Disliking Others LOATHING, HOSTILITY, AND DISTRUST IN PREMODERN OTTOMAN LANDS Edited by HAKAN T. KARATEKE H. ERDEM ÇIPA HELGA ANETSHOFER Boston 2018 Circassian Mamluks in Ottoman Egypt and Istanbul, ca. 1500–1730: The Eastern Alternative Jane Hathaway T his essay traces the Ottoman encounter with the northern Caucasian population known as the Circassians (aERKESIN4URKISH *ARKAS in !RABIC WHOSEANCESTRALTERRITORYTODAYLIESMAINLYINSOUTHERN2USSIA  on the northeastern shores of the Black Sea. During the early period of Ottoman expansion—the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries—the Ottomans viewed the Circassians primarily as the chief pool of man- (and WOMAN POWERFORTHELATE-AMLUK3ULTANATE WHICHATTHETIMERULED %GYPT  3YRIA  THE (IJAZ  AND SOUTHEASTERN !NATOLIA !FTER THE /TTOMAN CONQUESTOFTHE-AMLUK3ULTANATEIN¯ HOWEVER THE#IRCASSIANS and other peoples of the Caucasus gradually began to enter Ottoman territory as (both male and female) elite slaves (MAML~Ks). The prevailing reason for this influx was that Circassians offered a clear alternative to "ALKANAND!NATOLIAN'REEKPERSONNELRECRUITEDTHROUGHTHEDEVS¤IRME  the “classical” Ottoman method of collecting Christian boys from the EMPIRE´SPROVINCES CONVERTINGTHEMTO)SLAM ANDTRAININGTHEMASEITHER PALACEPAGESORJANISSARIES"YTHEEARLYEIGHTEENTHCENTURY #IRCASSIANS HAD BECOME COMMON ELEMENTS IN THE /TTOMAN MILITARY¯ADMINISTRATIVE hierarchy. Circassian Mamluks in Ottoman Egypt and Istanbul, ca. 1500–1730 -YSTUDYTRACESTHEDIACHRONICEVOLUTIONOF/TTOMANPERCEPTIONSOF Circassians. I attach particular importance to the ways in which these PERCEPTIONS MANIFESTED THEMSELVES IN %GYPT  THE SEAT OF THE -AMLUK Sultanate and a site of especially heavy Circassian concentration under /TTOMAN RULE 3HIFTS IN ATTITUDE  IT BECOMES CLEAR  CORRESPOND TO THE changing nature of contact between Ottoman administrators and intellecTUALS ONTHEONEHAND AND#IRCASSIANELITESLAVES ONTHEOTHER7ECAN IDENTIFYTHREECHIEFATTITUDINALPHASESBETWEENROUGHLYAND &IRST  DURING THE /TTOMAN CONFRONTATION WITH THE -AMLUK 3ULTANATE  THE/TTOMANATTITUDETOWARD#IRCASSIANSWASONEOFABHORRENCE ASTHE -AMLUKSREPRESENTEDAGEOPOLITICALRIVALWHOHADSIDEDWITHTHE4WELVER 3HI½ITE3AFAVIDS.EXT DURINGTHESEVENTEENTHCENTURY ASINCREASINGNUMbers of Circassians and other Caucasian peoples entered Ottoman service as MAML~KS THEYBEGANTOCOMPETEWITHPOPULATIONSFROMTHE"ALKANS AND!NATOLIAFORKEYADMINISTRATIVEPOSITIONS LEADINGTOWHAT-ETIN+UNT HAS DESCRIBED AS THE ±EAST¯WEST² ANTAGONISM BETWEEN THE TWO POPULAtion groups.1!TTHESAMETIME /TTOMANOBSERVERSOF#IRCASSIANSINTHEIR NATIVELAND ABOVEALLTHEWELL KNOWNTRAVELER%VLIYÏaELEBÔ EVINCEDA sort of ethnographic curiosity combined with a degree of shock at the #IRCASSIANS´UNFAMILIARCUSTOMS"YTHEEARLYDECADESOFTHEEIGHTEENTH CENTURY FINALLY #IRCASSIANSWEREONEOFNUMEROUSETHNO REGIONALGROUPS CO EXISTINGANDEVENCOOPERATING RATHERTHANSTRUGGLINGFORDOMINANCE  INTHE/TTOMAN%MPIRE´SMILITARYANDADMINISTRATIVECIRCLES)NTHESELESS HIGHLY CHARGEDCIRCUMSTANCES SPECIALMENTIONOFTHEIRETHNICITYBECAME RAREINARCHIVALANDNARRATIVESOURCES/VERTHECOURSEOFTWOCENTURIES  THEN LOATHINGANDALARMGAVEWAYTOCOMPETITION THENACCEPTANCE EARLY ENCOUNTERS WITH CIRCASSIANS: THE OTTOMAN–MAMLUK WARS 4HE /TTOMANS´ FIRST SUSTAINED ENCOUNTERS WITH MAML~Ks from the #AUCASUS ANDFROM#IRCASSIAMORESPECIFICALLY CAMEINTHEFIFTEENTHCENTURY WHEN3ULTAN"ÏYEZÔD))R¯ ENGAGEDINASERIESOFRATHER INCONCLUSIVEWARSAGAINSTTHE-AMLUKSULTAN1ÏYTBÏYR¯ IN SOUTHEASTERN!NATOLIA THECONTESTEDBORDERREGIONBETWEENTHE-AMLUK  +UNT ±%THNIC 2EGIONAL#INS 3OLIDARITY ²¯ 23 24 Jane Hathaway DOMAINS AND THE EXPANDING /TTOMAN %MPIRE2 &OLLOWING 3ELÔM )´S R¯ CRUSHINGDEFEATOFTHE3HI½ITE3AFAVIDS UNDERTHEIR CHARISMATICLEADER3HÏH)SMϽÔLR¯ ATaALDšRANINFAREASTERN !NATOLIA THE-AMLUKSULTAN1ÏN†~HAL 'H~RÔR¯ REACHEDAN AGREEMENTWITH3HÏH)SMϽÔLTODEPLOYANARMYTOTHE-AMLUKFRONTIERIN northern Syria in the event of further Ottoman aggression in the region.3 4WOYEARSLATER IN¯ 3ELÔM NODOUBTASAPARTIALCONSEQUENCE OF THE -AMLUK¯3AFAVID DEFENSE PACT  CONQUERED 3YRIA  %GYPT  AND THE (IJAZ BRINGINGTHE-AMLUK3ULTANATETOANEND To the hostility with which Ottoman intellectuals had regarded the -AMLUKS°ASTHETENACIOUSANTAGONISTSOFTHE/TTOMAN¯-AMLUKWARS° DURING "AYEZÔD ))´S REIGN WAS NOW ADDED A VISCERAL ABHORRENCE OF A 3UNNÔ -USLIM REGIME WILLING TO MAKE COMMON CAUSE WITH THE HERETICAL 3AFAVIDS AGAINST THE /TTOMANS  THEIR FELLOW 3UNNÔS .ONETHELESS  /TTOMANPROPAGANDAAGAINSTTHE-AMLUKSDURINGANDIMMEDIATELYAFTER 3ELÔM´S CONQUESTS°AS REFLECTED IN FETÝNÏMES  OR CELEBRATORY CONQUEST narratives; 3ELÔMNÏMES ORPANEGYRICACCOUNTSOF3ELÔM)´SEXPLOITSAND EARLYCHRONICLESOF/TTOMAN%GYPT°FOCUSESNOTONTHE-AMLUKS´RELIGIOUSPROCLIVITIESBUTONTHEIR#IRCASSIANETHNICITY WHICHTHESESOURCES UNIFORMLYDERIDE ASIFTHE#IRCASSIANSASAPEOPLEWERESOMEHOWINHERently treacherous and untrustworthy. Ottoman chroniclers of the conQUEST OF THE -AMLUK 3ULTANATE NEVER FAIL TO MODIFY THE NOUN aERKES ±#IRCASSIAN²  WITH THE ADJECTIVE NÏKIS ±LOATHSOME² OR ±VILE²  EXCEPT on those occasions when they substitute “treasonous” (HÏ¢IN) or “devil” (S¤EYTÏN) for “loathsome.”