A hub is a networking device that connects multiple computers to a single network using Ethernet, Firewire, or USB connections. It operates at the physical layer of the OSI model and broadcasts all incoming data to all ports, which can cause collisions. A switch is a networking device that connects network segments and operates at the data link layer. It stores MAC addresses in a lookup table to route data only to necessary ports, preventing collisions. Switches allow full duplex communication and the implementation of features like VLANs, spanning trees, and more advanced routing capabilities compared to hubs.
VLANs logically segment LANs into broadcast domains by using switches to assign ports and their attached devices to VLAN groups based on their MAC address, IP subnet, or switch port. This allows devices that are physically located on different floors or buildings to belong to the same logical LAN segment while preventing Layer 2 broadcasts from crossing VLAN boundaries. VLAN trunk links between switches allow multiple VLANs to be transmitted over the same physical link.
The document discusses congestion control in computer networks. It defines congestion as occurring when the load on a network is greater than the network's capacity. Congestion control aims to control congestion and keep the load below capacity. The document outlines two categories of congestion control: open-loop control, which aims to prevent congestion; and closed-loop control, which detects congestion and takes corrective action using feedback from the network. Specific open-loop techniques discussed include admission control, traffic shaping using leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms, and traffic scheduling.
BGP is the exterior gateway protocol that connects different autonomous systems on the internet. It allows for the exchange of routing and reachability information between these systems. BGP operates using a finite state machine to manage the states of connections between peers. It establishes TCP connections between routers to exchange routing updates and keep connections alive through regular keepalive messages. BGP version 4, defined in RFC 4271, is the current standard implementation which supports features like classless inter-domain routing and route aggregation.
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) use radio waves to connect devices in a building or campus wirelessly. They integrate with wired networks through access points that bridge wireless and wired traffic. WLANs operate similarly to wired LANs but have some differences like lower security, limited bandwidth, and variable performance depending on location within the network coverage area. Common devices that use WLANs include tablets, smartphones and laptops.
Router, switch, and hub are networking devices that connect and direct data traffic. Routers connect networks and forward packets based on IP addresses, allowing networks to span different protocols. Switches have multiple ports and can perform error checking before selectively forwarding packets to connected devices based on MAC or IP addresses. Hubs are the simplest devices and broadcast all data to all connected devices without intelligence about the best path, making them inefficient. Routers support WAN technologies and share a public IP with connected devices, switches can operate at layers 2 and 3, and hubs were used for small low traffic networks.
1. An introduction of LAN.
2. An introduction of VLAN.
3. Properties of VLAN.
4. Types of VLAN.
5. VLAN Identification Method
6. VLAN Trunking Protocol.
7. Inter-VLAN routing.
ARP works by broadcasting packets to all hosts on a LAN to find the MAC address associated with a given IP address. Each host maintains an ARP table mapping IP addresses to MAC addresses. ARP broadcasts are propagated through bridges and switches but not routers. When host 1.1 needs to send data to 1.3, it first uses ARP to find 1.3's MAC address by broadcasting an ARP request packet containing 1.3's IP address.
Data Link layer design issues, Error Detection and Correction, Elementary Data Link protocols: Unrestricted simplex protocol, Simplex stop-and-wait protocol, Simplex protocol for a noisy channel; Sliding Window protocols: One-bit sliding window protocol, Protocol using Go back N, Example.
Data link protocol: Higher Level Data Link Control, Data link layer in the internet. Internetworking and Advanced Internetworking Switching and Bridging, Basic Internetworking (IP), Routing, The Global Internet, Routing among Mobile Devices
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed in 1991 as an improvement over the distance vector routing protocol RIP. It is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
- OSPF networks can be divided into sub-domains called areas. Areas limit the scope of route information distribution and reduce the number of routes that need to be propagated. All routers within an area must be connected.
- The backbone area, with an ID of 0.0.0.0, acts as a hub that connects all other areas and distributes routing information between them. It must remain continuously connected.
This document discusses the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which provides reliable, connection-oriented data transmission over the internet. TCP establishes a virtual connection between endpoints, ensuring reliable delivery through mechanisms like positive acknowledgement and retransmission. It uses a sliding window algorithm to guarantee reliable and in-order delivery while enforcing flow control between sender and receiver. Key aspects of TCP include connection establishment and termination, port numbers, segments, headers, and addressing end-to-end issues over heterogeneous networks.
