Citation: Mirza, M, N., Babar, S. I., & Nizamani, F, Q. (2021). Leadership, Idiosyncrasies, and Political Behaviour: Personality
Analyses of Presidents Donald Trump and Andrew Jackson. Global Political Review, VI (I), 12-23.
https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2021(VI-I).02
Muhammad Nadeem Mirza *
|
Summar Iqbal Babar †
|
Farheen Qasim Nizamani‡
Leadership, Idiosyncrasies, and Political Behaviour: Personality Analyses of
Presidents Donald Trump and Andrew Jackson
Vol. VI, No. I (Winter 2021)
p- ISSN: 2521-2982
Headings
• Key Words
• Introduction
• Historical Traditions in the
United States
• Narcissist and Authoritarian
Behaviour
• Conclusion
• References
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2021(VI-I).02
e- ISSN: 2707-4587
p- ISSN: 2521-2982
Pages: 12 – 23
DOI: 10.31703/gpr.2021(VI-I).02
How do leaders’ idiosyncrasies are developed, and
how do these, in turn, impact their political
behaviour? This study traces the idiosyncratic behaviour of
Presidents Andrew Jackson and Donald Trump. It details four
historical traditions – Hamiltonian, Wilsonian, Jeffersonian, and
Jacksonian. The study expands upon Jacksonian tradition and
sees that how Trump pursued this tradition and how is his
political behaviour remained similar to that of Andrew Jackson.
Three specific areas in which these variables are determined are
personal lives, narcissism and authoritarian behaviour, and
populism and corruption. The paper also charts out the ways and
means through which Donald Trump’s administration is termed
as Jacksonian in nature.
Abstract
Key Words: Andrew Jackson, Donald Trump, Idiosyncrasy, Leadership, Political Personality
profiling, Populism
Introduction
Political commentators were astonished to
see the rise and rise of candidate Donald
Trump through US primaries before the 2016
presidential elections. Trump ultimately won
the Republican Primaries by overrunning Ted
Cruz, Jeb Bush, John Kasich, and Marco Rubio,
along with others. Trump got the highest ever
number of primary votes ever cast to any
candidate in history (earlier the record was
held by George W. Bush in 2000 primaries),
while, interestingly, at the same time, he was
*
also the person against whom the highest
number of Republican primary votes were
cast (earlier the record was held by John
McCain in 2008 primaries) (Bump, 2016). Deep
cleavages attached with the rhetoric and
personality of Donald Trump divided
Republicans during the primaries and divided
the American nation after he won the 2016
elections. Two thousand sixteen elections
were between two opposing poles and wills:
women vs a male chauvinist, liberal
Faculty Member, School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad. Pakistan.
Faculty Member, School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad. Pakistan.
‡
Faculty Member, Department of Media & Communication Studies, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Sindh,
Pakistan. Email: farheen.memon@usindh.edu.pk
†
Leadership, Idiosyncrasies, and Political Behaviour: Personality Analyses of Presidents Donald Trump and Andrew Jackson
internationalists vs isolationist, coloured vs
white supremacists, and most importantly,
between the “nationalists vs globalists”
(Merry, 2016). Hillary Clinton represented
herself as a candidate who stood for liberal
values, traditions, a greater role of the United
States in the international system, a
commitment to the US global leadership, and
a desire to resolve entangling problems faced
by the international community and society
such as environmental degradation, human
right
violations,
non-traditional
and
traditional security challenges. Donald Trump,
on the other hand, represented the nontraditional attitude, a limited role of the
United States in the international system,
curtailing the American commitments abroad,
and a desire to develop an inward-looking
approach, instead of outward, and going for
an “America First” approach. Instead of
standing for the promotion of democracy,
free-market
economy,
and
alliance
commitment, Trump criticised the foreign
policy elite for pursuing their own selfinterests and agendas and hurting the
American people. So, 2016 elections were not
between two persons; these were between
two versions of the United States: an inwardlooking-nationalist-isolationist America vs. an
outward-looking-globalist-liberal
internationalist America. And to the surprise
of many the former version – upheld by a
reality TV star and New York businessman
Donald Trump - won. Trump was an outsider
to the Washington’s political elite – neither a
career politician, nor having any military
experience. He applied totally unorthodox
methods of campaigning, had faced several
scandals during the campaigns but very
cleverly sidestepped and even at times taken
advantage of those and targeted a highly
specific audience – mostly white supremacists
and nationalist groups.
