AWS B5.16:2006 An American National Standard Specification for the Qualification of Welding Engineers AWS B5.16:2006 An American National Standard Approved by the American National Standards Institute March 24, 2006 Specification for the Qualification of Welding Engineers Supersedes AWS B5.16:2001 Prepared by the American Welding Society (AWS) B5C Subcommittee on Qualification of Welding Engineers Under the Direction of the AWS Personnel and Facility Qualification Committee Approved by the AWS Board of Directors Abstract This specification establishes the requirements for qualification of Welding Engineers employed in the welding industry. The minimum experience, examination, application, qualification, and requalification requirements and methods are defined herein. This specification is a method for engineers to establish a record of their qualification and abilities in welding industry work such as development of procedures, processes controls, quality standards, problem solving, etc. 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 AWS B5.16:2006 International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-043-9 American Welding Society 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 © 2006 by American Welding Society All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Photocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet: <www.copyright.com>. ii AWS B5.16:2006 Statement on the Use of American Welding Society Standards All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties. AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards. AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this standard. AWS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition. Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of any patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard. Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so. On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex B). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS Personnel and Facilities Committee. It must be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS Personnel and Facilities Committee and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committee’s response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS Personnel and Facilities Committee to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. iii AWS B5.16:2006 This page is intentionally blank. iv AWS B5.16:2006 Personnel AWS Personnel and Facility Qualification Committee P. R. Evans, Chair W. F. Behnke, 1st Vice Chair P. A. Michalski, 2nd Vice Chair S. P. Hedrick, Secretary K. W. Coryell J. A. Grantham P. A. Grimm J. F. Harris V. Kuruvilla R. D. Messer B. W. Phillips R. Poe J. R. Reid Y. Senechal D. L. Twitty T. W. Wallace PCI Energy Services Ford—Sterling Plant Dominion East Ohio American Welding Society Consultant Welding & Joining Management Group Modern Welding Company Ashland Chemical Company Genesis Quality Systems Consultant Oil States Industries, Incorporated Welding Alloys USA Reid Consulting Canadian Welding Bureau Dona Ana Branch Community College Metro Water District of Southern California AWS B5C Subcommittee on Qualification of Welding Engineers J. F. Harris, Chair S. P. Hedrick, Secretary Y. F Adonyi J. N. Carney N. A. Chapman P. R. Evans D. G. Howden J. Klapp L. G. Kvidahl *S. Liu P. D. O’Leary G. S. Pike K. Stump Ashland Chemical Company American Welding Society LeTourneau University Ferris State University Entergy PCI Energy Services Consultant Collins & Associates Technical Services Northrop Grumman Ship Systems Colorado School of Mines Montana Tech/Welding Services Northrop Grumman NNS Caterpillar, Incorporated *Advisor v AWS B5.16:2006 This page is intentionally blank. vi AWS B5.16:2006 Foreword This foreword is not a part of AWS B5.16:2006, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Engineers, but is included for informational purposes only. The Qualification and Certification Committee of the American Welding Society was formed in 1973. In 1996, it was divided into two committees. The Personnel and Facility Qualification Committee is now responsible for creating American National Standards for welding personnel and welding facility qualification requirements. The AWS Certification Committee is now responsible for creating certification programs from these and other recognized standards. This is the second edition of this specification. Several minor editorial changes were made. This specification for the qualification of welding engineers was developed to provide a qualification basis which defines minimum requirements for a welding engineer to demonstrate competence through a combination of education, experience, and examination. The welding engineer is a person who determines weld requirements which may be governed under a specific code, contract, drawing, specification, purchase order, or other documents. The welding engineer either prepares or reviews written instructions for the production of welded joints. The welding engineer must be thoroughly familiar with