Hunnic and Turkic Titles in the Bactrian Documents Agustí Alemany (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Between 1991 and 2001 I carried out several research stays at the Institut für Vergleichende Indogermanische Sprachwissenschaft und Indoiranistik of the Universität des Saarlandes under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Schmitt, who became for me a true Doktorvater in the shadow, helping me in every possible way when researching, writing and publishing my PhD, as well as in the first years of my later career. I have always felt indebted to him, even if –I regret to say– I have never found the proper way to express him my gratitude for all his attentions during so many years. I hope that this small token of respect and appreciation will, in some way, repair that void.1 In Sims-Williams’ words, “the discovery of more than 150 Bactrian documents written in cursive Greek script has at last made it possible to complete the decipherment of the script and to obtain a fuller understanding of the language itself, as well as providing an invaluable new source for the history of Afghanistan and the adjacent regions”.2 After my PhD research on the Alans I have ever since felt interested in the interaction between Iranian and Turkic nomads in the periphery of the West Eurasian steppes and, eventually, in the titles which they shared for centuries.3 Therefore, as a newcomer to Bactrian studies, I was surprised to find so many of these titles attested for the first time in the Bactrian documents,4 often before they made their way into the oldest records in any Turkic language –leaving aside their transcriptions in earlier Chinese sources. The main goal of this paper was not to solve the problem of their origin and etymology, which has often resisted the efforts of scholars much more capable than me, but to gather evidence on how and why they came to be used in this particular region and period; nevertheless, what follows is basically a compilation of materials which I hope to be useful as a reference work and as a step towards further research. A section is given for every title in alphabetical order, containing the following subsections: 1. Evidence for the title in the Bactrian documents (BD1-2); 2. Chronology of the document(s) attesting the title (according to SCBD); 3. Title-bearers, with a brief prosopographical commentary (after IPNB II/7); 4. Additional evidence in other Bactrian sources of the Hunnic-Turkic period (esp. types of coinage after DGIH, BW & CIH) 5. Evidence for the title in other Middle Iranian languages, esp. Sogdian and Khotanese; 6. Evidence for the title in Orkhon Turkic 5 as well as relevant entries in GOT, ATGr, TMEN, EDPTCT & Rybatzki 2006. 7. Brief commentary on additional forms, history and suggested etymologies of the title. 1 Three years ago my student Nuria Olaya (whom I deem to be to some extent an “intellectual granddaughter” of Prof. Dr. Schmitt) successfully defended her PhD thesis on the topic of Classical and Eastern sources on the Northern borders of the Sasanian empire (Olaya 2017) –a work which has unfortunately remained unpublished, in spite of having been warmly praised by the members of her PhD jury (Alberto Cantera, Philip Huyse and Éric Pirart); just a sign of the times, since Nuria has decided to stop her career for now because of imperatives of life. Anyway, among her minor publications there is also a review paper in Spanish which I (rather unconciously) encouraged her to write under my advice on the language of the Hephthalites (Olaya 2012-14) and which inspired myself a talk delivered at the 2nd Meeting of the Society of Iranian and Turanian Studies in Salamanca (4th December 2015), which is at the origin of this article. Let it be said that I expected it to yield better and more original results, but I fear that the current pandemic situation has prevented me from achieving this goal. I am indebted to José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente for his bibliographical support while preparing the manuscript. 