Vol. 7 No. 2, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-2-91-100
Baltic Journal of Economic Studies
INTELLIGENT DRIVERS OF SMART ECONOMY
IN THE GLOBAL ECOSYSTEM
Iryna Kalenyuk1, Liudmyla Tsymbal2, Iryna Uninets3
Abstract. Consistent and pervasive intellectualization and greening of the economy is manifested in the formation
of Smart Economy, which is seen as a modern form of global ecosystem development. An important role in it is
given to the latest technologies – information and communication technologies, which are becoming an important
tool for “smart” management of processes and relationships between elements and actors at different levels in
the global ecosystem. The research methodology is based on the systematization of theoretical approaches to
understanding the concept of “Smart Economy”, based on which the author's position on defining the essence,
structure and key drivers of Smart Economy development is formulated. The aim of the article is to identify the main
intellectual factors in the formation of the Smart Economy within the global ecosystem. Smart Economy is defined
in a narrow (means of organizing economic relations and relationships within a certain locality) and broad sense,
a system of economic relations based on the use of modern smart technologies, implementation of the principles
of sustainability and social responsibility and subject to the creation of comfortable and safe conditions of life of
citizens). The key processes of the formation of Smart Economy are: intellectualization, digitalization, greening,
socialization, institutionalization and urbanization. The content of key intellectual drivers of Smart Economy
and modern trends of their development are revealed: expansion of human role as a subject of social, cultural,
ecological and moral values, subject of values of sustainable development, subject of social relations (property,
management); increasing the importance and implementation in all spheres of social activity of important global
and strategically important values of environmental protection, providing a comfortable environment (economic,
social, political, business environment, etc.); results of intellectual activity (newest technologies, products) become
an important factor of development and a tool for ensuring relationships and interactions between all components
of the ecosystem; transformation of the management process: involvement of a wider range of actors, development
of new mechanisms for the involvement of all actors and stakeholders in the decision-making process.
Key words: Smart Economy, intellectualization, greening, sustainable development, green development, smart
development.
JEL Classification: F63, O18, O19, O44
1. Introduction
The society’s development in modern era has the
following features as an unprecedented increase
in the role of knowledge and attention to social
and environmental problems of humankind. The
intellectualization processes in world economic
development are strengthening. This caused emergence
of the Smart Economy concept, which is the embodiment
of a consistent and pervasive intellectualization and
greening of the economy. In modern production
process, the role of information-rich capital resources,
goods, technologies, and highly qualified human
resources has grown substantively. These highly
qualified human resources not only have large amounts
of modern knowledge, but also are capable to work with
them, thus producing qualitatively new knowledge. The
new economy’s driver is the spread of new technologies.
The new technologies play a new important role, thus
performing certain important functions, included but
not limited to managing the processes and relationships
Corresponding author:
1
Kyiv National Economy University Named After Vadym Hetman, Ukraine.
E-mail: kalenuk@ukr.net
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1807-2849
2
Kyiv National Economy University Named After Vadym Hetman, Ukraine.
E-mail: l.tsimbal@ukr.net
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0873-9227
3
National Pedagogical Dragomanov University, Ukraine.
E-mail: germanirina777@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-6590
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Baltic Journal of Economic Studies
between different elements and actors, and shaping the
global ecosystem’s network. Therefore, the emergence
of intelligent technologies that control other processes
marks a new quality of economic life. In fact, this
embodies the Smart Economy concept.
An urgent problem is the study of factors and drivers
of such development of countries that are balanced with
the natural environment. In the new social context,
the issue is raised not only on innovation or ensuring
innovative development, but also primarily on ensuring
the ecosystems development. Therefore, this approach
emphasizes that the economy should be percepted as an
ecosystem, in which different areas of activity and their
actors are balanced. Finding out this concept’s features
and the main trends of its manifestation is an urgent
problem of modern world economics.
2. Recent research and publications analysis
The theoretical and methodological understanding
of the essence of transformational processes occurring
in the society is one of the most pressing problems in
the scientific literature. Therefore, the emergence of
such theories as post-industrial society, technotronic
society, information society, and knowledge society
can be considered as a reflection of this understanding.
