The two unpublished seals from a private collection are reported in 2018 and discussed by Massimo Vidale et al in the context of use of Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy for miniature objects like Indus script seals. This monograph presents a decipherment of the Indus Script Hypertexts on these two seals. One seal has the field symbol of bos gaurus PLUS feeding trough; the second seal has one-horned young bull PLUS a standard device in front. Seal 1 Fig. 1, Fig. 2 pp.456, 347 (21 mm square seal; Bos gaurus, Smith, 1827) Seal and seal impression. Seal 2 Fig. 6. Seal with unicorn and inscription: map obtained for the reconstruction of 144 3D laser images, recorded using a 5x objective and a 40% image overlay, with a dimensional scale of 4854 micrometers (X) and 4847 micrometers (Y). Private collection, Indus Valley, ca. 2600-2200 B.C.E Source: p.461 opcit. The unicorn - depicted almost exclusively on this type of molded seals - is undoubtedly the most characteristic iconographic element of the Indus Civilization. This enigmatic creature represents about 75% of all images engraved on the Indus seals, with peaks of over 90% in minor urban settlements, but its interpretation is still at the center of a heated debate (For an overview of the different interpretations and hypotheses on the nature of the Indus unicorn, (Parpola A. 2011, The Harappan Unicorn in Eurasian and South Asian Perspectives, in Osada T., Endo H. (eds), Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past Occasional Paper 12, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, 142-143; Frenez, D., Vidale M. 2012, Harappan Chimeras as ‘Symbolic Hypertexts’: Some thoughts on Plato, Chimaera and the Indus Civilization, South Asian Studies, 28.2, 107-130; Kenoyer, JM 2013, Iconography of the Indus Unicorn: Origins and Legacy, in Abraham S., Gullapalli P., Raczek T.,Rizvi U. (eds), Connection and Complexity: New approaches to the archaeology of South and Central Asia, Walnut Creek, 107-125.) [quote]Abstract When Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM) is applied to small stone artefacts carved or shaped in complex and intricate fashions, the images surprisingly acquire a monumental character and their surfaces reveal a universe of details, ranging from tools traces, firing and glazing defects and wear-consumption patterns. The paper will shortly demonstrate the potentials of this new powerful 3D-imaging technique on two unpublished steatite stamp seals of the Indus Civilization, which characterized present-day Pakistan and northwestern India between ca. 2600 and 1900 BC. Keeping in mind the unexhausted interest that Sara Santoro had for technological innovation and archaeometry in the investigation of the past, we propose that the same non-destructive, high resolution imaging techniques could be fruitfully applied to the semiprecious stone seals of the Graeco-Roman period, which have been studied so far mainly on stylistic and iconographic grounds [unquote] (Massimo Vidale, Ivana Angelini e Dennys Frenez , Miniature in steatite. Un passo nel mondo dei sigilli della civiltà dell’Indo, in: A cura di Marco Cavalieri e Cristina Boschetti 2018, Il polisemico significato della moderna ricerca archeologica. Omaggio a Sara Santoro, Vol. 1, Presses universitaires de Louvain, 2018, ISBN: 978-2-87558-666-7, pp.447 to 472) Translation: Miniature in steatite. A step in the world of the seals ofIndo Civilization in: The polysemic meaning of modern archaeological research. Homage to Sara Santoro. https://www.academia.edu/36877552/Miniature_in_steatite._Un_passo_nel_mondo_dei_sigilli_della_Civilt%C3%A0_dell_Indo Seal 1: Field symbol: bos gaurus PLUS feeding trough barat, barad, 'ox, bos gaurus' Rebus: bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Marathi) There are two orthographic variants of this 'feeding-trough' hieroglyph which are read in Meluhha lexis (vocbulary) rebus:Ta. paṭṭai painted stripe Ma. paṭṭa stripe. Ka. paṭṭe, paṭṭi id. Koḍ. paṭṭe striped; Tu. paṭṭè stripe. Te. paṭṭe stripe or streak of paint; paḍita stripe, streak, wale. (DEDR 3877). Rebus: పట్టీ paṭṭī . [Tel.] n. A list or inventory, a roll of names పట్టి paṭṭi A list. PLUS pāṭroṛo, pattar 'feeding trough' Rebus: పట్ర paṭra, patta 'village, hamlet, maritime town' pāṭan 'market'. paṭan ʻ quarter of a town; village, hamlet, town'. Thus, the hypertext, striped feeding trough reads: pattar paṭṭi 'feeding trough+ stripes' rebus: 'market inventory, market