2 Sims-Williams 2008, 88. 3 See e.g. Alemany 2001, 2009. 4 The idea for this paper was inspired by the list (table 8) in Sims-Williams 2002, 235. 5 In this subsection OT = Orkhon Turkic; BQ = Bilgä Qaγan; KČ = Küli Čor; KT = Kül Tigin; O = Ongi; T = Toñuquq. 1.1. ενηλο — N8, 3' χολχανο ιενηλο ταρχανο “Xulxan, the ïnal tarxan” (BD1, 69). 1.2. EBD 407 = 629 CE (cf. BD1, 14; SCBD 125). 1.3. Xulxan, the ïnal tarxan (N8, 3'), lord of (the estate) Wilargan (N8f, 4' οιλαργανο χοδδηο); unclear, maybe a Turkic name (BD2, 281; IPNB II/7, § 538). 1.4. A hapax in Bactrian (cf. BD2, 210). 1.5. Often attested in Sogd. ’yn’l /Ïnal/ (IPNB II/8, §§ 25, 75, 232, 242, 245-6, 260, 1114, 1468) and especially ’yn’δ trx’n /Ïnal Tarqan/ ~ ενηλο ταρχανο (IPNB II/8, § 244); Khot. īnaḍa (Bailey 1939, 91). 1.6. OT ïnal (x2: T): GOT 335-6 s.v. inäl “pers. n.”; ATGr 336 “hoher Beamtentitel, n. pr.”; TMEN IV 196-99 s.v. ‫ §( ﯾﻨﺎل‬1900) “Stellvertreter”; EDPTCT 184-5 s.v. ına:l etymologically something like “trustworthy”; Rybatzki 2006, 133-35 s.v. inal. 1.7. Cf. Inäl Qaγan (T 31, 45), the Tarduš Šad, operating in Western Turkistan in 710/11 CE; Saqa, Täzik, Toqar and Soγdaq submitted to him (for the problems associated with this passage, cf. Berta 2004, 68). Identified with Chin. Yíniè Kěhàn 移涅可汗; contra Rybatzki 2000, 226-7, who suggests that Inäl Qaγan was the title of Bilgä Qaγan before his enthronisation. Unknown among the Khazars but often attested in Uyghur, even once inäl tarqan (Moriyasu 1997, 46, R9-10 without context). According to alKāšġarī DLT I, 147 [fol. 73-4] “the name for any young man whose mother is a Khātūn and whose father is a commoner”. 2.1. ιαβγο — eh3* [ηβο]δαλο ια̣βγ̣ ο “the yabγu of Hephthal” (BD2, 123). — ja2* ιη/βοδαλο ι%[α]β[γο] “the yabγu of Hephthal” (BD2, 125). — jb1f σαρτο χοηβανδα̣ν̣ο̣ φαραχο ηβοδαλο ια/βγο 14* σ̣α̣ρ̣το χοηβα̣νδανο φαρ̣α̣χο̣ η̣βο̣δα ̣ λ̣ ο̣ ̣ ι%[αβγο] “Sart Xudebandan, the glorious yabγu of Hephthal” (BD2, 127). 2.2. All of them undated; eh according to Sims-Williams c. 485 CE; ja-jb probably same time span, since both of them mention the Hephthalite yabγu as well (cf. BD2, 24, 26; SCBD 52-3, 72-3, 83). 2.3. jb Sart Xudebandan, yabγu of Hephthal (jb1f), ruler of Rob, scribe of the Hephthalite lords, judge of Tuḫaristān and Ġarčistān (jb2f ρωβοχα̣ρο η̣βοδα̣λοχοη̣οα̣γγο λα̣βιρο το̣χο/αραστανο γ%α̣ρσιγ%ο̣στ̣ α ̣ ̣ν̣ο̣ λ̣α̣δοβα̣ρο). As for χοηβανδανο (BD2, 263, 280; IPNB II/7, §§ 421, 536), cf. χοαδηοβανδαγο ~ Sogd. xwt’wβntk /Xutāwvande/ (IPNB II/7, § 522; II/8, § 1458). 2.4. Bactrian inscription, clay sealing, Pahlavi coinage (cf. BD2, 215; DGIH 182-3; BW 202; CIH 527-30).6 — IDilT 4.9 ιαβγο (Kushan period: Livšic/Kruglikova 1979, 103 “jabgu”; cf. BW 132). — AA 7 (Hc007) ηβοδαλο — ββγο “the yabγu of Hephthal” (Lerner 2011, 83-4) — types 265, 265A Ov. Pahl. ybgw bhlk’n “Bactrian yabγu” (CIH 630-32). 2.5. Sogd. żpγw /J̌abγu/, cpγw x’γ’n /J̌abγu Qaγan/ in coins from Chach minted by the Western Turkic rulers (Babayarov 2013, 332, 338-41); cf. IPNB II/8, §§ 379 cpγw, 1259 cpγw/zpγw, 1561 zpγw /J̌abγu/. 2.6. OT yabγu (x6: BQ KT O T): GOT 394 “a high title”; ATGr 381 “Titel des Oberhauptes der Töliš, d.h. des Ostteils des Türk-Reichs”; TMEN IV 124-36 s.v. ‫ §( ﯾﺒﻐﻮ‬1825); EDPTCT 873 s.v. yabğu:; Rybatzki 2006, 272-3 s.v. jabaγu. 