A MAC address is a 48-bit hardware address that uniquely identifies network interfaces for communication in an Ethernet network. It is stored in the network card's firmware and is usually written as 12 hexadecimal digits separated by hyphens. An IP address is a 32-bit logical address that identifies a device on an IP network and can be configured manually or automatically via DHCP. Private IP address ranges like 10.0.0.0/8 and 192.168.0.0/16 are non-routable and used for local area networks.
The document summarizes key aspects of the transport layer. It discusses how the transport layer provides logical communication between application processes running on different hosts by abstracting physical network details. It then describes the services provided by the transport layer including connection-oriented and connectionless services. It also discusses topics like quality of service, transport service primitives, addressing, connection establishment and release, flow control, multiplexing, and crash recovery for the transport layer.
UDP is a connectionless transport layer protocol that runs over IP. It provides an unreliable best-effort service where packets may be lost, delivered out of order, or duplicated. UDP has a small 8-byte header and is lightweight, with no connection establishment or guarantee of delivery. This makes it fast and low overhead, suitable for real-time applications like streaming media where resending lost packets would cause delay.
Networking devices are components that connect electronic devices and allow them to share resources over a network. Common networking devices include network interface cards, hubs, switches, bridges, routers, and modems. A switch connects network segments and can perform error checking before forwarding data packets between devices on a local area network. A router connects two or more networks and reads address information in packets to determine the best path to forward packets between networks. Routers work at the network layer and contain routing tables to define the addresses of connected networks.
MAC addresses are 48- or 64-bit identifiers linked to the hardware of network adapters. They are expressed as hexadecimal strings like 01-23-45-67-89-AB. There are two types: universally administered addresses, which are assigned at manufacture with the first three octets identifying the manufacturer, and locally administered addresses, which can be manually changed but must be unique on the local subnet. MAC addresses can be useful for security and troubleshooting network issues.
Routers connect different computer networks and forward data packets between them by reading the address information in each packet to determine the ultimate destination. A router contains a routing table with information about connected networks and uses this to determine the best path for packets to travel through multiple networks to reach their destination. There are two main types of routers: core routers connect different cities while edge routers connect users and hosts to networks.
Unicast involves sending data from one computer to another, with one sender and one receiver. Multicast sends data to a group of devices that have joined the multicast group, with one sender but multiple potential receivers. Broadcast sends data from one computer that is then forwarded to all connected devices, with one sender and all devices receiving the broadcast traffic.
Mobile Network Layer protocols and mechanisms allow nodes to change their point of attachment to different networks while maintaining ongoing communication. Key concepts include:
- Mobile IP adds mobility support to IP, allowing nodes to use the same IP address even when changing networks. It relies on home agents and care-of addresses.
- Registration allows mobile nodes to inform their home agent of their current location when visiting foreign networks. Tunneling and encapsulation techniques are used to forward packets to mobile nodes' current locations.
- Various routing protocols like DSDV have been developed for mobile ad hoc networks which have no fixed infrastructure and dynamic topologies.
This document defines and describes several common networking devices and the layers in which they operate. It discusses gateways, hubs, switches, repeaters, routers, and bridges. Gateways can operate at any OSI model layer and join different network types. Hubs operate at layer 1 and broadcast traffic to all ports. Switches are more advanced than hubs, sending messages only to requesting devices. Repeaters amplify and resend weakened signals. Routers forward data between networks and are located at gateways. Bridges create separate collision domains and filter traffic by MAC address. The document also compares hubs and switches, noting switches are active devices that can send traffic selectively while hubs are passive and broadcast to all ports.
Routers and switches are networking devices that allow computers and other devices to connect to each other and form networks. While routers connect separate logical networks and operate at the network layer, switches operate at the data link layer and connect devices within a single local area network by forwarding data frames. The functions of routers and switches differ, with routers directing traffic between networks and switches allowing many devices to share a connection and increasing network bandwidth.
Network devices can be used to connect and extend networks. Repeaters function at the physical layer and retransmit signals to cover longer distances but can only connect two devices. Hubs work at the physical layer and connect multiple devices, acting as a single network segment and participating in collision detection. Switches process and route data at the data link layer, connecting network segments, and some can also operate at higher layers. Bridges similarly connect network segments at the data link layer but can analyze packets to determine where to send them. Routers interconnect networks and selectively exchange packets between them using address information. Gateways interface between networks using different protocols by performing necessary protocol translations.