list'. Rebus 2: pattar 'goldsmith guild' బత్తుడు battuḍu, baḍaga 'a professional title of five artificers'. It may be seen from Variant 2 of the 'feeding-trough' hieroglyph, that an unambiguous signifier 'three stripes' has been ligatured at the bottom of the trough as a phonetic determinant of the intended 'feeding trough' signifier word. Phonetic variants of related lexis (vocabulary) are: Feeding trough: Ta. pātti bathing tub, watering trough or basin, spout, drain; pattal wooden bucket; pattar id., Ka. pāti basin for water round the foot of a tree. Tu. pāti trough or bathing tub, spout, drain. Te. pādi, pādu basin for water round the foot of a tree. (DEDR 4079) patta -- n. ʻ bowl ʼ, °aka -- n. ʻ little bowl ʼ, pātĭ̄ -- f.; K. pāthar, dat. °tras m. ʻ vessel, dish ʼ, pôturu m. ʻ pan of a pair of scales ʼ (gahana -- pāth, dat. pöċü f. ʻ jewels and dishes as part of dowry ʼ ← Ind.); S. pāṭri f. ʻ large earth or wooden dish ʼ, pāṭroṛo m. ʻwooden troughʼ; P. pātar m. ʻ vessel ʼ, parāt f., parātṛā m. ʻ large wooden kneading vessel ʼ, ḍog. pāttar m. ʻbrass or wooden do.ʼ; Ku.gng. pāiʻ wooden potʼ (CDIAL 8055). Seal 1: Text of inscription The rhombus sign Variant of Sign 261 is a square is read as mũh 'metal ingot' The Sign 261 is ligatured with four 'splinters': sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus, the expression of the hypertext is: mũh sal 'metal ingots workshop' kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' The lozenge shape is of a bun ingot: mũh 'metal ingot' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. Thus, mũh khāṇḍā 'ingots and equipment'. koḍa 'one'(Santali) Rebus: koḍ 'artisan's workshop'.PLUS ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' Oriya. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023) Rebus: ayaskāṇḍa 'a quantity of iron, excellent iron' Rebus: khāṇḍā 'equipment'. bicha 'scorpion' rebus:; bica 'haematite, ferrite ore' Thus, the text message is: metal ingots workshop; alloy metal smithy/forge; metal ingots and equipment'; blazing metal articles workshop; haematite ferrite ore equipment. Seal 2: Field symbols: One-horned young bull PLUS standard device Note on the identification of the young bull as bos primegenius; see: Zebu (Bos primigenius indicus) are descended from Indian aurochs (stylized as unicorns) https://tinyurl.com/yc4dj5gz Bos primigenius (unicorns as young bulls with one horn): khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. rebus: kunda, 'one of कुबेर's nine treasures', kundaṇa 'fine gold' Hypertext kō̃da 'young bull, with one horn' signifies payĕn-kō̃da wôlu पयन्-कोँद 'metal smelter' payĕn-kō̃da पयन्-कोँद । परिपाककन्दुः f. a kiln (a potter's, a lime-kiln, and brick-kiln, or the like); a furnace (for smelting). -thöji - or -thöjü ; । परिपाक-(द्रावण-)मूषा f. a crucible, a melting-pot. -ʦañĕ ञ । परिपाकोपयोगिशान्ताङ्गारसमूहः f.pl. a special kind of charcoal (made from deodar and similar wood) used in smelting furnaces. -wôlu -; । धात्वादिद्रावण-इष्टिकादिपरिपाकशिल्पी m. a metal-smelter; a brick-baker. -wān -वान् । द्रावणचुल्ली m. a smelting furnace. (Kashmiri)pácana n. ʻ means for cooking ʼ RV., pacanikā -- f. ʻ frying pan ʼ lex. [√pac]Pa. pacana -- n. ʻ cooking ʼ, Pk. payaṇa -- , °ṇaga -- n. ʻ cooking pot ʼ; L.awāṇ. paeṇī ʻ a partic. measure ʼ; N. paini ʻ earthen vessel in which rice -- spirit is distilled ʼ; G. peṇɔ m. ʻ large frying pan ʼ, °ṇī f. ʻ small do. ʼ. (CDIAL 7651) kándu f. ʻ iron pot ʼ Suśr., °uka -- m. ʻ saucepan ʼ.Pk. kaṁdu -- , kaṁḍu -- m.f. ʻ cooking pot ʼ; K. kō̃da f. ʻ potter's kiln, lime or brick kiln ʼ; -- ext. with -- ḍa -- : K. kã̄dur m. ʻ oven ʼ. -- Deriv. Pk. kaṁḍua -- ʻ sweetseller ʼ (< *kānduka -- ?); H. kã̄dū m. ʻ a caste that makes sweetmeats ʼ. (CDIAL 2726) *kandukara ʻ worker with pans ʼ. [kdu -- , kará -- 1] K. kã̄dar, kã̄duru dat. °daris m. ʻ baker ʼ.(CDIAL 2728) kāndavika m. ʻ baker ʼ Pañcad. [kándu -- ]Pk. kaṁdaviya -- , °dōiya -- , °duia -- (u from kaṁdua -- ) m. ʻ sweetmeat seller ʼ; G. kãdoī m. ʻ confectioner ʼ.Addenda: kāndavika -- : S.kcch. kandhoyo m. ʻ confectioner ʼ(CDIAL 3034) kã̄dur m. ʻovenʼ; kō̃da f. ʻpotter's kiln, lime or brick kilnʼ (Kashmiri) Phonetic variant of kã̄dur m. ʻovenʼ seems to link to an early phonetic form of kō̃da to signify a smelter's kiln as defined in the expression: .payĕn-kō̃da पयन्-कोँद 'melting in a smelter'. Thus, the seal 1 and seal 2 are Wealth accounting ledgers with metalwork catalogues with Indus Script Hypertexts rendered as Meluhha expressions.