Thus, the key issues and the aspects of developing a new
type of society and formation are studied in the works of
D. Bell (Bell, 1973), V. Inozemtsev (Inozemtsev, 1998),
M. Castells, F. Machlup (Machlup, 1966), A. Chukhno
(Chukhno, 2005), D. Lukianenko (Lukyanenko, 2008),
and others. Since the end of the last century, the topic
of environmental protection has become relevant
in scientific research; the concepts of sustainable
development, green growth, and green economy were
studied in the works by foreign and domestic economists
A. Bowen, I. Gaidutskiy, I. Kalenyuk, J. Harris , D. Pearce,
N. Stern, M. Jänicke, and others.
A new milestone at the beginning of the 21st century
is the emergence of the concept of Smart Economy. This
concept embodies spreading new smart technologies
with the aim to manage efficiently the economic,
social, and environmental processes. Moreover,
such management should be based on increasing
attention to social and environmental issues, which
led to developing a new approach to the perception of
economic phenomena and the processes, namely their
study as elements of the ecosystem. The study of the
Smart Economy formation is the basis for a significant
number of scientific papers by J. Bruneckiene, J. Sinkiene
(2014), L. Galperina et al. (2016), V. Maksimova
(2011), V. Mazurenko (2014), R. Novotny et al.
(2014), M. Heylin (2006), D. Kellner (2002), D. Held,
A. McGrew (1999) etc. The study of the role of ICT in
the formation of Smart Economy and smart cities was
carried out in the works of N. Komninos (2009, 2011),
M. Angelidou, N. Gountaras & P. Tarani (2012).
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In general, the concept of smart cities and their
success has become very relevant because of the
studies by R. Giffinger (2011), M. Angelidou (2016),
A. Caragliu, P. Lombardi, S. Giordano, H. Farouh, &
W. Yousef (2012), K. Malthouse (2014), V. Kumar
(2017), Krisna Adiyarta (2020), T. Nam & T. A. Pardo
(2011), H. Chourabi et al. (2012), H. Ahvenniemi et al.
(2018), M. Eremia et al. (2016). Overall, understanding
the Smart Economy concept despite the “obviousness”
still needs in-depth economic research and justification.
Research methodology. The Smart Economy
analysis is based, first of all, on the systematization of
theoretical approaches to understanding this complex
phenomenon. This allowed us to define the author’s
approach to understanding the essence and structure of
Smart Economy as a key trend in the society at the present
stage of its development. Also, there are determined
the dominant processes of Smart Economy formation
in the modern world economy as a global ecosystem
The key drivers of Smart Economy development are
identified, which allows us to reveal their content and
define the current trends of their development.
The purpose of the paper is to identify the main
intellectual factors in the Smart Economy development
within the global ecosystem.
3. The research findings
Accelerated intellectualization is an important
prerequisite for the Smart Economy development, which
is manifested in increasing the innovation of production
processes and their creative component, the constant
increase in knowledge and information, development of
innovative products, and the development of intellectual
needs. The emergence of the “Smart” term is most often
associated with the digitalization process deployment
that is spread of information and communication
technologies, together with their intellectual functions
in all spheres of life, the spread of Internet of Things
(IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), networking, and
network communication forms.
Thus, the Smart Economy development is influenced by
the formation of Industry 4.0, the spread of technologies
and their entry into the economic system, the constant
growth of human comfort and environmental quality,
and innovative networks development (Galperina,
2016). In addition, the globalization processes, which
make it possible to maintain systemic governance and
balance by coordinating the dependence of individual
countries on the global development level, and key
processes (including political, economic, financial,
and social) are preconditions. This, therefore, involves
expanding the openness of economic entities,
liberalizing markets, creating structures that are resistant
to external influences or capable to adapt quickly to
the challenges of the economic, social, and cultural
information environment (Maksimova, 2011).
Vol. 7 No. 2, 2021
The transformation of the modern society’s
economic base is accompanied by the strengthening of
the human centrism and the nature centrism processes,
i.e. increased attention to social and environmental
problems of social development. An important trend
of modern global development is greening as increase
of society’s attention to environmental protection
issues. Greening is realized in the system of ensuring
ecological and economic interests, ensuring the
integrity of natural systems, environmental protection,
etc. Moreover, this trend is manifested not only in
the declaration of important principles and goals, but
also it becomes an essential component of all various
types of social activities. In the implementation of any
economic, social, business projects, consideration of
the environmental context is increasingly becoming
mandatory.