various codes, specifications, other standards, base materials, filler materials, heat treatment, mechanical properties, welding and joining processes, procedures, weld joint design, welding equipment, thermal cutting, inspection methods, acceptance criteria, tests, welding qualification requirements, fabrication tolerances, and other aspects of fabrication and assembly. The welding engineer shall also prepare and produce reports which accurately reflect professional judgment. For the welding engineer to be effective, the activities they perform must be consistent with specified requirements, technical and ethical principles. The welding engineer must be able to work with management representatives, inspection personnel, welders and support crafts, and should be able to understand the role of each in the development of weldments. It is recommended that an individual pursue certification as a Welding Engineer by a recognized authorized body. Certification is defined as the act of determining, verifying, and attesting in writing to the qualification of personnel in accordance with specified requirements. Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary, AWS B5 Committee on Qualification, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society (see Annex B). A formal reply will be issued after it has been reviewed by the appropriate personnel following established procedures. vii AWS B5.16:2006 This page is intentionally blank. viii AWS B5.16:2006 Table of Contents Page No. Personnel......................................................................................................................................................................v Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................................vii 1. Scope.....................................................................................................................................................................1 2. Referenced Documents .......................................................................................................................................1 3. Qualification ........................................................................................................................................................1 3.1 Welding Engineer .........................................................................................................................................1 4. Terms and Definitions.........................................................................................................................................1 5. Functions ..............................................................................................................................................................2 5.1 Activities .......................................................................................................................................................2 6. Education and Experience Qualification Requirements .................................................................................2 7. Definition of Experience .....................................................................................................................................3 8. Body of Knowledge..............................................................................................................................................3 8.1 Basic Sciences...............................................................................................................................................3 8.2 Applied Sciences...........................................................................................................................................3 8.3 Welding Related Disciplines ........................................................................................................................4 9. Examination Requirements ................................................................................................................................5 9.1 Basic Science Fundamental Examination.....................................................................................................5 9.2 Applied Science Fundamental Examination.................................................................................................5 9.3 Welding Related Disciplines Examination ...................................................................................................5 9.4 Practical Welding and Related Applications Examination...........................................................................5 9.5 Passing Requirements ...................................................................................................................................5 10. Maintenance of Qualification .............................................................................................................................6 Annex A (Informative)—Suggested Reference Library ..............................................................................................7 Annex B (Informative)—Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries.........................................................9 ix AWS B5.16:2006 This page is intentionally blank. x AWS B5.16:2006 Specification for the Qualification of Welding Engineers 1. Scope with Clauses 6, 7, and 9 of this specification and who successfully passes the required examinations, shall be considered qualified as a Welding Engineer. 