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skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)

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Mohammad Al-Dhahabi

🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥 ‏ ‏إضغ بين إيديكم ‏من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3) 💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀 تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات : 1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات 2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!) #فهم_ماكو_درخ 3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً 4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً 5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني 6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥

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The Skeletal System Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton 80 bones 126 bones Bones Functions of Bones Classification of Bones Skull Vertebral column Bony thorax 22 bones Adult = 26 bones Cranial bones Facial bones 8 bones 14 bones Types of Discs Intervertebral Discs Sternum Ribs Costal cartilages Thoracic vertebrae - - - & & - - - & & - & & & & & & - & & & & & &
The Skeletal System • Parts of the skeletal system include : 1–Bones (skeleton) 2–Joints 3–Cartilages 4–Ligaments • Divided into two divisions : A- Axial skeleton – 80 bones B- Appendicular skeleton – 126 bones & X & · /341144 - SISI ·
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ " bones " ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ط‬ ، ‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ . ‫أ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫خ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ " skeleton " ، ‫ف‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ض‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ . Functions of Bones 1- Framework : –Supports muscle , fat and skin 2- Protection : –Surrounds vital organs like skull , ribs , pelvis 110) : -5) 3. // :& 2.) 504) 2all
3- Movement : –Muscles attach to bones to provide movement 4- Mineral homeostasis : –Stores and maintain minerals (Calcium & phosphorus) **Mineral homeostasis** ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ، ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫و‬ ‫س‬ ‫ف‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ً ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ً ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ب‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫ن‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ل‬ . 5- Production of blood cells : –Red bone marrow –produes Red and white blood cells and platelets & %1 : i % j - = 90= + /4 - 2 - . . z Es -- · = S
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
6- Storage : –Calcium –Yellow bone marrow – has adipocytes– stores fat. - * * ‫ن‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ * * : ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫د‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ) ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ( . - * * ‫ن‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ * * : ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫د‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫س‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ) ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ( . 25 + j j + &S
Classification of Bones 1- Long bones –Typically, longer than wide –Have a shaft with heads at both ends –Contain mostly compact bone Examples : Femur , humerus Compact Bobe : ‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ · - a /61 - -1 e SS 6 j s 50 . . &j. 2 . 0-94 %1944 & ⑳
Long bones : Have a shaft with heads at both ends ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ " ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ت‬ " ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫و‬ ‫س‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ش‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ه‬ .
2- Short bones –Generally , cube-shape –Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals , tarsals and cuneiforms ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫س‬ ‫غ‬ ) Carpals ( ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ) Tarsals ( ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫س‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫د‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ، ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫د‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫س‬ ‫غ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ . · 95. 50 . is 1 i 6 . 1 & 15191 2 & T ⑭
· ·
3- Flat bones –Thin and flattened , usually curved –Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone •Examples: Skull , ribs , sternum 28 - & -bis - - -- - 26 Je - + / -2/1204 4:44
4- Irregular bones –Irregular in shape –Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae and hip - - ... & / X(2 -5 - - -15 - 1 J , %
Do not fit into other bone classification categories : ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫أ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ . ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ً ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ه‬ . ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ُ ‫ع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ً ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ة‬ 5- sesamoid bone : Example : patella • patella : ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ** - - -5)
The Axial Skeleton • Forms the longitudinal part of the body • Divided into three parts : 1– Skull 2– Vertebral column 3– Bony thorax ‫م‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ " Bony thorax " ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ . 80 bones -16 14 % 4 B & 5 . /sy/ 2 . % . /1 5 . x 1 Do
1- Skull • The cranial and facial bones protect and support special sense organs and the brain. • Besides forming the large cranial cavity, the skull also forms several smaller cavities – Nasal cavity – Orbits (eye sockets) – Para nasal sinuses – Small cavities which house organs involved in hearing and equilibrium • Consists of 22 bones ·11 d 160 > // , & 2351 ! & . 111 4 1 j S ni 5 .. 97j - 116141 . % + / & 3 ..j ; 1 + 1 + = 19 -Si