It is also worth noting such an important trend of
modernity as socialization, i.e. the growing importance
of solving social problems of the population.
Socialization is aimed at ensuring the welfare of the
population, compliance with pan-civilization values,
formation and implementation of social values, etc.
Institutionalization is becoming a necessary
accompanying process because the implementation
of new ideas requires strengthening of government
institutions and new communications between them.
For instance, Audretsch et al. emphasizes the need to
develop institutionalization of business ecosystems
(Audretsch, 2021).
It is provided through the spread of new technologies
and mechanisms of economic management, active
participation of the state and other entities in
the regulation of communications and various
activities (research and development, innovation,
entrepreneurship, etc.). The spread of ICT creates new
opportunities for effective management, provision of
effective communications and feedback, expansion of
opportunities to include new entities in management
processes. The concept of “e-government” appears as
the embodiment of a new system of relations between
the state and its institutions with citizens in various
branches of government. Within the framework of
e-government, with the help of ICT and the Internet,
new wide opportunities are created for quick and direct
access of citizens to public authorities, for the provision
of quality services by state institutions and, thus, to
protection of their interests.
The vast majority of scientists consider the concept
of Smart Economy in a rather narrow sense, as part of
a particular system – smart city. This is the definition
of a system of a certain locality, all parts of which are
connected though intelligent technologies, operate
and are managed based on the principles of economic
relevance, sustainability, and social responsibility.
V. Kumar considers the smart city system as follows:
Smart People, Smart Economy, Smart Mobility, Smart
Baltic Journal of Economic Studies
Environment, Smart Living, Smart Governance
(Kumar, 2017).
Indonesian scholars Indrawati, N. Azkalhaq, and
H. Amani emphasize that Smart Economy “refers to an
open, transparent, diverse economy that adds value to
smart cities. SE will promote an efficient and effective
business environment that supports and encourages
innovation regardless of the outcome. It also provides
a stable labour market with resources and the ability to
adapt and make changes as needed. SE guarantees the
success and economic growth of the city, as well as the
livelihoods of its citizens” (Indrawati, 2018).
Lithuanian scientists J. Bruneckiene and J. Sinkiene
define the main components of Smart Economy as
follows: innovation and knowledge economy; learning
economy; digital economy; competitive economy;
green economy; network economy; socially responsible
economy (Galperina, 2016).
In general, we believe that there are all reasons to
consider Smart Economy in a narrow and broad sense.
In a narrow sense, Smart-economy means a system
of economic relations and interconnections within
a certain locality, which is provided through the latest
technologies based on the principles of sustainability
and social responsibility and serves the purpose of
creating comfortable and safe living conditions for
citizens.
In a broad sense, we can interpret Smart Economy as
a way of economic relations organization, which is based
on using the latest smart technologies, implementation
of the sustainability and social responsibility principles
and subordinated to the goals of creating comfortable
and safe living conditions for citizens. This, in fact,
means that Smart Economy is considered an ecosystem,
in which all major components are balanced. The
key processes of Smart Economy formation are
intellectualization, digitalization, greening, socialization,
institutionalization, and urbanization (Figure 1):
The term “ecosystem” was first used in ecology when
the English ecologist A. Tansley introduced it in 1935.
Later, in 1942, in his classic work on the biology of
lake in Minnesota, Raymond Lindeman defined an
ecosystem as a group of living organisms (biocenosis)
that adapted to living together in a certain habitat
(biotope), forming a single whole with it. In economic
research, J. F. Moore, who formulated the idea of
business ecosystem, first used the term “ecosystem” in
1996. (Moore, 1997).
Since then, the approach to the study of economics as
an ecosystem has become increasingly popular in science.
For instance, C. Wessner emphasizes the importance of
understanding the economy as a national innovation
ecosystem. This approach allows to understand that
this system is not fixed, it is evolutionarily growing in
accordance with new needs and circumstances. This
system is susceptible to changes provided by new policy
initiatives.