A hub connects multiple devices to a single network but simply broadcasts all traffic to all ports. A switch can selectively send traffic only to the destination device, avoiding collisions. While hubs operate at the physical layer, switches operate at the data link layer and can learn MAC addresses to route frames efficiently. Switches generally perform better than hubs for networks with four or more devices or heavy traffic loads.
Networking devices connect electronic devices together to share resources and include devices like hubs, switches, routers, and network interface cards. A repeater receives and retransmits signals to extend range without degradation and works at the physical layer. A hub is a multiport repeater that connects multiple wires in a star topology. A bridge connects two networks and works at the data link layer, maintaining a MAC address table to selectively forward data. A switch is an efficient, multi-port bridge that can check for errors and selectively forward packets to the correct port. A router routes packets based on IP addresses and connects LANs and WANs at the network layer.
Network switches, functions & role in networksIT Tech
A network switch connects multiple computers together on a local area network (LAN) and operates at the data link layer of the OSI model. It receives messages and transmits them only to the intended device, unlike a hub. Switches create separate collision domains to allow connected devices to transfer data simultaneously without interference. They can operate at different layers, with layer 3 switches having additional routing capabilities. Switches establish network connectivity and performance within a LAN.
Computer networking involves connecting computing devices together to share data. It uses both hardware and software. There are different types of computer networks classified by their geographic reach, such as local area networks (LANs) within a single building and wide area networks (WANs) spanning cities or countries. Basic network designs are client-server, with centralized server computers accessed by client devices, and peer-to-peer where all devices have equal functions. Common network devices include switches, hubs, routers, gateways, and bridges which help direct data traffic and establish connections within and between networks. TCP/IP is a fundamental communications protocol used to connect devices on the internet and private networks.
A network switch is a telecommunications device that receives messages and sends them to their intended destinations. It connects network segments or devices and forwards data to one or multiple targets that need to receive it. Switches operate at the data link layer to process and forward data, unlike hubs but similar to routers. They improve network performance by reducing broadcast domains and using hardware to map ports to device addresses.
This document defines and compares common networking devices and terms. It discusses hubs, switches, routers, bridges, gateways, network interface cards (NICs), and modems. Hubs are basic devices that connect networked devices but do not monitor traffic or activity. Switches are more intelligent devices that can direct traffic to specific ports. Routers connect different networks and use routing tables to determine the best path for traffic. Bridges and gateways also connect different networks using different protocols.
Highlighted notes while studying the Course:
Advanced Computer Networks
Article: Network switch
By: Wikipedia
Wikipedia is a multilingual online encyclopedia created and maintained as an open collaboration project by a community of volunteer editors using a wiki-based editing system. It is the largest and most popular general reference work on the World Wide Web. It is also one of the 15 most popular websites as ranked by Alexa, as of August 2020. It features exclusively free content and has no advertising. It is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American non-profit organization funded primarily through donations.
This document provides an overview of networking basics. It defines a network as connected devices like computers, hubs, switches and routers. It describes the main types of networks as local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and wireless local area networks (WLANs). LANs connect devices within a small area like a building, while WANs connect multiple LANs over long distances using technologies slower than LANs. WLANs provide wireless connections through an access point. Common networking devices include hubs, switches, routers and network interface cards (NICs) that allow devices to connect to networks.
A computer network consists of several components that allow data transfer between devices. There are three categories of network components: end devices like computers and printers, intermediary devices like switches and routers, and network media like cables. A network interface card allows a computer to connect to a network by providing a dedicated network connection. Repeaters amplify signals to extend network coverage but cannot connect different networks or reduce traffic. Switches operate at the data link layer and send data frames to specific ports, while routers operate at the network layer and forward packets using routing tables. Gateways connect networks using different protocols by acting as protocol converters.
This document defines and describes several common computer networking devices. It explains that network interface cards allow computers to connect to networks by providing a physical connection and MAC address. Hubs broadcast all data to all ports, while switches only send data to the targeted port, improving efficiency. Bridges separate traffic on connected network segments. Routers connect dissimilar networks and make routing decisions. Gateways convert between data formats. Repeaters receive and retransmit signals to extend range. Modems convert digital data to analog signals for telephone line transmission. Media converters connect different cabling types. Wireless access points provide connections to wireless networks.
