This document discusses various types of crystal defects including point defects, line defects, and planar defects. It defines point defects as zero-dimensional defects involving a single atom change, such as vacancies, interstitials, and impurities. Line defects are described as one-dimensional dislocations, including edge and screw dislocations. Planar defects are two-dimensional grain boundaries that separate crystalline regions with different orientations within a polycrystalline solid. The document explores how these defects influence material properties.
This document discusses various types of crystal defects including point defects, line defects, and planar defects. It defines point defects as zero-dimensional defects involving a single atom change, such as vacancies, interstitials, and impurities. Line defects are described as one-dimensional dislocations, including edge and screw dislocations. Planar defects are two-dimensional grain boundaries that separate crystalline regions with different orientations within a polycrystalline solid. The document explores how these defects influence material properties.
This document provides an overview of solid state properties. It defines solids as having a definite shape and volume, and being highly incompressible due to strong intermolecular forces. Solids are classified as crystalline, polycrystalline, or amorphous based on atomic arrangement. Crystalline solids have a regular atomic arrangement while amorphous solids lack order. Different types of crystal structures and defects are also discussed.
The document discusses crystal defects and their significance. It begins with an introduction to crystals and crystal defects. There are four main types of crystal defects discussed: point defects, line defects, surface defects, and volume defects. Point defects include vacancies, interstitials, and impurities. Line defects are dislocations like edge and screw dislocations. Surface defects include grain boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. Volume defects occur on a larger scale and include voids, porosity, and precipitates. In conclusion, the presence discusses how crystal defects can impact properties and significance like improving semiconductor performance or lowering melting points.
Crystal imperfections are broadly classified into four categories: point defects, line defects, planar/surface defects, and volume defects. Point defects include vacancies, interstitials, and impurities which lower the crystal's energy and make it more stable. Line defects are dislocations which are line discontinuities in the crystal structure. Planar defects include grain boundaries, tilt boundaries, and twin boundaries which separate regions of different crystal orientation. Volume defects such as stacking faults disrupt the ordered stacking of close-packed crystal planes. Defects can be either desirable by improving material properties, or undesirable if they reduce properties.
This document discusses ceramics and their properties. It begins by defining ceramics as inorganic materials processed at high temperatures that have non-metallic properties. Ceramics have great durability in terms of chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties. They are resistant to acids/alkalis, oxidation, and abrasion. Ceramics can also withstand high temperatures. The document then discusses different types of ceramics and defects in ceramics like point defects that influence material properties. Diffusion, an important phenomenon in ceramics, occurs through vacancy, interstitial, or interstitialcy mechanisms and is governed by factors like activation energy and stoichiometry.
1. The document discusses different types of defects that can occur in solid materials, including point defects, electronic imperfections, and stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects.
2. Point defects include vacancy defects like Schottky defects (cation and anion vacancies that preserve stoichiometry) and Frenkel defects (cation displacement to interstitial sites). Non-stoichiometric defects occur when the ratio of cations to anions changes.
3. Defects can lead to increased electrical conductivity as they provide free electrons and holes for charge transport. They also decrease crystal density and stability in some cases. Various defect types are common in different material classes like ionic crystals,
Mumbai University_Mechanical Enginnering_SEM III_ Material technology_Module 1.2
Lattice Imperfections:
Definition, classification and significance of Imperfections Point defects: vacancy, interstitial and impurity atom defects, Their formation and effects, Dislocation - Edge and screw dislocations Burger’s vector, Motion of dislocations and their significance, Surface defects - Grain boundary, sub-angle grain boundary and stacking faults, their significance, Generation of dislocation, Frank Reed source, conditions of multiplication and significance
This document discusses different types of solids and their properties. It begins by introducing the three states of matter and describing how atoms in solids are held together more strongly than in gases and liquids.
It then summarizes the two main types of solids - amorphous and crystalline. Amorphous solids like glass have irregular atomic arrangements while crystalline solids have orderly, repeating patterns. Crystalline solids can further be classified based on the bonding forces between their constituent particles as ionic, covalent, molecular or metallic. Each type of bonding gives rise to distinct physical properties.