Vol. VI, No. I (Winter 2021)
During his campaign he addressed the
grievances of the society that since several
decades has been fed up with the
establishment’s rhetoric and actions. Hillary
Clinton was presented as an establishment
candidate, always well-prepared to answer
any question, having a liberal solution to
every problem, the typical and at times oftrepeated rhetoric. Trump, on the other hand,
criticised the establishment and offered
himself as a candidate who can break this
cycle and address the concerns of the
common-man – the American man. He
campaigned to not go abroad in search of
enemies to kill and innocents to protect. He
instead promised to always go for “America
First.” This slogan and then the actions
thereupon alienated the Neoconservatives
who since last two decades have not
entrenched themselves in the Republican
political party but also made inroads in the
Democratic party especially in the second
Obama administration and as advisor to
Hillary Clinton. America First rattled the
foundations of foreign policy elites’ post-Cold
War consensus that the United States is an
indispensable nation (Wilson Center, 2015)
and it needs to provide an unchecked
leadership to the international system (Heer,
2017). Trump believed that his duty is to
ensure the security and well-being of
Americans (Mead, 2017) and not taking care
of the interests of the Europeans or for that
matter, other allies. America and Americans
always come first, even if this approach hurts
the long-term alliance arrangements and the
position of the United States in the
international system. Trump talked the
language of the people and presented himself
as the folk’s man. He promised to bring back
the industries, to build a wall with Mexico, to
halt immigration from the countries where
people hate America, to cut aid to United
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Muhammad Nadeem Mirza, Summar Iqbal Babar and Farheen Qasim Nizamani
Nations agencies where the United States is
criticised, to get it out of Paris Climate
Agreement, and the list goes on. He adopted
atrocious attitude towards the protestors in
2017, his spread of the misinformation and
conspiracy theories, his disbelief in sciences,
his presenting the alternative facts attracted
particular section of the American society and
he did receive overwhelming support. Violent
right-wing extremism gained momentum
during his administration.
Trump was not unique, and the United
States has seen one president in history who
adopted somewhat similar behaviour, Andrew
Jackson. Trump is often dubbed as the person
who has emulated Jackson and followed
Jacksonian tradition in the US domestic and
foreign policies. Though Trump was a
businessman, the son of a rich father, a person
who always tried to dodge the system in order
to avoid paying taxes, Jackson was an orphan
and poor and military hero who has fought
and won a war. Though these differences exist
yet, there were several similarities between
the two (Strother, 2019). Trump followed the
‘introverted tendencies’ that has remained a
peculiar feature of Jacksonianism, a departure
from the usual American ‘extroverted policies’
intended to provide leadership to the world.
He clearly signalled that he will not pursue
such policies and would focus instead on the
American nation.
Jacksonian tradition has remained alive
through most of American history. It is evident
from the fact that though they propose not
involving America in the world outside, yet it
does not imply that they hated war or
attacking others. Once wars are started, once
American pride is at stake, once America itself
is threatened, then they always go for taking
it to the logical end – the unabashed and
unequivocal victory of the United States at
any
cost.
They
supported
wars,
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bombardment, ruthlessness against the
enemy once wars are launched. Presidents
through most of history have always worried
more about losing public support than losing
the wars. Vietnam War, World War-II, Korean
War, the Afghan war, Iraq wars are peculiar
examples. Presidents fear losing wars and
public support. President Bush Sr. lost popular
support because he did not bring a logical
end to the war started in Iraq. It is believed
that had he brought Saddam Hussain to
justice, put an end to his regime, and declared
a total victory, he could have won the second
term in office (Mead, 1999). President Trump
has pursued the Jacksonian tradition and
avoided the wars but at the same time has
tried to bring wars that already have been
started by the United States to a logical
conclusion – not the unprepared and
immature withdrawal of the US forces from
the ground.