This monograph posits that the expression म्लेच्छित विकल्प which describes the Indus Script is provided by Vātsyāyana.as one of the three arts taught to youth; the other two arts are: akṣara muṣṭika kathanam, deśabhāṣājnānam (messaging through wrist-finger gestures, knowledge of dialects). Taking the example of spiny-horned young bull, the so-called 'unicorn', decipherment process is demonstrated using the underlying cipher. The rebus reading is खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull, a bullcalf' of खोडसाळ khōḍasāḷa 'metal workshop', ebus: खोंड khōṇḍa 'metal' of PLUS singi 'ornament gold'. Thus, the pictorial motif of 'unicorn' signifies ornament-gold,metal..The workshop is described by the standard device: kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS kammata 'portable furnace' rebus: kammata 'mint, coiner, coinage'. The writing system related to the activities of खोडसाळ khōḍasāḷa 'metal workshop', exemplified by खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. I submit that Indus Script Cipher has defied decipherment for over 140 years since the first seal was found at Harappa before 1872 primarily because the orthography, semantics and pragmatics could not be successfully related to the parole, spoken language of the Sarasvati Civilization. Since the Indus Script inscriptions are documented in very small objects such as miniature tablets of Harappa of the size of a thumb-nail, विकल्पजाल, the net of hieroglyphs and hypertexts architecturted by ligatured hieroglyphs (e.g. composite animal or Sign 418 which is composed a number of hieroglyphs such as water-carrier -- body fused like a fish, rude harrow, rim-of-jar and a small ingot shape). This विकल्पजाल 'a net of alternative combinations' renders the script to be a stunningly precise cipher, providing a medium to convey messages composed of spoken words and even expressions. This Sign 418 occurs on a Kalibangan terracotta two-sided tablet. Kalibangan terracotta inscription K079 Kalibangan 079 Kalibangan Terracotta object K-79 with incised hieroglyphs Many attempts at deciherment have floundered on pre-conceived assumptions of syllabic nature of the 'signs' (thus, ignoring the pictorial motifs which dominate the inscription space) and syntactic nature of messaging. Bahata Ansumali Mukhopadhyaya has demonstrated that the patterns realized from a review of the Indus Script Corpora indicates that the cipher cannot be syllabic but has to be lexemic, logographic or logosemantic. Most importantly, many decipherment claims have failed to realize that the pictorial motifs or field symbols such as 'unicorn' or 'one-spiny-horned young bull with pannier, rings on neck, heart-sign on the belly) are integral part of the cipher or messaging system and had to be deciphered using the underlying cipher of the writing-cum-messaging system signified by विकल्पजाल .. Image result for first indus sealFirst Indus Script seal discovered at Harappa before 1872 chanacchan छनच्छन् ind. An imitative sound, expressive of the noise of falling drops &c; छनच्छनिति बाष्पकणाः पतन्ति (छमच्छमिति v. l.)(Amarusataka.86) म्लेच्छित mfn. = म्लिष्ट mfn. spoken indistinctly or barbarously (पाणिनि. 7-2 , 18) विकल्पजाल n. a number of possible cases , dilemma(तैत्तिरीय-प्रातिशाख्य सर्वदर्शन-संग्रह Sāyaṇa) विकल्प vi-kalpa alternative, option: combination, contrivance; variety; distinction (rare); indecision, hesitation, doubt; false notion, fancy: in. optionally: -gâla, n. number of possible cases; -kalpana, n., â, f. allowing an option; distinction; false notion or assumption; -kalpanîya, fp. to be ascertained; -kalpayitavya, fp. to be put as an alternative; -kalpa-vat, a. undecided, doubtful; -kalpa̮an-upapatti, f. untenableness owing to a dilemma; -kalpa̮asaha, a. not standing the test of a dilemma: -tva, n. untenableness owing to a dilemma; -kalpitatva, n. optionalness; -kalpin, a (hair) liable to be mistaken for (black Asoka flowers, --°); -kalpya, fp. to be distributed; -- calculated; -- chosen according to circumstances. विकल्पजाल gets compounded by the spoken expressions used as cipher. In the traditions continuum of Sarasvati Civilization, म्लिष्ट is the nature of the spoken expressions. This म्लिष्ट signifies myriad pronunciation variants in many successor languages of the civilization which provide lexical and semantic evidences to match the hieroglyphs and hypertexts of the cipher. म्लिष्ट nature is best exemplified by the most common messages seen on Indus Script Corpora. These common messages (with orthographic variants or विकल्पजाल) are: 1. Spiny-horned young bull (with orthographic emphasis on pannier on the shoulder, rings on neck, hear-shaped pictograph on belly) 2. Standard device (composite of lathe on top register, portable furnace on bottom register) carried on a flagstaff; at times, the bottom register portable furnace is ligatured with dotted circles and indicators of smoke emanating from the furnace) 3. Rim of jar (rim PLUS narrow-necked jar) What do these three cyphertexts convey? How to derive the plaintexts of the spoken language of the civilization? This is the decipherment challenge. The challenge is joined by identifying words and expressions evidenced on spoken forms of Ancient Indian languages. The spoken forms or parole bristles with pronunciation variants as demonstrated below with evidence of lexical entries of Indian sprachbund (language union) or linguistic area. The objective is to expand on Vātsyāyana's reference to deśabhāṣājnānam. to relate the म्लेच्छित, म्लिष्ट words or expressions or phrases to the hieroglyphs or विकल्पजाल | This monograph focusses on tand provides the process of deciphering the ciphertext of spiny-horned young bull. As has been demonstrated, the writing system's scribes evidence many orthographic tricks, exemplified by the semantics: खोडकर khōḍakara a (खोड q. v.) Mischievous, full of tricks and pranks.