2.7. A title of great antiquity, attested among the Kushan kings; Prakrit yavuga-, yaüa-, Greek ζαοου (gen.) already on the coins of Kujula; Chin. xìhòu 翕侯 (EMC 332, 125 xip-γǝw) as the name of the five princes of the Dà Yuèzhī of 大夏 Dàxià/Tuḫaristān. In the Türk period, however, the usual Chinese form is yèhù 葉護 (EMC 364, 128 jiap-ɣᴐh). Usual among Türks and Khazars (Chavannes 1900, 321, 332; Golden 1980, 187-90; BT2, 130: Gr. Ζιέβηλ, 275 Σιλζίβουλος, 290 Σπαρζευγοῦν; Arab. ‫ﺟﺒﻐﻮﯾﮫ‬ 6 Ghirshman 1948, 50 saw the title as iapgu in a Türk coin of the mid seventh century (§ 45 CPI IAΠΓV ŠAHO), but today this legend (type 206) is read as σρι τα/oγινο þαυο (DGIH 140-1; BW 98; see § 5.4). Besides, other forms like ζαβοχο, previously seen as Bactrian reflexes of yavuga/yabγu, are not clear (BW 296-7; IPNB II/7, § 139). ǧabġūya). A Chinese origin was suggested by Sims-Williams 2002, 229-30, 235; on the other hand, the title was explained by Bailey as Iran. *yam-uka- “leader” or *yāvuka- “troop-leader”, both of them phonetically troublesome (see Sims Williams/de la Vaissière/Bosworth 2007 with further evidence). 3.1. μαγατορο — S8 χοδδηοο μαγατορο βοκολαυο μαρηγανο “the servants of Lord Magatur Buklah” (BD1, 95). 3.2. EBD 470 = 692 CE (cf. BD1, 15; SCBD 126). 3.3. Magatur Buklah, a ruler or landowner, identified with Púluó 僕羅, younger brother of the Turkish yabγu of Tuḫaristān, who lived at the Chinese court ca. 705-18 CE; presumably both of them Turkic names (BD2, 229; IPNB II/7, § 232). 3.4. A hapax in Bactrian (BD2, 229). 3.5. So far unattested in Sogd. & Khot. 3.6. Unattested in OT; ATGr 326 s.v. baγatur “Held, nom. pr.”; TMEN II, 366-77 s.v. ‫ §( ﺑﮭﺎدر‬817); EDPTCT 313 s.v. bağa:tu:r; Rybatzki 2006, 209-10 baγatur. 3.7. Cf. Chin. Mòhèduò 莫賀咄 /Baγatur/ (EMC 218, 123, *85 mak-ɣah-*tuǝt), ruler of the Western Türks c. 630 CE (Chavannes 1900, 53-4; for Chin. mò 莫 ~ Bactr. μα- ~ Turk. ba- cf. Chen 2012, 47, 151-54). Occurring only once in the early period in a letter from Dunhuang (Orkun 1994, 288, 904 Baγatur Čigši); probably also in the name of the Khazar qaγan ‫ ﺗﻌﺎطﺮ‬Tʽāṭ.r (instead of ‫* ﺑﻐﺎطﺮ‬Baγaṭur: Golden 1980, 155-6); Bulg. βαγατούρ, uaga{r}tur (BT2, 83, 355); a usual title & name among the Alans, maybe because of Khazar influence (Alemany 2001). According to Clauson, originally a Hunnic (Xiōngnú) proper name, that of their second chanyu, Mòdùn 冒頓 (EMC 84, 217 mǝk-twǝnh); for Doerfer (TMEN II, 370) maybe a loanword from the language of the Róurán. However, the first element baγa- resembles Iran. *baga- > Bactr. βαγο, Sogd. bγ /vaγ/ “god, lord” > Turk. bäg; cf. Chin. Mòhè 莫 賀 /baγa/ (von Gabain 1983, 622; Chen 2012, 128; Atwood 2012/13, 61-68 suggests reading /magha/, “the older Sogdianized transcription” mγ’[’] of OInd. mahā- “great”, but see Rybatzki 2000, 220). 4.1. σωπανο — K2f τητ/ο þαβορανο σωπανο “Tet, the headman of Šaburan”; 3f πιιο / σοροσαυιγ%ο σωπανο “Piy, the headman of Sursah” (BD1, 57). 4.2. EBD 356 = 578 CE (cf. BD1, 13; SCBD 124). 4.3. Tet, headman of Šaburan (K2-3, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15), probably a “reduplicative hypocoristic” (BD2, 269; IPNB II/7, § 465) & Piy, headman of Sursah (K3, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16), unclear (BD2, 256; IPNB II/7, § 375); both of them parties to a contract. 4.4. A hapax in Bactrian (BD2, 266). 4.5. Maybe Khot. chaupaṃ “a title of low rank” ~ Chin. chìbàn 叱 半 (Yoshida 2004, 133); sometimes linked to Iranian words for “shepherd” like Pahl. šp’n' /šubān/, Sogd. xwšp’ny /xušpānē/ (Gharib 1995, § 10790), NPers. ‫ ﺷﺒﺎن‬šubān –but the NPers. form of the title is ‫ ﭼﻮﭘﺎن‬čōpān. 4.6. Unattested in OT; TMEN III 108-10 s.v. ‫ §( ﭼﻮﭘﺎن‬1130); EDPTCT 397-8 s.v. çupan; Rybatzki 2006, 275-6 s.v. coban. 