-EANWHILE THEYDERIDETHE-AMLUKSULTANSAS ±SLAVESANDSONSOFSLAVES ²INCONTRASTTO3ELÔM ±SULTAN SONOFSULTAN  son of sultan.” ! PARTICULARLY VISCERAL EXAMPLE OF THIS ANTI #IRCASSIAN BIAS IS THE CHRONICLER +ES¤FÔ -EÝMED aELEBÔ´S DESCRIPTION OF THE FAMOUS EPISODE IN WHICH THE -AMLUK SULTAN 1ÏN†~H AL 'H~RÔ SUFFERS AN APOPLECTIC FIT     0ETRY 4WILIGHTOF-AJESTY ¯ (OLT %GYPTANDTHE&ERTILE#RESCENT  +ES¤FÔ-EÝMED 3ELÔMNÏME AAND#ELÏLZÏDE-U†AFÏ 3ELÔMNÏME  (ATHAWAY  ±4HE %VLÏD I ½!RAB ³3ONS OF THE !RABS´  IN /TTOMAN %GYPT ² N 4HENINETEENTH CENTURY"RITISHTRAVELER'EORGE$ITSONCLAIMSTHATTHEWORD±aERKES² IS A 4ATAR IE  -ONGOL  WORD MEANING ±HIGHWAYMAN² $ITSON  #IRCASSIA  N  Jaimoukha (4HE #IRCASSIANS    OFFERS THE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION OF A 4URKIC CORRUPTIONOFTHE'REEKWORD±+ERXETAI²4HE#IRCASSIANS´SELF DESIGNATIONIS±!DYGHE² *AIMOUKHA 4HE#IRCASSIANS ¯  Circassian Mamluks in Ottoman Egypt and Istanbul, ca. 1500–1730 ANDDIESONTHEBATTLEFIELDAT-ARJ$ÏBIQ NEAR!LEPPO IN!UGUST The chronicler gloats over the spectacle of “the head of the loathsome #IRCASSIANUNDERTHEHOOVESOFHISHORSELIKEAN!B~*AHLWATERMELON² (aERKES INÏKISBAS¤šATAYAšALTšNDA%B~#EHLĵARPUZšGIBI).6!SIF±LOATHSOME#IRCASSIAN²WERENOTENOUGHOFANINSULT HECOMPARESTHEDEFEATED AL 'H~RÔTO!B~*AHL±THEFATHEROFIGNORANCE² AKA½!MRIBN(ISHÏM  A-ECCANPOLYTHEISTANDANARCHENEMYOFTHE0ROPHET-UÝAMMADWHO WAS KILLED AT THE BATTLE OF "ADR IN  #% 4HE IMPLICATION IS CLEAR THROUGHTHEIRALLIANCEOFCONVENIENCEWITHTHE3AFAVIDS THE±LOATHSOME Circassians” have become enemies of Islam. AFTER THE OTTOMAN CONQUEST OF THE MAMLUK SULTANATE &OLLOWINGHISCONQUESTOFTHE-AMLUK3ULTANATE 3ELÔM)ALLOWEDMEMBERSOFTHEDEFEATED-AMLUKADMINISTRATIONWHOSWOREALLEGIANCETOHIM TOJOINTHENEW/TTOMANREGIMEIN%GYPTAND3YRIA7.ONETHELESS THIS MAGNANIMOUSGESTUREDIDLITTLETODISPELANTIPATHYTOWARDTHE-AMLUKS  often expressed in narrative sources as anti-Circassian bias WHICH perVADEDTHEADMINISTRATIONOF/TTOMAN%GYPTINTHEYEARSIMMEDIATELYFOLLOWINGTHECONQUEST4HEHISTORIAN½!BDULLÏHaELEBÔ2š•VÏN0AS¤AZÏDE  RECOUNTING THE EVENTS OF   MENTIONS A FORMER -AMLUK EMÔR  9AÝYA›NÏL WHOSERVEDTHE/TTOMANADMINISTRATIONASADISTRICTGOVERNOR ORKÏSHIF; he tried to withhold revenue from the provincial treasury BUTWASCAUGHTBYTHE/TTOMANGOVERNOROF%GYPT&IVEYEARSAFTERTHE CONQUEST HEWASSTILLCONSIDEREDNÏKIS IaERÏKISE(“one of the loathsome Circassians”).8%VEN+HAYRBÏY THE-AMLUKGOVERNOROF!LEPPOWHOSE DEFECTIONTO3ELÔMAT-ARJ$ÏBIQMADETHE/TTOMANVICTORYPOSSIBLE IS described by the well-known late sixteenth-century Ottoman intellectual -U†AFϽ¶LÔASANEXCEPTIONTOTHERULEOF#IRCASSIANTREACHERYALTHOUGH   +ES¤FÔ -EÝMED  3ELÔMNÏME  A SEE ALSO B SEE ALSO 3”HEYLÔ %FENDI  4EVÏRÔH I -š†ÔR;SIC= A  !NUMBEROFHISTORIANSHAVEARGUED°ERRONEOUSLY INMYVIEW°THAT3ELÔM´SMAGNANIMITYPAVEDTHEWAYFORTHECONTINUATION ORATLEASTREVIVAL OF±THE-AMLUKSYSTEM² IN%GYPT3EE FOREXAMPLE !YALON ±4HE%NDOFTHE-AML~K3ULTANATE ²¯ (OLT %GYPTANDTHE&ERTILE#RESCENT ¯ ¯AND7INTER %GYPTIAN3OCIETY UNDER/TTOMAN2ULE ¯ ¯  2š•VÏN0AS¤AZÏDE 4ÏRÔH I-š†šR A 25 26 Jane Hathaway OFCOURSE HEBETRAYED1ÏN†~HAL 'H~RÔ 7HEN+HAYRBÏY WHOM3ELÔM HADMADETHEFIRSTGOVERNOROF%GYPTUNDER/TTOMANRULE REMITTEDTHE PROVINCE´S REVENUE TO )STANBUL IN FULL  THE SULTAN EXCLAIMED  ±"RAVO  #IRCASSIANá9OUARENOTEVENTHATLOATHSOMEᲶFERÔNBREaERKESà(ELE ĵAš½ NÏKIS DEGIL IMIS¤SINà)9—a back-handed compliment with ethnic undertones. 5NDER 3”LEYMÏN ) R ¯  THE /TTOMANS TOOK MEASURES TO INCORPORATE THE FORMER -AMLUK TERRITORIES°NOT ONLY %GYPT BUT ALSO 3YRIAANDSOUTHEASTERN!NATOLIA°FIRMLYINTOTHEIMPERIALADMINISTRATION AND  IN THE PROCESS  TO ELIMINATE  OR AT LEAST DRASTICALLY REDUCE  SURVIVING -AMLUK USAGES10 )N %GYPT  3”LEYMÏN´S GRAND VIZIER AND PERSONAL CONFIDANT )BRÏHÔM0ASHA INIMPLEMENTEDTHEĴÏN~NNÏME I-š†šR  which specified the terms under which six regiments of Ottoman soldiery were to garrison the province and forbade the MAML~Ks to take Circassian names resembling those of the EMÔRs of the defunct sultanate.11 Later in the SIXTEENTH CENTURY  ADDITIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES SEEMED DESIGNED TOPREVENTANY-AMLUKREVIVAL12!SEVENTHREGIMENT THEM”TEFERRIĵA  WASINTRODUCEDINESSENTIALLYAMIRROROFTHEIMPERIALM”TEFERRIĵA BASEDIN4OPIJAPš0ALACE THISWASACOMBINEDINFANTRYANDCAVALRYUNIT ATTACHED TO THE GOVERNOR´S COUNCIL DÔVÏN) and staffed with elite memBERSOFTHEPALACESOLDIERYANDTHEIRSONS"EFORETHEEIGHTEENTHCENTURY  ITWASLARGERTHANANYOTHERREGIMENTSAVETHEJANISSARIESITSMEMBERS COMMANDEDTHEHIGHESTSALARIESANDENJOYEDDISTINCTIVEPRIVILEGES13 In  FURTHERMORE ANIMPERIALDECREESTIPULATEDTHATONLYMEMBERSOFTHE M”TEFERRIĵA REGIMENT AND THE aAVUS¤ÏN REGIMENT°LIKE THE M”TEFERRIĵA  ANELITEREGIMENTATTACHEDTOTHEGOVERNOR´SDÔVÏN—could be promoted to the rank of †ANCAĵBEYI WHICHIN%GYPTMEANTASUB PROVINCIALGOVER  -U†AFϽ!LÔ -U†AFϽ!LÔ´S$ESCRIPTIONOF#AIROOF   )HAVEMODIFIED THE ORTHOGRAPHY SLIGHTLY !NDREAS 4IETZE´S TRANSLATION PAGE   READS  ±9OU ARENOTEVENTHATSTINGY ²BUT GIVENTHERESONANCEOFNÏKISINOTHERCONTEXTS )THINK “loathsome” is more appropriate. 10 (ATHAWAY 4HE0OLITICSOF(OUSEHOLDSIN/TTOMAN%GYPT ¯(ATHAWAY !4ALEOF 4WO&ACTIONS ¯AND(ATHAWAY 4HE!RAB,ANDSUNDER/TTOMAN2ULE ¯3EE ALSO0EIRCE -ORALITY4ALES ¯ 11 For the text of the ĴÏN~NÏME SEE"ARKAN ±-š†šRijÏN~NNÏMESI² 12 See note 7. 13 (ATHAWAY 4HE0OLITICSOF(OUSEHOLDSIN/TTOMAN%GYPT AND3HAW 4HE&INANCIAL AND!DMINISTRATIVE/RGANIZATIONAND$EVELOPMENTOF/TTOMAN%GYPT ¯ Circassian Mamluks in Ottoman Egypt and Istanbul, ca. 1500–1730 nor or the holder of the office of pilgrimage commander (EMÔR”´L ÝACC) or chief financial officer (DEFTERDÏR). This measure seemed designed TO ENSURE THAT %GYPT´S BEYS  TO SAY NOTHING OF ITS HIGHEST REGIMENTAL OFFICERS WOULDBELARGELYPRODUCTSOFTHEIMPERIALPALACE°THATISTOSAY  THEYWOULDBELONGTOTHEPOPULATIONOF±SULTAN´SSERVANTS²KNOWNASĵULS  who were overwhelmingly DEVS¤IRMErecruits from the Balkans and westERN!NATOLIA4HUSARESURGENCEOF#IRCASSIANDOMINANCEWOULDBEPREvented. A SOLUTION WORSE THAN THE CIRCASSIAN PROBLEM: THE ۧULS )N ATTEMPTING TO SOLVE THE #IRCASSIAN PROBLEM  HOWEVER  THE /TTOMAN central authority created a ĵULPROBLEMIN%GYPT3ULTANICORDERSTOTHE GOVERNOR OF %GYPT FROM THE SECOND HALF OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY INDICATETHEEMERGENCEOFANEWMILITARY¯ADMINISTRATIVEELITEINTHEPROVINCE  with roots among the palace ĵULs. It was apparently common during these years for