खोडसर khōḍasara a unc खोडसा a unc Mischievous &c. खोडाळ, खोडील, खोडेल, खोड्या, खोड्यारा, खोड्याळ khōḍāḷa, khōḍīla, khōḍēla, khōḍyā, khōḍyārā, khōḍyāḷa See खोडकर.खोडाळी khōḍāḷī f (खोडाळ) Mischievous or troublesome pranks or tricks. The scribe is engaged in metal workshop: खोडसाळ khōḍasāḷa a Properly खोटसाळ.खोटसाळ khōṭasāḷa a (खोट & साळ from शाला) Alloyed--a metal. खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. Semantic determinatives of this word signifier for a bullcalf are the pannier on the bull's shoulder खोंडरूं khōṇḍarūṃ n A contemptuous form of खोंडा in the sense of कांबळा-cowl. खोंडी khōṇḍī f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a कांबळा, to hold or fend off grain, chaff &c.) See under खुंडी. खोंडा khōṇḍā m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. 2 fig. A hollow amidst hills; a deep or a dark and retiring spot; a dell. In a remarkable orthographic frieze of a marble narrativeof Mari, the young-bull with a spiny, one horn is held on a flagstaff of holcus sorghum.खोंड khōṇḍa, खुंडी which is a variety of holcus sorghum, a semantic determinative of the word signifier खोंड khōṇḍa for a bullcalf The rein on top of the flagstaff which is the platform for the one-spiny-horned young bull is: káśā f. ʻwhipʼ RV., ʻ rein ʼ Śiś., ʻstringʼ lex., kaśa -- m. ʻ whip, thong ʼ MBh. Pa. kasā -- f. ʻ whip ʼ; Pk. kasā -- f., ˚sa -- m., ˚siā -- f., ˚sia -- n. ʻ whip, thong ʼ; Or. kasa ʻ rope ʼ; H. kasī, ˚saī, ˚seī, kesaī f. ʻ rope used in land measurement ʼ; OMarw. kasa ʻ string ʼ; G. kas ʻ tape of a bodice ʼ; M. kasā m. ʻ cord, tie of a garment ʼ; Si. kasaya, ˚se ʻ whip ʼ. -- Deriv.: Or. kasibā ʻ to whip ʼ; -- OMarw. kasaï ʻ binds, harnesses ʼ, M. kasṇẽ ʻ to bind tightly with a cord ʼ(CDIAL 2965) kas 'rein' rebus: G.kãsārɔ, kas m. ʻcoppersmith'. Thus, the orthography of the pictorial narratives on Mari procession signify a L. awāṇ. kasērā ʻ metal worker ʼ, P. kaserā m. ʻ worker in pewter ʼ (both ← E with -- s -- ); N. kasero ʻ maker of brass pots ʼ; Bi. H. kaserā m. ʻ worker in pewter ʼ.

This monograph presents a decipherment of 16 Harappa tablets selected by RPN Rao, 45+ colourful Indus Script inscriptions selected by Dennnys Frenez and demonstrates how Indus Script inscriptions are composed -- in stages -- from metalwork processes in a guild -- from mineral ore stage to smelting stage to casting stage and forging stage in smithy/forge of a guild. The monograph posits, based on this decipherment of select inscriptions that Indus Script is a wealth-accounting ledger of metalwork catalogues. The accounting ledgers are written by karaṇa 'scribe'. Such a scribe can be signified by a gold anthropomorph showing a person in a dance posture or dance step. See: Golden Anthropomorph of Sanauli is Indus Script karaṇa 'dance step, dance posture' rebus karaṇa 'scribe' validated by Baudhāyana Śrautasūtra, and genetic Sarasvati-Balto-Slavic & Indo-Iranian connection. https://tinyurl.com/ya3e5fvj The golden anthropomorph discovered in Sanauli in 2006-7 excavations, compares with four types of bronze anthropomorphs found in many parts of Sarasvati Civilization, including Lothal. The gold anthropomorph dated to ca. 2000 BCE signifies a standing person with spread legs. He signifies a dance-posture. This golden anthropomorph is an Indus Script hypertext: karaṇa 'dance step, dance posture' rebus: karaṇa 'scribe'. meṭṭu 'step' meḍ iron, मेधा, धन, मेधः' yajna. 16 tiny Harappa tiny steatite tablets (discovered by HARP Team) point to their function as tokens to construct an inscription describing the metalwork processed in the guild workshops of artisans. See: Harappa tiny steatite tablets with Indus script are works in process documentation from smelter, smithy http://tinyurl.com/jqohhuo Thus, the accountiong ledger process is a two-step process in the production-line of a guild operations: step 1: create tiny steatite tablets as tokens of processes done; step 2: compose the message (say, on a seal) using the partial messages of processes conveyed by tiny steatite tablets. A Bronze Age revolution necessitated organization of metalwork in workshops with specific functional assignments.This is clearly seeni in the documentation of tiny steatite tablets of Harappa which indicate guild sub-organizations within smithy-forge workshops for 1. smelter work, 2.smithy or furnace work, 3. alloy (bronze) work. Such a functional organization also resulted in a writing system which could detail works in process at different stages of production in workshops before the supercargo consignments are readied, packed and sealed for shipment handed over to seafaring merchants or trade caravans. This decipherment of 22 tiny steatite tablets discovered in Harappa 1991-1995 (HARP), demonstates how a sequence of hieroglyphs shown on such tablets is used as a hypertext, message string on a seal h1682. (Meadow, Richard H. and Jonathan Kenoyer, 1997, The ‘tinysteatite seals’ (incised steatitetablets) of Harappa: Some observations ontheir context and dating in: Taddei, Maurizio and Giuseppe de Marco, 2000, South Asian Archaeology, 1997, Rome, Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente. This is a string of hieroglyphs on 22 tiny steatite tablets of Harappa. Rebus readings: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolami 'smithy' PLUS kuṭhi kaṇḍa kanka 'smelting furnace account (scribe), karNI, supercargo'. In short, String 1: 'smelter-smithy supercargo'. This hieorlgyph-string is entered on the seal which technically documents the shipment with product catalogues included in a shipment. h1682A (color) The messages of two strings are r. to l.: String 1: The smelter-smithy supercargo (taken from the product descriptions on tiny steate tablets) PLUS String 2: smithy cast implements. “Of great interest in this regard is a unicorn seal (Fig. 4.1) that was found inside the perimeter wall in the approximate location marked…The last two signs of this seal are the same as those on one side of the 22 tablets (taking the three strokes as a single sign). These are preceded by