Potential Degradation of Swainsonine by Intracellular Enzymes of Arthrobacter sp. HW08
<p>The morphology of HW08 bacteria observed by scanning electron microscopy. The bacteria are rod-like in shape. Scale bar = 5 μm.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Degradation of SW by IEHW08 <span class="html-italic">in vitro</span>. (<b>A</b>) Flow diagram of isolating EEHW08 or IEHW08 for degrading SW; (<b>B</b>) GC analysis of residual SW after incubating SW with Tris-Cl (Control), EEHW08, IEHW08 and HW08, respectively; (<b>C</b>) SW degradation rate of EEHW08, IEHW08 and HW08. Tris-Cl was used as vehicle control; (<b>D</b>) Alfa-glycosidase inhibition rate of residual SW after incubating same dose of SW with IEHW08 and HW08, respectively. Tris-Cl was used as vehicle control while Tris-Cl plus SW as positive control.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Body weight of mice in different treatment groups during the experiment period. Body weight of mice in SW + IEHW08 group is significantly higher than that in SW group after 14 days experimentation. * indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05; ** indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Comparison of blood routine examination indexes. Blood samples were collected from mice intragastrically administered by Tris-Cl (Vector control), Tris-Cl plus SW(SW group), and metabolites of SW degraded by IEHW08 or HW08 (SW + HW08 group, SW + IEHW08 group). The number of red blood cells (RBC), platelets (PLT) and white blood cells (WBC) was calculated and compared. ** indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Comparison of blood physiological and biochemical indexes. Mice intragastrically administered with metabolites of SW degraded by IEHW08 and HW08 (SW + IEHW08 group, SW + HW08 group) showed significantly lower concentration of creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) than that of mice intragastrically administered with swainsonine (SW group). Tris-Cl was used as vehicle control.* indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05; ** indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Histopathological evaluation of cerebellum. (<b>A</b>) Mice intragastrically administered with SW showed notable degenerative vacuolar changes in cerebellum. Arrow indicates vacuolation of Purkinje neurons. Mice intragastrically administered with metabolites of SW degraded by IEHW08 or HW08 had only a few degenerative vacuolar changes in Purkinje neurons. Mice intragastrically administered with Tris-Cl were used as vehicle control. Scale bar = 20 μm; (<b>B</b>) Quantification of vacuolated cells in each treatment. ** indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Histopathological evaluation of liver. (<b>A</b>) Mice intragastrically administered with SW showed evident vacuolar changes in liver. Arrow indicates vacuolation of hepatocytes. Mice intragastrically administered with metabolites of SW degraded by IEHW08 or HW08 had significantly decreased number of vacuoles in hepatocytes. Mice intragastrically administered with Tris-Cl were used as vehicle control. Scale bar = 20 μm; (<b>B</b>) Quantification of vacuolated cells in each treatment. ** indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Histopathological evaluation of kidney. (<b>A</b>) Mice intragastrically administered with SW showed obvious vacuolar changes in renal corpuscle. Arrow indicates vacuolation of renal cells. Mice intragastrically administered with metabolites of SW degraded by IEHW08 or HW08 had only several degenerative vacuolar changes in renal cells. Mice intragastrically administered with Tris-Cl were used as vehicle control. Scale bar = 20 μm; (<b>B</b>) Quantification of vacuolated cells in each treatment. ** indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Degrading SW by IEHW08
2.2. Metabolites of SW Degraded by IEHW08 Was Safe to Mice
2.3. Discussion
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Preparation of HW08 Cell-Free Extract and SW