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Vol. 7 No. 2, 2021
Digitalization
Intellectualization
Greening
Smart Economy
Institutionalization
Urbanization
Socialization
Figure 1. Key processes of smart economy formation
The ecosystem approach is based on the fact that
complex relationships are formed between various
participants in the innovation economy (individual
entrepreneurs, corporate participants – such as
big business and universities) and emphasizes the
importance of incentives for different participants to
create an innovation-friendly environment (Wessner,
2004). At the same time, there is no unity in academic
literature in defining the range of major ecosystem
participants.
The main participants in ecosystems are
entrepreneurs,
business
support
networks,
corporations, financial experts and governments that
integrate ICT/telecommunications innovation into
their national development agendas. The International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) considers ecosystem
as a combination of the following components: business,
finance, business support, the public sector, academia
and the private sector (ITU-D Digital Innovation
Ecosystems). The main problems in the digitalization
policy implementation are lack of relevant policies,
programmes, resources and know-how for innovators
and producers of digital change in their communities;
lack of proper systemic issues assessment of innovation
ecosystem focused on ICT (business ecosystem,
technological ecosystem and innovation ecosystem –
three engines of economic growth); lack of cooperation
between stakeholders of the main growth factors
for the creation of ICT projects for innovation and
entrepreneurship (International Telecommunication
Union (ITU), ICTs for a Sustainable World).
Summarizing these approaches, we can note the
following important features of ecosystems: firstly,
systemacity (i.e. the presence of a complete form of
integration between various components); secondly, the
presence of close relationships between components;
thirdly, formation of an environment conducive both to
the entities themselves and to the global space of human
activity.
In current global ecosystem, new technologies not
only provide important functions, but also allow
to manage the processes and relationships between
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different elements and entities. In addition, the
management is “smart”, which requires a more precise
definition – what exactly is “smartness”, which actually
gives name to a new type of economy.
J. Sinkiene et al. pays much attention to the study
of “smartness” concept emergence. They agree
with B. Hatt and S. Otto, who consider “smartness”
a much broader phenomenon than just intelligence
or awareness. “It is a social construction that includes
cultural capital, social capital, innate intelligence,
and creativity or ingenuity… associated with power”
(Hatt, Otto, 2011). J. Sinkiene et al. argues that
the social system smartness has such properties as
“intelligence, erudition, digital nature, innovation,
knowledge management, sustainability, networking
and flexibility” (Sinkiene, 2014).
In our opinion, the concept of “smartness” has
several important aspects. The first aspect is related
to the growing importance of important global
and strategic values in all spheres of social activity:
preserving the environment, providing a comfortable
environment (economic, social, political, business
environment, etc.).
The second aspect in the modern world is the
expansion of perception and human importance – not
just as one of production factors. To ensure development
of modern society, the necessary resource is not just
a human resource as a carrier of working ability. Socioeconomic development of any entities and systems at
all levels is ensured by the increasingly active inclusion
of human as participant in social relations (property,
management), bearer of social, cultural, moral values,
and the values of sustainable development.
And the third important aspect is the transformation
of the management process itself, which is about
expansion of the range of participants and relevant
change in its mechanisms and instruments. Management
of various systems (economy, region, locality, and city)
requires such instruments that ensure the “smart”
nature of functioning, systematics of all relationships,
focus on the sustainable development values. This
system is ensured by involving the largest possible
Vol. 7 No. 2, 2021
range of actors, which allows to consider their needs
and interests. However, it is a difficult task to ensure
effective management in the expansion context of the
entity itself. In this situation, one cannot do without
such an instrument as modern technology. Thus, the
rapid development of ICT radically changes not only
the technological basis, but also the entire system of
economic relations in society. The rapid acceleration
of all transactions transforms all interactions,
mechanisms, and instruments for the economic activity
implementation.
To the greatest extent, the smartness principle can be
implemented at the locality level – a city, where there
are real opportunities to link all components into
a single “smart” ecosystem. Such an ecosystem
includes human-centred approaches to creating and
implementing smart city solutions, which create added
value and become a collective good. It also necessarily
requires ICT as a necessary instrument for “smart”
management, but is not limited to available technological
solutions. Under the influence of increasing attention to
environmental and social issues, the latest technologies
are already helping to provide smart management for all
related processes.