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
• Bones of the skull are grouped into two categories : 1- Cranial bones : Eight cranial bones form the cranial cavity a - Frontal bone b - two parietal bones c - two temporal bones d - occipital bone e - sphenoid bone f - ethmoid bone - ...... /19 & . z . 11 ... · -St -4 , 15. - - 55/ 5 ./
• Frontal Bone : — Forms the forehead • Parietal Bones : — Form the sides and roof of the cranial cavity • Temporal Bones : — Form the lateral aspects and floor of the cranium • Occipital Bone : — Forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium • Sphenoid Bone : — Lies at the middle part of the base of the skull · .I - &.../ 2- 1x.11 e * - 2 . % . 11 & .. j -12 / & Wi ..3 / 51.1 / & i . &/1 , . /1 g :5 % . 8 . / 5541 / & . &11 1 / :55 % . % . 1
• Ethmoid Bone : 1- A major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity 2- Contain thin projections called conchae which are lined by mucous membranes 3- location : on the midline in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits 4- function : Increased surface area in the nasal cavity helps to humidify inhaled air - ,9940 4x .. - 5 . 5 : = /36 .- . . x & & dj · &11 . 28 . 30 · 5. - . j - 156)
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
2- Facial bones : Fourteen facial bones form the face a - Two nasal bones b - two maxillae c - two zygomatic bones d - the mandible e - two lacrimal bones f - two palatine bones g - two inferior nasal conchae and vomer -51 es 14 & 5 6 / - 11 - " 1 b.
• Immovable joints called sutures fuse most of the skull bones together ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ) sutures ( ، ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ني‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ . ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ . ‫خ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ . ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ت‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ . ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ . & - / 2 ,
• The skull provides large areas of attachment for muscles that move various parts of the head ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫م‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫س‬ . ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ش‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫س‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ض‬ ‫غ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ني‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫أ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ق‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ . - Iis andiS G 5 % 1 0 -is
• Skull and facial bones provide attachment for muscles that produce facial expressions. ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ . ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ط‬ ‫م‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ . ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫س‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ن‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ش‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ 1- Orbicularis oris 2- Orbicularis oculi 3- Zygomaticus major 4- Frontalis · ·3.4 - Wi 12 . . . 5 N ... ·
• The facial bones form the framework of the face and provide support for the entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems. ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ : 1 . * * ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫م‬ * * : ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ) Maxilla ( ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ) Mandible ( ‫ت‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ض‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ه‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫د‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ، ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫إ‬ ‫د‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ . 2 . * * ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ * * : ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ) Nasal bones ( ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ) Palatine ( ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫د‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ، ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ني‬ . ‫ب‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫و‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫م‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ . · / !251 - 55451 15
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
Sutures of the Skull Sutures : are a type of fibrous joint that are unique to the skull. They are immovable and fuse completely around the age of 20. - 1 25 % 1961 [1 % ... 2 . 2 . 1. = /
• These joints are important in the context of trauma, as they represent points of potential weakness in the skull. The main sutures in the adult skull are: 1- Coronal suture : fuses the frontal bone with the two parietal bones. 2- Sagittal suture : fuses both parietal bones to each other. 3- Lambdoid suture : fuses the occipital bone to the two parietal bones. · - 18 . 4 b. -d 1 < 51 ↑ & * & . . & .
‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ، ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ “ trauma ” ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ش‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ث‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ح‬ ‫د‬ ‫ث‬ ‫م‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ح‬ ، ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ . • In neonates, the incompletely fused suture joints give rise to membranous gaps between the bones, known as fontanelles. The two major fontanelles are: 1- Frontal fontanelle : located at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures 2- Occipital fontanelle : located at the junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures st51.. 36 y - 19 -4 - - . hsi vi 5 . 5 .K2 . 4 .