1.1 This specification establishes qualification requirements for Welding Engineers. It describes how qualifications are determined, and the practice by which qualification may be attained and maintained. 3.1.1 The title of Welding Engineer, as specified herein, DOES NOT imply the status of a registered Professional Engineer (P.E.) under the laws of any state or other governmental entity. 1.2 The user of this specification will evaluate the qualifications of each individual, and provide examinations to test the individual’s knowledge in engineering skills and knowledge as well as their ability to apply the principles of welding engineering. PRECAUTION: While the Welding Engineer has established excellent credentials, qualification to this specification alone may not legally qualify the engineer to provide technical services to the public. Contract documents, and building or jurisdiction laws may require technical services to be performed under the direction and responsibility of others such as a registered Professional Engineer. The Welding Engineer designation DOES NOT imply the status of a registered Professional Engineer (P.E.) under the laws of any state or other governmental entity. 1.3 This specification is intended to supplement the minimum requirements of employers, codes, other standards, or documents and shall not be construed as a preemption of the employer’s responsibility for the work or for the performance of the work. 1.4 It shall be the responsibility of employers to determine that their employee, who, having qualified as a Welding Engineer, is capable of performing the specific duties involved in their career assignments. 1.5 As used in this specification, the word shall denotes a requirement, the word should denotes a guideline, and the word may denotes a choice. 4. Terms and Definitions Terms used in this standard are defined below. All other terms used herein are defined by AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions. 2. Referenced Documents 1. AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Definitions.1 Committee. The Personnel and Facility Qualification Committee of the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. Terms and contact hours. One contact hour has been defined as 50 minutes of classroom time (lecture or lab hours). 3. Qualification continuing education unit (CEU). One CEU is defined as 10 contact hours. 3.1 Welding Engineer. A person with the demonstrated education, experience, and knowledge in accordance nondestructive examination (NDE). The act of determining the suitability of some material or component for its intended purpose using techniques that do not affect its serviceability. 1 AWS standards are published by the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. 1 AWS B5.16:2006 5.1.4 Welding, Cutting, and Joining Processes. The Welding Engineer shall demonstrate a working knowledge of arc welding, resistance welding, brazing, and soldering. The Welding Engineer shall demonstrate working knowledge of oxyfuel gas cutting, arc cutting, and high energy beam cutting. The Welding Engineer shall demonstrate a working knowledge of solid state welding, high energy beam welding, and processes appropriate for nonmetallic materials. qualification. Process of demonstrating whether an entity or individual is capable of fulfilling specified requirements. 5. Functions The Welding Engineer shall be capable of directing those operations associated with weldments and other types of applied joints that are completed in accordance with the appropriate contract documents, codes, and other standards to produce a satisfactory product. The welding engineer’s activities begin before production welding, continue through the production process and end when the production process is complete. 5.1.5 Quality Assurance, Quality Control, and Welding/Joining Economics. The Welding Engineer shall understand quality assurance systems and be able to participate in the implementation of quality assurance programs. The Welding Engineer shall be knowledgeable in all aspects of quality control. The Welding Engineer shall understand procedure and welder performance qualification, including destructive and nondestructive testing. The Welding Engineer shall be capable of performing visual inspection of welds and specifying the appropriate nondestructive examination (NDE) methods for a particular weldment. The Welding Engineer shall understand the advantages and limitations of NDE. The Welding Engineer shall be familiar with the qualification requirements of NDE personnel. Each employer shall be responsible for defining the specific duties of a welding engineer in the place of employment. The Welding Engineer shall be able to demonstrate that he/she can perform the activities defined in this standard. 