In the academic literature on smart cities, the opinion
on the rise of smartivism and the role of so-called
smartivists as “an individual who steps forward by
actively supporting the creation of a better place on
a free basis” (Rise of the smartivist) is disclosed. The
separation of smartivists is made by analogy with the
“creative class” of R. Florida. The smartivist can act as
a stand-alone expert or support smart city initiatives
(e.g., free project consortia, new legal entities such
as non-profit organizations, associations) to address
specific issues (Ibid).
This expansion of the range of human qualities’
functions and areas suggests that not only the role
of human is growing, but also one’s importance as
a carrier of collective intelligence and management
entity at different levels. According to Giffinger and his
associates, collective intelligence is becoming the most
effective success factor for smart cities. “Smart building
based on human capabilities as the sum of individual
players (bees) in a community (hive) allows to create
and make decisions that lead to effective transformation
of community into a strong ecosystem of smart city
solutions.”
Thus, an important feature and driver of a smart
city success is the ability of city or community to use
collective intelligence. “Collective intelligence provides
a 360-degree perspective, covering all aspects of the
community, as well as considering connections with
neighbouring communities or regions” (Redefining
the smart city concept: a new Smart city definition).
The success of the smart city concept implementation
in each case depends on the ability to combine in one
stream the whole amount of smart initiatives, projects
Baltic Journal of Economic Studies
and solutions that are developed and implemented by
a large number of different private and public entities
throughout the city and in different strategic areas
(Ibid).
As mentioned above, information and communication technologies are necessary tools for combining
the whole amount of initiatives into a single effective
management process. In modern world, they not
only provide and accelerate communications, but
also become intelligent, performing more and more
intellectual and managerial functions. The concepts
of the Internet of Things (IoT) (a system of managing
things, devices, animals using the Internet) and
Artificial Intelligence (AI) (the ability of an engineering
system to acquire, process and apply knowledge and
skills) are emerging. Along with the concept of ICT,
other concepts are often used: digital technologies,
NBICS – technologies (nano-, bio-, info-, cogno-,
socio-technologies). According to I. Ardashkin, smart
technologies are the broadest concept, which includes
all different types of technology, they embody “a way
of expressing the maximum possible development of
technology, through which we identify the maximum
limits of human capabilities, a kind of technological
evolution’s categorical level” (Ardashkin, 2018).
The term Internet of Things (IoT) was first used by
K. Ashton, one of the founders of the University of
Massachusetts Auto-ID Centre. While working for
Procter & Gamble, he suggested that management use
radio frequency tags to create a supply management
system. Since then, physical item management systems
have become more important parts of our lives. The most
common definition of this concept is the following:
“The Internet of Things is a network of physical entities
that have built-in technologies that allow to interact
with the environment, transmit information about one’s
condition and receive data from the outside” (Internet
of Things).
The organization of remote control of various items
requires the following necessary elements: items must
have their own name (“label”), form a network and
receive information from the outside using various
controllers, sensors, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, and be guided
by a small built-in computer. The concept of “Smart
Home” has emerged, and in it, the owner can remotely
control the process of switching on and off all appliances
and devices (signalling system, electricity and heating,
home appliances).
Artificial intelligence is the creation of such systems
that are able to perform intelligent functions: to acquire
and process information, make decisions and perform
certain functions. John McCarthy, the founder of
programming and Lisp language, first used the term
“artificial intelligence”. Today, artificial intelligence
systems are widely used in space sphere, economics (hightech equipment, production management systems and
demand forecasting), education (educational products
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and technologies, university rankings), medicine
(diagnostics, recording of patients and their physical
condition), politics (analysis of voter data and their
preferences), retail (analysis of consumer behaviour),
etc. The further spread of artificial intelligence systems
also has certain obstacles due to ethical considerations,
technical limitations, and dependence on a significant
number of specialists and resources.