2- Vertebral Column • Also called the spine , backbone , or spinal column Functions : 1- Protect the spinal cord 2- Support the head 3- Serve as a point of attachment for the ribs, pelvic girdle, and muscles Sky) - -8/ -1 di - . . . [201p -
• The vertebral column is curved to varying degrees in different locations A- Curves increase the column strength B- Help maintain balance in the upright position C- Absorb shocks during walking, and help protect the vertebrae from fracture - - - . = 5 . 3 2 S -- - - .. long s 4b2117151 5 - . = gas-
• Composed of a series of bones called vertebrae (Adult=26) A- 7 cervical are in the neck region B- 12 thoracic are posterior to the thoracic cavity C- 5 lumbar support the lower back D- 1 sacrum consists of five fused sacral vertebrae E- 1 coccyx consists of four fused coccygeal vertebrae - - - -/ = = (1d & - & i S + - .. J -3) & - i -2120
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
Intervertebral Discs • Location : Found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae • Function : 1- Form strong joints 2- Permit various movements of the vertebral column 3- Absorb vertical shock • Vertebrae typically consist of : 1- A Body (weight bearing) 2- A vertebral arch (surrounds the spinal cord) 3- Several processes (points of attachment for muscles) Body - . . / - (5) ... 9 - . 95.51i -5 % ↑ 2 - 6) -x14 - ) - . / 1 - = -5 - .
Types of Discs 1 - Normal Disc 2 - Degenerative Disc 3 - Bulging Disc 4 - Herniated Disc 5 - Thinning Disc 6 - Disc Degeneration with Osteophyte formation %>81 :4 ... ... ·.. S
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
3- Thorax • Thoracic cage is formed by the : 1- Sternum 2- Ribs 3- Costal cartilages 4- Thoracic vertebrae Functions : 1- Enclose and protect the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. 2- Provide support for the bones of the upper limbs. 3- Play a role in breathing. - 1 1 - - -i &X T & .., -- -it T & s & s y &-1 . . I .. G S . >X/ 9 & 1 bX/ - & Tyga &.....
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
1- Sternum : *Breastbone* Location : in the center of the thoracic wall • Consists of the manubrium, body, xiphoid process / · & s - 113 . -5- - · .. / 2 . 3 . j) -
2- Ribs : • 12 Twelve pairs of ribs give structural support to the sides of the thoracic cavity • True ribs (7 pairs), False ribs (3 Pairs) and floating ribs(2 pairs) [04 · 6151 51) %, ·...It &8/1 - - / -
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
3- Costal cartilages : • Costal cartilages contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic cage 15 . / - /
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)

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skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)

  • 1. The Skeletal System Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton 80 bones 126 bones Bones Functions of Bones Classification of Bones Skull Vertebral column Bony thorax 22 bones Adult = 26 bones Cranial bones Facial bones 8 bones 14 bones Types of Discs Intervertebral Discs Sternum Ribs Costal cartilages Thoracic vertebrae - - - & & - - - & & - & & & & & & - & & & & & &
  • 2. The Skeletal System • Parts of the skeletal system include : 1–Bones (skeleton) 2–Joints 3–Cartilages 4–Ligaments • Divided into two divisions : A- Axial skeleton – 80 bones B- Appendicular skeleton – 126 bones & X & · /341144 - SISI ·
  • 4. ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ " bones " ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ط‬ ، ‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ . ‫أ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫خ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ " skeleton " ، ‫ف‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ض‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ . Functions of Bones 1- Framework : –Supports muscle , fat and skin 2- Protection : –Surrounds vital organs like skull , ribs , pelvis 110) : -5) 3. // :& 2.) 504) 2all
  • 5. 3- Movement : –Muscles attach to bones to provide movement 4- Mineral homeostasis : –Stores and maintain minerals (Calcium & phosphorus) **Mineral homeostasis** ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ، ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫و‬ ‫س‬ ‫ف‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ً ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ً ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ب‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫ن‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ل‬ . 5- Production of blood cells : –Red bone marrow –produes Red and white blood cells and platelets & %1 : i % j - = 90= + /4 - 2 - . . z Es -- · = S
  • 7. 6- Storage : –Calcium –Yellow bone marrow – has adipocytes– stores fat. - * * ‫ن‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ * * : ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫د‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ) ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ( . - * * ‫ن‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ * * : ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫د‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫س‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ) ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ( . 25 + j j + &S
  • 8. Classification of Bones 1- Long bones –Typically, longer than wide –Have a shaft with heads at both ends –Contain mostly compact bone Examples : Femur , humerus Compact Bobe : ‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ · - a /61 - -1 e SS 6 j s 50 . . &j. 2 . 0-94 %1944 & ⑳
  • 9. Long bones : Have a shaft with heads at both ends ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ " ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ت‬ " ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫و‬ ‫س‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ش‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ه‬ .