The document also describes space lattices and unit cells, which are the repeating arrangements of atoms that define crystalline structure. There
Frankel and Schottky defects occur in ionic crystals when ions leave their lattice sites. Frankel defects occur when an ion leaves its site and occupies an interstitial site, maintaining electrical neutrality and stoichiometry. Examples include AgCl and AgBr. Schottky defects occur when both cation and anion ions leave their lattice sites, creating vacancies that decrease the crystal's density. Examples include NaCl and KCl. The key difference between the defects is that Frankel defects do not change density while Schottky defects do due to vacancies formed by both ion types leaving lattice sites.
Defects are common in real crystals and influence their properties. Point defects include vacancies, interstitials, and impurities. Line defects are dislocations like edge and screw dislocations. The type and amount of defects can be controlled to alter electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties in beneficial ways like improving semiconductor performance or alloy strength. Defects are characterized by their geometry and the Burgers vector, which describes the crystal distortion caused by a dislocation.
Crystals are solids with a repeating structure called a unit cell. A pure crystal has identical, uniformly aligned molecules throughout. Common examples of crystals include salt, sugar, and snowflakes. Crystals contain defects such as vacancies, interstitials, and improper stoichiometry. Stoichiometric defects like Schottky and Frenkel involve missing or misplaced ions while maintaining the proper cation to anion ratio. Non-stoichiometric defects involve an improper ratio, caused by excess metal or nonmetal. These defects impact properties like conductivity, color, and stability.
Crystal defects can be classified based on their geometry. Point defects are zero-dimensional and include vacancies, interstitials, and impurities. Line defects are one-dimensional dislocations such as edge and screw dislocations. Surface defects are two-dimensional and include grain boundaries and stacking faults. Volume defects are three-dimensional such as cracks, voids, and inclusions. Real crystals always contain imperfections that influence material properties. Understanding crystal defects is important for both analyzing material behavior and developing techniques to minimize their impact.
Point defects, such as vacancies and interstitials, are zero-dimensional imperfections in crystals. Line defects called dislocations are one-dimensional imperfections caused by a disruption of the stacking of atomic planes along a line. Dislocations can be edge or screw types. Surface imperfections are two-dimensional and include grain boundaries between crystals of different orientations, as well as twin boundaries and stacking faults. Volume imperfections are three-dimensional and include cracks, voids, and non-crystalline regions in a crystal. The presence of defects increases the potential energy of crystals.
This document discusses different types of solids and their properties. It describes amorphous solids as having atoms arranged irregularly without a characteristic shape, and crystalline solids as having atoms arranged regularly in defined planes. Amorphous solids are isotropic while crystalline solids are anisotropic. Crystalline solids have sharp melting points and cleavage planes, while amorphous solids soften over a range of temperatures and have irregular surfaces when cut. The document also discusses the unit cell and space lattice of crystalline solids.
This document provides an overview of liquids and solids in advanced chemistry, covering topics such as intermolecular forces, the liquid and solid states, vapor pressure and phase diagrams, molecular solids, ionic solids, metallic structures, carbon and silicon networks, and vapor pressure and state changes. Key sections discuss properties of liquids and solids, intermolecular forces, the liquid state, types of solids including molecular, ionic and atomic solids, metallic bonding models, carbon and silicon network structures, and phase diagrams.
This document provides an overview of liquids and solids, discussing intermolecular forces, the liquid and solid states, different types of solids including molecular, ionic, atomic and network solids, and the structures and bonding of metals and carbon/silicon network solids. Specific topics covered include dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, London dispersion forces, liquid properties, crystalline and amorphous structures, metallic bonding models, metal alloys, and silicates.
This document summarizes key concepts from an AP Chemistry unit on the states of matter, including liquids, solids, and phase changes. It discusses intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding and London dispersion forces. It describes the properties of liquids and different types of solids, focusing on crystalline solids, metallic bonding, and using X-ray diffraction to analyze solid structures.
This document discusses different types of lattice disorder in crystalline solids. It describes four main types of lattice disorder: point disorder, line disorder, planar disorder, and bulk disorder. Point disorder occurs at single lattice points and includes vacancies, interstitials, Frenkel defects, substitutional defects, and antisite defects. Line disorders include edge dislocations and screw dislocations. The document provides examples and explanations of each type of lattice disorder.
structure_of_matter general classes and principles of adhesion.pptAryaKrishnan59
Structure of Matter:
Matter consists of atoms, which are the fundamental building blocks. Here are some key points:
Atoms: These are indivisible and indestructible particles. Each element has identical atoms in terms of mass and properties.