5.1 Activities. The detailed activities of a Welding Engineer include the following (note: Demonstration of the required knowledge related to these activities is addressed in Clauses 6, 7, and 9): 5.1.1 Safety. The Welding Engineer shall be knowledgeable of safety practices as they pertain to welding, cutting, and joining processes. The Welding Engineer shall have a practical knowledge of manufacturing systems, including material control, production scheduling, and quality assurance. The Welding Engineer shall be able to evaluate the relative cost effectiveness of competitive welding/joining processes. 5.1.2 Design. The Welding Engineer shall be capable of applying generally accepted engineering principles to the design of welded structures or structures manufactured using other related processes. This includes meeting specific service requirements as well as compliance to applicable codes or specifications. 5.1.6 Mathematics. The Welding Engineer shall have a working knowledge of algebra, trigonometry, solid and plane geometry, calculus, and statistical methods (see 8.1.1). 5.1.7 Physics. The Welding Engineer shall have a working knowledge of mechanics, heat, electricity, electronic systems, and magnetism. The engineer shall demonstrate competence in understanding the mechanics of arc plasmas, the dynamics of heat transfer, and fluid mechanics (see 8.1.2). 5.1.3 Materials and Welding/Joining Metallurgy. The Welding Engineer shall possess a practical knowledge of ferrous and nonferrous materials including: carbon steel, various types of alloy steels, stainless steels, nickel and nickel alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, ceramics, and plastics. 5.1.8 Chemistry. The Welding Engineer shall have a working knowledge of physical, organic and inorganic chemistry (see 8.1.3). The Welding Engineer shall possess a knowledge of the welding metallurgy for ferrous and nonferrous materials. This includes an understanding of melting, solidification, solid state transformations, thermal strains, and residual stress phenomena. The Welding Engineer shall be able to demonstrate a practical knowledge of how the different welding processes and pre- and post-welding heat treating processes affect the metallurgy of ferrous and nonferrous materials. This knowledge shall also include an understanding of oxidation-reduction reactions. 6. Education and Experience Qualification Requirements 6.1 Each individual for qualification as a Welding Engineer shall possess one of the following combinations of education and relevant experience to be eligible for the 2 AWS B5.16:2006 Welding Engineer examination. The experience requirements are further defined in Clause 7. without further evaluation of education, experience, or examination. 6.1.1 Individuals with a Baccalaureate of Science (B.Sc.) degree in engineering shall have a minimum of one (1) year of related experience. 7.3 Individuals possessing a diploma indicating successful completion of the requirements for either the International Welding Engineer, IIW, or European Welding Engineer, EWF, shall have a minimum of one (1) year of experience (may be obtained before, or after the diploma) to be eligible for the Welding Engineer examination. 6.1.2 Individuals with a Baccalaureate of Science (B.Sc.) degree in engineering technology shall have a minimum of two (2) years of related experience. 6.1.3 Individuals with other related Baccalaureate of Science (B.Sc.) degrees shall have a minimum of five (5) years of related experience. 7.4 Other organizations may petition the Committee for acceptance as in 7.2 and 7.3. 6.1.4 Individuals with an Associate in Applied Science (A.A.S.) degree shall have a minimum of ten (10) years of related experience. 8. Body of Knowledge 8.1 Basic Sciences 6.1.5 Individuals who have successfully completed high school or an equivalent program shall have a minimum fifteen (15) years of related experience. 8.1.1 Mathematics. Simple calculations (multiple choice); special functions (exp, log); trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan, cot, sec, csc, degrees, radians); algebraic equations (linear, quadratic, polynomial); graphs and equations (slope, intercept, roots, derivatives, minimum, maximum, interpolation, and extrapolation); geometry (common geometric shapes); hyperbola, parabola; complex numbers; calculus (fundamentals of differential equations); statistics (population and samples: normal distribution, mean, standard deviation, variance; simple correlation: linear regression via least squares method, r2 correlation). 7. Definition of Experience 7.1 Experience as required in 6.1 shall be defined as activities in one or more of the following areas: 7.1.1 Manufacturing. Experience shall consist of the design, application, or operation of welding process lines or cells for the manufacture of welded products such as automobiles, appliances, welded pipe, or other welded standard products. 