  • 10. 2- Short bones –Generally , cube-shape –Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals , tarsals and cuneiforms ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫س‬ ‫غ‬ ) Carpals ( ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ) Tarsals ( ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫س‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫د‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ، ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫د‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫س‬ ‫غ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ . · 95. 50 . is 1 i 6 . 1 & 15191 2 & T ⑭
  • 11. · ·
  • 12. 3- Flat bones –Thin and flattened , usually curved –Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone •Examples: Skull , ribs , sternum 28 - & -bis - - -- - 26 Je - + / -2/1204 4:44
  • 13. 4- Irregular bones –Irregular in shape –Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae and hip - - ... & / X(2 -5 - - -15 - 1 J , %
  • 14. Do not fit into other bone classification categories : ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫أ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ . ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ً ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ه‬ . ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ُ ‫ع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ً ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ة‬ 5- sesamoid bone : Example : patella • patella : ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ** - - -5)
  • 15. The Axial Skeleton • Forms the longitudinal part of the body • Divided into three parts : 1– Skull 2– Vertebral column 3– Bony thorax ‫م‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ " Bony thorax " ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ . 80 bones -16 14 % 4 B & 5 . /sy/ 2 . % . /1 5 . x 1 Do
  • 16. 1- Skull • The cranial and facial bones protect and support special sense organs and the brain. • Besides forming the large cranial cavity, the skull also forms several smaller cavities – Nasal cavity – Orbits (eye sockets) – Para nasal sinuses – Small cavities which house organs involved in hearing and equilibrium • Consists of 22 bones ·11 d 160 > // , & 2351 ! & . 111 4 1 j S ni 5 .. 97j - 116141 . % + / & 3 ..j ; 1 + 1 + = 19 -Si
  • 18. • Bones of the skull are grouped into two categories : 1- Cranial bones : Eight cranial bones form the cranial cavity a - Frontal bone b - two parietal bones c - two temporal bones d - occipital bone e - sphenoid bone f - ethmoid bone - ...... /19 & . z . 11 ... · -St -4 , 15. - - 55/ 5 ./
  • 19. • Frontal Bone : — Forms the forehead • Parietal Bones : — Form the sides and roof of the cranial cavity • Temporal Bones : — Form the lateral aspects and floor of the cranium • Occipital Bone : — Forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium • Sphenoid Bone : — Lies at the middle part of the base of the skull · .I - &.../ 2- 1x.11 e * - 2 . % . 11 & .. j -12 / & Wi ..3 / 51.1 / & i . &/1 , . /1 g :5 % . 8 . / 5541 / & . &11 1 / :55 % . % . 1
  • 20. • Ethmoid Bone : 1- A major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity 2- Contain thin projections called conchae which are lined by mucous membranes 3- location : on the midline in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits 4- function : Increased surface area in the nasal cavity helps to humidify inhaled air - ,9940 4x .. - 5 . 5 : = /36 .- . . x & & dj · &11 . 28 . 30 · 5. - . j - 156)
  • 22. 2- Facial bones : Fourteen facial bones form the face a - Two nasal bones b - two maxillae c - two zygomatic bones d - the mandible e - two lacrimal bones f - two palatine bones g - two inferior nasal conchae and vomer -51 es 14 & 5 6 / - 11 - " 1 b.