Compounds: Formed by combining different kinds of atoms.
Chemical Reactions: Involve rearrangements of atoms.
Principles of Adhesion in Dentistry:
Adhesion plays a crucial role in dental treatments. It involves the attachment and binding of one substance to another. Here’s what you need to know:
Bonding System Functions:
Resistance to Separation: Prevents the adherend substrate (e.g., enamel, dentin, metal, composite, ceramic) from separating from restorative or cementing materials.
Stress Distribution: Distributes stress along bonded interfaces.
Interface Sealing: Achieved via adhesive bonding between materials1.
Mechanisms of Adhesion:
Chemical Adhesion: Involves molecular or atomic attraction between contacting surfaces.
Mechanical Adhesion: Results from structural interlocking.
Combination: Adhesion can occur through both chemical and mechanical mechanisms23.
Requirements for Good Adhesion:
Wetting: Sufficient wetting of the adhesive.
Low Viscosity: Allows proper flow and penetration.
Surface Texture: Rough surface texture of the adherend.
High Surface Energy: Promotes effective bonding4.
In summary, understanding the structure of matter and principles of adhesion is essential for successful dental procedures
Similar to Lattice Defects in ionic solid compound.pptx (20)
This document summarizes a presentation on tools and protocols for drug design using density functional theory (DFT). It introduces computer-aided drug design and molecular modeling techniques like quantum mechanics, semi-empirical methods, and DFT. Applications of these methods include structure optimization, calculating properties like HOMO-LUMO energies, and molecular docking for drug discovery. Several examples are provided of using DFT calculations to model drug-receptor binding and evaluate compounds for treating diseases.
The document contains multiple choice questions related to chemistry concepts. Some key topics covered include electronic configurations, shapes of molecules, hybridization, isoelectronic species, and properties of coordination compounds. The questions assess understanding of fundamental concepts like valence shell electron pair repulsion theory, crystal field theory, and molecular orbital theory.
This document discusses solid state chemistry and crystal structures. It describes how atoms, molecules, and ions are packed together in repeating arrays to form solids, except for helium. X-ray crystallography is used to determine crystal structures by analyzing how crystals diffract X-rays due to their repeating three-dimensional structure. Different types of crystal structures are discussed, including close packing, body centered, primitive, face centered cubic, and hexagonal close packing. Symmetry elements and point groups are also covered.
Molecular docking and simulation can be used as tools in drug discovery for the renin-angiotensin system. Docking aims to characterize the binding site, orient ligands into the site, and evaluate the strength of interaction. Molecular dynamics simulation allows studying the motional properties of proteins like renin. Docking of piperidine-containing compounds with renin showed hydrogen bonding interactions between the ligands and binding site residues like Ser230, Asp38, Gly228, Tyr20 that stabilize binding. ADME/toxicity prediction and further docking/evaluation can aid in developing renin inhibitors.
This document summarizes a presentation on studying quorum sensing inhibitors through quantum mechanical methods. It discusses calculating energy values for hamamelitanin in different solvents using density functional theory. Several derivatives of hamamelitanin were modeled by substituting functional groups and their binding energies were calculated. The derivatives with the highest binding energies and lowest inhibition constants were identified as the best potential quorum sensing inhibitors. Molecular docking was performed to study their binding modes in the active site of related proteins. The study aims to develop more specific and effective drugs for inhibiting quorum sensing.
This document summarizes a presentation on using quantum chemical parameters and graph theoretical indices in a QSAR study of quorum sensing inhibitors. It discusses molecular docking techniques to characterize ligand-protein binding and generate training data of inhibitor compounds. QSAR models were developed using topological and quantum chemical descriptors to correlate inhibitor structure to biological activity. The models accurately predicted activity for test compounds. The techniques showed potential for antimicrobial drug discovery by virtually screening compounds and optimizing hits through molecular dynamics simulations and property predictions.
Search for Dark Matter Ionization on the Night Side of Jupiter with CassiniSérgio Sacani
We present a new search for dark matter (DM) using planetary atmospheres. We point out that
annihilating DM in planets can produce ionizing radiation, which can lead to excess production of
ionospheric Hþ
3 . We apply this search strategy to the night side of Jupiter near the equator. The night side
has zero solar irradiation, and low latitudes are sufficiently far from ionizing auroras, leading to a lowbackground search. We use Cassini data on ionospheric Hþ
3 emission collected three hours either side of
Jovian midnight, during its flyby in 2000, and set novel constraints on the DM-nucleon scattering cross
section down to about 10−38 cm2. We also highlight that DM atmospheric ionization may be detected in
Jovian exoplanets using future high-precision measurements of planetary spectra.