3.2. Enzyme Activity
3.3. Animal Experiment
3.4. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Cook, D.; Shi, L.; Gardner, D.R.; Pfister, J.A.; Grum, D.; Welch, K.D.; Ralphs, M.H. Influence of phenological stage on swainsonine and endophyte concentrations in Oxytropis sericea. J. Chem. Ecol. 2012, 38, 195–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ralphs, M.H.; Welsh, S.L.; Gardner, D.R. Distribution of locoweed toxin swainsonine in populations of Oxytropis lambertii. J. Chem. Ecol. 2002, 28, 701–707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ashley, A.K.; Custis, M.; Ashley, R.; Strickland, J.R. Toxicokinetic profile of swainsonine following exposure to locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) in naive and previously exposed sheep. N. Z. Vet. J. 2006, 54, 34–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pfister, J.A.; Stegelmeier, B.L.; Cheney, C.D.; Ralphs, M.H.; Gardner, D.R. Conditioning taste aversions to locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) in horses. J. Anim. Sci. 2002, 80, 79–83. [Google Scholar]
- Taylor, J.B.; Strickland, J.R. Appearance and disappearance of swainsonine in serum and milk of lactating ruminants with nursing young following a single dose exposure to swainsonine (locoweed; Oxytropis sericea). J. Anim. Sci. 2002, 80, 2476–2484. [Google Scholar]
- Bachman, S.E.; Galyean, M.L.; Smith, G.S.; Hallford, D.M.; Graham, J.D. Early aspects of locoweed toxicosis and evaluation of a mineral supplement or clinoptilolite as dietary treatments. J. Anim. Sci. 1992, 70, 3125–3132. [Google Scholar]
- Dugarte-Stavanja, M.; Smith, G.S.; Edrington, T.S.; Hallford, D.M. Failure of dietary bentonite clay, Silent Herder mineral supplement, or parenteral Banamine to alleviate locoweed toxicosis in rats. J. Anim. Sci. 1997, 75, 1867–1875. [Google Scholar]
- Pfister, J.A.; Stegelmeier, B.L.; Cheney, C.D.; Gardner, D.R. Effect of previous locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis species) intoxication on conditioned taste aversions in horses and sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 2007, 85, 1836–1841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, Y.; Zhao, Q.; Wang, J.; Wang, Y.; Song, Y.; Geng, G.; Li, Q. Swainsonine-producing fungal endophytes from major locoweed species in China. Toxicon 2010, 56, 330–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, X.H.; He, X.; Wang, J.N.; Song, Y.M.; Geng, G.X.; Wang, J.H. Biodegradation of Swainsonine by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain YLZZ-1 and its isolation and identification. Biodegradation 2009, 20, 331–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Hu, Y.C.; Wang, J.H.; Yu, Y.T.; Song, Y.M.; Yang, G.D.; Geng, G.X. Isolation and characterization of Arthrobacter sp. HW08 capable of biodegrading swainsonine. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 2011, 4, 1635–1638. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, Y.C.; Wang, Y.; Wang, J.N.; Yang, G.D.; Li, H.L.; Geng, G.X.; Wang, J.H. Biodegradation of swainsonine by five types of plasmid-transformants from genomic library of Arthrobacter sp. HW08. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 2011, 5, 1673–1681. [Google Scholar]
- Armien, A.G.; Tokarnia, C.H.; Peixoto, P.V.; Frese, K. Spontaneous and experimental glycoprotein storage disease of goats induced by Ipomoea carnea subsp fistulosa (Convolvulaceae). Vet. Pathol. 2007, 44, 170–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Q.F.; Hao, C.J.; Xu, Y.P.; Liang, J.; Yang, K.; Cui, Z.H. Identification of a new locoweed (Oxytropis serioopetala) and its clinical and pathological features in poisoned rabbits. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2012, 74, 989–993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gotardo, A.T.; Schumaher, B.H.; Pfister, J.A.; Traldi, A.S.; Maiorka, P.C.; Spinosa, H.S.; Gorniak, S.L. The use of ultrasonography to study teratogenicity in ruminants: Evaluation of Ipomoea carnea in goats. Birth Defects Res. B 2012, 95, 289–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stegelmeier, B.L.; James, L.F.; Panter, K.E.; Gardner, D.R.; Pfister, J.A.; Ralphs, M.H.; Molyneux, R.J. Dose response of sheep poisoned with locoweed (Oxytropis sericea). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1999, 11, 448–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stegelmeier, B.L.; Molyneux, R.J.; Asano, N.; Watson, A.A.; Nash, R.J. The comparative pathology of the glycosidase inhibitors swainsonine, castanospermine, and calystegines A3, B2, and C1 in mice. Toxicol. Pathol. 2008, 36, 651–659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ralphs, M.H.; Panter, K.E.; James, L.F. Feed preferences and habituation of sheep poisoned by locoweed. J. Anim. Sci. 1990, 68, 1354–1362. [Google Scholar]
- Stegelmeier, B.L.; James, L.F.; Gardner, D.R.; Panter, K.E.; Lee, S.T.; Ralphs, M.H.; Pfister, J.A.; Spraker, T.R. Locoweed (Oxytropis sericea)—Induced lesions in mule deer (Odocoileius hemionus). Vet. Pathol. 2005, 42, 566–578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Srilatha, C.H.; Gopal Naidu, N.; Rama Rao, P. Pathology of Ipomoea carnea toxicity in goats. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 1997, 7, 253–254. [Google Scholar]
- Dantas, A.F.; Riet-Correa, F.; Gardner, D.R.; Medeiros, R.M.; Barros, S.S.; Anjos, B.L.; Lucena, R.B. Swainsonine-induced lysosomal storage disease in goats caused by the ingestion of Turbina cordata in Northeastern Brazil. Toxicon 2007, 49, 111–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schumaher-Henrique, B.; Gorniak, S.L.; Dagli, M.L.; Spinosa, H.S. The clinical, biochemical, haematological and pathological effects of long-term administration of Ipomoea carnea to growing goats. Vet. Res. Commun. 2003, 27, 311–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cholich, L.A.; Gimeno, E.J.; Teibler, P.G.; Jorge, N.L.; Acosta de Perez, O.C. The guinea pig as an animal model for Ipomoea carnea induced alpha-mannosidosis. Toxicon 2009, 54, 276–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Balogh, K.K.; Dimande, A.P.; Van der Lugt, J.J.; Molyneux, R.J.; Naude, T.W.; Welman, W.G. A lysosomal storage disease induced by Ipomoea carnea in goats in Mozambique. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1999, 11, 266–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Hu, Y.C.; Wang, J.H.; Liu, Z.B.; Yang, G.D.; Geng, G.X. Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction of swainsonine from Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011, 5, 890–894. [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, B.Y.; Liu, Z.Y.; Wang, J.J.; Sun, L.S.; Wang, Z.X.; Wang, Y.C. Isolation and NMR study on swainsonine from locoweed, Astragalus strictus. Agr. Sci. China 2009, 8, 115–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, G.D.; Kang, D.J.; Li, Y.H.; Li, J.C.; Wang, Y.; Kong, X.Y.; Li, Q.F.; Wang, J.H. Swainsonine accumulation by endophytic Undifilum fungi in liquid media and determined by means of a modified enzymatic assay. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 2012, 11, 3876–3881. [Google Scholar]
© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Wang, Y.; Li, Y.; Hu, Y.; Li, J.; Yang, G.; Kang, D.; Li, H.; Wang, J. Potential Degradation of Swainsonine by Intracellular Enzymes of Arthrobacter sp. HW08. Toxins 2013, 5, 2161-2171. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins5112161
Wang Y, Li Y, Hu Y, Li J, Yang G, Kang D, Li H, Wang J. Potential Degradation of Swainsonine by Intracellular Enzymes of Arthrobacter sp. HW08. Toxins. 2013; 5(11):2161-2171. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins5112161
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yan, Yanhong Li, Yanchun Hu, Jincheng Li, Guodong Yang, Danju Kang, Haili Li, and Jianhua Wang. 2013. "Potential Degradation of Swainsonine by Intracellular Enzymes of Arthrobacter sp. HW08" Toxins 5, no. 11: 2161-2171. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins5112161