EXTRAPOLATION OF IN VITRO DATA TO PRECLINICAL

The document summarizes various screening methods used to evaluate immunomodulators. It discusses in vivo methods like acute systemic anaphylaxis in rats and delayed type hypersensitivity reaction in rats. It also discusses in vitro methods like inhibition of histamine release from mast cells and neutrophil locomotion assays. The document provides details of various protocols used for screening immunomodulators.

Introduction to Screening Models Of Anti Cancer Drugs Need for novel anti cancer drugs, In - vitro methods, In - vivo methods, Advantages and disadvantages Presented by T. Niranjan Reddy Department of Pharmacology

The document summarizes the immune system and how it distinguishes self from nonself through innate and adaptive immunity. It then discusses immunomodulators which can suppress or stimulate the immune response, dividing them into immunosuppressants and immunostimulants. Several screening methods for evaluating immunomodulatory activity are also presented, including acute systemic anaphylaxis in rats, anti-anaphylactic activity, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, Arthus type hypersensitivity, delayed type hypersensitivity, and carbon clearance tests for phagocytic response measurement. Modifications to these screening methods are also noted.

This document discusses 5 key causes for why animal studies do not reliably predict human outcomes: 1) Interspecies differences in disease susceptibility, drug metabolism, and other factors; 2) Stressful laboratory environments and common procedures that alter animal physiology; 3) False positives from chronic high-dose rodent studies that overwhelm natural defenses; 4) Poor methodological quality in many animal experiments lacking randomization, blinding, and other controls; 5) Publication and other biases that skew available data.

This document describes various pre-clinical screening methods for anti-asthmatic drugs, including in vitro, isolated organ, and in vivo models. In vitro methods include the CULTEX technique using bronchial epithelial cell cultures and histamine receptor binding assays using guinea pig brain membranes. Tests in isolated organs involve measuring spasmolytic activity in guinea pig lung strips. In vivo models include tests in anesthetized guinea pigs to evaluate bronchospasmolytic effects and protection against anaphylactic shock or serotonin/histamine-induced asphyxia. Overall, the document outlines the most common pre-clinical tests used to evaluate potential anti-asthmatic effects prior to clinical trials.

This document provides information on screening models used to evaluate potential antipsychotic drugs. It begins with an introduction to psychosis and classification of antipsychotic agents. It then describes several in vivo and in vitro models used for screening including tests measuring catalepsy in rodents, inhibition of amphetamine-induced stereotypy, and D2 receptor binding assays. The in vivo models assess behaviors relevant to antipsychotic effects while the in vitro assays measure binding to specific receptors like the D2 receptor that contribute to antipsychotic mechanisms of action.

Screening methods for anti-anginal agents include in vivo and in vitro models. In vivo models involve inducing ventricular failure in animals through repeated injections of plastic microspheres into the left ventricular artery. In vitro models screen agents using isolated tissues like heart muscle to assess effects on coronary blood flow, oxygen consumption, and mechanical activity. Common classifications of anti-anginal agents are nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, potassium channel openers, and others like dipyridamole and trimetazidine.

Screening Methods of Parkinson's Disease Submitted To - Dr. Saumya Das,Asst.Professor NIET(Pharmacy Institute) Submitted By- Neeraj Rana NIET(Pharmacy Institute)

This document summarizes screening methods for potential antiparkinson agents. It describes several in vivo and in vitro models used to test compounds. The key in vivo models discussed are: 1. Tremorine and oxotremorine antagonism in mice, which tests a compound's ability to reduce tremors induced by these muscarinic agonists. 2. The MPTP model in monkeys and mice, which uses MPTP to damage dopaminergic neurons and induce Parkinson's-like symptoms that can be reversed or reduced by test compounds. 3. Reserpine antagonism in rats, which tests if a compound can reduce sedation and motor impairment caused by reserpine depletion of cate

This document summarizes preclinical screening models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It describes exposing mice to cigarette smoke over both acute (6 weeks) and chronic (5 days, 3 cigarettes/day) periods to model the effects of cigarette smoke, the main cause of COPD. For the acute study, mice are divided into groups exposed to air, smoke, or smoke with low- or high-dose test drugs. For the chronic study, groups are exposed to air, drugs and air, smoke, or smoke with low- or high-dose drugs. After exposure, the mice are sacrificed and their lungs examined to measure emphysema and macrophage volume as indicators of COPD pathology.

The document discusses various screening methods for evaluating potential anxiolytic drugs, including in vitro receptor binding assays and in vivo behavioral tests in animals like the elevated plus maze test, light-dark box test, and social interaction test, which measure anxiety-like behaviors that can be reduced by anxiolytic drug administration. Classification of anxiolytics and theories of anxiety involving neurotransmitters like GABA, serotonin and norepinephrine are also covered.

Screening Methods for behavioural and muscle Coordination A. Motor activity and behaviour 1. Method of intermittent observation 2.Open field test 3.Hole board test 4.Combined open field test B.Test for muscle coordination 1.Inclined plane method 2.Chimny test 3.Grip strength 4.Rotarod method

This document summarizes pre-clinical screening models for atherosclerosis. It discusses several in vivo and in vitro models, including triton wistar rat induced hyperlipidemia, cholesterol diet induced atherosclerosis in rabbits, and hereditary hyperlipidemia in rats. The triton model involves inducing hyperlipidemia in rats through triton injection and evaluating changes in serum lipid levels. The cholesterol diet model feeds rabbits a high cholesterol diet for 10-12 weeks then examines the aorta for lesions. The hereditary model uses rabbits genetically predisposed to hyperlipidemia to study the effects of potential drugs.

Screening Methods for Anxiolytic drugs. A very useful description about screening methods and usefool tool to understand.

This document discusses several alternative methods that can be used instead of animal experiments for pharmacological and toxicological screening. It describes the full thickness skin model method which uses skin tissue to evaluate the effects of substances instead of live animals. It also mentions in silico methods which use computer programs and knowledge of similar substances to predict properties without testing. The document outlines the cell line technique using continuous cell lines to screen for effects like anticancer drugs. Finally, it explains the patch clamp technique which studies individual ion channels in isolated cells and kidney tubules as an alternative to testing on whole animals.