members of the imperial M”TEFERRIĵATOBECOMEBEYSIN%GYPT /NESUCHINDIVIDUALWASEVENACLIENTOF3ULTAN3”LEYMÏN´SSON 0RINCE -U†AFÏ WHOWASPROMOTEDTOTHERANKOF†ANCAĵBEYIAFTER-U†AFÏ´S EXECUTION ONTHESULTAN´SORDERS IN$URINGTHATSAMEYEAR THESON OFAMEMBEROF%GYPT´SM”TEFERRIĵA regiment was promoted to imperial SILÏÝDÏR ORWEAPONS BEARER ATTHEREQUESTOFTHEFUTURESULTAN 3ELÔM)) R¯ 4HEGREAT/TTOMANNAVALCOMMANDER0ÔRÔ2E¢ÔS ITAPPEARS  ASSIGNEDHISOWNSON-EÝMEDTO%GYPT´SM”TEFERRIĵACORPSON0ÔRÔ´SEXECUTIONIN -EÝMEDREPLACEDHISFATHER´SKETH”DÏ ORLIEUTENANT AS commander (RE¢ÔS) of the M”TEFERRIĵA.16)N ADIFFERENT0ÔRÔ WHOHAD been a †ANCAĵBEYIIN9EMEN JOINED%GYPT´SM”TEFERRIĵAATTHEREQUESTOF %GYPT´SGOVERNOR174HESONSORCLIENTSOFGOVERNORSOF%GYPTAND9EMEN MIGHTALSOBEAPPOINTEDBEYSORASSIGNEDPLACESIN%GYPT´S M”TEFERRIĵA  "/! -”HIMME$EFTERIHEREAFTER±-$²  NO#EMÏZIY”LEVVEL$ECEMBER  "/! -$ NO#EMÏZIY”LEVVEL!UGUST AND(ATHAWAY  4HE0OLITICSOF(OUSEHOLDSIN/TTOMAN%GYPT   "/! -$ NO "/! -$ NO#EMÏZIY”LÏ£IR !PRIL "/! -$ NO3¤A½BÏN*UNE AND"/! -$ NO 3¤A½BÏN*UNE  16 "/! -$ NO#EMÏZIY”LEVVEL-ARCH SEEALSO%)2 SV±0ÔRÔ 2E¢ÔSBØÏDJDJÔ-EÝMED²33OUCEK  17 "/! -$ NO2ECEB!PRIL  27 28 Jane Hathaway corps—or even placed among the imperial M”TEFERRIĵA.18 -EMBERS OF %GYPT´SM”TEFERRIĵACOULDACQUIRETHEIROWNĵULS whom they could then place in other regiments.194HEFEW%GYPTIANBEYSIDENTIFIEDBYNAMEIN THEMID TOLATESIXTEENTHCENTURY SUCHAS0ÔRÔAND½/SÞMÏN"EYS MUST have come from such elite backgrounds. This situation implies that a critical mass of ĵULsFROMTHE"ALKANS  (UNGARY AND!NATOLIATHEIRFAMILIESANDTHEIRCLIENTSHADESTABLISHED THEMSELVESIN%GYPT DISPLACINGTHEPREVIOUSCRITICALMASSOF#IRCASSIANS "Y THE EARLY YEARS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY  THIS POPULATION OF ĵULs was regarded as a source of oppression and unrest. Both the early sevENTEENTH CENTURY /TTOMAN COURT CHRONICLER -U†AFÏ –AFÔ D   AND THECONTEMPORARY%GYPTIANCHRONICLERAL )SÝÏQÔDCA BEMOANTHE BRUTALEXACTIONSOF0ERVÔZ±-ÏCÏR²±THE(UNGARIAN² KÏSHIF ORADMINISTRATOR OFTHE.ILE$ELTASUB PROVINCEOF'HARBIYYA WHOWASEXECUTEDIN BYTHEGOVERNORdK”Z-EÝMED0ASHAD 20)NTHELONGTERM  THEN THEORDERSOFTHEMID SIXTEENTHCENTURY INTHECOURSEOFWARDINGOFF ANYATTEMPTTO±REVIVE²THE-AMLUK3ULTANATEOROTHERWISEESTABLISHAN AUTONOMOUS#IRCASSIANBASEOFPOWER CREATEDAPROVINCIAL±ĵUL problem” that mirrored the situation that had begun to plague the capital. )N%GYPT THE±ĵUL problem” culminated in the murder of the goverNOR)BRÏHÔM0ASHAINBYDISGRUNTLEDCAVALRYTROOPS SEEMINGLYIN collusion with the †ANCAĵBEYIS FOLLOWEDBYAFULL FLEDGEDREBELLIONBY THECAVALRYTROOPS4HEABOVE MENTIONEDGOVERNORdK”Z-EÝMED0ASHA RESPONDEDBRUTALLY EXECUTINGTHERINGLEADERSOFTHEREVOLT BANISHINGTHE REMAINING REBELS TO 9EMEN  AND EXPELLING THIRTEEN OF THE TWENTY FOUR BEYS FROM #AIRO CONSEQUENTLY  HE CAME TO BE REMEMBERED LOCALLY AS ±ijULijšRAN ²OR±"REAKEROFTHEĴULs.”21)N)STANBULFIFTEENYEARSLATER  ĵULSMURDEREDTHEEIGHTEEN YEAR OLD3ULTAN½/SÞMÏN))R¯ WHO HADCONCEIVEDAPLANTOSUPPLEMENTTHEIMPERIALJANISSARIES ATTHETIME 18 "/!  -$   NO   3¤A½BÏN  !PRIL   "/!  -$   NO   2AMAµÏN  *UNE   "/!  -$   NO   :I´LIJϽDE  !UGUST  AND"/! -$ NO2AMAµÏN!PRIL  19 "/! -$ NO2ECEB-AY 3EEALSO"/! -$ NO 3¤A½BÏN-AY WHEREAM”TEFERRIĵA described as the “man” (ADAM) of a DECEASEDBEYOF%GYPTISGIVENATšMÏR. 20 -U†AFÏ–AFÔ :”BDET”´T TEVÏRÔH ANDAL )SÝÏQÔ !KHBÏRAL UWAL ¯)NTHE Latin-alphabet transcription of :”BDET”´T TEVÏRÔH  ±'HARBIYYA² IS ERRONEOUSLY RENDERED±½!ZBIYYE² 21 (ATHAWAY ±4HE³-AML~K"REAKER´7HO7AS2EALLYAĴUL Breaker.” Circassian Mamluks in Ottoman Egypt and Istanbul, ca. 1500–1730 composed largely of ĵULS  WITH AN ARMY OF MERCENARIES RECRUITED FROM !NATOLIA°AND EVEN TO MOVE THE IMPERIAL CAPITAL TO "URSA  $AMASCUS  or Cairo.22 THE CAUCASIAN MAMLŪK ALTERNATIVE TO ۧULS #LEARLY THEĵULSof DEVS¤IRMEorigin had spun out of control in both the imperial capital and the Ottoman provinces. In the wake of so much destruction and chaos perpetrated by DEVS¤IRMERECRUITS /TTOMANSULTANS and provincial grandees alike began to search for alternative sources of MANPOWER!NATOLIANMERCENARIESHADPROVENINSTRUMENTALTOTHE/TTOMAN MILITARYEFFORTDURINGTHE,ONG7AR¯ AGAINSTTHE(ABSBURGS &OR OFFICERS AND FOR PALACE PERSONNEL  HOWEVER  THE SULTAN  PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS AND INCREASINGLY PROVINCIALGRANDEESSUCHAS%GYPT´SBEYS  turned to MAML~KSFROMTHE#AUCASUS!LREADYBYTHELATESIXTEENTHCENTURY INCREASINGNUMBERSOFPALACEPAGESWEREBEINGRECRUITEDFROMTHIS REGION NOTABLYFROM#IRCASSIA !BKHAZIA AND'EORGIA )RONICALLY THEN THEĵULproblem led to a reintroduction of MAML~Ks from #IRCASSIAANDOTHERREGIONSOFTHE#AUCASUS9ETSUCHADEVELOPMENTWAS PERHAPSTOBEEXPECTEDAFTERTHE/TTOMANCONQUESTOFTHE-AMLUK3ULTANATE IN¯AND/TTOMANSUCCESSESAGAINSTTHE3AFAVIDSOF)RANINTHEEARLY DECADESOFTHESIXTEENTHCENTURY WHICHGAVETHE/TTOMANSRELATIVELYEASY ACCESSTOTHE#AUCASUS ASWELLASCONTROLOFTHEMAJORROUTESALONGWHICH #AUCASIANSLAVESWERETRADED)NANYEVENT BYTHESMAML~Ks from the #AUCASUSANDTHEIRSONSWEREEMERGINGASANALTERNATIVE ANDOCCASIONALLY RIVAL SOURCEOFINFLUENCETOTHEĵULs within the imperial palace. 3ULTAN -URÏD )6 R ¯  YOUNGER BROTHER OF THE MURDERED 3ULTAN ½/SÞMÏN ))  WAS WARY OF THE ĵULS IN FACT  HE ABANDONED THE DEVS¤IRMEIN/VERTHENEXTEIGHTYORSOYEARSITWASEMPLOYEDONLY very sporadically before being discontinued entirely.) His court featured a number of prominent MAML~Ks and former MAML~KSFROMTHE#AUCASUS  INCLUDINGTHEFUTUREGRANDVIZIER-ELEK!