three additional signs (reading left to right on the seal as opposed to on the tablets which we assume are meant to be read right to left because they were not meant to be uimpressed…) It is rare to find the same sign sequence on a seal and on tablets, and the situation is that much more compelling because the street deposits from which the seal comes contain the same ceramic corpus as the dump deposits from which the tablets come, suggesting that both were originally formed at about the same time.” (Meadow and Kenoyer, 1997, p.16) This shows that tiny steatite tablets were documentation of work in process (say, from smelters, furnaces, circular platforms) which are brought into the storeroom (documentatin centre) to create a consolidated technical consignment note or metalwork catalogue on a seal. The supercargo is ready for despatch after the cargo is packed and the package sealed with the seal impression. For deciphered hieroglyphs of one-horned young bull PLUS standard device on the seal, see: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/04/one-horned-young-bull-seal-standard.html Three groups of tablets discovered at Harappa in 1997. 22 tablets were clustered in 3 groups to show styles of writing/incision indicating three distinct scribes at work. "Group of incised baked steatite tablets. A group of 16 three-sided incised baked steatite tablets, all with the same inscriptions, were uncovered in mid- to late Period 3B debris outside of the curtain wall. (See 146). These tablets may originally been enclosed in a perishable container such as a small bag of cloth or leather." . Harappa 1995-7: MoundE, HARP Trench 11: steatite seal and incised steatite tablets (After Fig. 4. Harappa 1995-1997: Mounds E and ET; Trench 11: steatite seal H96-2796/6874-01 and incised steatite tablets (22) with the same inscriptions). "The last 2 signs of this seal are the same as those on one side of the 22 tablets (taking three strokes as a single sign)...Each tablet is three-sided with the inscription on each side comprising a single more complex sign accompanied by three or four simple strokes." The tablets are "incised with script that was to be read directly from the tablet." (Note by J. Mark Kenoyer & Richard H. meadow on Inscribed objects from Harappa excavations: 1986-2007 in: Asko Parpola, BM ande and Petteri Koskikallio eds., 2010, CISI, Vol.3: New material, untraced objects, and collections outside India and Pakistan, Part 1: Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, Helsinki, Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, (pp.xliv to lviii), p. xliv http://www.harappa.com/indus/Kenoyer-Meadow-2010-HARP.pdf) Indus script tablets are workshop product account tokens. Seals are technical aggregation of supercargo for shipment (caravan). Mirror: https://www.academia.edu/11290484/Indus_script_tablets_are_workshop_product_account_tokens._Seals_are_technical_aggregation_of_supercargo_for_shipment_caravan_ Tablets are account tokens of products produced in workshops. Seals consolidate or aggregate the information provided on tablets to prepare technical details for bills of lading. The Indus Script inscriptions on tiny tablets are linked to an identical segment of inscription on a Harappa seal (h1682A) with hieroglyphs of young bull + lathe. See the next section on "The discovery thanks to HARP (Kenoyer and Meadow)". The tablets with inscriptions denote consignments coming out of furnace, smelter or smithy. These inscriptions are aggregated to signify as inscriptions on a seal (particularly the seals with hieroglyphs of young bull + lathe), an aggregation of supercargo metalwork, lapidary work (tools, implements, etc.) to be assigned to a sea-faring Meluhha merchant caravan. This process of 'collection of consignments' to constitute 'supercargo' shipment. This completes the technical specifications in a bill of lading process coming out of the fortification metalcaster, turner workshop. Thus, the purport of tablets and seals is explained as an accounting process to provide information to prepare a bill of lading, handed over to the caravan leader by sealing the packages with the seal inscription as a technical recor of contents of the packages or shipment. The discovery thanks to HARP (Kenoyer and Meadow) A remarkable accounting process was indicated by the archaeologists Kenoyer and Meadow who unearthed a set of 22+6 tablets with identical inscriptions and a seal recording a part of this inscription. This seal (h1682A) also had hieroglyphs of young bull + lathe, together with five 'signs' composed of two signs from the tablets and three other signs. The first two signs on the seal (read from right) are taken from the inscriptions on one side of the 22+6 tablets (which had three sides with three inscriptions). h1682A (color) h1682A (Black and white) Three additionals signs on Seal h1682A, in addition to the two signs taken from 22+6 tiny tablets are read rebus: खांडा [khāṇḍā] A division of a field. (Marathi) खंडणें (p. 192) [ khaṇḍaṇēṃ ] v c (खंडन S) To break; to reduce into parts (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘metal tools, pots and pans’ (Marathi) Ku. lokhaṛ ʻiron tools ʼ; H. lokhaṇḍ m. ʻ iron tools, pots and pans ʼ; G. lokhãḍ n. ʻtools, iron, ironwareʼ; M. lokhãḍ n. ʻ iron ʼ(CDIAL 11171). dula 'two' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'. Thus, the two divisions of field denoted by two rectangles with divisions are read together: dul khāṇḍā ‘castings, metal tools, pots and pans’ kolmo 'three' Rebus: kolami 'smithy'. The first two signs read from right are explained as follows, since they are taken from the inscriptions on one side of 22+6 tiny tablets:kuṭhi kaṇḍa kanka 'smelting furnace account (scribe), supercargo' PLUS kolami 'smithy' Together, the five signs on the seal read: dul khāṇḍā kolami 'castings, metal tools, pots and pans -- smithy' PLUS kuṭhi kaṇḍa kanka kolami 'smelting furnace account (scribe) supercargo -- smithy'.