This an presentation about electrostatic force. This topic is from class 8 Force and Pressure lesson from ncert . I think this might be helpful for you. In this presentation there are 4 content they are Introduction, types, examples and demonstration. The demonstration should be done by yourself
El Nuevo Cohete Ariane de la Agencia Espacial Europea-6_Media-Kit_english.pdfChamps Elysee Roldan
Europe must have autonomous access to space to realise its ambitions on the world stage and
promote knowledge and prosperity.
Space is a natural extension of our home planet and forms an integral part of the infrastructure
that is vital to daily life on Earth. Europe must assert its rightful place in space to ensure its
citizens thrive.
As the world’s second-largest economy, Europe must ensure it has secure and autonomous access to
space, so it does not depend on the capabilities and priorities of other nations.
Europe’s longstanding expertise in launching spacecraft and satellites has been a driving force behind
its 60 years of successful space cooperation.
In a world where everyday life – from connectivity to navigation, climate and weather – relies on
space, the ability to launch independently is more important than ever before. With the launch of
Ariane 6, Europe is not just sending a rocket into the sky, we are asserting our place among the
world’s spacefaring nations.
ESA’s Ariane 6 rocket succeeds Ariane 5, the most dependable and competitive launcher for decades.
The first Ariane rocket was launched in 1979 from Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana and Ariane 6 will continue the adventure.
Putting Europe at the forefront of space transportation for nearly 45 years, Ariane is a triumph of engineering and the prize of great European industrial and political
cooperation. Ariane 1 gave way to more powerful versions 2, 3 and 4. Ariane 5 served as one of the world’s premier heavy-lift rockets, putting single or multiple
payloads into orbit – the cargo and instruments being launched – and sent a series of iconic scientific missions to deep space.
The decision to start developing Ariane 6 was taken in 2014 to respond to the continued need to have independent access to space, while offering efficient
commercial launch services in a fast-changing market.
ESA, with its Member States and industrial partners led by ArianeGroup, is developing new technologies for new markets with Ariane 6. The versatility of Ariane 6
adds a whole new dimension to its very successful predecessors
Deploying DAPHNE Computational Intelligence on EuroHPC Vega for Benchmarking ...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda, Mark Dokter:
Deploying DAPHNE Computational Intelligence on EuroHPC Vega for Benchmarking Randomised Optimisation Algorithms.
2024 International Conference on Broadband Communications for Next Generation Networks and Multimedia Applications (CoBCom), 9--11 July 2024, Graz, Austria
https://www.cobcom.tugraz.at/
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ScieNCE grade 08 Lesson 1 and 2 NLC.pptxJoanaBanasen1
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Keys of Identification for Indian Wood: A Seminar ReportGurjant Singh
Identifying Indian wood involves recognizing key characteristics such as grain patterns, color, texture, hardness, and specific anatomical features. These identification keys include observing the wood's pores, growth rings, and resin canals, as well as its scent and weight. Understanding these features is essential for accurate wood identification, which is crucial for various applications in carpentry, furniture making, and conservation.
Additionally, the application of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in wood identification has revolutionized this field. CNNs can analyze images of wood samples to identify species with high accuracy by learning and recognizing intricate patterns and features. This technological advancement not only enhances the precision of wood identification but also accelerates the process, making it more efficient for industry professionals and researchers alike.
Dalghren, Thorne and Stebbins System of Classification of AngiospermsGurjant Singh
The Dahlgren, Thorne, and Stebbins system of classification is a modern method for categorizing angiosperms (flowering plants) based on phylogenetic relationships. Developed by botanists Rolf Dahlgren, Robert Thorne, and G. Ledyard Stebbins, this system emphasizes evolutionary relationships and incorporates extensive morphological and molecular data. It aims to provide a more accurate reflection of the genetic and evolutionary connections among angiosperm families and orders, facilitating a better understanding of plant diversity and evolution. This classification system is a valuable tool for botanists, researchers, and horticulturists in studying and organizing the vast diversity of flowering plants.