A network is any collection of computers connected together to share resources. When computers are connected in a network, users can share files, printers and other devices. As companies rely more on applications like email and databases, computer networking becomes increasingly important. Networks include computers, networking cards, connections like wires, and network operating systems. There are different types of networks like LANs, WANs, intranets and the Internet. Devices like repeaters, hubs, bridges, gateways and switches are used to connect network segments and devices.
Networking Devices are units that mediate data in a computer network and are also called network equipment. Units which are the last receiver or generate data are called hosts or data terminal equipment.
What are some of the commonly seen WLAN devices What role does each.pdfudit652068
What are some of the commonly seen WLAN devices? What role does each of them play in
creating the WLAN network infrastructure?
Solution
What are some of the commonly seen WLAN devices?
Ans:Access Point(AP),Bridges,Switch,Router,Gateway,Hub
Access Point(AP):It connects wireless devices.It allows to user to have an access of network for
communication.
Bridege:It is used to connect network of different types.E.g.Ethernet bridge connects wired
Ethernet network to wireless network.
Switch:It allows to connect devices among each other using method of packet switching for
send,receive and process of data.
Router:It allows to forward packets from one computer to another.It does job of traffic
management of network.
Gateway:It is used to coonect to another network which uses another protocol.It routes traffic
from inside of network to outside.
Hub:It is common point where all devices are connected.In this hub,frame of data is broadcasted
to each device.It doesnt matter whether frame is for particular computer or device.It just
broadcasts..
This document defines key networking terminology used in networking basics courses. It describes local area networks (LANs) which connect devices within a small geographic area, and wide area networks (WANs) which connect multiple geographically separate LANs. It also defines wireless LANs (WLANs), the Internet, intranets, and extranets. Common networking hardware such as hubs, switches, routers, and gateways are explained. Modems, broadcast domains, and collision domains are also summarized.
The document discusses various network connecting devices:
- Network Interface Cards (NICs) connect computers to external networks and require proper installation including setting parameters, configuration, and interfacing.
- Hubs connect multiple nodes through a single device but reduce bandwidth by broadcasting all data to all ports. Switches improve on hubs by only sending data to relevant ports.
- Bridges and routers segment networks and determine the best path to send data between different network segments.
A switch is a network device that receives incoming data packets and redirects them to their destination on a local area network (LAN). It operates at the data link layer and can support all packet protocols. It reads destination information and uses it to determine the correct output port to send the data. Switches create an electronic tunnel between ports to allow communication without collisions, unlike hubs which broadcast to all ports.
The document discusses topics related to the network layer, including:
1) The network layer is responsible for routing packets between hosts and networks, addressing devices and networks, and internetworking between subnets with different addressing schemes or protocols.
2) Key functions of the network layer include routing, addressing, queueing and forwarding packets according to quality of service, and providing connection-oriented and connectionless mechanisms.
3) The document discusses various networking devices that operate at the network layer like routers, switches, bridges, repeaters, and gateways, and their functions in routing packets between networks and subnets.
This document discusses the relationship between emotions and risk-taking behaviors. It presents the results of two surveys conducted with 91 second-year engineering students measuring their emotions related to financial decisions and perceptions of financial risk. The surveys found that students tend to feel joy after gains but disappointment after losses. They also tend to be moderate risk-takers, with their decisions influenced by emotions in about 35% of cases. A correlation analysis found a weak negative relationship between emotions and risk-taking. The document concludes that risk-taking behaviors are dependent on emotional states.
Project report RAILWAY TICKET RESERVATION SYSTEM SADNitesh Singh
This document provides a project report on developing a railway ticket reservation system. It includes sections that outline the system's requirements and functions for booking and cancelling tickets, checking PNR status and train details. It also includes data flow diagrams, decision tables, a decision tree, sequence diagram, use case diagram, activity diagram, structure chart, and Ishikawa diagram to model and design the system. Key terms used in the system like PNR, DFD, e-ticket, and i-ticket are defined in a glossary.
This document discusses comedy and comedians like Kapil Sharma, Jonny, Kyle Brauch, and the real work that goes into being funny for an audience. It touches on the traveling involved in the comedy business and different levels of comedy performance. The document expresses gratitude at the end.