A set of five Indus seal replicas distributed to visitors by the National Museum, Janpath, New Delhi are presented in the following photographs. These are presented as Seals 1 to 5 and deciphered in the context of comparable seals with comparable Indus Script hieroglyph/hieroglyph-multiplexes: Seal 1 (One-horned young bull, standard device) Seal 2 (Two heads of young bulls, nine ficus leaves) Seal 3 (Seatedd person surrounded by animals and hieroglyphs) Seal 4 (Two tigers, woman) Seal 5 (Zebu seal) All Indus Script hieroglyphs on this set of seals are deciphered as metalwork catalogues. Seal 1 (One-horned young bull, standard device) dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal'; loa 'ficus' rebus: loh 'copper'; kamaDha 'bow' rebus: kampaTTa 'mint, coiner' meD 'body' rebus: meD 'iron, copper, metal'. gaNDa 'four' rebus; kanda 'fire-altar' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' (Thus, the pair of four strokes signifies 'cast metal fire-altar'). ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin' (One is inlaid with a pair of three short strokes: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'; the other is inlaid with three horizontal strokes. One may indicate cast tin and the other may indicate a tin smithy). eraka 'knave of wheel' rebus: erako 'moltencast'; arka 'copper'. Hieroglyph: धातु [p= 513,3] m. layer , stratum Ka1tyS3r. Kaus3. constituent part , ingredient (esp. [ and in RV. only] ifc. , where often = " fold " e.g. त्रि-ध्/आतु , threefold &c ; cf.त्रिविष्टि- , सप्त- , सु-) RV. TS. S3Br. &c (Monier-Williams) dhāˊtu *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.).; S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) tántu m. ʻ thread, warp ʼ RV. [√tan] Pa. tantu -- m. ʻ thread, cord ʼ, Pk. taṁtu -- m.; Kho. (Lor.) ton ʻ warp ʼ < *tand (whence tandeni ʻ thread between wings of spinning wheel ʼ); S. tandu f. ʻ gold or silver thread ʼ; L. tand (pl. °dũ) f. ʻ yarn, thread being spun, string of the tongue ʼ; P. tand m. ʻ thread ʼ, tanduā, °dūā m. ʻ string of the tongue, frenum of glans penis ʼ; A. tã̄t ʻ warp in the loom, cloth being woven ʼ; B. tã̄t ʻ cord ʼ; M. tã̄tū m. ʻ thread ʼ; Si. tatu, °ta ʻ string of a lute ʼ; -- with -- o, -- ā to retain orig. gender: S. tando m. ʻ cord, twine, strand of rope ʼ; N. tã̄do ʻ bowstring ʼ; H. tã̄tā m. ʻ series, line ʼ; G. tã̄tɔ m. ʻ thread ʼ; -- OG. tāṁtaṇaü m. ʻ thread ʼ < *tāṁtaḍaü, G.tã̄tṇɔ m.(CDIAL 5661) Rebus: M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; (CDIAL 6773) धातु primary element of the earth i.e. metal , mineral, ore (esp. a mineral of a red colour) Mn. MBh. &c element of words i.e. grammatical or verbal root or stem Nir. Pra1t. MBh. &c (with the southern Buddhists धातु means either the 6 elements [see above] Dharmas. xxv ; or the 18 elementary spheres [धातु-लोक] ib. lviii ; or the ashes of the body , relics L. [cf. -गर्भ]) (Monier-Williams. Samskritam). Seal 2 (Two heads of young bulls, nine ficus leaves) m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings, joined end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part?), under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves. Text 1387 dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' dhAv 'string/strand' rebus: dhAv, dhAtu 'element, ore'. Mohenjo-daro Seal impression. m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings, joined end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part?), under a stylized tree-branch with nine leaves. खोंद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back): also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall, a hedge, a road). Rebus: खोदणें [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c & i ( H) To dig. 2 To engrave. खोद खोदून विचारणें or -पुसणें To question minutely and searchingly, to probe.गोट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal wristlet. An ornament of women. 2 Encircling or investing. v घाल, दे. 3 An encampment or camp: also a division of a camp. 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment).गोटा [ gōṭā ] m A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble (of stone, lac, wood &c.) 3 fig. A grain of rice in the ear. Ex. पावसानें भाताचे गोटे झडले. An overripe and rattling cocoanut: also such dry kernel detached from the shell. 5 A narrow fillet of brocade.गोटाळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (गोटा) Abounding in pebbles--ground.गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble. 3 A large lifting stone. Used in trials of strength among the Athletæ. 