4.7. Earliest known attestation; Chin. chǔbàn 處半 (EMC 60, 29 tɕhɨə̆h-panh), Turfan Uyghur čupan “Provinzialbeamte” (Moriyasu 2004, 51, 119), Nagy-Szentmiklós ζοαπάν (Göbl/Róna-Tas 1995, 22-24), Protobulg. ζουπανος (BT2, 131-2), Lat. iopan, zuppan, Hung. ispán; cf. al-Kāšġarī DLT I, 306 [fol. 202] “assistant to the village chief”. In fact, a ‘Wanderwort’ with several proposed origins (Iranian, Slavic, Avar, Hephthalite); I gathered the evidence and tried to explain it as a mixed term *ču(b)-pān “protecting a prefecture” (OT ču[b] < Chin. zhōu 州 [EMC 411 tɕuw] + Iran. -pān) in Alemany 2009. 5.1. ταγινο — ag10f ταγινο/κο “Taginuk” (BD1, 157). — ai3* τ̣α̣γιναν̣ο “the Taginan (family)” (BD1, 159). 5.2. Both of them undated; according to Sims-Williams, not much earlier than 705 CE (cf. BD1, 19; SCBD 66, 84). 5.3. ag Taginuk, producer of wine at Golg (IPNB II/7, § 458); ai Taginan, family name; in both cases presumably derived from ταγινο. 5.4. Bactrian & Pahlavi coinage (cf. BD2, 267; DGIH 140-45, 164-5; BW 98-9, 281-2; CIH 538-44): — types 206-7 Ov. σρι τογινο þα(υ)ο “His Perfection, Tegin, the King” (CIH 648-50); — type 240 Ov. ταγινο υωρσανο þαυο “Tegin, king of Khorasan” (CIH 651-53); — type 240A Ov. τογινο þαο “Tegin, King” (CIH 654-5); — type 208 Ov. Skt. śrī ṣahi tiginadeva “the perfect (?) Ṣahi Tigin Lord”; Rv. Pahl. tkyn' hwl’s’n MLKA /Tegin Xorāsān šāh/ (CIH 656); — type 210 Rv. Pahl. tkyn' hwl’s’n MLKA /Tegin Xorāsān šāh/ (CIH 657-8); — types 329 Ov. Pahl. tkyn' bg hwt’p' hwl’s’n MLKA “Tegin, His Majesty, Lord, King of Khorasan”; 329A Ov. Pahl. tkyn' bg hwt’p' “Tegin, His Majesty, Lord” (CIH 646-7). 5.5. Sogd. tk’yn /Tegin/ (IPNB II/8, §§ 222, 242, 245-6, 579-80); Bugut †mγ’n tykyn /Mahan tegin/ now read as mγ’’ t’tp’r /Maγa Tatpar/ (cf. Kljaštornyj/Livšic 1972, 85-87; Rybatzki 2000, 215-6; IPNB II/8, § 664); Khot. digyįna (Bailey 1939, 91). 5.6. OT tigin (x31: BQ KČ KT): GOT 381 “prince”; ATGr 371 “Prinz”; TMEN II 533-41 s.v. ‫§( ﺗﮕﯿﻦ‬ 922); EDPTCT 483 s.v. tégin “son, or grandson, of a ruling xağan”; Rybatzki 2006, 378-82 s.v. digin. 5.7. Cf. Chin. Wūsǎn Tèqín Sǎ 烏散特勤灑 /Tegin Xorāsān šāh/, king of Jìbīn 罽賓/Kāpīsā; another Tèqín Sǎ 特勤灑, son of a Tūjué king, founded a monastery in Gandhāra (Chavannes 1900, 132 n. 3; EMC 304, 254 dək-gɨn). Maybe a memory of the former is kept in Arm. Իրթգինն Խուրսանաց Irtʽginn Xursanacʽ “the *Il-Tigin of Xorāsān”, a Khazar (!) chieftain, if not a confusion with the ‫ ﺧﺮﺳﺎن ﺷﺎه‬Ḫursān šāh of Dāġestān (Golden 1980, 186-7; Minorsky 1970, 144-5, 411). A very old title and a loanword in Turkic, possibly from a Mongolic language (cf. Erdal 2004, 128), as shown by the non-Turkic Pl. tegit. A Hephthalite origin was suggested by László 1940, 31, 35. 6.1. ταδονο, ταδανο — S3, 6, 11 σηρο τορκο γαζο ταδονο “Ser the Turk, the tudun of Gaz” v1* [σηρο] το[ρκο] or [γαζο] τα[δονο] (BD1, 95-97; corr. BD2, 36 ad loc.). — Uu6 ιακανο ταδανο “Yakan the tudun” (BD1, 113). 6.2. S EBD 470 = 692 CE; Uu EBD 500 = 722 CE (cf. BD1, 15-16; SCBD 126). 6.3. S Ser the Turk, tudun of Gaz, where σηρο could be whether a PN or the title šēr used for the rulers of Bamiyan and Ġarčistan (BD2, 263; IPNB II/7, § 428); Uu Yakan the tudun, unclear (BD2, 215; IPNB II/7, § 165); both of them witnesses to a contract. 6.4. Bactrian coinage (cf. BD2, 268; DGIH 168; BW 100, 281): — types 245, 245C Rv. ταδονο ταρχανο βαγδδιγγο υαροβιδο “Tudun, Tarxan of Balx, the Commander” (CIH 661-2, 664). 6.5. Sogd. tδwn /Tudun/ (IPNB II/8, § 1634), already in the Bugut inscription (BII:2, II:8 twδwnt: cf. Kljaštornyj/Livšic 1972, 86). 6.6. OT tudun (x1: BQ E40): GOT 386 “a title”; TMEN III 207-10 s.v. ‫ §( دوﺗﻮم‬1194); EDPTCT 457 s.v. to:ḏun “a Türkü title of office”; Rybatzki 2006, 344-5 s.v. tudun ~ dutum. 6.7. Earliest known attestation; Chin. tùtún 吐屯 (EMC 312, 313 thᴐh-dwǝn), a title of the kings of Yānqí 焉耆 (Qarašahr) and Shí 石 (Taškent), well attested among Turks and Khazars (Chavannes 1900, 372); Arm. թնդեանս tʽndeans (Golden 1980, 215-6); Gr. τουδοῦνος (BT2, 317-8); for type 245 ταδονο ταρχανο see Arab. ‫* ﺗﺪن طﺮﺧﺎن‬tudun ṭarḫān (al-Ṭabarī, ed. de Goeje, p. 1626), a conjecture drawn from several meaningless variant readings (cf. BW 281). 