This study is an attempt to explore
Trumpian and Jacksonian traditions. How are
their idiosyncrasies developed? Why Donald
Trump is known as the Jacksonian president.
What are the main features of Jacksonian and
other historical traditions attached with the
American statesmen? This qualitative research
is conducted using historical content analysis.
The paper is organised in a manner to give an
introduction of different traditions in the
United States, followed by a detailed analysis
of Jacksonian tradition. It then embarks upon
detailing the idiosyncratic developments of
the two presidents and their beliefs and
conditions that impacted their policies.
Historical Traditions in the United States
Tradition in this study refers to the set of
behavioural patterns of individual, group,
state, or even the system. Historical traditions
in the United States refer to the coherent
structural and normative guidelines about
Global Political Review (GPR)
Leadership, Idiosyncrasies, and Political Behaviour: Personality Analyses of Presidents Donald Trump and Andrew Jackson
how the state behaves and ought to behave.
Scholars have delineated several ‘isms’ such
as liberalism, internationalism, isolationism,
moralism, pragmatism, legalism, utopianism,
realism as the traditions which the United
States pursues and should pursue. Out of all
these, internationalism vs isolationism and
liberalism vs realism remained the two most
important debates which have provided the
basic guidelines to the US foreign and
domestic policies. Besides these, Walter
Russell Mead has pointed out four historical
traditions based upon the behaviour of four
former US practitioners (three presidents and
one Secretary of Treasury): Hamiltonian,
Jeffersonian, Jacksonian, and Wilsonian
(Mead, 2013). Although these generalizations
and simplifications can be misleading at
times, yet these do provide a template on the
basis of which we can judge or misjudge any
US president. Hamiltonian tradition stands for
the protection of commerce, Jeffersonian for
the maintenance of the democratic system,
Jacksonians stands for the populist tendency
and military strength, while followers of
Wilsonian tradition stand for the moral
principles and internationalism (Mead, 2013).
Hamiltonian are the supporters of
commerce, free trade, open seas, and open
doors. They are the ones who always look for
options where stability exists and where
incentives for adventurous behaviour are
minimal. They tend more to be idealist than
the ones who pursue purely self-interested
policies (Douthat, 2020). This tradition is
named after the US first Secretary of Treasury,
Alexander Hamilton, who founded the
Federalist party and worked for making
America a “commercial republic” (Clarke &
Ricketts, 2017; Mead, 2013).
Wilsonian tradition is named after the US
president Woodrow Wilson who first avoided
World War-I for almost three years and then
Vol. VI, No. I (Winter 2021)
fought it to ‘end all war’ (Knock, 1992). His
famous fourteen points provided the
foundation of what today we call the
Wilsonian tradition (Wilson, 1918). Wilsonian
are the idealists, the ones who pursue moral
principles – though through soft or hard
means. Soft Wilsonian believed in the
promotion of democracy and universal moral
values through diplomacy, trade, commerce,
and other soft means. While hard, Wilsonian,
at times known as neoconservatives, is the
ones who do not hesitate to use military force
in order to spread democracy in the dark
corners of the world (Fukuyama, 2004). Most
of the US presidents in the post-cold war era
have either been attached with one or the
other version of the Wilsonian tradition.
Jeffersonians are the protectors of
freedoms. This tradition is named after the US
first Secretary of State and later President
Thomas Jefferson, who founded the
Democratic-Republican
political
party.
Jefferson always stood for republicanism and
the establishment of democratic values at
home. They are usually known as the
defenders of the First Amendment, which
ensured the freedom of speech and
prevented the state from establishing a state
religion. Jeffersonians are against empire
building and American adventures abroad,
considering foreign wars as unjust mistakes
that the United States have made and
continue to make. John Quincy Adams was a
true Jeffersonian whose famous Monsters
Speech warned the Americans against the
adventures abroad. He warned that America
‘goes not abroad, in search of monsters to
destroy’ (Adams, 1821). He, on the other hand,
ensured that the greatest power of the time,
i.e., Britain behaved in such a way that it
served the American interests (Mead, 2010).
