“Benjamin”- Origin and Meaning (1670-1985) Meaning of “Benjamin”: "son of the right hand" Origin of “Benjamin”: Hebrew “Benjamin Stymiest”- Origin and Meaning (1670-1985) The name Benjamin is a male name of Hebrew origin meaning "son of the right hand". Benjamin is derived from the Hebrew name Binyamin, from the element’s ben, meaning “son” and yamin, “right hand.” In the Old Testament, Benjamin was the youngest of the twelve sons of Jacob and Rachel in the Book of Genesis, and he was one of the founders of the twelve tribes of Israel. Nicknames for Benjamin include Ben, Benny, Benji, and Benno. Benjamin is a biblical name that has enjoyed widespread favor for decades—and is attractive and strong enough for it to break into the top 10 for the first time ever in 2015. It has stayed near the top of the charts since. One of those golden boys' names that feels traditional as well as sensitive and stylish, Benjamin has the further advantage of the friendly, accessible nickname Ben. Source: www.nameberry.com An individual's name is comprised of a name given at birth, known as the given name or first name, selected by the parents, and the surname or last name, which identifies the family to which he/she belongs. Ordinarily an individual is not properly identified unless he or she is called or described by this given name in addition to the surname. This rule has significance, among other times, when students are designated in school records and when parties are called or referred to in legal proceedings. The general rule is that when identity is certain, a small variance in name, such as that caused by typographical errors are unimportant. Source: For Encyclopedia of American Law: The Free Dictionary [Internet]. "namesake". West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2, The Gale Group, 2008 [cited 17 May. 2020]. Available from: © Carl Stymiest UE (May 2020) 1 “Benjamin”- Origin and Meaning (1670-1985) https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/namesake I commenced my early research while I was working at the Beaverbrook Library in Newcastle (Miramichi) Northumberland County, New Brunswick, Canada. It was during my summer employment and successive weekends during my high school years that my colleague and I were under the tutelage of our ‘to-be’ mentor, Dr, Louise Manny, a well-known New Brunswick historian. On certain weekends while working at the library, we would be asked to go into her research/storage room, look for historical documents she was going to be writing about in one of her new history books. Often, she would send us to the Northumberland County Court House to copy and transcribe documents. It was, in the course of these times, that I would come across old records, clippings, documents, registers, wills, land deeds, etc. pertaining to the “Stymiest” family name. After declaring this to Dr Manny, she taught us the proper approach and manner to source and record our research. She set us up with blank manuscript books to record the information on our own families. This was the beginning of sourcing record information and my journey into keeping copious books full of family documents which I would eventually come across from (1959-present). The dream was to hopefully, one-day to foresee my purpose to publishing the Stymiest Chronicles. “Down by The Old Mill Stream-A Stymiest Chronicle,” was first published in June 2001 by Trafford Publishing, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (now located in Illinois, USA). The book has grown since 2001 to present by leaps and bounds since that first publication with over 12,000 books sold. The plan was to have a Revision ready for the Stymiest Reunion for Old Home Week, in Tabusintac, New Brunswick, Canada in August 2020; however, with the global Covid-19 pandemic, our reunion is cancelled until summer 2021. Over the years following my publication, I have had countless emails, letters, texts, and communications regarding the plight of the BENJAMIN name. So many folks have been confusing by the myriad number of the Benjamin re-naming’s; resulting