ÝMED0ASHA AN!BKHAZIANHIS COUSIN AN!BKHAZIANSLAVEWHOBECAMETHEMOTHEROFTHEFAMOUSTRAVELER %VLIYÏaELEBÔ23 and a Georgian courtier whose son was appointed govERNOROF"AGHDADINANDFOUNDEDTHEREGIMEOF'EORGIANMAML~Ks 22 0ITERBERG !N/TTOMAN4RAGEDY ¯ 23 %VLIYÏaELEBÔ 4HE)NTIMATE,IFEOFAN/TTOMAN3TATESMAN    29 30 Jane Hathaway THAT WOULD DOMINATE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN )RAQ UNTIL  Palacetrained MAML~Ks also figured prominently among the “CELÏLÔ” governors WHO CARVED OUT THEIR OWN BAILIWICKS IN EASTERN !NATOLIA AND NORTHERN Syria during the seventeenth century and occasionally rebelled against THE SULTAN OR HIS GRAND VIZIER 4WO OF THE MOST NOTORIOUS WERE !BÏZA ±!BKHAZIAN²  -EÝMED 0ASHA  GOVERNOR OF THE NORTHEASTERN !NATOLIAN PROVINCEOF%RZURUMINTHES WHOREBELLEDININPROTESTAGAINST the ĵULSWHOHADKILLED½/SÞMÏN)) AND!BÏZAØASAN0ASHA GOVERNOROF !LEPPOINTHES WHOSPEARHEADEDAMASSIVEREBELLIONOFPROVINCIAL GOVERNORSIN!NATOLIAANDNORTHERN3YRIAAGAINSTTHEREFORMSOFTHEGRAND VIZIER+yPR”L”-EÝMED0ASHAIRONICALLY -ELEK!ÝMED0ASHATOOKPART in crushing their rebellion).26 )N %GYPT  BY THE SAME TOKEN  THE GOVERNORS AND MILITARY COMMANDERS  THEMSELVES OFTEN OF DEVS¤IRME ORIGIN  INCREASINGLY PURCHASED Caucasian MAML~KSASPERSONALRETAINERSANDCLIENTSFORTHEIRHOUSEHOLDS  often promoting them through the officer ranks of the provincial regiMENTSANDULTIMATELYTOTHEPOSTOF†ANCAĵBEYI#ONSEQUENTLY BETWEEN THEENDOFdK”Z-EÝMED0ASHA´STENUREASGOVERNOR¯ ANDTHE S WEFINDAHUGEINCREASEINMAML~Ks from the Caucasus—above all #IRCASSIA°AMONG%GYPT´SBEYS EAST–WEST ANTAGONISM AND FACTIONALISM The presence in the military-administrative elite of both MAML~Ks from the Caucasus and DEVS¤IRMERECRUITSFROMTHE"ALKANSANDWESTERN!NATOLIALED TOETHNO REGIONALANTAGONISMBETWEENTHETWOGROUPS-ORESPECIFICALLY THIS ANTAGONISMPITTED±EASTERNERS²FROMTHE#AUCASUS EASTERN!NATOLIA ANDOTHER PARTSOF!SIAAGAINST±WESTERNERS²FROMTHE"ALKANSANDWESTERN!NATOLIA!S -ETIN+UNTHASPOINTEDOUT THISETHNO REGIONALANTAGONISMWASPARTICULARLYACUTEDURINGTHESEVENTEENTHCENTURY WHENTHETWOPOOLSOFMANPOWER competed for influence in the palace and in provincial administrations.27 This brand of tension clearly informed the above-mentioned revolt of  %)2  SV ±ØASAN 0ASHA² ( ,ONGRIGG  AND (OLT  %GYPT AND THE &ERTILE #RESCENT  ¯  0ITERBERG !N/TTOMAN4RAGEDY  ¯AND0ITERBERG ±4HE!LLEGED2EBELLION OF!BÏZA-EÝMED0ASHA ²¯ 26 (ATHAWAY 4HE!RAB,ANDSUNDER/TTOMAN2ULE  27 +UNT ±%THNIC 2EGIONAL#INS 3OLIDARITY ²¯ Circassian Mamluks in Ottoman Egypt and Istanbul, ca. 1500–1730 %RZURUM GOVERNOR !BÏZA -EÝMED 0ASHA IN  7HEN HE MARCHED ON)STANBUL !BÏZA-EÝMEDWASJOINEDBYTHEGOVERNOROF$IYARBAKšR INSOUTHEASTERN!NATOLIABOTHMENWERE#AUCASIANSWHOHADRECRUITED ARMIESOF!NATOLIANMERCENARIESTHATTHEYNOWDEPLOYEDAGAINSTTHEPALACE ĵULs of DEVS¤IRMEORIGIN"YTHESAMETOKEN THEMASSIVEREBELLIONLEDBY !BÏZA ØASAN 0ASHA IN ¯ PITTED #AUCASIAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS AGAINSTAN!LBANIANGRANDVIZIER3IGNIFICANTLY +yPR”L”-EÝMED0ASHA  BEFORESENDING-ELEK!ÝMED0ASHATOCONFRONTTHEREBELS INQUIREDASTO WHETHERHEWOULDBEWILLINGTOUNDERTAKETHECOMMAND GIVENTHATTHE REBELWASAFELLOW!BKHAZIAN28 )N%GYPT THISEAST¯WESTANTAGONISMINFORMEDTHEEMERGENCEINTHE SOFTWOMILITARY¯ADMINISTRATIVEFACTIONS THE&AQÏRÔSAND1ÏSIMÔS  whose rivalry would divide the province for nearly a century. The first MANIFESTATIONOFTHISFACTIONALISMAPPEAREDINTHEEARLYS WHENTWO OF %GYPT´S †ANCAĵ BEYIS  1ÏN†~H AND -EMI OR -AMAY  ATTEMPTED TO DISPLACETWORIVALS 2š•VÏNAND½!LÔ FROMTHEPOSTSOFPILGRIMAGECOMmander (EMÔR”´L ÝACC ANDGOVERNOROFTHE5PPER%GYPTIANSUB PROVINCE OF*IRJA RESPECTIVELY7HILE1ÏN†~HAND-EMIWEREOSTENSIBLY1ÏSIMÔS  2š•VÏNAND½!LÔWEREOSTENSIBLY&AQÏRÔS ALTHOUGHTHESEFACTIONALLABELS were applied to them only in later narrative sources.29 We know that 2š•VÏN WAS 'EORGIAN  BUT THE ORIGINS OF THE OTHER THREE BEYS ARE LESS CERTAINITSEEMSLIKELY HOWEVER THAT1ÏN†~HAND-EMI ATLEAST WERE #IRCASSIAN )N OTHER WORDS  ALL FOUR BEYS WERE PROBABLY ±EASTERNERS² HOWEVER  THEY RECRUITED THEIR ARMIES FROM DIFFERENT ETHNO GEOGRAPHICAL POOLS7HEREAS2š•VÏN´SAND½!LÔ´SARMYCONSISTEDOFWHAT4URCOPHONE provincial chronicles call 2~M OıLANš ±SONS OF 2~M ² REFERRING TO THE /TTOMANCENTRALLANDS 1ÏN†~H´SAND-EMI´SCONSISTEDOFEVLÏD I½!RAB. 4HISTERMREFERREDNOTSOMUCHTOETHNIC!RABSASTO±LOCALS²FROM%GYPT  AS WELL AS !SIATIC MERCENARIES OF VARIOUS KINDS  INCLUDING  POSSIBLY  DESERTERSFROMTHE3AFAVIDAND3HAYBÏNID5ZBEKARMIES304HUS DESPITE THEPRESENCEOF#AUCASIANSINTHELEADERSHIPSTRATUMOFBOTHFACTIONS THE &AQÏRÔS´RANKANDFILEAPPEARSTOHAVECONSISTEDLARGELYOF±WESTERNERS ² THATOFTHE1ÏSIMÔSOF±EASTERNERS² 28 +UNT ±%THNIC 2EGIONAL#INS 3OLIDARITY ² 29 (ATHAWAY !4ALEOF4WO&ACTIONS ¯ ¯ ¯ 30 (ATHAWAY ±4HE%VLÏD I½!RAB³3ONSOFTHE!RABS´ IN/TTOMAN%GYPT ²    ¯ 31 32 Jane Hathaway ETHNOGRAPHIC CURIOSITY IN THE MIDST OF ANTAGONISM: EVLIYĀ’S DESCRIPTION OF CIRCASSIANS $ESPITETHEINCREASINGNUMBERSOF#IRCASSIANS ORPERHAPSBECAUSEOFIT  THEY STILL SEEMED EXOTIC AND SOMEWHAT DANGEROUS TO OBSERVERS ! SORT of horrified fascination with Circassians and other Caucasian peoples is easily detectible in the 3EYÏÝÏTNÏME OR"OOKOF4RAVELS BYTHEFAMOUSLY PERIPATETICSEVENTEENTH CENTURY/TTOMANCOURTIER%VLIYÏaELEBÔ WHOWAS HIMSELF OF !BKHAZIAN DESCENT  AS NOTED ABOVE 2ECOUNTING HIS TRAVELS THROUGH #IRCASSIA  WHICH WOULD HAVE OCCURRED IN THE S ALTHOUGH THE TRAVELOGUE WAS COMPILED SOME TWENTY FIVE YEARS LATER  THE TRAVeler describes the distinctively Caucasian custom—found among the #IRCASSIANS AND !BKHAZIANS°KNOWN IN /TTOMAN 4URKISH AS ATALšĵ ±FATHERHOOD²  WHEREBY A YOUNG BOY WAS SENT AWAY TO BE REARED BY ±STRANGERS ² OFTEN DISTANT RELATIVES  SO AS TO PREVENT HIS BEING RAISED A weakling by the women of the family.31%VLIYÏWOULDHAVEBEENFAMILIARWITHTHEPRACTICEFROMHISOWNPATRON -ELEK!