This document is a project report submitted by four students to their professor for a DBMS project on automating a laundry service. It includes an acknowledgement section thanking the professor and others for their support and guidance. The contents section lists the various parts of the report covering requirements analysis, ERD diagram, normalization, PL/SQL code, and other sections related to implementing the database system for the laundry service. An overview of the proposed automated system and its key functional requirements are provided in the requirements analysis section.
- Big data refers to large amounts of data that are constantly being generated and require advanced techniques and technologies to capture, manage and analyze. Examples include web logs, social media, sensor data, and financial transactions.
- Hadoop is an open-source software framework for distributed storage and processing of large datasets across clusters of commodity servers. It allows for the reliable, scalable and distributed processing of large data sets across clusters of commodity hardware.
- Key components of Hadoop include HDFS for storage, and MapReduce for distributed processing of large datasets in parallel on multiple servers. HDFS stores data across clusters of commodity servers as blocks, providing reliability even if individual servers fail.
There are two main internet protocols: TCP and UDP. TCP is connection-oriented and reliable, ensuring packets are delivered in order. It is slower than UDP but suited for applications like web browsing where reliability is important. UDP is connectionless and faster but packets may arrive out of order or not at all, making it well-suited for real-time applications like games and streaming media. Key differences between the two protocols include their handling of connections, ordering of packets, speed, and reliability of delivery.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in network layer delivery, forwarding, and routing. It discusses delivery and forwarding of packets, including direct vs indirect delivery and next-hop vs route forwarding methods. It also summarizes several unicast routing protocols, including distance vector protocols like RIP and link state protocols like OSPF. Finally, it discusses path vector routing and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) for interdomain routing.
The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery of data across network layers. There are three main protocols at the transport layer: UDP, TCP, and SCTP. UDP provides connectionless and unreliable data delivery, while TCP and SCTP provide connection-oriented and reliable delivery. The transport layer requires port numbers along with IP addresses to uniquely identify the sending and receiving processes and allow for multiplexing and demultiplexing of data between different applications and processes.
IPv4 uses datagram switching at the network layer and is connectionless. It includes fields for identification, flags, fragmentation offset, and time to live. IPv6 was developed to address IPv4's inefficient address space, lack of security, and inability to support real-time audio/video. IPv6 features a larger 128-bit address space, better header format, extensions, flow labeling, and more security. A smooth transition involves dual stack, tunneling, or header translation methods.
The document discusses IP addressing and network layer concepts. It provides examples of converting IP addresses between binary and dotted-decimal notation. It also describes classful addressing which divides the address space into classes A, B, C, D and E. The document then gives an example of address allocation and distribution to different customer groups. It introduces Network Address Translation (NAT) which allows internal networks to use a large set of private addresses while presenting a single external address.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) allows copying files between two hosts over TCP/IP. It establishes two connections - one for control information like commands and responses, and one for transferring files. FTP solves problems like different file naming conventions or data representations between systems. It uses ports 21 for control and 20 for data, and defines attributes like file type, data structure, and transmission mode to handle heterogeneous systems.
Electronic mail systems allow users to compose and send messages to other users. They utilize user agents to create and manage mailboxes, as well as mail transfer agents (MTAs) like SMTP to transmit messages between systems. MIME extensions allow non-ASCII content like images and files to be included in email messages by encoding them. IMAP and POP3 are common protocols for accessing email on a server, with IMAP providing more features for organizing and searching mail than POP3.
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a distributed system that allows clients using browsers to access and view web pages from servers located around the world. Web pages can contain links to other pages within the same site or other sites. A uniform resource locator (URL) specifies the protocol, host computer, port, and path needed to locate and access a specific web page. Web pages can be static, dynamic, or active depending on when their content is determined.
The document discusses different types of transmission media used for communication, including guided (wired) media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber, as well as unguided (wireless) transmission. It provides details on the characteristics of each medium, such as their bandwidth capabilities, applications, advantages and limitations. Overall, the document compares various physical transmission paths and how they enable data transmission over different distances and environments.
This document discusses the key concepts of data communication including the five components, different types of data flow, network topologies, categories of networks, and protocols. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between two devices via some transmission medium. The five components of data communication are the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols which are sets of rules that govern communication. There are three main types of data flow: simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. Different network topologies include mesh, star, bus, ring, and hybrid variations. Networks can be categorized as LANs, MANs, WANs, or internetworks connecting two or more networks using internetworking devices.