in most being puzzled with those early ancestors. Over the years I have seen a proliferation of Family Trees posted online at Ancestry, MyHeritage, FamilySearch, FTDNA, WikiTrees, Geni, Rootsweb, etc., ALL containing misinformation, incorrect, and often confusing the parents of the various Benjamin’s. © Carl Stymiest UE (May 2020) 2 “Benjamin”- Origin and Meaning (1670-1985) To make things easier, I have created a Microsoft Office Spreadsheet to aide those who have the many Benjamin ancestor’s confused. These Benjamin’s are in my latest recent Ancestry/Family Tree PRIVATE* database tree… <444STY-019Apr2020(Stymiest)>. The Benjamin’s are indicated by the Roman Numeral (I to XVII), etc. following he FIRST NAME- Benjamin, i.e. Benjamin XIV Stymiest (or other aka’s Stymest, etc.). • To be able to view the tree, you must be invited by sending me your email so that I can invite you privately as a Guest. Stymiest Chronicles Database Statistics (20 May 2020) People 74,900 Photos 3752 Stories 1000s Records 15,741 + DVD (10,000) Hoping this chart alleviates much of the confusion in your ‘Benjamin’ research. ps. Need to know the heraldry and history of the “Stymiest Coat of Arms,” email me at cstymiest@gmail.com, and I will forward the information. Handmade Delft Peacock Chargers-circa 1726 (Benjamin III Stymiest) © Carl Stymiest UE (May 2020) 3 “Benjamin”- Origin and Meaning (1670-1985) “What’s in a Name? That which we call a rose: By any other name would smell so sweet.” -William Shakespeare This Photo byIn Unknown Author Memory of…is licensed (Photo: Courtesy Carl Stymiest) SCHTEINMETSE, SCHTEINMETZE, SHTEINMETZER, STAMATS, STAMATZ, STAMEAST, STEEMANS, STEEN, van STEEN, STEENIS, STEENMETS, STEENMITS, STEENMUTS, STEIJN van STEIJN, STEIJNMETS, STEIMETS, STEIMIT, STEINMETS, STEINMETSE, STEINMETSEN, STEINMETSS, STEINMETZ, STEINMETZE, STEINMETZLER, STEINSMA, STEINWITS, STEJNMETS, STEMAN, STEMETZ, STEMMITS, STEYAERT, STEYMAS, STEYMAR, STEYMER, STEYMETS, STEYMITTS, STEYNAERTS, STEYNMENTZ, STEYNMESTS, STEYNMETS, STEYNMETSE, STEYNMETSEN, STEYNMETSSEN, STEYNMETSZEN, STEYNMETZ, STEYNMOTT, STEYNMUTSEN, STEYNMUTZEN, STEYNNETS, STEYNS, STEYNWITS, STEYNWITZ, STIEMER, STIEMSTRA, STIENIS, STIJMETS, STIMAC, STIMAS, STIMEK, STIMENTZ, STIMES, STIMEST, STIMETS, STIMETZ, STIMIEST, STIMIS, STIMISON, STIMMEIST, STIMOST, STIMUS, STUYMETS, STUYMUTS, STYMA, STYMACHER, STYMACKS, STYMAS, STYMAST, STYMAT, STYMATE, STYMEE, STYMEETS, STYMEIST, STYMELS, STYMEN, STYMENTS, STYMER, STYMES, STYMESON, STYMEST, STYMETS, STYMETTS, STYMETZ, STYMIER, STYMIEST, STYMIGHT, STYMIS, STYMISH, STYMIST, STYMITCHS, STYMITE, STYMITS, STYMMELIUS, STYMNX, STYMOST, STYMREST, STYMSTRA, STYMUS, STYMUSH, STYMUST, STYMUTT, STYMY, STYNEN, STYNITS, STYNMES, STYNMETS, STYNMOTT, STYNMUTH The above spellings are all derivatives of the present-day spelling of the family name: “STYMIEST-STYMEIST-STYMEST-STYMIST-STYMUS-STYMAST” © Carl Stymiest UE (May 2020) 4 “Benjamin”- Origin and Meaning (1670-1985) SPELLING VARIATIONS: When the Stymiest family research began I was amazed at the numerous spellings of our present-day surname; no less than a hundred have appeared in the many records and archival information. The greatest find was tracing the present spelling of ‘Stymiest’ back to the original Dutch, German and other European spellings such as ‘Shteinmetse’, ‘Steenmets’ and ‘Steynmets.’ From there it was somewhat easier to trace the name to the United States, and Canada. Prior to 1871, the ancestors of the noteworthy Stymiest family, were not living in the country today called, "Germany." In fact, "Germany" was more a geographical expression of the land now know by that name. The land had previously been divided into several large and smaller states. As early as the eighth century it was possible to distinguish two German languages. Those members of the Stymiest family who spoke "High German," would have lived in the more mountainous regions of southern Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. Those of the Stymiest family who spoke "Low German," would have lived on the plains of northern