ÝMED0ASHA WHO AS AN!BKHAZIANBORNIN/TTOMANTERRITORY HADBEENSENTTOHISANCESTRAL HOMELANDFORSUCHANUPBRINGING!PPARENTLY SPECIFIC#AUCASIANTRIBES MAINTAINEDAGREEMENTSWITHTHE/TTOMANSTOPROVIDESUCHASERVICETHUS  INDESCRIBINGTHETRIBEOFijAMšS¤ %VLIYÏNOTESTHAT±AMONGTHESEPEOPLE OFijAMšS¤ THECHILDRENOFTHE!BÏZAARESENTFROM)STANBULAND#AIRO²32 This ancient practice can only have helped to maintain native Caucasian LANGUAGESANDCUSTOMS EVENINTHEMIDSTOFPOWERFULFORCESOFASSIMILATIONINTO/TTOMANELITESOCIETY SUCHASTHEPALACESCHOOL)TMAYALSOHAVE PROVIDEDTHE/TTOMANADMINISTRATIONWITHARELIABLELINKTOTHE#AUCASUS  thus helping to ensure a continuing supply of MAML~Ks. Despite this regularization of Ottoman contact with Circassians and NEIGHBORING#AUCASIANPEOPLES THESEPOPULATIONSSTILLSTRUCK%VLIYÏAND other foreign observers as outlandish and even threatening. In describing HIS TRAVELS IN THE #AUCASUS  %VLIYÏ REPEATEDLY DEPLOYS A SET OF ALMOST STOCK NEGATIVE DESCRIPTORS FOR THE #IRCASSIANS THE !BKHAZIANS  WHO SPOKE A LANGUAGE RELATED TO #IRCASSIAN AND THE -INGRELIANS  A PEOPLE 31 %VLIYÏaELEBÔ 4HE)NTIMATE,IFEOFAN/TTOMAN3TATESMAN ¯%)2 SV±ĔERKES² # 1UELQUEJAY  %)2  SV ±ĔERKES /TTOMAN 0ERIOD² ( ›NALCšK  AND $ITSON  #IRCASSIA  32 %VLIYÏaELEBÔ 3EYÏÝATNÏME AND%VLIYÏaELEBÔ 4HE)NTIMATE,IFEOFAN /TTOMAN3TATESMAN   Circassian Mamluks in Ottoman Egypt and Istanbul, ca. 1500–1730 related to the Georgians. He consistently depicts all three groups as rebelLIOUS  USING THE TERM ½Ï†Ô  WHICH CAN ALSO CONNOTE RELIGIOUS SEDITION33 #ORRESPONDINGLY  ALL THREE GROUPS ARE CONSIDERED HEAVILY ARMED AND prone to violence (T”FENK ENDÏZ P”R SÔLÏÝ THEYAREBRAVE EVENTERRIFYING FIGHTERSBAHÏDšR ÏZNÏV~R).Their moral values are suspect: they AREINVETERATETHIEVESWHOSTEALEACHOTHER´SCHILDRENTOSELLONTHESLAVE market.%VENTHOSEFEWWHOPROFESS)SLAMAREUNTUTORED-USLIMS±THEY have no knowledge of religion or literacy” (BIRMEZÝEBNEDIRBILMEZLERVE KITÏBNEDIRBILMEZLER).36%VLIYÏ´SRATHERAPPALLEDREACTIONSTO#AUCASIAN customs are strikingly similar to those of his French contemporary Jean de #HARDIN¯ WHOTRAVELEDEXTENSIVELYINTHE#AUCASUSENROUTE TOTHE3AFAVIDCOURTIN)SFAHAN±4HEYAREA0EOPLEALTOGETHER3AVAGE ² #HARDINSAYSOFTHE#IRCASSIANS ±OFNO2ELIGION NOTHAVINGSOMUCHAS the Light of Nature among [them]. . . . The Inhabitants make Slaves one OFANOTHER ANDSELLONEANOTHERTOTHE4URKSAND4ARTARS²37 %VEN ALL THIS NEGATIVITY  HOWEVER  REFLECTS A DEGREE OF FAMILIARITY !FTERALL BOTH%VLIYÏAND#HARDINAREDESCRIBINGINDIGENOUSCUSTOMSIN some detail. This is a far cry from dismissing all Circassians with the unexamined label aERÏKISE INÏKISE)NOTHERWORDS ETHNOGRAPHICCURIOSITY EVENIFITBREDFEARANDLOATHINGINTHISINSTANCE PLAYEDAPARTIN normalizing contact between the peoples of the Caucasus and the core POPULATIONSOFTHE/TTOMAN%MPIRE CIRCASSIAN PREPONDERANCE AND ETHNO-REGIONAL PRIDE: RIḌVĀN BEY’S GENEALOGY !TTHESAMETIME HOWEVER THECRITICALMASSOF#IRCASSIANSINTHERANKS of the Ottoman military administration could generate a distinctive brand OFETHNICPRIDE!KEYINDICATOROFTHISETHNICPRIDEISTHEAPPEARANCEIN OFTHE!RABIC LANGUAGEGENEALOGYOFTHE#IRCASSIANGRANDEE2š•VÏN "EY !B~´L 3HAWÏRIB ±MOUSTACHIOED²  A LEADER OF %GYPT´S 1ÏSIMÔ %VLIYÏaELEBÔ 3EYÏÝATNÏME     %VLIYÏaELEBÔ 3EYÏÝATNÏME   %VLIYÏaELEBÔ 3EYÏÝATNÏME    %VLIYÏaELEBÔ 3EYÏÝATNÏME SEEALSO±+ITÏBÔDEGILLERVEBIRMEZÝEBDE DEGILLER.” 37 #HARDIN 4HE4RAVELSOF3IR*OHN#HARDININTO0ERSIAANDTHE%AST )NDIES ALSO see 1:78. 33   36 33 34 Jane Hathaway faction.38)NBRIEF THEGENEALOGYPURPORTSTODEMONSTRATETHAT2š•VÏN° LIKEALL#IRCASSIANS°ISDESCENDEDFROMTHE0ROPHET-UÝAMMAD´STRIBE OF1URAYSHVIAATRIBESMANNAMED+ÔSA WHOFLEDFROMTHEEARLY-USLIM ARMIESSPREADINGNORTHFROMTHE!RABIANPENINSULA EVENTUALLYMIGRATING TO WHAT IS NOW #IRCASSIA AND SETTLING IN A PLACE THAT HE NAMED "ASNA  PRESUMABLY THE DISTRICT OF "ESNE IN WHAT IS NOW +ABARDIA 4HE NAME “Circassians” (3ARÏKISA  OTHERWISE *ARÏKISA  IN !RABIC  SUPPOSEDLY DERIVESFROMTHE!RABICSARÏ+ÔSA OR±+ÔSAFLED² 4HISRATHERFANCIFULORIGINMYTHDIDNOTBEGINWITH2š•VÏN"EYBUT WASAPPARENTLYDEEPLYROOTEDIN#IRCASSIAITSELFITISREPORTED THOUGHIN ASLIGHTLYDIFFERENTFORM BY%VLIYÏaELEBÔANDBYVARIOUSEIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURY%UROPEANTRAVELERS ASWELLASBYTHENINETEENTH CENtury Circassian historian and folklorist Shora Bekmursin Nogmov.39 The AIM OF 2š•VÏN´S GENEALOGY SEEMS TO BE TO DEMONSTRATE THAT  BY VIRTUE OF HIS EXALTED 1URAYSHÔ THOUGH NOT 0ROPHETIC  LINEAGE  AS WELL AS HIS PUTATIVEANCESTORS´LENGTHYTRADITIONOFSERVICETO-ECCA HEDESERVESTHE POSTOFPILGRIMAGECOMMANDERMORETHAN%GYPT´SOTHER2š•VÏN"EY THE 'EORGIANLEADEROFTHE&AQÏRÔS WHOINFACTHELDTHEPOSITIONATTHETIMEOF THEGENEALOGY´SCOMPOSITIONYETWHOCOULDCLAIMNOSUCHANCESTRY°AND WHO MOREOVER HADNOSONSTOCARRYONHISLINEAGE)NCONTRAST ASTHE GENEALOGYISCAREFULTOMENTION 2š•VÏN"EY!B~´L 3HAWÏRIBHASSEVEN SONS 4HREE OF THESE  dZBEK  +H~SHQADAM ™OS¤IJADEM  AND -AÝM~D  are documented in other provincial narrative sources. The names of the FIRSTTWO dZBEKAND+H~SHQADAM ALLUDEUNEQUIVOCALLYTOGREATPERSONAGESOFTHELATE-AMLUK3ULTANATE WHICH OFCOURSE WASDOMINATEDBY #IRCASSIANSNAMELY dZBEK"EYOR!ZBAK INITS!RABICIZEDFORM THE GENERALWHOHADSCOREDVICTORIESOVERTHE/TTOMANSINTHETWOEMPIRES´ LATE FIFTEENTH CENTURY CONFRONTATIONS AND +H~SHQADAM  -AMLUK SULTAN FROMTO WHO INCIDENTALLY WASNOT#IRCASSIANBUT2~MÔ PROBABLYMEANINGA'REEKFROM!NATOLIA 38 !NONYMOUS .ISBASHARÔFAWA RISÏLAMUNÔFATASHTAMIL½ALADHIKRNASABAL *ARÏKISA MIN1URAYSH0-(OLTERRONEOUSLYIDENTIFIEDTHECOMMISSIONEROFTHEGENEALOGY ASTHE&AQÏRÔLEADER2š•VAN"EY3EE(OLT ±4HE%XALTED,INEAGEOF2I•WÏN"EY ² ¯(ATHAWAY !4ALEOF4WO&ACTIONS ¯AND(ATHAWAY ±4HE%XALTED ,INEAGEOF2š•VÏN"EY2EVISITED ²¯ 39 %VLIYÏaELEBÔ 3EYÏÝATNÏME ¯   ¯ AND.OGMOV  $IE3AGENUND,IEDERDES4SCHERKESSEN 6OLKS ¯  (ATHAWAY ±4HE%XALTED,INEAGEOF2š•VAN"EY2EVISITED ²N  0ETRY 4WILIGHTOF-AJESTY ¯ ¯and %)2 SV±+H~SHIJADAM²0-(OLT  Circassian Mamluks in Ottoman Egypt and Istanbul, ca. 1500–1730 "Y APPARENTLY THEBANON#IRCASSIANNAMESWASINABEYANCE  and Circassian pride had asserted itself among certain elements of the MILITARY¯ADMINISTRATIVEELITEOF#AIRO)NDEED