Jeffersonian efforts led to the United States
going back into isolationism after World War-
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Muhammad Nadeem Mirza, Summar Iqbal Babar and Farheen Qasim Nizamani
I. But great depression, World War-II, attacks
on Pearl Harbour, and related incidents led to
the weakening of Britain and ultimately, the
United States had to step in to fill the vacuum
and take on the leadership role of the world –
This role was a dream of the Hamiltonians and
Wilsonians, that had come true; but for
Jeffersonians, this was a nightmare, the one
which the United States cannot avoid (Mead,
2010). While Jeffersonians are mostly linked
with the First Amendment, Jacksonian are
after the biggest supporters of the US Second
Amendment, which deals with the right to
carry arms.
Jacksonians are the followers and heirs of
President Andrew Jackson. In the 1824
elections, Jackson got the higher number of
popular and electoral votes, but no candidate
could gain the electoral college votes’
requisite majority. So, the decision went to
Congress, where John Quincy Adams, with the
help of Henry Clay, became the president.
Jackson called it the ‘corrupt bargain’
(Independence Hall Association, 2020). He
and his supporters soon founded the
Democratic Party and started a campaign for
the next election even before the start of the
Adams
presidency.
The
experience
antagonised Jackson and his followers vis-àvis the political elite of the time. He
immediately started advocating for a federal
structure where centre will not be that strong.
He considered a strong centre would lead to
the clustering of the rich and corrupt
aristocrats at the cost of the liberties of the
common man.
Jacksonian tradition relies upon the
‘principles of populism, individualism, honor,
and courage’ (Clarke & Ricketts, 2017).
Jacksonians believed that the government’s
ultimate objective should be to take care of
the common man’s security – political,
economic, and moral (Mead, 1999). They
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attach huge emphasis to the concepts of
honour, prestige, and glory.
Another major feature attached with
Jacksonians remained the abhorrence of
American military entanglement with the
outside world. But once entangled, then
making sure – to protect the honour and glory
– that the war reaches a logical end, which is
only one: the complete and unconditional
surrender of the enemy and a total victory.
Most of them never regretted using atomic
bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Mead,
2016). Besides, another characteristic feature
of Jacksonians remained their refusal to go for
normalisation of the relations with the state,
which has been declared as the enemy or
belligerent. And finally, in the absence of a
direct threat to America itself, their reluctance
to adopt military adventurism Clarke &
Ricketts, 2017). They supported President
George W. Bush in the war against Iraq
because they considered that Saddam
Hussein in possession of Weapons of Mass
Destruction (WMDs) is a direct threat to the
United States. But once they realised that the
Bush administration has fabricated lies in
order to invade Iraq, they felt betrayed and
mostly withdrew their support from Bush Jr.
and even the Republicans and voted for a
Democrat candidate Barrack Obama in 2008
elections. Donald Trump earned their support
and favour by criticising the policies of
George W. Bush and especially his policies visà-vis Iraq (Mead, 2016).
The biggest trait of Jacksonians remains
their appeal to populism which in this case
remains “nationalist, egalitarian, [and]
individualistic (Mead, 2016). Their appeal to
the people becomes so strong that even the
mother political parties lose control of the
elections and have to rely upon the populist
leader while fearing antagonising him. On the
question of race, Jacksonians have remained
Global Political Review (GPR)
Leadership, Idiosyncrasies, and Political Behaviour: Personality Analyses of Presidents Donald Trump and Andrew Jackson
quite vocal against the blacks and other
coloured people. Some alt-right groups have
even tried to revive the old Jacksonian racist
fervour (Mead, 2016). Besides racial issues
with the coloured people, now they have
started targeting Islam and Muslims, being
considered as alien to the American culture.
Another important issue where most of the
Jacksonian unite remains their defence of the
Second Amendment, which notes, “A well
regulated Militia, being necessary to the
security of a free State, the right of the people
to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed”
(US Congress, 1791b). The right to carry a gun
is often considered as the basic right violating
which they think that their liberties are
endangered.