7.1. ταποαγλιγο / ταπαγλιυο7 υιλιτοβηρο — N5f, 2'f (BD1, 69) φραμαριζμο þαβορανο ιαβζοδοφαραυο χαγανο ταποαγλιγο υιλιτοβηρο “Framarizm Šaburan, the tapaγlïγ iltäbir of the qaγan prosperous in glory”. — P4'f (BD1, 85) ζονολαδο þαβορανο ια̣[β]ζοδοφα̣[ραυο χαγανο ταπαγλι]/υο υιλιτοβηρο “Zun-lad Šaburan, the tapaγlïγ iltäbir of the qaγan prosperous in glory”. — Q5f ζονολαδο þαβορανο ιαβζοδοφαραυο χαγανο τα/παγλιυο υιλιτοβηρο 4'f ζονολαδο þαβορανο ιαβ[ζοδο]/φαραυο χα[γανο … υιλιτοβη]ρο (same text as P4'f). 7.2. N EBD 407 = 629 CE; P EBD 446 = 668 CE; Q EBD 449 = 671 CE (cf. BD1, 14; SCBD 125-6). 7.3. N Frama-rizm, ruler of Rob, lord of Parpaz (N7, 3' ρωβοχαρο παρoπαζο χοδδηο) & PQ Zun-lad, ruler of Rob (P3, 5' Q6, 5' ρωβοχαρο), witnesses to several contracts, both of them having Iranian names, belonging to the family þαβορανο (~ MP Šābuhrān) and holding the title “tapaγlïγ iltäbir of the qaγan prosperous in glory” (BD2, 213, 276; IPNB II/7, §§ 160.iii, 506.iv). 7.4. Otherwise unattested in Bactrian (cf. BD2, 268-9 “possessing service”); for υιλιτοβηρο see § 10.4. 7.5. So far unattested in Sogd. & Khot. 7.6. tapaγlïγ unattested in OT, but see ATGr 367 tapïγ, tapuγ, tapaγ “Dienst”; EDPTCT 437 s.v. tapığ “service”, 438 s.v. tapığlıg; Rybatzki 2006, 334-5 s.v. tobuqa; for iltäbir see § 10.6. 7.7. Maḥrnāmag 1.56 tapglg saŋun (name + title: Müller 1913, 8, 10; cf. Erdal 2004, 92 tap-ag+lïg “revered” & n. 163 [Ht VII 2051] tapïglïk “for reverence”; also 2007, 82); Rybatzki 2006, 334 translates ταποαγλιγο υιλιτοβηρο as “the eltebär of long service” (cf. al-Kāšġarī DLT I, 368 [fol. 248] tapuγluγ är “a man of inveterate service”). 8.1. ταρχανο — N8, v3 χολχανο ιενηλο ταρχανο “Xulxan, the ïnal tarxan” (BD1, 69; cf. our § 1.1). — P5ˈ χοσαροο ταρχανο v4* [χοσα]ροo ταρχ ανο “Xusaru the tarxan” (BD1, 85-87). — Q6f ταρχανο χοσαροο ταρχανο πο/ρο 5' ταρχανο χοσα[ροο …] “the tarxan, son of Xusaru the tarxan”, v5 τα̣ρχανο “the tarxan” (BD1, 89-91). — jg1 [...]γ̣γινο ταρχανο “[...]ngin the tarxan” (BD2, 135). 8.2. N EBD 407 = 629 CE; P EBD 446 = 668 CE; Q EBD 449 = 671 CE (cf. BD1, 14; SCBD 125-6); jg uncertain date, according to Sims-Williams, not much earlier than 675 CE (cf. BD2, 26; SCBD 74, 84). 8.3. N for Xulxan see § 1.3; PQ Xusaru, the tarxan, witness to a contract and the father of another unnamed tarxan; χοσαροο is maybe a variant spelling of χοασραο “Xwasraw” ~ MP Husrav “Chosroes” (BD2, 281; IPNB II/7, § 541); jg for the tarxan [...]γ̣γινο, addressee of a letter, see IPNB II/7, § 578. 8.4. Bactrian coinage (cf. BD2, 269; DGIH 168; BW 100, 282-3; our § 6.4): — type 245, 245C Rv. ταδονο ταρχανο βαγδδιγγο υαροβιδο “Tudun, Tarxan of Balx, the Commander” (CIH 661-2, 664). 8.5. Sogd. trx’n /Tarxan/, maybe also in the PN trxwn/trx’wn /Tarxūn/, a king of Samarkand (Gharib 1995, § 9685; IPNB II/8, §§ 515, 1243-44; cf. our §§ 1.5); already in the Bugut inscription (BII:2, II:7 trxw’nt, III:4 trxw’n: cf. Kljaštornyj/Livšic 1972, 86-7, 89); Khot. ttarkąni̱ , ttarkana (Bailey 1939, 95). 8.6. OT tarqan (x10: BQ KT O T): GOT 375-6 “a high title”; ATGr 367 tarχan, tarqan “hoher Rang”; TMEN II 460-74 s.v. ‫ §( دوﺗﻮم‬879); EDPTCT 539-40 s.v. tarxa:n; Rybatzki 2006, 422-3 s.v. darqan. 