Ideas for pharmacy students on final year project : Possible Research Fields

This document discusses physiological pharmacokinetic models, which describe drug movement and disposition in the body based on organ blood flow and organ spaces penetrated by the drug. It presents different types of models, including blood flow-limited models, models incorporating drug binding, and membrane-limited models. It discusses key concepts like mean residence time, mean absorption time, and mean dissolution time. Physiological pharmacokinetic models provide a more exact description of drug concentrations over time compared to non-physiological models.

This document discusses compartment modeling in pharmacokinetics. It begins by defining a mathematical model and compartment model. Compartmental models divide the body into compartments and use first-order kinetics to describe the movement of drugs between compartments. Common compartment models include one-compartment open models for intravenous bolus, intravenous infusion, and extravascular administration. Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters like absorption rate, elimination rate constant, and half-life are also covered.

This document provides information on urinary excretion studies, a method used to assess bioavailability of drugs that are excreted unchanged in urine. It discusses how the method involves collecting urine samples at regular intervals over multiple biological half-lives and analyzing drug levels. It notes advantages like being noninvasive and allowing calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters. The document outlines criteria for valid studies and methods to determine elimination rate constants and bioavailability from urinary excretion data.

The document discusses the non-compartmental pharmacokinetic model, which does not assume a specific number of compartments and instead assumes first-order elimination. It is a simple approach used to calculate parameters like half-life, clearance, and volume of distribution without complex compartmental assumptions. Key parameters like area under the curve (AUC) and mean residence time can be estimated using this model from concentration-time data using trapezoidal integration without assuming an underlying multi-compartment structure. While simple, this model provides essential exposure parameters needed to understand drug behavior without more complex compartmental modeling.

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Bioavailability and bioequivalence studies are essential to ensure uniform quality, efficacy, and safety of pharmaceutical products. Bioavailability measures the rate and amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation, while bioequivalence demonstrates that generic and brand name products have comparable rates and extents of absorption. Well-designed pharmacokinetic studies are commonly used to assess bioequivalence by comparing AUC and Cmax of test and reference products. Factors like dosage form, solubility, transit time and metabolism can influence bioavailability, so studies may be necessary after manufacturing changes or for different routes of administration. Guidelines regulate bioequivalence testing to allow approval of lower-cost generic drugs while maintaining therapeutic equivalence.