THE1ÏSIMÔFACTIONATTHE time seems to have included a critical mass of Circassians. In the years AFTER HIS DEATH IN THE LATE S  !B~´L 3HAWÏRIB 2š•VÏN "EY CAME TO BEREMEMBEREDASAPILLAR IFNOTAFOUNDER OFTHE1ÏSIMÔFACTION TOTHE EXTENTTHATA1ÏSIMÔSUB FACTIONTHATEMERGEDINTHESWASLABELED ±3HAWÏRIBA² THE LEADER OF THIS SPLINTER GROUP  THE SON OF A #IRCASSIAN MAML~KDISTANTLYCONNECTEDTO!B~´L 3HAWÏRIB´SHOUSEHOLDTHROUGHCLIENTAGETIES WASBURIEDINHISTOMB!B~´L 3HAWÏRIB´SSONdZBEK"EY  MEANWHILE  TOOK OVER HIS FATHER´S HOUSEHOLD AND BECAME A PROMINENT GRANDEEINLATESEVENTEENTH CENTURY%GYPT%VLIYÏaELEBÔ°WHOSPENTTHE LASTDECADEORSOOFHISLIFEASdZBEK"EY´SGUESTIN#AIRO WHEREHECOMpiled his famous "OOKOF4RAVELS—describes the bey as head of a “great household” (ULU£ÏNEDÏN) with five hundred fighting men.9EARSLATER  IN THE S  dZBEK "EY´S SON SENT THE "OOK OF 4RAVELS to Istanbul as AGIFTFORTHE/TTOMAN#HIEF(AREM%UNUCHØÏCš"ES¤ÔR!GHA WHOHAD ITCOPIED THUSINTRODUCINGTHISCRITICALWORKTO/TTOMANHIGHSOCIETY )NDIRECTLY  THEN  #IRCASSIAN ENTRENCHMENT IN SEVENTEENTH CENTURY %GYPT ENABLEDTHE/TTOMANINTELLIGENTSIATOREAD%VLIYÏ´SNEGATIVEDEPICTIONSOF Circassians in their native habitat. THE POST-CRISIS MULTI-ETHNIC ENVIRONMENT: ÇERKES MEḤMED BEY "YTHEEARLYEIGHTEENTHCENTURY HOWEVER #IRCASSIANSWEREJUSTONEOFA number of ethno-regional groups competing for influence in the Ottoman %MPIRE´SINCREASINGLYDIVERSEADMINISTRATIVERANKS BOTHINTHEIMPERIAL CAPITALANDINTHEPROVINCES)N%GYPT THECRITICALMASSOF#IRCASSIANSIN THEMILITARYANDADMINISTRATIVERANKSHADBEENDILUTED FIRSTBY"OSNIANS WHOHADENTEREDTHEPROVINCEDURINGTHESANDS THEN INTHE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY  BY 'EORGIANS 7ITH THE COLLAPSE IN  OF )RAN´S 3AFAVID EMPIRE  WHICH HAD MADE EXTENSIVE USE OF 'EORGIAN MAML~Ks  (ATHAWAY !4ALEOF4WO&ACTIONS ¯!ÝMEDaELEBÔ !W•AÝAL ISHÏRÏT         ANDAL $AM~RDÏSHÔ !L $URRAAL MU†ÏNA   %VLIYÏaELEBÔ 3EYÏÝATNÏME    -AC+AY  ±4HE -ANUSCRIPTS OF THE 3EYAHATNAME OF %VLIYA aELEBI ² ¯  ESPECIALLY¯ 35 36 Jane Hathaway (or GHULÏMS  AS THEY WERE CALLED IN 3AFAVID PARLANCE  EASTERN 'EORGIA BECAME AN /TTOMAN PROTECTORATE CONSEQUENTLY  'EORGIAN MAML~Ks BEGAN TO FLOOD INTO THE !RAB PROVINCES "Y   THE GOVERNORS OF "AGHDAD  "ASRA  AND $AMASCUS WERE ALL FORMER 'EORGIAN MAML~KS  WHILETHELEADERSHIPOF%GYPT´SDOMINANTijAZDALšHOUSEHOLDWASALMOST entirely Georgian.%VENINSEMI AUTONOMOUS4UNISIA SOMEOFTHEMOST influential posts in the beylical administration were held by Georgian MAML~Ks. This situation did not mean that Circassian MAML~Ks were NO LONGER EMPLOYED IN THE /TTOMAN !RAB PROVINCES  SIMPLY THAT THEIR dominance had been diluted by the availability of this alternative source. )NTHISENVIRONMENT THEANIMUSAGAINSTTHEMWASDRASTICALLYREDUCED 4HECHECKEREDCAREEROFaERKES-EÝMED"EY THELAST#IRCASSIAN GRANDEEOFGREATRENOWNIN%GYPT ILLUSTRATESBOTHTHENEWMULTI ETHNIC CHARACTEROF/TTOMAN%GYPT´SADMINISTRATIVERANKSAND INTHATCONTEXT  THE CHANGING ATTITUDE TOWARD #IRCASSIANS aERKES -EÝMED  KNOWN IN THE !RABIC SOURCES AS *ARKAS -UÝAMMAD OR -UÝAMMAD "EY *ARKAS  was a MAML~KOFTHE"OSNIANGRANDEE)BRÏHÔM"EY!B~3HANAB WHO INTURNSEEMSTOHAVECOMETO%GYPTASPARTOFA"OSNIAN±INJECTION² INTO THE PROVINCE FROM THE IMPERIAL CAPITAL IN THE LATE S !B~ 3HANABHADJOINEDTHEHOUSEHOLDOF-URÏD"EYKNOWNAS±THEDEFTER DÏR²FORHISLENGTHYTENUREAS%GYPT´SCHIEFFINANCIALOFFICER AMAML~K OFdZBEK"EY THESONOF2š•VÏN"EY!B~´L 3HAWÏRIB COMMISSIONER OF THE #IRCASSIAN GENEALOGY "Y   THE "OSNIAN !B~ 3HANAB WAS RUNNINGTHE1ÏSIMÔFACTIONINPARTNERSHIPWITH-URÏD"EY´S#IRCASSIAN MAML~K )Vϵ"EY)VϵWASASSASSINATEDIN INTHECOURSEOFTHE INFAMOUS±CIVILWAR²AMONG%GYPT´SGRANDEES WHILE!B~3HANABDIED of the plague in 1718.!FTERTHEDEATHSOFTHEFACTION´STWOPILLARS A RIFT OPENED BETWEEN aERKES -EÝMED "EY AND )Vϵ "EY´S YOUNG SON  )SMϽÔL "EY )T WAS )SMϽÔL "EY WHO LED THE SUB FACTION KNOWN AS ±3HAWÏRIBA ² MENTIONED ABOVE 4HE RIFT CONCERNED THE TYPICAL ISSUES OVER WHICH %GYPTIAN GRANDEES°INDEED  GRANDEES IN ANY /TTOMAN  (ATHAWAY  4HE 0OLITICS OF (OUSEHOLDS IN /TTOMAN %GYPT  N AND (ATHAWAY  ±-AML~K³2EVIVALS´AND-AML~K.OSTALGIAIN/TTOMAN%GYPT ²¯  /UALDI %SCLAVESETMAsTRES ¯  /NTHISPOINT SEE(ATHAWAY 4HE0OLITICSOF(OUSEHOLDSIN/TTOMAN%GYPT AND (ATHAWAY !4ALEOF4WO&ACTIONS    !L $AM~RDÏSHÔ !L $URRAAL MU†ÏNA ¯ ANDAL *ABARTÔ ½!JA¢IBAL ÏTHÏR  /NTHECIVILWAR SEE2AYMOND ±5NE³RmVOLUTION´AU#AIRESOUSLES-AMELOUKES² Circassian Mamluks in Ottoman Egypt and Istanbul, ca. 1500–1730 P ROVINCE°QUARRELEDRIGHTSTOTHEREVENUEFROMTAXFARMS PARTICULARLY THOSEOFKEY%GYPTIANVILLAGESENDOWEDTOTHEIMPERIALPIOUSFOUNDATIONS FORTHEHOLYCITIESOF-ECCAAND-EDINA ANDRIGHTSTOLUCRATIVEANDINFLUENTIAL OFFICES  SUCH AS THAT OF PILGRIMAGE COMMANDER aERKES -EÝMED WENTSOFARASTOCROSSFACTIONALLINES JOININGWITHTHE&AQÏRÔCHIEFTAIN :”LFIIJÏR"EY WHOSEETHNICORIGINISUNCLEAR TOASSASSINATE)SMϽÔL"EY IN  7ITH )SMϽÔL "EY OUT OF THE WAY  HOWEVER  THE SAME BRAND OF RIVALRY OPENED BETWEEN aERKES -EÝMED AND :”LFIIJÏR #LEARLY  THE Circassian solidarity of a century earlier had given way to a multi-ethnic environment dominated by political and pecuniary concerns. This did not mean that Circassian solidarity had vanished entirely FROM/TTOMAN%GYPT´SPOLITICALCULTUREaERKES-EÝMED"EYSEEMSTO have had an interest in achieving a concentration of Circassians within HISOWNHOUSEHOLD ALTHOUGHTHEORIGINSOFHISMAML~Ks can be difficult to DETERMINE/NE HOWEVER ACQUIREDTHENICKNAME±,ITTLEaERKES²*ARKAS AL –AGHÔRIN!RABIC WHENHISMASTERPROMOTEDHIMTOTHERANKOF†ANCAĵ BEYI; we can thus hazard the guess that he was Circassian.)NADDITION  aERKES-EÝMEDBROUGHTFAMILYMEMBERSTO#AIROFROMWHATTHE!RABIC chronicles call DIYÏR AL KUFR  ±THE REALM OF UNBELIEF ² MEANING  IN THIS CASE #IRCASSIA(ISBROTHERBECAMEAFULL FLEDGEDMEMBEROFaERKES -EÝMED´SHOUSEHOLDANDWASKILLED ALONGWITHaERKESAL –AGHÔR DURING ACRACKDOWNONaERKES-EÝMED´SFOLLOWERSINTHEWAKEOFHISDEATH 3TILL aERKES-EÝMEDDIDNOTATTEMPTTOCONSTRUCTAPURELY#IRCASSIAN HOUSEHOLD(EEMPLOYEDANUMBEROFMERCENARYBODYGUARDSKNOWN IN THE!RABICSINGULAR ASSARRÏJ LITERALLY±SADDLER²-OSTOFTHESEMENWERE !NATOLIAN4HEYWEREWIDELYEMPLOYEDINEIGHTEENTH CENTURY%GYPTIAN GRANDEEHOUSEHOLDS REGARDLESSOFTHEETHNICITYOFTHEHOUSEHOLDHEADS 4HE %GYPTIAN CHRONICLER AL $AM~RDÏSHÔ EVEN RECOUNTS HOW aERKES  !L $AM~RDÏSHÔ !L $URRAAL MU†ÏNA  ¯ ¯ANDAL *ABARTÔ  ½!JÏ¢IB AL ÏTHÏR ¯   !L *ABARTÔ ½!JÏ¢IBAL ÏTHÏR   !