Dalghren, Thorne and Stebbins System of Classification of Angiosperms
Lattice Defects in ionic solid compound.pptx
1. CRYSTAL DEFECTS
• Ideal crystalline solid is valid only at …
• Internal energy is minium
• Entropy contribution = 0
Influnces: Many physical properties such as
optical absorption
electrical conductivity
mechanical strength
2. Imperfections or defects in crystalline solid can be broadly classified into four
groups, namely, point defect, line defect, surface defect and volume defect.
Point defect is considered as the zero dimensional (0-D) defect, as by
mathematical definition, a point is unit-less dimensionless quantity. The
point defect is the smallest possible defect in any material.
3. Definition of Point Defect:
A point defect occurs when one or more atoms of a crystalline solid
leave their original lattice site and/or foreign atoms occupy the
interstitial position of the crystal.
Occurence: : There exist three possibilities by which point defect may
occur, as provided below:
One or more original atoms of the crystal are missing from their
corresponding lattice site and shifted to the interstitial position in
same crystal.
One or more foreign atoms occupied the interstitial position of the
crystalline solid.
One or more foreign atoms replaced the original atom of the crystal
and subsequently occupied the interstitial position.
5. Features of Point Defect in Crystalline Solid:
random or an arranged manner.
Weight and density may increase, decrease or even remain constant;
Point defects are inherent to the natural material, whose temperature
is above absolute zero temperature (0K). However, perfect crystal can
be obtained in scientific laboratories with tight control of
environment.
Point defect can affect the equilibrium of neighboring atoms and can
put them under tension or compression.
Point defects can change the physical and chemical properties of the
solid, such as it can convert an insulator to electrically conductor one,
it can increase the hardness of the material.
Sometime point defects are intentionally created in the solid in a
controlled way in order to modify the properties of the material for
better functionality.
6. Causes of Point Defect in Crystalline Solid:
Diffusion (solid-solid).
Increase or decrease in temperature in presence of
other medium.
Plastic deformation.
Particle or ion bombarding, such as sputtering or ion
irradiation.
Deliberate alloying to enhance properties.
Presence of residual stress.
7. Line defects:
These defects are edge and screw dislocations.
Edge dislocation: It arises when an extra half plane of atoms “inserted” into
the crystal lattice. Due to the edge dislocations metals possess high plasticity
characteristics: ductility and malleability.
9. Type of defects:
1. Stoichiometric defect
In this kind of point defect, the ratio of positive and negative ions
(Stoichiometric) and electrical neutrality of a solid is not disturbed.
Sometimes it is also known as intrinsic or thermodynamic defects.
Fundamentally, they are of two types:
Vacancy defect: When an atom is not present at their lattice sites,
then that lattice site is vacant and it creates a vacancy defect. Due to
this, the density of a substance decreases.
Interstitial defect: It is a defect in which an atom or molecule occupies
the intermolecular spaces in crystals. In this defect, the density of the
substance increases.
Example : A non-ionic compound mainly shows vacancy and interstitial
defects. An ionic compound shows the same in Frenkel and Schottky
defect.
10. Frenkel Defect:
In ionic solids generally, the smaller ion (cation) moves out of its place and
occupies an intermolecular space. In this case, a vacancy defect is created
on its original position and the interstitial defect is experienced at its new
position.
It is also known as dislocation defect.
The density of a substance remains unchanged.
It happens when there is a huge difference in the size of anions and
cations.
Example: ZnS and AgCl.
11. Schottky Defect
•This kind of vacancy defects is found in Ionic Solids. But in ionic compounds, we need to balance
the electrical neutrality of the compound so an equal number of anions and cations will be missing
from the compound.
•It reduces the density of the substance.
•In this, the size of cations and anions are of almost the same.
15. SCHOTTKY DEFECTS
Cause: migration of a metal atom or ion to the surface
in a binary ionic crystal A+B- (Na+Cl-)
The energy absorbed during the creation is called
schottky defect.
Observed in the case of closed packed structure.
Example: NaCl, MgO
𝑛 = 𝑁𝑒
−𝐸𝑠
/2𝐾𝐵𝑇
18. No. schottky defects depend on:
i. The total no. of ion pair i.e. mass of the ionic crystal.
ii. The average energy required to produce schottky defects.
iii. temperature