104.8567A |doi-access=free }}</ref> 尽管有一些生物體在進化時复杂程度有所提高，但總體來說绝大多数的小型和简单生物体，它們的复杂程度似乎依舊相对稳定。
+许多生物学家曾经认为大部分“低等生物”（一般指[[体制]]簡單，[[组织 (生物学)|组织]]及[[器官]][[分化]]不显著，不具有[[脊椎]]的[[动物]]，如[[環節动物]]）會[[定向演化]]并且還會演化成“高等生物”（一般指[[体制]]复杂，[[组织 (生物学)|组织]]及[[器官]][[分化]]显著，并具有[[脊椎]]的[[动物]]，即[[脊椎动物]]），不過这一观点缺乏证据，<ref>{{cite journal |author=McShea, D. |title=Complexity and evolution: What everybody knows |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biology-philosophy_1991-07_6_3/page/303 |journal=Biology and Philosophy |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=303–324 |year=1991 |doi=10.1007/BF00132234|s2cid=53459994 }}</ref>現在此類生物會朝“高等生物”進化的想法现在被认为是錯誤的，因為[[自然选择]]的結果並不會讓生物朝某方向進化，生物体的複雜與否取決於自己所在的生存環境。<ref name="Ayala">{{cite journal |author=Ayala, F. J. |title=Darwin's greatest discovery: design without designer |journal=PNAS |volume=104 |issue= Suppl 1|pages=8567–73 |year=2007 |pmid=17494753 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0701072104 |pmc=1876431|bibcode=2007PNAS..104.8567A |doi-access=free }}</ref> 尽管有一些生物體在進化時复杂程度有所提高，但總體來說绝大多数的小型和简单生物体，它們的复杂程度似乎依舊相对稳定。
 ==参考文献==