ÝMEDaELEBÔ !W•AÝAL ISHÏRÏT   !L *ABARTÔ  ½!JÏ¢IB AL ÏTHÏR   !L $AM~RDÏSHÔ AL $URRA AL MU†ÏNA  ¯  MENTIONSTHATaERKES-EÝMEDBROUGHTHISBROTHERFROM2~M IE !NATOLIAANDORTHE /TTOMANCENTRALLANDS)TISPOSSIBLETHATTHEBROTHER ONLEAVING#IRCASSIA SPENTTIME INTHEIMPERIALPALACE ORINTHEHOUSEHOLDOFAN/TTOMANVIZIERORTHEGOVERNOROFAN !NATOLIANPROVINCE  On SARRÏJES SEE(ATHAWAY 4HE0OLITICSOF(OUSEHOLDSIN/TTOMAN%GYPT  ¯  ¯ 37 38 Jane Hathaway -EÝMED´S ARCH RIVAL  :”LFIIJÏR "EY  HIRED A SARRÏJ whom he called AL 3HATWÔ±WINTRY² TOCOUNTERaERKES´NOTORIOUSLYBRUTALSARRÏJAL –AYFÔ (“summery”).!TFIRSTBLUSH THERIVALBEYSMIGHTAPPEARTOBEFOLLOWING THEHOUSEHOLD BUILDINGSTRATEGIESTHAT2š•VÏN ½!LÔ 1ÏN†~H AND-EMI HADEMPLOYEDACENTURYEARLIER WITH#AUCASIANHOUSEHOLDHEADSPRESIDINGOVERCONTRASTINGETHNICELEMENTSINTHERANKANDFILEaERKES-EÝMED AND :”LFIIJÏR  HOWEVER  WERE DRAWING ON THE SAME POOL°!NATOLIAN MERCENARIES°FOR THEIR RANK AND FILE -OREOVER  THESE MERCENARIES were only one of numerous ethno-regional elements incorporated into eighteenth-century households. 0ERHAPSTHEMOSTSTRIKINGEVIDENCETHATaERKES-EÝMED"EY´SSAGA provides of the altered perception of Circassians in the eighteenth century is the complete lack of ethno-regional references in responses to or descriptions of his seditious overtures to the Habsburg emperor in 1730. 7HILESULTANICORDERSAREOUTRAGEDANDCHRONICLERS´ACCOUNTSAREINCREDULOUS NEITHERTYPEOFSOURCEADDUCESTHEBEY´S#IRCASSIANIDENTITYASA factor in his treasonous adventures. aERKES -EÝMED´S REBELLION RESULTED FROM HIS STRUGGLE AGAINST :”LFIIJÏR "EY )N EARLY   HE WAS DRIVEN OUT OF #AIRO BY :”LFIIJÏR´S FORCES 2ATHER THAN HEAD FOR )STANBUL TO PLEAD HIS CASE AT THE /TTOMAN COURT HEEMBARKEDONANODYSSEY MAKINGHISWAYFIRSTTO!LGIERSAND THEN SAILING ACROSS THE -EDITERRANEAN TO THE !DRIATIC PORT OF 4RIESTE  WHICHATTHETIMESERVEDASTHE(ABSBURG%MPIRE´SCHIEF-EDITERRANEAN PORT &ROM 4RIESTE  HE TRAVELED TO 6IENNA  WHERE HE SOUGHT THE AID OF THE(ABSBURGEMPEROR#HARLES6)R¯ 5NFORTUNATELYFORaERKES -EÝMED  THE EMPEROR RECEIVED A STERN LETTER FROM 3ULTAN !ÝMED ))) R¯ THATPROMPTEDHIMTOWITHDRAWHISSUPPORT ANDTHEBEYWAS FORCEDTOFLEE6IENNAFOR,IBYAN4RIPOLI FROMWHEREHEULTIMATELYRE ENTERED %GYPTBYSTEALTH  !L $AM~RDÏSHÔ !L $URRAAL MU†ÏNA ¯  ¯   !ÝMED aELEBÔSPELLSAL –AYFÔ´SNAMEWITHASÔN SOTHATITBECOMESTHEADJECTIVALFORMOFTHE !RABICWORDFOR±SWORD ²AFARMORECONVENTIONALNAME3EE!ÝMEDaELEBÔ !W•AÝ AL ISHÏRÏT   (ATHAWAY ±/TTOMAN2ESPONSESTOaERKES-EÝMED"EY´S2EBELLION ²¯!S NOTED ON PAGE  OF THAT ARTICLE  THE /TTOMAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS TELL A DIFFERENT STORYOFaERKES-EÝMED´SITINERARYFROMTHATDESCRIBEDINAL $AM~RDÏSHÔ´SCHRONICLE WHICHHASTHEBEYGOINGTO-OSCOW THEN-ALTA(EULTIMATELYDROWNEDINTHE .ILEIN!PRIL WHILEFLEEINGFROMONEOF:”LFIIJÏR´SALLIES:”LFIIJÏRHIMSELFHAD been assassinated by a hostile grandee five days earlier. Circassian Mamluks in Ottoman Egypt and Istanbul, ca. 1500–1730 4HROUGHOUTHISPEREGRINATIONS THE/TTOMANCHANCERYISSUEDASERIES OFSTRIDENTALL POINTSBULLETINSBRANDINGaERKES-EÝMEDATRAITORHÏ¢IN) TOTHEENTIRE$ÏRAL )SLÏMANDURGINGHISIMMEDIATEEXECUTIONIFHEWERE CAUGHT ENTERING ANY -USLIM TERRITORY 9ET FOR ALL THE OPPROBRIUM THAT THESEIMPERIALORDERSHURLATTHISWAYWARDGRANDEE THEYNEVERMAKEANY MENTIONOFHIS#IRCASSIANIDENTITY APARTFROMHISSOBRIQUETaERKES WHICH THEYUSESIMPLYTOIDENTIFYHIM/TTOMANAND%GYPTIANCHRONICLESLIKEWISE MAKE NO MENTION OF HIS ETHNICITY IN DESCRIBING HIS REBELLION  NOR does either type of source suggest that other Circassian grandees might BE SEDUCED INTO JOINING HIS REBELLION BY VIRTUE OF THEIR ETHNO REGIONAL identity alone. aERKES-EÝMED´SCAREER INSTEAD HIGHLIGHTSTHEDIVERSITY IFNOTCOSMOPOLITANISM  WITHIN %GYPT´S MILITARY¯ADMINISTRATIVE HIERARCHY  AND BY EXTENSIONWITHINTHEADMINISTRATIVEHIERARCHYOFTHE/TTOMAN%MPIREAS AWHOLE ATTHISJUNCTURE!SNOTEDABOVE aERKES-EÝMED"EY´SPATRON  )BRÏHÔM "EY !B~ 3HANAB  WAS A "OSNIAN (IS ARCHENEMY  )SMϽÔL "EY IBN)Vϵ"EY WASTHE%GYPTIAN¯BORNSONOFHISPATRON´S#IRCASSIANCOMRADE IN ARMS (IS BODYGUARDS WERE !NATOLIAN )N THE SOMEWHAT MORE STABLEADMINISTRATIVEECHELONSOFTHEPOST SEVENTEENTH CENTURYCRISIS POST DEVúIRME/TTOMAN%MPIRE THEOLDEAST¯WESTETHNO REGIONALANTAGONISM WASGREATLYREDUCED ALTHOUGHITHADNOTDISAPPEAREDENTIRELY2~MÔs no LONGERCASTASPERSIONSONRIVALSFROMTHE#AUCASUS SINCE#AUCASIANPERsonnel were as likely to be valued colleagues as fierce competitors. In THISETHNO REGIONALLYTRANSFORMEDATMOSPHERE THEaERÏKISE INÏKISEsteREOTYPE ASWELLASTHATOFTHETREACHEROUS!BKHAZIAN WASLAIDTOREST4HE “eastern alternative” that the Circassians represented had been assimilated. BIBLIOGRAPHY Sources !ÝMEDaELEBÔIBN½!BDAL 'HANÔ!W•AÝAL ISHÏRÏTFÔMANTAWALLA-I†RAL 1ÏHIRAMIN AL WUZARÏ¢ WA L BASHAT %DITED BY ! ! ½!BD AL 2AÝÔM #AIRO -AKTABAT AL +HÏNJI  1978. !NONYMOUS.ISBASHARÔFAWA RISÏLAMUNÔFATASHTAMIL½ALADHIKRNASABAL *ARÏKISAMIN 1URAYSH0RINCETON5NIVERSITY,IBRARY 'ARRETT-ANUSCRIPT#OLLECTION -3( "ARKAN  dMER ,UTFI  ED ±-š†šR ijAN~NNÏMESI² )N 86 VE 86)šNCš !SšRLARDA /SMANLš ›MPARATORLUıU:IRAs%KONOMININ(UKUKsVE-ALs%SASLARš EDITEDBYdMER,UTFI"ARKAN  VOL CHAPTER)STANBUL›STANBULÖNIVERSITESI%DEBIYAT&AK”LTESI9AYšNLARš  39 40 Jane Hathaway #ELÏLZÏDE -U†AFÏ aELEBÔ 3ELÔMNÏME %DITED BY !HMET 5·UR AND -USTAFA aUHADAR !NKARA"AS¤BAKANLšK"ASšMEVI  #HARDIN  *EAN DE 4HE 4RAVELS OF 3IR *OHN #HARDIN INTO 0ERSIA AND THE %AST )NDIES  THROUGHTHE"LACK3EA ANDTHE#OUNTRYOF#OLCHIS#ONTAININGTHE!UTHOR´S6OYAGE FROM 0ARIS TO )SPAHAN  TO 7HICH IS !DDED  THE #ORONATION OF 4HIS 0RESENT +ING OF 0ERSIA3OLYMAN)))0UBLISHEDSIMULTANEOUSLYIN&RENCHAND%NGLISHVOLS,ONDON 0RINTEDFOR#HRISTOPHER"ATEMAN  AL $AM~RDÏSHÔ  !