  • 23. • Immovable joints called sutures fuse most of the skull bones together ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ) sutures ( ، ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ني‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ . ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ . ‫خ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ . ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ت‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ . ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ . & - / 2 ,
  • 24. • The skull provides large areas of attachment for muscles that move various parts of the head ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫م‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫س‬ . ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ش‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫س‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ض‬ ‫غ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ . ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ني‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫أ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ق‬ ‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ . - Iis andiS G 5 % 1 0 -is
  • 25. • Skull and facial bones provide attachment for muscles that produce facial expressions. ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ . ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ط‬ ‫م‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ . ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫س‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ن‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ش‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ 1- Orbicularis oris 2- Orbicularis oculi 3- Zygomaticus major 4- Frontalis · ·3.4 - Wi 12 . . . 5 N ... ·
  • 26. • The facial bones form the framework of the face and provide support for the entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems. ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ : 1 . * * ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫م‬ * * : ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ) Maxilla ( ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ) Mandible ( ‫ت‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ض‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ه‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫د‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ، ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫إ‬ ‫د‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ . 2 . * * ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ * * : ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ) Nasal bones ( ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ى‬ ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ) Palatine ( ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫د‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ، ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ني‬ . ‫ب‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫و‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ض‬ ‫م‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ . · / !251 - 55451 15
  • 29. Sutures of the Skull Sutures : are a type of fibrous joint that are unique to the skull. They are immovable and fuse completely around the age of 20. - 1 25 % 1961 [1 % ... 2 . 2 . 1. = /
  • 30. • These joints are important in the context of trauma, as they represent points of potential weakness in the skull. The main sutures in the adult skull are: 1- Coronal suture : fuses the frontal bone with the two parietal bones. 2- Sagittal suture : fuses both parietal bones to each other. 3- Lambdoid suture : fuses the occipital bone to the two parietal bones. · - 18 . 4 b. -d 1 < 51 ↑ & * & . . & .
  • 31. ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ، ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ “ trauma ” ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ش‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ث‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ح‬ ‫د‬ ‫ث‬ ‫م‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ح‬ ، ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ . • In neonates, the incompletely fused suture joints give rise to membranous gaps between the bones, known as fontanelles. The two major fontanelles are: 1- Frontal fontanelle : located at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures 2- Occipital fontanelle : located at the junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures st51.. 36 y - 19 -4 - - . hsi vi 5 . 5 .K2 . 4 .
  • 32. 2- Vertebral Column • Also called the spine , backbone , or spinal column Functions : 1- Protect the spinal cord 2- Support the head 3- Serve as a point of attachment for the ribs, pelvic girdle, and muscles Sky) - -8/ -1 di - . . . [201p -
  • 33. • The vertebral column is curved to varying degrees in different locations A- Curves increase the column strength B- Help maintain balance in the upright position C- Absorb shocks during walking, and help protect the vertebrae from fracture - - - . = 5 . 3 2 S -- - - .. long s 4b2117151 5 - . = gas-
  • 34. • Composed of a series of bones called vertebrae (Adult=26) A- 7 cervical are in the neck region B- 12 thoracic are posterior to the thoracic cavity C- 5 lumbar support the lower back D- 1 sacrum consists of five fused sacral vertebrae E- 1 coccyx consists of four fused coccygeal vertebrae - - - -/ = = (1d & - & i S + - .. J -3) & - i -2120
  • 36. Intervertebral Discs • Location : Found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae • Function : 1- Form strong joints 2- Permit various movements of the vertebral column 3- Absorb vertical shock • Vertebrae typically consist of : 1- A Body (weight bearing) 2- A vertebral arch (surrounds the spinal cord) 3- Several processes (points of attachment for muscles) Body - . . / - (5) ... 9 - . 95.51i -5 % ↑ 2 - 6) -x14 - ) - . / 1 - = -5 - .
  • 37. Types of Discs 1 - Normal Disc 2 - Degenerative Disc 3 - Bulging Disc 4 - Herniated Disc 5 - Thinning Disc 6 - Disc Degeneration with Osteophyte formation %>81 :4 ... ... ·.. S
  • 40. 3- Thorax • Thoracic cage is formed by the : 1- Sternum 2- Ribs 3- Costal cartilages 4- Thoracic vertebrae Functions : 1- Enclose and protect the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. 2- Provide support for the bones of the upper limbs. 3- Play a role in breathing. - 1 1 - - -i &X T & .., -- -it T & s & s y &-1 . . I .. G S . >X/ 9 & 1 bX/ - & Tyga &.....
  • 42. 1- Sternum : *Breastbone* Location : in the center of the thoracic wall • Consists of the manubrium, body, xiphoid process / · & s - 113 . -5- - · .. / 2 . 3 . j) -
  • 43. 2- Ribs : • 12 Twelve pairs of ribs give structural support to the sides of the thoracic cavity • True ribs (7 pairs), False ribs (3 Pairs) and floating ribs(2 pairs) [04 · 6151 51) %, ·...It &8/1 - - / -
  • 45. 3- Costal cartilages : • Costal cartilages contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic cage 15 . / - /