Trumpism and Jacksonian Tradition
This part of the paper will try to find the
similarities
between
Trumpism
and
Jacksonianism in the United States foreign
and domestic policies. It is also tried to see
that what similarities the two presidents share
and how are they different from each other.
Similarities in Personal Lives
Development of Idiosyncrasies
and
President Jackson had to face a few of the
worst forms of personal attacks through most
of his political life. It is generally believed that
there exists no parallel of personal attacks that
the candidates and their supported hurled
against each other during the 1828
presidential campaign between Andrew
Jackson vs John Quincy Adams (Rich, 2012).
Jackson was accused of having immoral
behaviour when it was alleged that he has
been living with Rachel Jackson – his wife – in
a situation when Rachel’s divorce from her
former husband had not been materialised.
Above that, Ms Rachel used to introduce
Vol. VI, No. I (Winter 2021)
herself as Mrs Jackson while legally being the
wife of her first husband. Ultimately Jackson
has to hold a second ceremony of marriage
with Rachel once her divorce was finalised in
the 1790s. When it was finalised in 1820s that
Jackson is running for the president, his
opponents launched one of the worst attacks
against Mr. and Mrs Jackson’s personal lives.
She got so upset because of this dirtiest
campaign that although Jackson won the
presidency, yet she died of a heart attack
before the inauguration (Kim, 2011; Owsley,
1977). Jackson famously exclaimed, “May God
Almighty forgive her murderers, as I know she
forgave them. I never can” (Buell, 1904).
Besides his opponents also accused him of
being the son of a common prostitute, and
father being a mulatto-man. He was also
accused of being involved in cannibalism,
who ate Indians’ flesh after killing them
(Holzwarth, 2019). Jackson’s side, on the other
hand, responded back by claiming that John
Quincy Adams has been pimping for the
Russian Czar when serving as a diplomat in
Russia (Remini, 1997, p. 20). Jackson campaign
presented Adams as “an aristocrat, kingly and
pompous” (Strother, 2019). He even accused
Adams of corruption and gambling, for
Adams had put a billiard ball table in the
White House (Miles, 1972). With 178 electoral
votes in the elections, Andrew Jackson won,
while John Quincy Adams could secure only
83 electoral votes.
During and after the 2016 elections,
Donald Trump and his family have to face a
similar personal tirade. Newspapers and
magazine dug out the nude GQ photoshoot
of Trump’s third wife, Melania Trump when
she worked as a model. Some newspapers
even published those photos (Editors, 2017;
Pengelly, 2019). It was even accused that she
got naturalised only because of her marriage
with Donald Trump (Lind, 2016). During his
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Muhammad Nadeem Mirza, Summar Iqbal Babar and Farheen Qasim Nizamani
presidency, his opponents even gone to the
length of questioning the relationship
between Donald Trump and his daughter
Ivanka Trump (Dixon, 2020; Ross, 2020).
People dug out his sexist statements that he
had made vis-à-vis women. His audio
recordings surfaced where he was heard
making sexists comments about the women.
Several women also came forward with
accusations that Trump has sexually harassed
and even assaulted them (Relman, 2020, p.
26). This study intends not to authenticate the
claims, yet only wishes to point out that the
personal attacks against Trump and his family
remained a permanent feature of his
presidency.
Narcissist and Authoritarian Behaviour
Leaders’ personalities, their childhood
experiences, their narcissism affect their
leadership style (Mirza, 2018). Both presidents
Jackson and Trump share narcissistic, selfcentred, self-righteous, and authoritarian
behavioural
traits.
President
Jackson
increasingly became authoritarian in his
behaviour during two terms in office. He
challenged and vetoed a large number of the
Congressional legislation. He even ignored
the rulings of the Supreme Court (Strother,
2019). John Henry Eaton published a book
filled with the praises and flattery of Andrew
Jackson, who in turn appointed him Secretary
of War and territorial governor of Florida
when he became president (Lowe, 1952).
Jackson served as a military general, was
outspoken, could easily be angered and held
grudges against the adversaries or those
whom he judged to be against him (Strother,
2019). He showed damning behaviour
towards the opposition, launched personal
attacks, and filled with punitive rhetoric.