ÝMAD +ATKHUDÏ ½!ZABÏN !L $URRA AL MU†ÏNA FÔ AKHBÏR AL +INÏNA. "RITISH-USEUM -3/R¯ $ITSON 'EORGE,EIGHTON#IRCASSIAOR A4OURTOTHE#AUCASUS.EW9ORK3TRINGERAND 4OWNSEND,ONDON4#.EWBY  %VLIYÏaELEBÔ3EYÏÝATNÏME%DITEDBY:EKERIYA+URS¤UN 3EYIT!LI+AHRAMAN AND9”CEL $A·LšAS%VLIYhaELEBI3EYAHATNhMESI6OL)STANBUL9APš+REDI9AYšNLARš  %VLIYÏ aELEBÔ 3EYÏÝATNÏME %DITED BY 9”CEL $A·Lš  3EYIT !LI +AHRAMAN  AND 2OBERT Dankoff as %VLIYhaELEBI3EYAHATNhMESI6OL)STANBUL9APš+REDI9AYšNLARš  %VLIYÏ aELEBÔ 3EYÏÝATNÏME %DITED BY 3EYIT !LI +AHRAMAN  9”CEL $A·Lš  AND 2OBERT Dankoff as %VLIYh aELEBI 3EYAHATNhMESI 6OL  )STANBUL 9APš +REDI 9AYšNLARš  2007. %VLIYÏaELEBÔ4HE)NTIMATE,IFEOFAN/TTOMAN3TATESMAN-ELEK!ÝMED0ASHA¯  AS0ORTRAYEDIN%VLIYÏaELEBI´S"OOKOF4RAVELS. Translated and published with COMMENTARYBY2OBERT$ANKOFF(ISTORICALINTRODUCTIONBY2HOADS-URPHEY!LBANY  .93TATE5NIVERSITYOF.EW9ORK0RESS  AL )SÝÏQÔ -UÝAMMAD½!BDAL -U½TI!KHBÏRAL UWALFÔMANTA†ARRAFAFÔ-I†RMINARBÏB AL DUWAL"ULÏQ!L -ABA½AAL ½5THMÏNIYYA  )STANBUL "AS¤BAKANLšK/SMANLš!RS¤IVI-”HIMME$EFTERI NO#EMÏZIY”LÏ£IR !PRIL  NO2ECEB-AY NO3¤A½BÏN *UNE   NO   3¤A½BÏN  *UNE   NO   #EMÏZIY”LEVVEL -ARCH  )STANBUL  "AS¤BAKANLšK /SMANLš !RS¤IVI -”HIMME $EFTERI   NO   2ECEB  !PRIL NO3¤A½BÏN!PRIL NO3¤A½BÏN-AY  NO2AMAµÏN*UNE NO:ILIJϽDE!UGUST   )STANBUL  "AS¤BAKANLšK /SMANLš !RS¤IVI -”HIMME $EFTERI   NO  #EMÏZIY”LEVVEL $ECEMBER  )STANBUL "AS¤BAKANLšK/SMANLš!RS¤IVI-”HIMME$EFTERI NO2AMAµÏN !PRIL  )STANBUL "AS¤BAKANLšK/SMANLš!RS¤IVI-”HIMME$EFTERI NO#EMÏZIY”LEVVEL !UGUST  !L *ABARTÔ ½!BDAL 2AÝMÏNIBNØASAN½!JA¢IBAL ÏTHÏRFÔ L TARÏJIMWA L AKHBÏR%DITED BY3HMUEL-OREHVOLS*ERUSALEM4HE(EBREW5NIVERSITYOF*ERUSALEM &ACULTYOF (UMANITIES )NSTITUTEOF!SIANAND!FRICAN3TUDIES  Circassian Mamluks in Ottoman Egypt and Istanbul, ca. 1500–1730 +ES¤FÔ-EÝMEDaELEBÔ3ELÔMNÏME)STANBUL 3”LEYMANIYE,IBRARY -3%SAD%FENDI -U†AFÏ ½¶LÔ -U†AFÏ ½!LÔ´S $ESCRIPTION OF #AIRO OF  %DITED BY !NDREAS 4IETZE 6IENNAdSTERREICHISCHE!KADEMIEDER7ISSENSCHAFTEN  .OGMOV 3HORA"EKMURSIN$IE3AGENUND,IEDERDES4SCHERKESSEN 6OLKS. Translated by !DOLF"ERGm,EIPZIG6ERLAGVON/TTO7IGAND  2š•VÏN 0AS¤AZÏDE ½!BDULLÏH aELEBÔ 4ÏRÔ£ I -š†šR )STANBUL  3”LEYMANIYE ,IBRARY  -3 &ATIH –AFÔ -U†AFÏ-U†AFÏ–AFÔ´NIN:”BDET”´T TEVÏRÔH´I%DITEDBY›BRAHIM(AKKšaUHADAR VOLS!NKARA4”RK4ARIH+URUMU  3”HEYLÔ%FENDI4EVÏRÔH I-š†ÔR[sic]”L ĵADÔM)STANBUL 3”LEYMANIYE,IBRARY -3&ATIH  Studies !YALON $AVID±4HE%NDOFTHE-AML~K3ULTANATE7HY$IDTHE/TTOMANS3PARETHE -AML~KSOF%GYPTAND7IPE/UTTHE-AML~KSOF3YRIA ²3TUDIA)SLAMICA  ¯ (ATHAWAY *ANE4HE!RAB,ANDSUNDER/TTOMAN2ULE ¯. With contributions by +ARL+"ARBIR(ARLOW %SSEX0EARSON,ONGMAN  (ATHAWAY  *ANE ±4HE %VLÏD I ½!RAB ³3ONS OF THE !RABS´  IN /TTOMAN %GYPT ! 2EREADING²)N&RONTIERSOF/TTOMAN3TUDIES3TATE 0ROVINCE ANDTHE7EST EDITEDBY #OLIN)MBERAND+EIKO+IYOTAKI ¯,ONDON)"4AURIS  (ATHAWAY *ANE±4HE%XALTED,INEAGEOF2š•VÏN"EY2EVISITED!2EINTERPRETATIONOF THE 3PURIOUS 'ENEALOGY OF A 'RANDEE IN /TTOMAN %GYPT² )NTERNATIONAL *OURNAL OF 4URKISH3TUDIES NO¯ ¯ (ATHAWAY *ANE±4HE³-AML~K"REAKER´7HO7AS2EALLYAĴUL"REAKER!&RESH,OOKAT ĴUL +šRAN-EÝMED0ASHA 'OVERNOROF%GYPT¯²)N4HE!RAB,ANDSINTHE /TTOMAN%RA%SSAYSIN(ONOROF0ROFESSOR#AESAR&ARAH EDITEDBY*ANE(ATHAWAY  ¯-INNEAPOLIS#ENTERFOR%ARLY-ODERN(ISTORY 5NIVERSITYOF-INNESOTA  (ATHAWAY *ANE±-AML~K³2EVIVALS´AND-AML~K.OSTALGIAIN/TTOMAN%GYPT²)N4HE -AML~KSIN%GYPTIANAND3YRIAN0OLITICSAND3OCIETY EDITEDBY-ICHAEL7INTERAND !MALIA,EVANONI ¯,EIDEN"RILL  (ATHAWAY  *ANE ±/TTOMAN 2ESPONSES TO aERKES -EÝMED "EY´S 2EBELLION IN %GYPT  1730.” In -UTINY AND 2EBELLION IN THE /TTOMAN %MPIRE  EDITED BY *ANE (ATHAWAY  ¯-ADISON5NIVERSITYOF7ISCONSIN0RESS  (ATHAWAY *ANE4HE0OLITICSOF(OUSEHOLDSIN/TTOMAN%GYPT4HE2ISEOFTHE1ÏZDÏıLšS. #AMBRIDGE#AMBRIDGE5NIVERSITY0RESS  (ATHAWAY *ANE!4ALEOF4WO&ACTIONS-YTH -EMORY AND)DENTITYIN/TTOMAN%GYPT AND9EMEN!LBANY .93TATE5NIVERSITYOF.EW9ORK0RESS  (OLT 0-%GYPTANDTHE&ERTILE#RESCENT!0OLITICAL(ISTORY ¯)THACA .9 #ORNELL5NIVERSITY0RESS  41 42 Jane Hathaway (OLT 0-±4HE%XALTED,INEAGEOF2I•WÏN"EY3OME/BSERVATIONSONA3EVENTEENTH #ENTURY-AML~K'ENEALOGY²"ULLETINOFTHE3CHOOLOF/RIENTALAND!FRICAN3TUDIES  NO ¯ *AIMOUKHA !MJAD4HE#IRCASSIANS!(ANDBOOK.EW9ORK0ALGRAVE  +UNT  -ETIN ±%THNIC 2EGIONAL #INS) Solidarity in the Seventeenth-Century Ottoman %STABLISHMENT²)NTERNATIONAL*OURNALOF-IDDLE%AST3TUDIES ¯ -AC+AY 0IERRE!±4HE-ANUSCRIPTSOFTHE3EYAHATNAMEOF%VLIYAaELEBI°0ART)4HE !RCHETYPE²$ER)SLAM ¯ /UALDI -´HAMED%SCLAVESETMAsTRES,ESMAMELOUKSDESBEYSDE4UNISDU86))ESInCLE AUXANNmES0ARIS0UBLICATIONSDELA3ORBONNE  0EIRCE ,ESLIE-ORALITY4ALES,AWAND'ENDERINTHE/TTOMAN#OURTOF!INTAB. Berkeley: 5NIVERSITYOF#ALIFORNIA0RESS  0ETRY #ARL&4WILIGHTOF-AJESTY4HE2EIGNSOFTHE-AML~K3ULTANSAL !SHRAF1ÏYTBÏY AND1ÏN†~HAL 'HAWRÔIN%GYPT3EATTLE(ENRY-*ACKSON3CHOOLOF)NTERNATIONAL 3TUDIES 5NIVERSITYOF7ASHINGTON  0ITERBERG  'ABRIEL ±4HE !LLEGED 2EBELLION OF !BÏZA -EÝMED 0ASHA (ISTORIOGRAPHY and the Ottoman State in the Seventeenth Century.” In -UTINYAND2EBELLIONINTHE /TTOMAN%MPIRE EDITEDBY*ANE(ATHAWAY ¯-ADISON5NIVERSITYOF7ISCONSIN 0RESS  0ITERBERG 'ABRIEL!N/TTOMAN4RAGEDY(ISTORYAND(ISTORIOGRAPHYAT0LAY. Berkeley: 5NIVERSITYOF#ALIFORNIA0RESS  2AYMOND  !NDRm ±5NE ³RmVOLUTION´ AU #AIRE SOUS LES -AMELOUKES ,A CRISE DE ²!NNALES)SLAMOLOGIQUES ¯ 3HAW 3TANFORD*4HE&INANCIALAND!DMINISTRATIVE/RGANIZATIONAND$EVELOPMENTOF /TTOMAN%GYPT ¯0RINCETON0RINCETON5NIVERSITY0RESS  7INTER -ICHAEL%GYPTIAN3OCIETYUNDER/TTOMAN2ULE ¯,ONDON2OUTLEDGE  1992.