4 A stone in temples described at length under उचला 5 fig. A term for a round, fleshy, well-filled body. Rebus: गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe. Hieroglyph: lo = nine (Santali); no = nine (B.) on-patu = nine (Ta.) [Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus: loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali.lex.) Epigraph: 1387 kana, kanac = corner (Santali); Rebus: kan~cu = bronze (Te.) Ligatured glyph. ara 'spoke' rebus: ara 'brass'. era, er-a = eraka =?nave; erako_lu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Ka.lex.)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may connote a spoked-wheel,nave of the wheel through which the axle passes; cf. ara_, spoke]erka = ekke (Tbh.of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal);crystal (Ka.lex.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = anymetal infusion (Ka.Tu.); erako molten cast (Tu.lex.) Rebus: eraka= copper (Ka.)eruvai =copper (Ta.); ere - a dark-red colour (Ka.)(DEDR 817). eraka, era, er-a= syn. erka, copper, weapons (Ka.)Vikalpa: ara, arā (RV.) = spokeof wheel ஆரம்² āram , n. < āra. 1. Spokeof a wheel.See ஆரக்கால். ஆரஞ்சூழ்ந்தவயில்வாய் நேமியொடு (சிறுபாண். 253). Rebus: ஆரம் brass; பித்தளை.(அக. நி.) pittal is cognate with 'pewter'. kuṭi = a slice, a bit, a small piece (Santali.lex.Bodding) Rebus: kuṭhi ‘iron smelter furnace’ (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) Thus, the sign sequence connotes a copper, bronze, brass smelter furnace Ayo ‘fish’; kaṇḍa‘arrow’; rebus: ayaskāṇḍa. The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron,excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) ayo, hako 'fish'; a~s = scales of fish (Santali); rebus:aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = metal (Skt.) kaṇḍa‘fire-altar’ (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta. ayirai,acarai, acalai loach, sandy colour, Cobitisthermalis; ayilai a kind of fish. Ma. ayala a fish,mackerel, scomber; aila, ayila a fish; ayira a kind ofsmall fish, loach. kole.l 'temple, smithy'(Ko.); kolme ‘smithy' (Ka.) kol ‘working in iron, blacksmith (Ta.); kollan-blacksmith (Ta.); kollan blacksmith, artificer (Ma.)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace (Ka.) kol = pan~calo_ha (five metals); kol metal (Ta.lex.) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals: copper, brass, tin, lead and iron (Skt.); an alternative list of five metals: gold, silver, copper, tin (lead), and iron (dhātu; Nānārtharatnākara. 82; Man:garāja’s Nighaṇṭu. 498)(Ka.) kol, kolhe, ‘the koles, an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santals’ (Santali) Zebu and leaves. In front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves, are the black buck antelopes. Black paint on red ware of Kulli style. Mehi. Second-half of 3rd millennium BCE. [After G.L. Possehl, 1986, Kulli: an exploration of an ancient civilization in South Asia, Centers of Civilization, I, Durham, NC: 46, fig. 18 (Mehi II.4.5), based on Stein 1931: pl. 30. poLa 'zebu' rebus; poLa 'magnetite' ayir = iron dust, any ore (Ma.) aduru = gan.iyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Ka. Siddha_nti Subrahman.ya’ S’astri’s new interpretationof the Amarakos’a, Bangalore, Vicaradarpana Press, 1872, p. 330) DEDR 192 Ta. ayil iron. Ma. ayir,ayiram any ore. Ka. aduru native metal. Tu. ajirdakarba very hard iron V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign 326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327) loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali.lex.) Vikalpa: kamaṛkom ‘ficus’ (Santali); rebus: kampaṭṭam ‘mint’ (Ta.) patra ‘leaf’ (Skt.); rebus: paṭṭarai ‘workshop’ (Ta.) Rebus: lo ‘iron’ (Assamese, Bengali); loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy) lauha = made of copper or iron (Gr.S'r.); metal, iron (Skt.); lo_haka_ra = coppersmith, ironsmith (Pali);lo_ha_ra = blacksmith (Pt.); lohal.a (Or.); lo_ha = metal, esp. copper or bronze (Pali); copper (VS.); loho, lo_ = metal, ore, iron (Si.) loha lut.i = iron utensils and implements (Santali.lex.) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal; koṭ = neck (G.lex.) kōṭu = horns (Ta.) kōḍiya, kōḍe = young bull (G.) Rebus: koḍ = place where artisans work (G.lex.) dol = likeness, picture, form (Santali) [e.g., two tigers, two bulls, duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron (Santali) [Thus, the paired glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]