8.1.2 Physics. Unit conversion (dimension, mass, temperature, time, energy, power); mass, weight, volume, density; force, energy, work done, power; stress, strain, Hooke’s Law (elasticity); moment and momentum; temperature, heat, temperature measurement, thermocouples, pyrometers; thermal properties of materials (thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, thermal stress and strain). 7.1.2 Fabrication. Experience shall consist of the design, application, or operation of welding facilities that fabricate welded products. Fabricated products may be covered by national, customer, or internal standards or specifications. 7.1.3 Construction. Experience shall consist of design on welding construction of projects such as buildings, pipelines, ships, plants and power generation facilities. 8.1.3 Chemistry. Symbols (elements and inorganic compounds—gases, fluxes, etc.); molecular weight and stoichiometry; acids and bases; balance chemical equations; gas combustion reactions (chemical heat generation) and oxidation-reduction reactions; ideal gas law (pressure, volume, temperature); mass balance (as in E7018 coating decomposition to gas, slag and metal); bulk and chemical analysis methodologies); reactivity, toxicity, environmental effect, disposal. 7.1.4 Research and Development. Experience shall consist of research and development to enhance welded products or processes, welding materials, manufacturing, fabrication, field erection of welded products, or the design of welding manufacturing systems. 7.1.5 Training. Experience shall consist of instructing courses in various welding topics or related technologies. 8.2 Applied Sciences 8.2.1 Strength of Materials. Load, deformation (elastic and plastic, buckling), stress-strain, Young’s Modulus, shear modulus, stress-strain curve (yield stress, ultimate tensile stress, elongation), tensile stress and shear stress computation; welded member cross-section 7.2 As an alternate to the qualification requirements of this specification, individuals possessing a State Professional Engineering License in Welding Engineering shall be qualified in accordance with this specification 3 AWS B5.16:2006 monotectic, lever rule calculation) metallurgy and weldability of typical engineering materials (low carbon structural steels, cast irons, stainless steels, nickel alloys, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, etc.) microstructure (e.g., ferrous alloys—grain boundary ferrite, acicular ferrite, bainite, martensite, austenite, delta ferrite, etc.) and mechanical properties; carbon equivalent (CEIIW, Pcm, expressions, alloying content and carbon content effect); hydrogen assisted cracking (heat-affected zone cracking, cold cracking) base metal matching (e.g., electrodes with high strength steels); solidification cracking (segregation of impurity atoms, shrinkage cracking, lamellar tearing); delta ferrite in stainless consumables, specifications for consumables (categories; all position, rutile, basic); fluxmetal reactions (oxygen and sulfur control in weld pool); typical temperature range of a heat source; temperature distribution in a weldment; HAZ formation; multipass thermal experience, reheated weld metal properties; weld macro and micro-graph interpretation; solidification profile and preferred grain orientation (epitaxial growth); origin of weld ripples; special attributes of base metal (as-cast structure, deformation texture, oxide on flamecut surfaces); thermal treatments (preheat, postheat, interpass influence on weld cooling rate and residual stress distribution); solid-state transformations in welds (different forms of ferrite, bainite, and martensite, sigma phase in stainless steels, Guinier-Preston type precipitates zones and aging in aluminum alloys); corrosion (sensitization in stainless steel welds, stress corrosion cracking in welds). effect; mechanical testing (tensile, bend, fracture toughness, hardness, creep, and fatigue) and data interpretation; Law of Conservation of Energy/Momentum; stress analysis; typical engineering material properties. 8.2.2 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics. Heat conduction, convection, and radiation, thermal conductivity and diffusivity, heat transfer coefficients of engineering materials, Fourier’s Law; heating rate and cooling rate; industrial heating methods and power consumption, gas flow rates; laminar and turbulent flow (Reynold’s Number), dew point and relative humidity, pressure and regulators; venturi effect and gas velocity calculation; atmospheric pressure and hyperbaric conditions; vacuum equipment and measurements. 8.2.3 Electricity. Current, voltage, resistance, impedance, and circuits; Ohm’s Law; Kirchoff’s Law; resistance loss and current rectification; power generation; AC/DC, polarity; power factor; electromagnetic properties, right-hand rule; current and voltage measurements (devices and principles). 8.3 Welding Related Disciplines 8.3.1 NDE/Weld Discontinuities. NDE processes (radiographic, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, eddy current, etc.