The above examples of ICT are evidence of rapid
development of digitalization. However, the main
impact of new technologies on the economy is that their
spread is accompanied by networking processes, which
generally lead to a new technical regime of interaction
and the nature of relations between economic
agents (Ustyuzhanina, 2018). The rapid networking
development has become the core of the fact that the
term “digital economy” (originated in the mid-1990s)
was quickly replaced by the concept of “networking
economy” (Parinov, 2002). Networking enables
connection of remote entities to different networks. The
modern world of economy is a truly global ecosystem
in which all regions, structures, businesses, people and
other entities are connected in a single network through
ICT. Such reality not only accelerates all processes and
transactions, but also transforms the whole system of
relations (management, employment, property, etc.)
and the economic structure at all levels.
The UN report “Future Possibilities” in 2020 named
the rapid development of six areas as the main trend
of future development: the Exabyte Economy, the
Wellbeing Economy, the Net Zero Economy, the
Circular Economy, the BioGrowth Economy, and the
Experience Economy. All these areas are a direct aspect
of Smart Economy development. With regard to ICT,
the following trends are forecasted for the Exabyte
Economy. After the pandemic, more and more people
(+ 7% annually) will work via the Internet. The Internet
of Things (IoT) will develop: by 2023, there will be
about 3.5 billion connections, compared to 1 billion in
2018. By 2025, Big Data revenue will exceed 90 billion
USD, which is twice as much as in 2018.
5G technology will speed up data flow. Gradually,
education, personalized healthcare, finance, and
energy efficiency will shift online. After the pandemic,
digitalization and automation will only grow. The
cognitive computing market is projected to reach
49.3 billion USD by 2025. The estimated economic
impact of the Internet of Things is 11.1 trillion
USD annually in 2025. This is equivalent to 11% of
world GDP, almost 40% of which can be obtained in
developing countries. 5G will add up to 12.3 trillion
USD to world output in ten years. Improving the health
of people with chronic diseases through the connection
of devices for remote monitoring by 2025 is estimated
at 1.1 trillion USD per year (Future possibilities, 2020).
The “smart” nature of the new economy is manifested
in spreading ecological and economic values, ensuring
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the integrity of natural systems, environmental
protection, etc. Moreover, this trend is manifested not
only in the declaration of important principles and
goals, but it also becomes an integral part of all various
social activity types of. In the implementation of any
economic, social, or business projects, consideration
of environmental context is increasingly becoming
mandatory.
In the international community, this process is
known as “greening”, and in its understanding, different
approaches can be distinguished. The term first
appeared in 1970 in book by C. Reich “The Greening
of America”. Basically, he put in this concept a much
broader meaning than attention to the environment.
Nevertheless, in the beginning of the 21st century, this
term was caught up and began to be widely used both in
the scientific literature and in the media.
The turning point in increasing attention to
environmental issues was the UN Conference in Rio
de Janeiro (Brazil) in 1992 – the Earth Summit. Based
on it, the governments of 178 countries adopted the
Declaration on Environment and Development and
the Declaration on Guiding Principles of Sustainable
Development. In the same year, the Commission
on Sustainable Development was established. Since
then, many important global events have taken place,
consistently promoting the ideas of sustainable
development and environmental protection into
politics and economics at various levels. Following
the 20th anniversary of the Rio de Janeiro conference
in 2002, a new Rio+20 conference was held, bringing
together country leaders, thousands of private sector
representatives, non-governmental organizations and
other groups. A joint effort at this summit has developed
a strategy on how to reduce insecurity, promote social
justice, and ensure that all environmental measures are
considered.
It was emphasized that the green economy is “one of
the important tools available for achieving sustainable
development… The institutional framework for
sustainable development should be inclusive, transparent
and effective and that it should find common solutions
related to global challenges to sustainable development”
(The future we want).
In 2008, the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) launched the Green Economy Initiative
(GEI), a programme of global research and assistance
at the country level to encourage politicians to support
environmental investment. At the UN General
Assembly in 2015, UNEP published “Uncovering
Pathways towards an Inclusive Green Economy”. Over
the last decade, the concept of a green economy has
become a strategic priority for many governments and
intergovernmental organizations. In total, 65 countries
have entered the path of an inclusive green economy
and relevant strategies. By turning their economies
into drivers of resilience, these countries are ready to
Vol. 7 No. 2, 2021
address the major challenges of the 21st century, from
urbanization and resource scarcity to climate change
and economic instability.