This document discusses the key concepts of data communication including the five components, different types of data flow, network topologies, categories of networks, and protocols. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between two devices via some transmission medium. The five components of data communication are the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols which are sets of rules that govern communication. Different types of data flow include simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. Common network topologies include mesh, star, bus, ring, and hybrid combinations of these. Networks can be LANs, MANs, WANs, or internetworks connecting multiple networks. Protocols establish rules for syntax, semantics, and
The TCP/IP model was developed by DARPA in the late 1970s and defines the protocols used for network communication on the internet. It has four layers - the lowest is the host to network layer which connects hosts to different networks using various protocols. Above this is the internet layer which allows data packets to be routed independently to their destination using the Internet Protocol. The transport layer segments messages and uses protocols like TCP and UDP. The highest application layer provides services that applications use for functions like file transfer, email, and web browsing.
There are two types of transmission media: guided (wired) media and unguided (wireless) media. Guided media contains signal energy within a solid medium like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables used for point-to-point communication. Unguided media uses electromagnetic waves to propagate signals through radio waves or infrared light. Twisted pair cables are commonly used for short-distance digital data and telephone communication, using two insulated copper wires twisted together to reduce interference. Coaxial cable has a central wire surrounded by insulating material and outer shield to carry higher bandwidth signals with noise immunity up to 1 km. Fiber optic cable transmits light signals through thin glass or plastic cores over very long distances with
This document discusses different types of transmission media including fiber optic cables, radio waves, microwaves, and infrared transmission. It provides details on how each type of media transmits signals and their applications. Fiber optic cables transmit light signals over glass fibers using converters, and offer advantages like high bandwidth, low attenuation, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Radio waves transmit signals through the air and are used for applications like radio, TV, and cordless phones. Microwaves also transmit through the air but in a line-of-sight manner and are used for cellular networks and wireless LANs. Infrared transmission uses light frequencies for short range uses like remote controls.
This document provides solutions to selected problems from the first chapter of a statistics textbook. The solutions show step-by-step workings to find probabilities, means, and standard deviations for data sets involving rolling dice and drawing balls from an urn. Formulas are explained and calculations are shown to demonstrate statistical techniques for beginning statistics students.
1. A Hub is a networking device that allows one to connect multiple PCs to a single network. Hubs may be
based on Ethernet, Firewire, or USB connections. Aswitch is a control unit that turns the flow of
electricity on or of in a circuit. It may also be used to route information patterns in streaming electronic
data sent over networks. In the context of a network, a switch is a computer networking device that
connects network segments.
Comparison chart
Hub Switch
Layer
Physical layer. Hubs are classified as
Layer 1 devices per the OSI model.
Data Link Layer. Network switches
operate at Layer 2 of the OSI model.
Ports 4/12 ports Switch is multi port Bridge. 24/48 ports
Device Type
Passive Device (Without Software) Active Device (With Software) &
Networking device
Transmission
Type
Hubs always perform frame flooding;
may be unicast, multicast or broadcast
First broadcast; then unicast & multicast
as needed.
Table
A network hub cannot learn or store
MAC address.
A network switch stores MAC
addresses in a lookup table.
Data
Transmission
form
Electrical signal or bits Frame (L2 Switch) Frame & Packet (L3
switch)
Transmission
Mode
Half duplex Full duplex
Function
To connect a network of personal
computers together, they can be joined
through a central hub.
Allow to connect multiple device and
port can be manage, Vlan can create
security also can apply
Used in (LAN,
MAN, WAN)
LAN LAN
Broadcast
Domain
Hub has one Broadcast Domain. Switch has one broadcast domain
[unless VLAN implemented]
Definition
An electronic device that connects many
network device together so that devices
can exchange data
A network switch is a computer
networking device that is used to
connect many devices together on a
computer network. A switch is
considered more advanced than a hub
because a switch will on send msg to
device that needs or request it
Collisions
Collisions occur commonly in setups
using hubs.
No collisions occur in a full-duplex
switch.
Spanning-Tree No Spanning-Tree Many Spanning-tree Possible
Manufacturers Sun Systems, Oracle and Cisco Cisco and D-link Juniper