—characteristics, advantages, and limitations). NDE symbols. 8.3.2 Welding Heat Sources and Arc Physics. Power source static and dynamic characteristics (open circuit voltage and short circuiting current, slope); differences between CC and CV designs (principle of selfadjusting); welding arc characteristics (current and voltage relationship, arc length effect); electron emission (ionization potential, work function, electrode material, shielding gas, arc stability); arc temperature and degree of ionization (shielding gas influence); magnetic arc blow (work lead location and condition); Lorentz Force (effect on droplet detachment and on adjacent power cables); shielding gas drag force (effect on droplet detachment and metal transfer mode) weld penetration and width for different shielding gases. 8.3.5 Weld Design. Structural fabrication requirements, sectional properties, stress gradient; stress triaxiality, weld symbols, hardness and microhardness (e.g., across a weld cross section); tensile properties, ductility, toughness, fillet break test (influence of second phase and porosity), ductile fracture, brittle fracture, fatigue (initiation, propagation, failure, high-cycle, low-cycle), temperature and strain rate effect. 8.3.6 Brazing and Soldering. Characteristics of brazing and soldering, fluxes and substrates, capillary action, wetting and spreading, contact angle, joint clearance, viscosity, liquidus and solidus, flow of molten filler in horizontal and vertical joints (maximum penetration and rate), filler metal systems (Sn-Pb solders, Ni and Cu based alloys, Ag-Cu based brazing alloys), and intermetallic compound formation. 8.3.3 Welding Processes and Controls. Arc welding processes (SMAW, GMAW, FCAW, GTAW, SAW, PAW); resistance welding processes (RW, high frequency RW), high energy density welding processes (LBW, EBW); cutting processes (OFC, CAC, and PAC); surfacing processing (SW, THSP); solid-state welding processes (FRW, FW). 8.3.7 Safety. Recognize health hazards relating to welding, (fumes, toxic gases, noise, radiation). Recognize safety hazards, (electric shock, compressed gases, fire, welding in a confined space, welding on containers and piping, moving equipment). Recognize precautions to avoid injury, and possess a working knowledge of safety and fire codes. 8.3.4 Welding and Joining Metallurgy. Crystal structure of metals (FCC, BCC, HCP, unit cells, lattice parameter, c/a ratio, atom positions, interstitial positions); melting, and solidification, phase transformations and phase diagrams (eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic and 4 AWS B5.16:2006 9. Examination Requirements 9.4 Practical Welding and Related Applications Examination. The individual shall pass an examination with references on the application of welding engineering concepts in the areas of welding safety, weldment design, welding metallurgy, materials, welding process selection, NDE including visual weld inspection, quality assurance, quality control in accordance with codes, specifications, other standards, and/or drawings. Individuals seeking qualification as a Welding Engineer shall successfully complete the following examinations, drawn from the Body of Knowledge given in Clause 8, except as permitted by 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4 (when applicable): 9.1 Basic Science Fundamental Examination. The individual shall pass an examination without references consisting of questions from each of the three Basic Science topics: 9.5 Passing Requirements. Each of the four examinations shall not have an individual score less than sixty percent (60%). Each individual examination shall be weighted and the resulting composite score from sections shall not be less than seventy percent (70%). Percent of Examination Questions Topic Mathematics 25% Physics 50% Chemistry 25% Total 1. Basic Science Examination: Raw Score × 0.15 = Weighted Score1 2. Applied Science Examination: 100% Raw Score × 0.15 = Weighted Score2 9.2 Applied Science Fundamental Examination. The individual shall pass an examination without references consisting of questions from each of the three Applied Science topics: 3. Welding Related Disciplines Examination: Raw Score × 0.30 = Weighted Score3 4. Practical Examination (combined exercise): Percent of Examination Questions Topic Strength of Materials 40% Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics 30% Electricity 30% Total Raw Score × 0.40 = Weighted Score4 Weighted Score1 + Weighted Score2 + Weighted Score3 + Weighted Score4 = Composite Score 9.6 The Basic and Applied Science portion of the examination requirements described in 9.5 may be complied with by successful completion of the Engineering Fundamentals Examination, (formerly the E.I.T. examination). This examination shall be administered by the State Board of Engineering or other governmental entity. Use 85 × 0.30 in calculating the individual’s score for the Basic Science and the Applied Science Examinations. 