According to UNEP, the green economy includes
three main concepts: low-carbon, resource-saving
and socially inclusive development. In a green
economy, employment and income growth are driven
by public and private investment in infrastructure and
assets that reduce carbon emissions and pollution,
increase energy and resource efficiency, and prevent
biodiversity loss (UN Environment Programme,
Green Economy).
As a result of persistent work on the green
economy implementation, the concept of an
inclusive green economy emerged. An inclusive
green economy is an economy that improves
people’s well-being and creates social justice, while
reducing environmental risks and resource scarcity.
An inclusive green economy is an alternative
to modern dominant economic model, which
enhances inequality, promotes overconsumption,
causes resource shortages and poses widespread
threats to the environment and human health. It is
an opportunity to promote both sustainability and
social justice as functions of a stable and prosperous
financial system within a limited and fragile planet.
This is the way to achieve the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development, and eliminate poverty
while maintaining the environmental thresholds that
underpin human health, well-being and development
(what-inclusive-green-economy).
In its simplest terms, this economy is low-carbon,
efficient and green in production, but also includes
consumption and results based on sharing, circularity,
cooperation, solidarity, sustainability, opportunities,
and interdependence. It focuses on empowering
national economies, using targeted and appropriate
fiscal and social protection policies, and with the
support of strong institutions specifically designed to
protect social and environmental minimum levels.
Well-known economist Nicholas Stern in his work
“The Economics of Climate Change” states “if we do not
act, the total costs and risks of climate change will be
equivalent to losing at least 5% of world GDP now and
forever. Given a wider range of risks and consequences,
the loss estimate can increase up to 20% of GDP or
more” (Stern, 2006).
Thus, we can trace the process of permanent growth
of the world community's attention to environmental
issues, which is confirmed by the growing number of
events, publications, and action programmes at various
levels. An example of “greening” policy practical
implementation is the European Commission’s policy
to support farmers. Farmers receive direct green
payments for the conservation of natural resources
and the provision of public goods to the population
at non-market prices. These direct environmental
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payments are made, if farmers follow three mandatory
rules in favour of the environment: crop diversification
(greater crop diversity makes soils and ecosystems
more resilient); maintenance of permanent pastures
(pastures support carbon sequestration, and protect
biodiversity (environment)); allocation of 5% of
arable land to the areas useful for biodiversity (such
as environmental focus areas (EFAs), such as trees,
verdant hedges or fallow land), which improves
biodiversity and habitat conditions (Sustainable
land use).
The green economy is considered as a way to
achieve sustainable development. It requires shifting
away from a resource-intensive model of growth,
transforming consumption and production towards
a more sustainable model, and increasing added value
and reinvesting in resource-rich developing countries.
To achieve a green economy, policy makers should
strategically refocus consumption, investment and
other economic activities to:
1) reduce carbon emissions, enhance energy
and resource efficiency, prevent biodiversity loss
and ecosystems, including efficient, low-impact
technology development; buildings, transport
infrastructure; investment in renewable energy;
application of the life cycle approach; promotion of
ecological goods and services; permanent source of
materials; support and restoration of natural capital,
consisting of land, soil, forests, fresh water, oceans,
marine resources, wildlife and other components of
biodiversity;
2) improve access to energy, food, clean water,
biological resources, sanitation, public health and
health care system, new jobs, health and social
protection, ICT, training and education, including
education for sustainable development and sustainable
consumption promotion (Working towards a Balanced
and Inclusive Green Economy).
In the context of general greening trend, there is
also a term for new understanding of growth – green
growth. Green growth is also defined as a policy
that ensures “environmentally sustainable economic
progress to promote low-carbon socially inclusive
development” (OECD, 2011a). A number of academic
papers are devoted to the study of green growth essence
and factors ( Jänicke, 2012; Bowen, 2011).
At the beginning of the new century, national and
international efforts are intensifying to stimulate green
growth as a new approach to increasing sustainable
wealth. In 2009, the OECD, which promotes an
integrated approach to addressing interconnected
global challenges, began working on green growth as
a way to address some of the world’s most important
challenges. In June 2009, the Ministerial Declaration
on Green Growth was signed by all OECD member
countries, which ensured the possibility of both
greening and growth. OECD ministers approved the
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Green Growth Strategy (GGS) (OECD, 2011a) in May
2011. It suggests that green growth can open up new
sources of wealth by encouraging greater efficiency and
productivity of natural resources, innovation, and new
markets for green technologies, goods, and services
(Green Growth and Developing Countries).