8.7. Chin. dágān 達干 (EMC 69, 102 dat-kan), Gr. ταρκάνος, Arab. ‫ ﺗﺮﺧﺎن‬/ ‫ طﺮﺧﺎن‬t/ṭarḫān, Arm. թարխան tʽarxan, usual among the Turks and especially among the Khazars (Chavannes 1900, 239 n. 2; Golden 1980, 150-55, 176-7, 181-2, 210-13; BT2, 299-300); a title of great antiquity, most probably nonTurkic (Mongolic: cf. Erdal 2004, 128) because of its Pl. tarqat, with no convincing etymology; linked 7 Cf. T1f χοτολογο / ταπαγλιιο βιλγαυο σαβουο 1'f χο/τολογο / ταπαγλ ιιο βιλγαυο σαβοoυο 20-21 χοτολο / ταπαγλιιο βιλγαυο σα/βουο 20' χοτολογο ταπαγλιιο βιλγαυ ο σαβουο “Qutluγ Tapaγlïγ Bilgä Sävüg” (BD1, 99, 103: EBD 478 = 700 CE; cf. BD1, 15; SCBD 127), husband of princess Bag-aziyas (T1, 1' βαγοαζιιασο … οισλογδο), a ruler with a fully Turkic name (BD2, 281; IPNB II/7, § 542 “fortunate + reverend + wise + beloved”) and the only case so far where tapaγlïγ appears without iltäbir. with the Xiōngnú title chányú 單于 by Pulleyblank (1962, 256-7), but sometimes also explained as Iranian (Abaev 1958-89, III 275-77; Bailey 1985, 33). 9.1. τογγα — Y1 κηραυοτογγαυο τογγαυοσπαραυο “Kera-tonga Tonga-spara” (BD1, 143). 9.2. EBD 549 = 771 CE (BD1, 17; SCBD 128). 9.3. Y Kera-tonga Tonga-spara, “governor of the renowned qaγan of prosperous glory, king of the people of Kadag” (Y2-3 ναμοοινδαδο αβζοδοφαραυο χαγανο καδγοβιδο καδγα/νο þαυο); the repetition of τογγαυο could be due to dittography; κηραυο is unclear, but σπαραυο reminds of Maḥrnāmag 1.119 šp’r’ (cf. Müller 1913, 12, 14, 39), ’šp’r’ (MIK III 36 Rii, l. 16) and the OT PN ïsbara, isbara, išbara (GOT 333, 336); for the whole name IPNB II/7, § 211. 9.4. A hapax in Bactrian (BD 2, 222, 270). 9.5. Sogd. twnk’ ’rsl’n /Toŋa Arslan/ (IPNB II/8, § 1260). 9.6. OT toŋa (x2: BQ ~ KT): GOT 384 PN; ATGr 372 “Held”; EDPTCT 515 s.v. toŋa: “hero, outstanding warrior” (not “tiger” as al-Kāšġarī DLT II, 337 [fol. 605]); Rybatzki 2006, 400-1 s.v. tungquidai. 9.7. Chin. Tóngé 同俄 (EMC 310, 86 dǝwŋ-ŋa), e.g. in Tóngé Tèqín 同俄特勤 /Toŋa Tegin/, a cousin of Bilgä Qaγan killed at the battle of Biš Balïq (BQ E31); cf. Chavannes 1900, 28, 56, 96 Tǒng Tèlè 統特勒 /*Toŋ Tegin/,8 Tǒng Tùtún 統吐屯 /*Toŋ Tudun/, as well as Tǒng Yèhù Kěhàn 統葉護 可汗 /*Toŋ J̌abγu Qaγan/, ruler of the Western Turks killed ca. 630 CE, where I wonder if Tǒng 統 (EMC 310 thawŋh) could be an alternative for Tóngé 同俄 /Toŋa/; nevertheless, Sogd. twn /Ton/, twn cpγw/zpγw x’γ’n /Ton J̌abγu Qaγan/ (IPNB II/8, §§ 1258-9) seems to point otherwise. Often used as a component in PNs, but otherwise poorly attested in the Nebenüberlieferung; for Bactr. κηραυοτογγαυο cf. Uyghur tongqara sngun in the contract Sa 01:16 (Yamada 1993, II, 4-5; Rybatzki 2006, 400 reads /tonga=qara/). 10.1. υιλιτοβηρο — Tt4 υιλιτοβηρο λιζγο καροοαλο̣ “Hilitber, the leader of the people of Lizg”, 13-14 υιλιτοβη̣ρ̣/ο “Hilitber” (BD1, 105). — U4f, 19, 4', 20'f υιλιτοβηρο “Hilitber” PN (BD1, 107, 111). — W5, 26, 4', 26' υιλιτοβηρο “Hilitber” PN (BD1, 127-35). 10.2. Tt EBD 483 = 705 CE; U EBD 490 = 712 CE; W EBD 525 = 747 CE (BD1, 16; SCBD 127-8). 10.3. Tt Hilitber, leader of the people of Lizg (IPNB II/7, § 481.i); UW Hilitber, son of Bah and brother of Wurol (W5, 4' μανο οορωλο οδο μανο υιλιτοβηρο βαυο πορανο), of the house Wurolan (W6 οορωλανο); the name of his father is unclear, but οορωλο is Parth. wrwd “Orodes” (IPNB II/7, § 481.ii; cf. §§ 76, 360). 10.4. Bactrian & Sanskrit coinage (cf. BD2, 272; DGIH 142-45; CIH 530-1): — types 314A, 314B χαδολαγο ιαρνο υιλιτοβηρο according to Sims Williams ad loc. probably two PNs + the title Iltäbär (CIH 637-8). — type 208 quasi-Skt. śrī-hitivira9 kharalāva “His Perfection Iltäbär of the Khalaj” (CIH 656). 10.5. Sogd. ryttpyr/δyttpyr in the documents of Mount Mugh, Man. lytβyr /Litbir/ (Sims-Williams 2002, 235; BD2, 272); also in the legend pny tk’ ryttpyr č’čynk xwβw “coin of tk’ ryttpyr, king of Chach” (Kamoliddin/Babajar 2006-7, 78, 80). 10.6. OT el-täbär (x3: BQ KT), il-täbär (x1: BQ), ärtäbär (x1: KČ): GOT 329, 331, 335 “governorgeneral”; ATGr 338 (i)l-täb(i)r “ein Titel”; TMEN II 201-3 s.v. ‫ §( *اﯾﻠﺘﺒﺮ‬655) “Titel von Großvasallen, 8 For le 勒 instead of qin 勤 see Appendix 1. Standing for *hiltivira with simplification of the ligature lt according to Humbach 2002, 417, who also read kharalakha = *karlukha “Qarluqs” instead of kharalāva. 