Tankel has pointed out several traits of an
authoritarian leader. First, authoritarian
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leaders always try to shift the focus away from
the bad governance of the government to
blame others. Second, they discredit others,
especially anyone who challenges their
position, the opposition, especially anyone
who launches a movement against them or
their misgovernance (Tankel, 2020). Third,
they often securitise the normal domestic
political or social issues, and this securitisation
helps create an environment where the
administration may justify the use of violence
against the domestic and foreign adversaries.
Fourth, authoritarians, considering that the
courts at times may not support them, are
always looking for extrajudicial measures to
curb the dissent. Fifth, authoritarian rulers
discredit election results – if those are not in
line with their expectations – interfere in
judicial independence and attack the media,
which tried to give space to the opposition
(Harned & Jimenez, 2020). Andrew Jackson
and Donald Trump fulfilled these criteria.
Throughout his tenure President Trump
continued to question the legitimacy and
efficacy of democratic institutions such as free
press, judiciary, congress, and even the
electoral process and elections. Similarly,
while the Americans were dying of the
Coronavirus, Trump was busy finding the
scapegoats in foreign states such as China.
During the 2017/18 protests movement,
Trump called the protestors terrorists and
threatened states to pursue strict measures,
or he will send in the military. He considered
that the protestors should be put behind bars
for an indefinite period. Stalin used to
designate anyone who opposed him as the
‘enemy of the people.’ On this basis, several
hundreds of thousands were killed in the
Soviet Union. Trump declared anyone who
challenges him – from media houses to
governors, politician, businessmen, lawyers –
as enemies of the people (Remnick, 2018).
Global Political Review (GPR)
Leadership, Idiosyncrasies, and Political Behaviour: Personality Analyses of Presidents Donald Trump and Andrew Jackson
“In the ancient Greek legend, the
beautiful boy Narcissus falls so completely in
love with the reflection of himself in a pool
that he plunges into the water and drowns.”
This story tells us that narcissists are persons
who are in “excessive self-love” and have “the
attendant qualities of grandiosity and a sense
of entitlement” (McAdams, 2016). Trump got
rid of anyone in the government who
challenged his observation and even opinion
about any issue. He sacked National Security
Advisors, Secretaries of State, and hundreds
of other staff members. In the end Trump
administration consisted mostly of a bunch of
loyalists who really cared less about the
governance issues and more about the
flattering of their boss. Trump liked (self)admiration to such a level that he even puts
his name on the Corona Relief cheques,
“which is considered as illegal” in the United
States
(Davidson,
2020).
A
clinical
psychologist notes that Trump is “so classic
that I’m archiving video clips of him to use in
workshops because there’s no better
example” of narcissism (George Simon
quoted by McAdams, 2016).
Populism and Corruption
Both Jackson and Trump being the populist
leaders, divided the society into two camps:
the common men and the corrupt elite. The
United States since the independence, has
been run by the elite and the establishment
whom Jackson decried as corrupt and
emerged as the common man’s man. He was
known as the ‘Mob King’ (Parsons, 2009), the
man who stands for the common man and a
champion of the true democracy where
people get the right to decide and important
positions, against the corrupt elite. Populist
leaders usually divide the society into two
groups: the corrupt elite or the establishment,
and the common man; the bad vs. the good;
Vol. VI, No. I (Winter 2021)
right vs. the wrong. Populist leaders rely upon
this divisive rhetoric to not only attract the
voters, but also to imbues a feeling of hatred
against the opponents. 1820s was an era of
mass politics and John Quincy Adams in his
first speech to Congress used some
discomforting words for the common men,
using which Jackson started the 1828 election
campaign immediately. Jackson believed that
the common men has the tendency to reach
at the right conclusions and the job of the
office holders is to obey the popular will or
resign from their posts. Jackson dismantled
the Second Bank of the United States
considering it to be a tool in the hands of the
elite in order foment their corruption and the
one to leach the common men. His biggest
support base was the Southern states where
he attracted people on the basis that the