The concepts of smart development and smart
economic development are emerging (Dagiliene, 2020).
L. Dagiliene et al. defines smart development as one that
focuses on “achieving economic goals through the use
of ICT, access to infrastructure and services through
technological innovation.” In turn, smart economic
development so far includes three components
(economic + social + environmental with the use of
ICT); it is based on knowledge and soft skills aimed to
use technology, innovation, infrastructure for economic
development; emphasizes sustainable development of
neoliberal economy and growth capitalization in the
form of digital innovation (Ibid).
Greening is becoming a major trend in modern
politics, firstly, at the global level and, secondly, at
the national government level. The international
practice of state support of the whole country life’s
ecological orientation is becoming more diverse and
widespread (Yegorova, 2013). The introduction of
economic incentives affects greening of investment
and production of goods and services in general. This,
in turn, forms new demand features – consumption
of goods and services considering environmental
component. Not only are the general and technical
characteristics of products or services important to
consumers, but also their impact on human health and
the environment.
The chain reaction goes on: there is formation
of environmentally conscious public opinion,
and appropriate mentality. It has a wide range of
manifestations in economic, public, social, and other
activities. And most importantly – environmental
guidelines should penetrate into human psychology,
ecological consciousness of all social groups and
entities should be formed. In addition, ecologically
oriented consumer behaviour should be formed,
when important values become conservation and
economical use of resources in both production and
consumption, transition to renewable energy sources,
competent waste disposal, etc. An important aspect of
the greening overall process is that all its manifestations
are realized through new technology capabilities, in
fact – information and communication technologies,
nanotechnologies, biotechnology, etc.
4. Conclusions
Thus, a new paradigm of social development is
being formed. This new paradigm incorporates the
features with the focus on intangible wealth (such
as intelligence, information, knowledge), social and
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environmental values based on the widespread use of
modern technologies. It is with this approach that the
main development subject is no longer the economy
itself, but the ecosystem itself at all the same levels,
including but not limiting to – micro level, meso
level, macro level, and also regional, international, and
global level.
The global ecosystem development is characterized
by the development of such processes as intellectualization, digitalization, socialization, greening,
etc., which together form the general trend of
Smart Economy development. The key word of this
new economy is “smart”, which permeates all its
components, basic relationships and processes, thus
defining its essence. The general intellectualization
process lies at the heart of this concept, which is
a general trend of social and economic development.
On the other hand, this general process intensifies and
acquires new complex forms of manifestation.
The results of intellectual activity (such as advanced
technologies, know-hows, products, and services)
become an independent, but very influential factor in
development, and even an important instrument for
ensuring the relationships and interactions between
all ecosystem components. The development of
modern society requires more than just human
resources as carriers of the ability to work. At present,
the human perception is gradually expanded, the
human importance is growing, and thus a person is
being more actively included in all process as a bearer
of social, cultural, and moral values, and as a bearer
of sustainable development values. In turn, not just
the carrier, but also as the subject of social relations
(such as property, management), in which these
values must be realized. That is why there is growing
importance and implementation of important global
and strategically important values in all spheres of
social activity, which is next important factor in
smartizing the economic development: preserving
the environment, and providing a comfortable
environment (economic, social, political, business
environment, etc.).
All these circumstances update the next important
driver of the Smart Economy in the global ecosystem.
This is a transformation of the management process
itself, to which new requirements are set, and
for which new goals and objectives are made. An
increasing number of actors are involved in the process
of managing socio-economic development at any
level. New mechanisms are being developed in order
to involve all actors and stakeholders in the decisionmaking process. As a matter of fact, developing
collective intelligence as the sum of the reasonable
influence of all members of the community becomes
a guarantee that all decisions will be “smart” and, in
turn, that they will contribute to the formation of
smart nature of the global ecosystem.
Vol. 7 No. 2, 2021
Baltic Journal of Economic Studies
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