9 halbautonomen Herrschern”; EDPTCT 134 s.v. elteber “a title for a tribal ruler subordinate to a superior ruler”; Rybatzki 2006, 82 s.v. el. 10.7. Chin. xiélìfà 頡利發 (EMC 341, 188, 89 γet-lih-puat), also sìlìfà 俟利發 (with EMC 293 ʐɨ/ʐi-); Arab. ‫ رﺗﺒﯿﻞ‬rutbīl, a title of the rulers of Zābulistān (CIH 551-2); Arm. Ալփիլութուէր Alpʽ-ilutʽuêr, a vassal of the Khazar Qaγan; Խաթիրլիթբէր Xatʽir-litʽbêr, a commander of the Khazar army (Golden 1980, 147-50, 197-8). For Sims-Williams 2002, 235 the initial aspirate of υιλιτοβηρο /hilitbēr/ “suggests that it may be a Khalach form” (cf. however Erdal 2007, 82 n. 34), the Khalach being remnants of the Hephthalite confederation (al-Hayāṭila) according to al-Ḫwārazmī (Bosworth/Clauson 1965, 6, 8); for the title in general, see Bombaci 1970. 11.1. χαγανο, καγανο — N5f ια/βζοδοφαραυο χαγανο 2'f ιαβζοδοφ/αραυο χαγανο “the qaγan prosperous in glory” (BD1, 69). — Q5 ιαβζοδοφαραυο χαγανο 4'f ιαβ[ζοδο]/φαραυο χα[ γανο “the qaγan prosperous in glory” (BD1, 89). — Y2 ναμοοινδαδο αβζοδοφαραυο χαγανο “the renowned qaγan, prosperous in glory” (BD1, 143). 11.2. N EBD 407 = 629 CE; Q EBD 449 = 671 CE; Y EBD 549 = 771 CE (cf. BD1, 14, 17; SCBD 125-6, 128). 11.3. PNs of title-bearers unknown in all cases. 11.4. Bactrian coinage (cf. DGIH 166-68, 186-7; BW 99-100, 102, 205, 290; CIH 556, 643-4; BD2, 276): — type 244 Rv. σρι βαγο δδηβο βαγδδιγγο καγανο “His Perfection, the Lord, his Majesty, the Bactrian Qaγan” (CIH 643-4) — type 272 Rv. † χαγανο “Qaγan” (DGIH 187, 192; BW 102; CIH 532 “not clear”). 11.5. Sogd. x’γ’n /Qaγan/ (Gharib 1995, § 4047 s.v. γ’γ’n); in coins from Chach (Babayarov 2013, 332-38); already in the Bugut inscription (BI:3, *II:8, as well as linked to the names –often unclear– of several qaγans: cf. Kljaštornyj/Livšic 1972, 85-87; Rybatzki 2000, 206-21; IPNB II/8, §§ 663-4, 715, 820); Khot. khahą:ni̱ , ha:hą:ni̱ (Bailey 1939, 91). 11.6. OT qaγan passim: GOT 338-340; ATGr 336 s.v. χaγan, qaγan “Kaiser, König, Herrscher”; TMEN III 141-79 s.v. ‫ﺧﺎﻗﺎن‬, ‫ §( ﺧﺎن‬1160-61); EDPTCT 611 s.v. xağan “an independent ruler of a tribe or people”; Rybatzki 2006, 484-89 s.v. qahan. 11.7. Chin. kěhán 可寒, later 可汗 (EMC 173, 118 kha’-ɣan); a title of great antiquity, first attested among the Xiānbēi, Róurán and Tǔyùhùn (Molè 1970, 69-71); Pulleyblank (1962, 260-62) tried to see its origin in the Xiōngnú title hùyú 護于 (in the same direction, a Yeniseian connection was suggested by Vovin 2007). Most common among Altaic peoples, also designing the supreme Türk and Khazar rulers (cf. BT2, 332-34; Golden 1980, 192-96; 1992, 71-2: Gr. χαγάνος, Arab. NPers. ‫ ﺧﺎﻗﺎن‬ḫāqān, Arm. խաքան xakʽan, etc); variously explained from Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Iranian, etc (see esp. TMEN supra & de Rachewiltz 1989, 289-90). 12.1. χινζωιο — T1f, 20f, 1'f, 19'f βαγοαζιιασο στορογο τοροσανζο οισλογδο χοτολογο ταπαγλιιο βιλγαυο σαβο(o)υο χινζωιο χαλασανο οισλογδο καδαγοστανο φινζο “Bag-aziyas, the great Turkish princess, the queen of Qutluγ Tapaγlïγ Bilgä Sävüg, the princess of the Xalač, the lady of Kadagstan” 4, 9, 15f, 5', 9', 16' χινζωιο καδαγοστανο φινζο “the queen, the lady of Kadagstan” (BD1, 99-103). 12.2. EBD 478 = 700 CE (BD1, 15; SCBD 127). 12.3. Bag-aziyas, queen of Qutluγ Tapaγlïγ Bilgä Sävüg (for all her titles see § 12.1), party to a contract (BD2, 200; IPNB II/7, § 45). 12.4. Only attested in T (BD2, 277). 12.5. Sogd. PN xwncwyH /xunǰuy/, Man.MPers. xwncwy, xwnjwy(y) (IPNB II/8, § 1444; BD2, 277); cf. Wakhi xǝnʒó, xinz/ʒó “beautiful, the wife of a ruler”, Khowar xunza “queen”, with the same origin, rather than a LW from Pers. ḫānzāde “prince(ss)” as suggested by Steblin-Kamenskij 1999, 411-2. 12.6. OT qunčuy (x2: KT BQ): GOT 347 “princess”; ATGr 359 “Prinzessin”; TMEN III 561 s.v. ‫ §( ﻗﻮﻧﭽﻮی‬1585); EDPTCT 635 s.v. kunçu:y; Rybatzki 2006, 508-9 s.v. qungju. 