Germany and neighbouring Holland, Brabant, and Flanders. It is not known which language the Stymiest family first used. The final ascendancy came only in the ninth century, long after the development of family names. It is speculated by historians and genealogists alike that the members of the Stymiest family who lived in the areas of Hamburg and Lubeck spoke "Low German" and belonged to a community which dominated the commerce of northern Europe. Those Stymiest family members residing in the southern German states would have spoken "High German" which later became the modern standard German of today. Archivists tell us that it is this premise of language-history which makes it possible to trace and identify the ancestors of the Stymiest lineage as being either "North German" or "South German" by the last name they used. It was no surprise however to encounter the family surname appearing in documentation from Holland and Northern Belgium. Antecedents of the Stymiest family who hailed from Swabia would have spoken a German dialect like "Schweizer Deutsch" (German spoken in Switzerland) and found primarily in the state of Baden-Wurttemberg in southwestern Germany. A characteristic common to Stymiest Swabian, Swiss and other European surnames is the presence of the letters ‘i’ or ‘e’ and ‘s’ or ‘z’ at the end of the name. Stymiest is believed to represent an Anglicized form of “Steimetz,” itself a variant of the German family surname “Steinmetz,” classified as being of ‘occupational’ origin. Regarding our surname, the appellation was derived from the Middle High German word “Steinmetze,” denoting “stone mason.” Variants of the surname Stymiest include, “Steimetss,” “Stemetze,” “Stemetse,” “Steinmetzler,” and “Steinmitzer.” One of the © Carl Stymiest UE (May 2020) 5 “Benjamin”- Origin and Meaning (1670-1985) earliest Stymiest birth records dates to 1198 and refers to one “Michelius Johannus Shteinmetze,” the progenitor of our European namesake. He was a citizen of Mittelfranken, Bavaria. The name now has been traced back to several European countries, with a new two century earlier progenitor, Count ARNUF of Holland (950 993) One must note that many of the names during this period were frequently found in their Latin form with the current vernacular coming at a later stage. The grandson of "Michelius J. Shteinmetze," "Michelius Coussaint Steynmets" is listed as baptised in the city of Koln (Cologne) November 1248 which makes it one of the earliest records found and transcribed to date. Next, we find “Coussaint Steynmets I” son of “Michielus Coussaint Steynmets” and “Marguerite Michel.” He was christened March 1285 at Mouacourt, Meurthe-et-Moselle. Additional documents include a birth record of 1329, “Agathaus Steynmets” in Mittelfranken, Bavaria. “Adamus Phillipus Steynmets,” son of “Jhonnas Jobst Steynmets I,” born 1394 received the sacrament of baptism on 06 February 1394 at Eurin, Rhineland. The Origin and Meaning of Names Have you ever had the experience of your name being misspelled? What is the typical misspelling or pronunciation errors associated with the surname “Stymiest?” From the extensive research completed over the past forty years, I have seen the family name misspelled hundreds; possibly thousands of times. It strikes you very personally as ‘name’ is your possession and identification. It tells the world who you are. Historically, names have served as a fingerprint, a basic clue to one’s personality. Knowledge of naming practices in our ancestral country of origin helps us trace our families back to a town or village; gives us their occupations; or gives us an idea of what they may have looked like. The intriguing story of surnames dates back thousands of years. How and where they began, what they originally meant, and the various spellings, is called the study of ‘onomastics.’ To understand more fully how our name, “Stymiest” has changed over time, I thought it would be informative to have a better understanding of naming in general. The first known people to acquire surnames to honour their forebears were the Chinese with the family name placed first. Legend suggests that the Emperor Fushi decreed the use of surnames, or family names, about 2852 BC. Chinese customarily have three © Carl Stymiest UE (May 2020) 6 “Benjamin”- Origin and Meaning (1670-1985) names. The Romans had only one name in the early years and began the practice of using “given-name+clan-name+familyname” around 300 BC. Where communities consisted of just a few people, surnames were not that important, however as each town acquired more and more ‘Johns’ and ‘Marys’, a need was established to identify them individually. In English speaking parts of the world, the exact date that surnames were adopted cannot be pinpointed. "The Domesday Book" compiled by William The Conqueror required surnames. Hereditary surnames, however, were not considered commonplace until the late 1200s. “About the year of our Lord 100...surnames began to be taken up in France, and in England about the time of the Conquest, or else a very little before, under King Edward the Confessor, who was all Frenchified...but the French and wee termed them Surnames, not because they are the names of the sire, or the father, but because they are super added to Christian names as the Spanish called them Renombres, as Renames.” Source: “Remains of a Greater Worke Concerning Britaine”, William Camden, 1586. During the Middle Ages, people were referred to by a single given name; then gradually the custom of adding another name to distinguish individuals gained popularity. Certain distinct traits were used as a part of this practice. For instance, a place of birth: ‘Johanne Gerrits of Haarlem;’ a descriptive characteristic: ‘Gerrit, the Giant;’ the person’s occupation: ‘Casparius, the Silversmith;’ or the use of the father’s name, i.e. ‘Casparius Johannes Steynmets.’ By the 12th century, the use of a second name had become so widespread that, in some places, it was considered vulgar not to have one. Even though this custom is the source of all surnames used today, the second names used in the Middle Ages did not apply to families, nor were they hereditary. The date when these second names evolved into fixed, hereditary surnames is difficult to pinpoint as the practice advanced slowly over a period of several hundred years. Many fixed surnames existed alongside temporary bynames and descriptive terms used as second names. By the 1300s the term ‘surname’ was found in documents in Europe. At this point a surname seemed to emote a dynastic significance. Men sometimes sought to keep their surname alive by encouraging a collateral (a person having the same ancestry as another but by a different line) to adopt it when they had no direct male line of their own. The handling of the surname, therefore, became a matter of pride. © Carl Stymiest UE (May 2020) 7 “Benjamin”- Origin and Meaning (1670-1985) As governments began using more written records, there was a greater emphasis on the use of surnames, particularly in the levying of taxes and conscription for military service. It became necessary to identify individuals accurately. In some of the larger communities, personal names were no longer sufficient to distinguish people in social or administrative circles. Country administration (with its hereditary succession to land), required a means of keeping track of families as well as individuals. By about 1450 people of every social rank had a fixed, hereditary surname. This surname identified the family, provided a link to the family’s past, and preserved its identity for the future. The preservation of surnames became a matter of family pride. It was a cause for regret if a man had no male descendants to pass-on his surname. Beginning in the fifteenth century, family names became popular in most parts of Europe, including Holland. Surnames were first used by the nobility and wealthy landowners, and eventually trickled down to merchants and commoners. The first permanent names were those of barons and landowners who derived their names from their manors. These names became fixed through the hereditary nature of their lands. Members of the middle classes seeking status, imitated this practice of the nobility, which led to the widespread use of surnames. Family names passed down in many ways. They may have been established by a person’s surroundings or job, or the name of an ancestor. Most surnames evolved from the following: OCCUPATION: The most common names of this group would be derived from the crafts and trades common during medieval times. The local builder, food preparer, grain grinder and suit maker, would be named respectively; ‘John Carpenter,’ ‘John Cook,’ ‘John Miller’ and ‘John Taylor.’ The person who made barrels would be named ‘Cooper’ and the blacksmith named ‘Smith;’ every village having its share of Smith’s. The ‘Carpenters’ and ‘Smiths’ of one town were not necessarily related to the ‘Carpenters’ and ‘Smiths’ of a neighbouring town. Some names reflected the place of employment rather than the job itself. The name ‘Abbott’ generally refers to the man who was in the employ of the abbey as a servant or other worker; a man named ‘Bishop’ likely worked at the house of the bishop rather than holding that position. Some names were taken as titles which were more a position than an occupation, such as ‘Mayor.’ LOCATION: The most widely found category were surnames derived from an easily recognizable location. When a man left his homeland and moved to another country, he was distinguished from his neighbours by the identity of his homeland, i.e., ‘Walsh’ © Carl Stymiest UE (May 2020) 8 “Benjamin”- Origin and Meaning (1670-1985) hailed from Wales, ‘Norman’ was from Normandy, and ‘Norris’ was Norwegian. In Holland, as in many European countries of the time; it was quite simple. The ‘John’ who lived over the hill became known as ‘John Overhill;’ or the 'John' who dwelled near a stream might be dubbed ‘John Brook.’ Many location surnames originated as place names. You could tell a location surname if it ended with one of the regular place name elements, such as: -hill; -ford; -wood; -brook; -well; etc. Less recognizable location surnames ended with -ton; -ham; -wick; -stead (meaning farm, or small settlement). Other common locational endings were -don; (a hill), -bury (a fortification), or -leigh/-ley (a clearing). Languages varied in the way a place was denoted, such as the Dutch name ‘Van Wagenen’ (from the town of Wagen) or ‘Van Gelder’ (from the county/province of Gelder). Germans used ‘Von’ and the French used ‘de’ or ‘De’, to reflect aristocracy. PATRONYMIC AND MATRONYMIC: Names that identify a father are termed "Patronymic" surnames. Those of the mother were referred to as "Matronymic" in origin. Many surnames were enjoined with the ending ‘son,’ i.e. ‘Williamson,’ ‘Jackson,’ etc. Even though patronymic names have been in existence a long time, they would often change by every generation as: ‘William’s son,’ ‘John’ would be known as ‘John Williamson,’ while his son, ‘William’ would be ‘William Johnson.’ One can easily see this method of assigning surnames could become very confusing and difficult to trace. ACQUIRED AND ORNAMENTAL: Some names were simply added when those without a surname suddenly needed one. A lady-in waiting for royalty might not have a traditional surname but would require one if no longer in that employ. In times of political turmoil, a deposed ruler might require a fewer staff, and long-time servants would find themselves among commoners, and in need of a surname. Names were sometimes invented as combinations of other words. NICKNAMES: When surnames were being adopted, many were the result of nicknames given by friends, relatives, or others. Some nicknames were extremely unflattering, and to some degree vulgar. Most of those have vanished, having been changed by descendants using spelling changes or simply changing names after emigrating. Sometimes the name told its own story: ‘Lackland,’ ‘Goodpasture,’ and ‘Upthegrove;’ or they might have been selected to elicit envy or sympathy as in: ‘Rich,’ ‘Poor,’ and ‘Armstrong.’ CHARACTERISTICS: A small man might be named Small, Short, Little or Lytle. A tall or large man might be named Longfellow, Large, Lang or Long. Many persons with characteristics of an animal would be given the animal’s name. For example, a sly © Carl Stymiest UE (May 2020) 9 “Benjamin”- Origin and Meaning (1670-1985) person might be named Fox; a good swimmer, Fish; a quiet man, Dove. The fun surnames are those which were derived from characteristic traits. There were the obvious characteristic surnames, including Longfellow, Goodfellow, Redd (one with red hair), and White (with white complexion or hair). One cannot take all names at face value, as in the example of Stout; an English surname given to a person who was short and fat and had previously been used to describe another who was easily irritated and noisy. Stradling, was an English surname means ‘one with bowed legs.’ GIVEN NAMES: Although a surname offers the most substantial clue to a family’s history, first and middle names can also be valuable in tracing one’s family tree. We generally think of names as having three parts: first, middle and last. First names are ‘given’ or ‘Christian’ names, as early Christians would change their pagan names to Christian names at baptism. First and middle names were also a problem in my research as many times names were recorded as initials rather than the complete spelling, (i.e., ‘T. J. Stymust,’ should have been recorded as ‘Thomas Joseph Stymiest’.) This recording was also often due to laziness or poor education (spelling) of the recording-clerks, and therefore the name of a person was often at their mercy. Sources: “American Surnames”, Eldson C. Smith, Baltimore, 1969. “A Dictionary of Surnames”, Patrick Hanks and Flavia Hodges, New York, 1994. “Family Names: How Our Surnames Came to America”, J. N. Hook, New York, 1982. Our thirteenth century Stymiest ancestors lived at a time when heraldry was first making its appearance in Europe. Archival research revealed that the Stymiest family Coat-of-Arms had several distinct changes. According to European historian Gustuv Seyler, the heritability (passing down to future generations) of coats-of-arms dates to 1170. He based his conclusion on his observation of families which split into two branches. For example, any ancestor of the Stymiest family who had a coat-of-arms prior to 1170 would not necessarily have had the same coat-of-arms as those of his brother or cousin. Seyler noted that the house of Stymiest which had been enabled (registered), and whose branches arose after 1170, would share a single coat-of-arms. Seyler said that unlike France and England; no formal heraldic organization existed in medieval Germany. Instead many different families displayed a blazon (family shield) which bore the same or similar markings. Taking pride in the traditions of their ancestral country, present-day bearers of the family name “Stymiest/Steynmets” are giving honour to past generations who have borne this surname. The first record of the Steynmets family coat-of-arms dates to © Carl Stymiest UE (May 2020) 10 “Benjamin”- Origin and Meaning (1670-1985) 1250 Bavaria (Germany). The original coat-of-arms was black and white with colour being added much later in the 17th century. Three hundred years elapsed before the second record surfaced; this time in the name of Casparius Steynmets I. In 1550, Casparius registered the family’s coat-of-arms in Holland (Netherlands). The arms were modified in 1580 adding the Latin motto "albo lapillo notare diem;" which means "to mark a day with a white stone." This motto refers to their trade of “stone masons” and indicates their pride in a good profitable and hard days work. STYMIEST BLAZON OF ARMS: Per fess; first azure, a lion passant guardant or, langued and membered gules; second gules, between two bends or, a sword argent, garnished or, in bend. STYMIEST CREST: A lion issuing contourne or, langued and membered gules. STYMIEST ORIGIN: First issued in the Duchy of Styria (Austria), circa 1250. Sources: "Austrian National Archives", Kriegsarchiv, Militarmatriken, Nottendorfergasse 2, 1030 Wien. "The Historical Research Centre: Dutch Ancestral Coat of Arms", The