urban elite has always downgraded rural,
agrarian Southern men. He continued to work
against the presumed excesses of the Adams
presidency, and restore the honesty in the
government. He was the only president who
completely paid off the national debt by 1835,
a promise fulfilled (Editors, 2019). Though
Jackson was against corruption, yet he started
the spoils system in the United States – a
patronage system in which jobs are
distributed with friends and relatives, a system
pf patronage, nepotism, cronyism. Soon after
assuming office, he fired around 900
government officials and appointed his
supporters on these jobs, considering they
deserve these jobs more than the corrupt elite
(Strother, 2019). President Trump also rode on
a popular wave. His election campaign was
filled with popular rhetoric against the corrupt
establishment. He rode a popular wave
against migrants, promised to build a wall
with Mexico and crackdown on illegal
immigrants. He banned the entry of
immigrants from several Muslim countries. He
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Muhammad Nadeem Mirza, Summar Iqbal Babar and Farheen Qasim Nizamani
created such an environment at the
Department of State that a large number of
career officers and diplomats left the
department, thus creating positions for
Trump’s loyalists and favourites. Anyone who
challenged or had his own position, contrary
to Trump, had to leave the office, even if it is
Trump’s own appointed Secretary of State,
such as Rex Tillerson. Trump at the same time
opened inquiries against hundreds of State
Department employees who have worked
under Hillary Clinton that tells us that he
remained vindictive even after winning the
elections. Michael Flynn, H.R. McMaster, and
John Bolton were the National Security
Advisors who were removed or resigned from
their positions. During both 2016 and 2020
election campaigns, Trump declared that he
would accept the results only if he won
(Diamond, 2016; Kapur, 2020). And that is
exactly what he did. He not only refused to
accept 2020 election results but also tried to
malign the democratic process and pressurise
governors, judges, and electoral college
members to support him by rejecting the
results (Gardner et al., 2020; Wolfe, 2020). He
claimed that the elections were rigged in
order to ensure Joe Biden’s victory. He
pressurised states to not count mail-in-votes
after the election day while remaining
cognizant of the fact that several million
voters might have preferred this method of
voting in order to avoid the rush during the
election hours and prevent the spread of the
Corona Virus. His final act of defiance against
the perceived establishment and his
adversaries was his instigation to the
supporters and attract a mob, who attacked
the Capitol Hill in favour of Donald Trump.
After failing to urge his Vice President Pence
to overturn the results at the Capitol Hill,
Trump asked his supporter to “walk down to
Page | 20
the Capitol … because you will never take back
our country with weakness” (Haberman,
2021).
Conclusion
Andrew Jackson and Donal Trump have had
the unique kind of presidencies. Both were
“brash, abrasive, defensive and quicktempered, and both were described as vulgar
and unfit to govern” (Killian, 2017). Though
Jacksonian tradition and Jacksonians have
survived in the United States through
centuries yet finding a Jacksonian president in
the White House is very rare. Donald Trump,
the rich son of a businessman, achieved
economic power using ambiguous means
and evading taxes. Following Jacksonian
precincts, Trump became President of the
United States in 2016. He fulfilled several
populists promises he made in the election
campaign, just like Andrew Jackson, who was
a self-made man, a military hero, and also
known as the ‘mob king’. With an
understanding that a huge chunk of the
voters in the United States today are either
Jacksonian or Jeffersonians, Trump followed
the Jacksonian trend to attract them and set a
divisive tone in the American politics. This not
only infuriated the American elite but also a
lot of Americans, who set in motion a chain
reaction that resulted in the defeat of Donald
Trump in 2020 elections, which were not
between two persons, Trump and Biden.
These elections were between pro-Trump and
anti-Trump forces and ideologies. And in this
classic battle, the populist tendencies were
defeated in the United States – a triumph of
the forces that represent liberal order, free
trade, globalists, and a belief that the United
States needs to regain its leadership role in
the international system.
Global Political Review (GPR)
Leadership, Idiosyncrasies, and Political Behaviour: Personality Analyses of Presidents Donald Trump and Andrew Jackson
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