12.7. The Chinese title 公主 gōngzhǔ “daughter of the emperor, (imperial) princess” (EMC 108, 414 kǝwŋ-tɕuă’; cf. Hucker 1985, 291 sub § 3408), one of the few titles of Chinese origin really integrated into the OT system; it came to be used for “consort, wife” when neither husband nor wife were royal. Appendix 1: chronology of Hunnic and Turkic titles in the Bactrian Documents Title BD (our §) ιαβγο eh/ja/jb (§ 2) σωπανο K (§ 4) ενηλο N (§1) ταποαγλιγο υιλιτοβηρο N/P/Q (§ 7) ταρχανο N/P/Q/jg (§ 8) χαγανο, καγανο N/Q/Y (§ 11) μαγατορο S (§ 3) ταδονο, ταδανο S/Uu (§ 6) χινζωιο T (§ 12) ταγινο, τιγινο ag/ai (§ 5) υιλιτοβηρο Tt/U/W (§ 10) τoγγα Y (§ 9) EBD CE ? 356 407 407/446/449 c. 485 578 629 629/668/671 coinage types 265+A — — — 407/446/449/? 407/449/549 470 470/500 478 ? 483/490/525 549 629/668/671/→675 629/671/771 692 692/722 700 →705 705/712/747 771 245+C 244, 272 — 245, 245+C — 206-8, 210, 240+A, 329+A — — OT yabγu čopan ïnal tapaγlïγ iltäbir tarqan χaγan baγatur tudun qunčuy tigin iltäbir toŋa Appendix 2: the hierarchy of Turkic titles in the Chinese dynastic histories Several Chinese sources give lists of Turkic titles, hierarchically organized in order of decreasing authority, which do not match completely with each other. According to Drompp10 the aforesaid lists can be synthesized in these four series: I. Earlier Period: Zhōu Shū 50:909, Běi Shǐ 99:3287-88, Suí Shū 84:1864, Tōng Diǎn 197:1068 [2nd list];11 II. Jiù Táng Shū 194a: 5153, Tōng Diǎn 197:1068 [1st list];12 III. Xīn Táng Shū 215a:6028;13 IV. Western Turks: Jiù Táng Shū 194b:5179, Tōng Diǎn 199: 1077.14 What follows is an attempt to synthesize the data from these four lists, relating them to their Turkic forms and to the titles attested in the Bactrian Documents; the numbers refer to the order in which the titles appear in every list: Chinese kěhàn 可汗 kěhèdūn 可賀敦, kědūn 可敦 yèhù 葉護 10 I 1a 1b 2 II 1a 1b — III 1a 1b 4 IV — — 1 Turkic qaγan χatun yabγu BD χαγανο — ιαβγο Drompp 1991, 93-4. Notes: shè 設 ~ šad (miswritten as mo 没 in Zhōu Shū) is omitted by Jiù Táng Shū 194b for the Western Turks; 勒 le (in tèlè 特勒 ~ tegin) is a common scribal mistake for 勤 qin in the Chinese dynastic histories; the titles for irkin and iltäbär have two different forms, sometimes both appearing in the same list; tùtúnfà 吐屯發 –instead of tùtún 吐屯 in the earlier chronicles– is probably a mistake taken from the Chinese renderings of iltäbär, also ending in 發 fa; finally, dágān 達干 is the correction of a miswritten text dáyú 達于. The editions of the dynastic chronicles are those published by Zhonghua Shuju, Beijing; for Tōng Diǎn, that of Shangwu Yinshuguan, Shanghai 1935; all of them quoted after Drompp 1991, 107-8, n. 1-10. See Kubatin 2016, which unfortunately I found out too late for any use in this paper. 11 Liu 1958, I, 7-9 (Zhōu Shū 50), 41 (Suí Shū 84). 12 Liu 1958, I, 132 (Jiù Táng Shū 194a); II, 498 n. 49 (Tōng Diǎn 197). 13 Liu 1958, I, 181; Chavannes 1900, 164 n. 3 (both Xīn Táng Shū 215a). 14 Chavannes 1900, 21 (Jiù Táng Shū 194b). shè 設 tèlè 特勒 / tèqín 特勤 yǐjīn 乙斤 qūlìchuò 屈利啜 yánhóngdá 閻洪達 abo 阿波 sìlìfà 俟利發 xiélìfà 頡利發 tùtún 吐屯 / tùtúnfà 吐屯發 sìjīn 俟斤 dágān 達干 3 4 — — — — 5 — 6-fà — — 2/3 2/3 — 4 — 5 — 6 7 8 — 2 3 — 5 10 6 7 11 8 9 12 2TD 3 4 5 6 — — 7 8 9 — šad tegin irkin küli-čor ? apa iltäbär — ταγινο — — — — υιλιτοβηρο tudun irkin tarqan ταδονο — ταρχανο Bibliography ATGr = Von Gabain, A., Alttürkische Grammatik. 3. Aufl., Wiesbaden 1974. BD1 = Sims Williams, N., Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan. I. Legal and Economic Documents (Studies in the Khalili Collection III), London 20122. BD2 = Sims Williams, N., Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan. II. 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