Netherlands, History File Number: 3176471 (5001) B&W Coat of Arms. Sincerely, Carl Stymiest UE, BA., B.Ed., M.Ed., Ph.D., CG (C), ONA © Carl Stymiest UE (May 2020) 11 “Benjamin”- Origin and Meaning (1670-1985) Bibliography of Sources "Acadiensis: Reminiscences of St. Andrews”, (Vol. 3, #3; July 1903, pp. 211-215). "Amstelodamum Jahrboek [Amsterdam Yearbook]”, (1952). "Birth Records of Richmond District, England", "Electronic." "Birth Records: South Dakota”, (File Date: June 30, 1962; #788363), "Electronic." "Census Return, Province of Nova Scotia, Halifax City, Halifax District 1901", "Electronic." "Descendants of Arthur Aylesworth", "Electronic." "Descendants of Benaiah Norrad”, (www.geocities.com/dmcrothers/1-4.htm), "Electronic." "Land Patent Records-USA”, (Serial # SDMTAA 081649), "Electronic." "Looking Back, A History of Bay du Vin, New Brunswick”, (Walco Print & Litho Ltd., Chatham, NB, 1978). "Marriages in the State of Georgia: 1851-1900”, (Georgia), "Electronic." "New Brunswick Strays in the 1881 Census of Canada", "Electronic." "New Westminster District, British Columbia Census:1901", "Electronic." "Northumberland Co. Papers- Marriage Certificates (1840-55)”, (Northumberland County Court House Records, Miramichi, New Brunswick, 1963). "Northumberland Co. Papers- Marriage Certificates (1856-64)”, (Northumberland County Court House Records, Miramichi, New Brunswick, 1963). "Northumberland Co. Papers- Marriage Certificates (1865-76)”, (Northumberland County Court House Records, Miramichi, New Brunswick, 1963). "Northumberland Co. Papers- Marriage Certificates (1877-85)”, (Northumberland County Court House Records, Miramichi, New Brunswick, 1963). "Palatine Origins of The Tice Family", "Electronic." "Private Papers of Cheryl (Williston) Armstrong", "Electronic." © Carl Stymiest UE (May 2020) 12 “Benjamin”- Origin and Meaning (1670-1985) "Private Papers of Patrick O. Sweezey", "Electronic." "Social Security Death Index”, (Treasury Department, Internal Revenue Services). "Social Security Information-USA”, (Treasury Department, Internal Revenue Services, Maryland). "St. Luke's (Methodist) and St. John's (Presbyterian) Cemetery Records, Chatham, NB". "Tombstones: Greenwich New York Cemetery", "Electronic." "United Church Vital Records, Tracadie-Tabusintac, NB: 1888-1987”, (Tabusintac Methodist Church Circuit). "United States Social Security Index". "Descendants of William Wright", "Electronic." Amsterdam, The Netherlands, "National Archives of Netherlands”, (Amsterdam, Netherlands). Ancestry.com, "Private Papers of The McGraw Family”, (File # 1890104), "Electronic." Ancestry.com, "Montana Census: 1870-1890", "Electronic." Ancestry.com, "Death Records: Connecticut State Index", "Electronic." Archives & Antiquities, Dept. of Shipping, "Lists of Passengers Emigrating from Holland”, (The Hague, Netherlands). Archives of Netherlands, "Delft Register of Births, Deaths and Marriages:1590-1811”, (Delft, Netherlands; DTB Delft Inv. N. 111, Doopboenken Prochie, St. Josepf; folio 120v). Archives of The Netherlands, "International Genealogical Index 3.06-Continental Europe”, (The Hague, The Netherlands, 1985). Archives of The Netherlands, "Central Bureau Voor Genealogie" [16th. Century Records of Holland], (Schiedam, Netherlands). Archives of The Netherlands, "Gemeentearchief van Schiedam”, (Stradserf 1, NL-3112 DZ, Schiedam). Avery, Elva, "A History of Tabusintac”, (Walco Press, Chatham, N.B., 1978). Bailey, Roselie Fellows, "Pre-Revolutionary Dutch Houses in Essex and Passaic Counties”, (Dover, 1936). Bangor Daily News, (Bangor, Maine), "Electronic." © Carl Stymiest UE (May 2020) 13 “Benjamin”- Origin and Meaning (1670-1985) Barbour, Violet, "Capitalism in Amsterdam in the Seventeenth Century”, (Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1950). Barnett, Cleadie B., "Cemetery Listings for Kings County, New Brunswick”, (New Brunswick Genealogical Society (NBGS)), "Electronic." Bergen Historical Society, "Records of The Reformed Dutch Church of Tiashoke, Buskirk: 1792-1875 # I". Loyalist Rose © Carl Stymiest UE (May 2020) 14