100% 9.3 Welding Related Disciplines Examination. The individual shall pass an examination with references on the application of engineering concepts in the areas of: Percent of Examination Questions Topic NDE/Weld Discontinuities 10% Welding Heat Sources and Arc Physics 20% Welding Processes and Controls 20% Welding and Joining Metallurgy 20% Weld Design 20% Brazing and Soldering 5% Safety 5% Total 0.30 (85) + Weighted Score3 + Weighted Score4 = Composite Score PRECAUTION: While the Welding Engineer has established excellent credentials, qualification to this specification alone may not legally qualify the engineer to provide technical services to the public. Contract documents, and building or jurisdiction laws may require technical services to be performed under the direction and responsibility of others such as a Registered Professional Engineer. The Welding Engineer designation DOES NOT imply the status of a registered Professional Engineer (P.E.) under the laws of any state or other governmental entity. 100% 5 AWS B5.16:2006 10. Maintenance of Qualification tion of continued education every five (5) years to maintain the qualification. Continued education shall relate to the functions in Clause 5. and shall be equivalent to 80 contact hours in the five year period or combination of contact hours plus continuing education units totaling 80 contact hours. The Welding Engineer shall maintain the qualification through continued education. This education shall be restricted to the functions as defined in Clause 5. The Welding Engineer shall demonstrate successful comple- 6 AWS B5.16:2006 Annex A Suggested Reference List This annex is not a part of AWS B5.16:2006: Specification for the Qualification of Welding Engineers, but is included for informational purposes only. The following references have been identified as useful study guides for the Body of Knowledge covered in Clause 8 of this specification. This does not preclude the use of other potentially beneficial references. Reference Title Author ANSI Z49.1 Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes Publisher AWS Applied Fluid Mechanics, 4th Ed. Mott Merrill Publishing Company ASM Handbook Vol. 17, NDE ASM ASM Handbook Vol. 6 Welding/Brazing 10th Ed. ASM AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code—Steel AWS Design of Weldments Omer W. Blodgett The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation Essentials of Engineering Economics, 2nd Ed. Riggs & West McGraw Hill Fracture & Fatigue Control in Structures, Application of Fracture Mechanics John M. Barson & Stanley T. Rolfe Prentice Hall Second Edition, 1987 Fundamentals of Engineering: The Most Effective FE/EIT Review Merle C. Potter Great Lakes Press Engineer in Training Manual Fundamentals of Welding Technology, Modules 1–19 Gooderham Centre for Industrial Learning Handbook of Arc Welding James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation Introduction to the Practice of Statistics, ISBN: 0 7167 2250 X Moore & McCabe Freeman Introductory Physical Metallurgy of Welding Easterling Butterworths Introductory Welding Metallurgy AWS Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, ISBN: 0 201 538460 Serope and Kalpakjian Addison Wesley Mark’s Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers Avallone and Baumeister McGraw-Hill Mechanical Metallurgy G. Dieter McGraw Hill 7 AWS B5.16:2006 Reference Title Author Metals and How to Weld Them Publisher James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation, Second Edition, 1990 Modern Welding Technology, 4th Ed. H. Cary Prentice Hall NFPA 51B Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work National Fire Protection Association Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29 Labor, Part 1910 Subpart Q—Welding, Cutting, and Brazing U.S. Government Printing Office Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29 Labor, Part 1910.1200—Hazard Communication U.S. Government Printing Office Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29 Labor, Part 1926 Subpart J—Welding and Cutting U.S. Government Printing Office Physics of Arc Welding J. Lancaster Pergamon Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly, ISBN: 0 8247 9176 2 Boothroyd, Dewhurst, & Knight Marcel Dekker Quality Control, 5th Ed. Besterfield Prentice Hall Robots & Manufacturing Automation Asfahl John Wiley Stainless Steel R.A. Lula ASM International, 1986 Statics & Strength of Materials, 3rd Edition, ISBN: 0-13-453201-5 Morrow Prentice Hall Statics & Strength of Materials: A Parallel Approach to Understanding Structures Lawrence J. Wolf Merrill Publishing Company Weld IT CD, Computer Influence for Welding Personnel Gooderham Centre for Industrial Learning Weldability of Steels, 4th Edition, ISBN: 1-58145-430-9 R. D. Stout Welding Research Council Welding Aluminum: Theory and Practice The Aluminum Association, Second Edition, June 1991 Welding Design, Modules 30-39 Gooderham Centre for Industrial Learning Welding Encyclopedia Jefferson Welding Handbook Vols. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8th Ed. AWS AWS Welding Metallurgy Sindo Kou John Wiley & Sons Welding Metallurgy Linnert AWS Welding Metallurgy J. Lancaster Pergamon Welding Metallurgy, Modules 8, 9, 12, 20–23 Gooderham Centre for Industrial Learning 8 AWS B5.16:2006 Annex B Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries This annex is not a part of AWS B5.16:2006: Specification for the Qualification of Welding Engineers, but is included for informational purposes only. B1. Introduction along with the edition of the standard that contains the provision(s) the inquirer is addressing. The American Welding Society (AWS) Board of Directors has adopted a policy whereby all official interpretations of AWS standards are handled in a formal manner. Under this policy, all interpretations are made by the committee that is responsible for the standard. Official communication concerning an interpretation is directed through the AWS staff member who works with that committee. The policy requires that all requests for an interpretation be submitted in writing. Such requests will be handled as expeditiously as possible, but due to the complexity of the work and the procedures that must be followed, some interpretations may require considerable time. B2.2 Purpose of the Inquiry. The purpose of the inquiry shall be stated in this portion of the inquiry. The purpose can be to obtain an interpretation of a standard’s requirement or to request the revision of a particular provision in the standard. B2.3 Content of the Inquiry. The inquiry should be concise, yet complete, to enable the committee to understand the point of the inquiry. Sketches should be used whenever appropriate, and all paragraphs, figures, and tables (or annex) that bear on the inquiry shall be cited. If the point of the inquiry is to obtain a revision of the standard, the inquiry shall provide technical justification for that revision. B2.4 Proposed Reply. The inquirer should, as a proposed reply, state an interpretation of the provision that is the point of the inquiry or provide the wording for a proposed revision, if this is what inquirer seeks. B2. Procedure All inquiries shall be directed to: Managing Director Technical Services Division American Welding Society 550 N.W. LeJeune Road Miami, FL 33126 B3. Interpretation of Provisions of the Standard All inquiries shall contain the name, address, and affiliation of the inquirer, and they shall provide enough information for the committee to understand the point of concern in the inquiry. When the point is not clearly defined, the inquiry will be returned for clarification. For efficient handling, all inquiries should be typewritten and in the format specified below. Interpretations of provisions of the standard are made by the relevant AWS technical committee. The secretary of the committee refers all inquiries to the chair of the particular subcommittee that has jurisdiction over the portion of the standard addressed by the inquiry. The subcommittee reviews the inquiry and the proposed reply to determine what the response to the inquiry should be. Following the subcommittee’s development of the response, the inquiry and the response are presented to the entire committee for review and approval. Upon approval by the committee, the interpretation is an official B2.1 Scope. Each inquiry shall address one single provision of the standard unless the point of the inquiry involves two or more interrelated provisions. The provision(s) shall be identified in the scope of the inquiry 9 AWS B5.16:2006 interpretation of the Society, and the secretary transmits the response to the inquirer and to the Welding Journal for publication. be obtained only through a written request. Headquarters staff cannot provide consulting services. However, the staff can refer a caller to any of those consultants whose names are on file at AWS Headquarters. B4. Publication of Interpretations B6. AWS Technical Committees All official interpretations will appear in the Welding Journal and will be posted on the AWS web site. The activities of AWS technical committees regarding interpretations are limited strictly to the interpretation of provisions of standards prepared by the committees or to consideration of revisions to existing provisions on the basis of new data or technology. Neither AWS staff nor the committees are in a position to offer interpretive or consulting services on (1) specific engineering problems, (2) requirements of standards applied to fabrications outside the scope of the document, or (3) points not specifically covered by the standard. In such cases, the inquirer should seek assistance from a competent engineer experienced in the particular field of interest B5. Telephone Inquiries Telephone inquiries to AWS Headquarters concerning AWS standards should be limited to questions of a general nature or to matters directly related to the use of the standard. The AWS Board of Directors’ policy requires that all AWS staff members respond to a telephone request for an official interpretation of any AWS standard with the information that such an interpretation can 10