The principal design feature of Indus Script hieroglyphs or 'signs' in Corpora is the सांगड sāṅgaḍa, which is 'a hypertext orthograph formed of two or more components linked together'. Rebus: sangraha, sangaha 'catalogue, list' is applicable Thus, composite signs are orthographed to complete the cataloguing, listing process of wealth-accounting ledgers. Two unique modifiers occur as superscripts on two composite signs: Sign 51 and Sign327. The modifiers to the basic signs of 'scorpion'; and 'ficus leaf' respectively, may be called attachments which are like ears as superscripts. Read as -karaṇīya 'duty, business' related to bica 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'haematite, ferrite ore'. and loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper'. Thus, the two signs are read as hypertexts:bica -karaṇīya and loh-karaṇīya meaning: 'haematite ore business and copper ore business'. lo 'iron', khār 'blacksmith', 'lohakāra 'coppersmith, ironsmith' (Pali) Sign 51 Sign 52 bica 'karaṇīya 'haematite, ferrite ore duty, business' PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: kod 'workshop' That the orthography of Sign 51 relates to the scorpion's pointed sting is seen from a Mohenjo-daro seal m414. Hypertext variants on Sign list 123 above: Ma. kaṇ, kaṇṇu eye, nipple, star in peacock's tail, bud; Br. xan id., bud. (DEDR 1159) Rebus: Ta. kaṉ copper work, copper, workmanship; kaṉṉāṉ brazier. Ma. kannān id.(DEDR 1402) Hypertext variants on Sign list 124 above: loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper, iron'; ḍato 'claws or pincers of crab' (Santali) rebus: dhatu 'ore' (Santali) The inscription on the seal starts with 'scorpion' hieroglyph on modern impression of seal M-414 from Mohenjo-daro. After CISI Variants of Sign 51 It is seen that in five of these variants of Sign 51, the focus is on the sharp pointed stinger of the scorpion. Examples of inscriptions where both the signs (and variants) occur are seals Harappa h598, :Lothal L-11: Examples clearly associate both 'scorpion' and 'ficus' imageries together on the adjacent segments of the two Harappa and Lothal inscriptions: Harappa inscription segment showing scorpion, ficus leaf Lothal inscription segment showing scorpion, ficus leaf. ḍato =claws of crab (Santali) Rebus: dhātu 'mineral ore'. kāru pincers, tongs. Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri). The first composite sign reads rebus: dula pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper'; thus, lohkhār 'coppersmith' PLUS bicha 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'haematite ore, ferrite ore' (Santali). vŕ̊ścika m. (vr̥ścana -- m. lex.) ʻ scorpion ʼ RV., ʻ cater- pillar covered with bristles ʼ lex. [Variety of form for ʻ scorpion ʼ in MIA. and NIA. due to taboo? <-> √vraśc?] Pa. vicchika -- m. ʻ scorpion ʼ, Pk. vicchia -- , viṁchia -- m., Sh.koh. bičh m. (< *vr̥ści -- ?), Ku. bichī, A. bisā (also ʻ hairy caterpillar ʼ: -- ī replaced by m. ending -- ā), B. Or. bichā, Mth. bīch, Bhoj. Aw.lakh. bīchī, H. poet. bīchī f., bīchā m., G. vīchī, vĩchī m.; -- *vicchuma -- : Paš.lauṛ. uċúm, dar. učum, S. vichū̃ m., (with greater deformation) L.mult. vaṭhũhã, khet. vaṭṭhũha; -- Pk. vicchua -- , viṁchua -- m., L. vichū m., awāṇ. vicchū, P. bicchū m., Or. (Sambhalpur) bichu, Mth. bīchu, H. bicchū, bīchū m., G. vīchu m.; -- Pk. viccu -- , °ua -- , viṁcua -- m., K. byucu m. (← Ind.), P.bhaṭ. biccū, WPah.bhal. biċċū m., cur. biccū, bhiḍ. biċċoṭū n. ʻ young scorpion ʼ, M. vīċũ, vĩċū m. (vĩċḍā m. ʻ large scorpion ʼ), vĩċvī, °ċvīṇ, °ċīṇ f., Ko. viccu, viṁcu, iṁcu. -- N. bacchiũ ʻ large hornet ʼ? (Scarcely < *vapsi -- ~ *vaspi -- ). vr̥ścikapattrikā -- . Addenda: vŕ̊ścika -- : Garh. bicchū, °chī ʻ scorpion ʼ, A. also bichā (phonet. -- s -- ) (CDIAL 12081) The 'ears' hieroglyphs signify:kárṇa 'ear' rebus: karaṇīya -- n. ʻ duty, business ʼ(Pali). Thus, the two signs Sign 51 and Sign 327 are signifiers of smith's duty related to loh 'copper' and bica 'haematiteore'. kárṇa m. ʻ ear, handle of a vessel ʼ RV., ʻ end, tip (?) ʼ RV. ii 34, 3. [Cf. *kāra -- 6] Pa. kaṇṇa -- m. ʻ ear, angle, tip ʼ; Pk. kaṇṇa -- , °aḍaya<-> m. ʻ ear ʼ, Gy. as. pal. eur. kan m., Ash. (Trumpp) karna NTS ii 261, Niṅg. kō̃, Woṭ. kanə, Tir. kana; Paš. kan, kaṇ(ḍ) -- ʻ orifice of ear ʼ IIFL iii 3, 93; Shum. kō̃ṛ ʻ ear ʼ, Woṭ. kan m., Kal. (LSI) kuṛō̃, rumb. kuŕũ, urt. kŕãdotdot; (< *kaṇ), Bshk. kan, Tor. k*lṇ, Kand. kōṇi, Mai. kaṇa, ky. kān, Phal. kāṇ, Sh. gil. ko̯n pl. ko̯ṇí m. (→ Ḍ kon pl. k*lṇa), koh. kuṇ, pales. kuāṇə, K. kan m., kash. pog. ḍoḍ. kann, S. kanu m., L. kann m., awāṇ. khet. kan, P. WPah. bhad. bhal. cam. kann m., Ku. gng. N. kān; A. kāṇ ʻ ear, rim of vessel, edge of river ʼ; B. kāṇ ʻ ear ʼ, Or. kāna, Mth. Bhoj. Aw. lakh. H. kān m., OMarw. kāna m., G. M. kān m., Ko. kānu m., Si. kaṇa, kana. -- As adverb and postposition (ápi kárṇē ʻ from behind ʼ RV., karṇē ʻ aside ʼ Kālid.): Pa. kaṇṇē ʻ at one's ear, in a whisper ʼ; Wg. ken ʻ to ʼ NTS ii 279; Tir. kõ ʻ on ʼ AO xii 181 with (?); Paš. kan ʻ to ʼ; K. kȧni with abl. ʻ at, near, through ʼ, kani with abl. or dat. ʻ on ʼ, kun with dat. ʻ toward ʼ; S. kani ʻ near ʼ, kanã̄ ʻ from ʼ; L. kan ʻ toward ʼ, kannũ ʻ from ʼ, kanne ʻ with ʼ, khet. kan, P. ḍog. kanē ʻ with, near ʼ; WPah. bhal. k*lṇ, °ṇi, keṇ, °ṇi with obl. ʻ with, near ʼ, kiṇ, °ṇiã̄, k*lṇiã̄, keṇ° with obl. ʻ from ʼ; Ku. kan ʻ to, for ʼ; N. kana ʻ for, to, with ʼ; H. kane, °ni, kan with ke ʻ near ʼ; OMarw. kanai ʻ near ʼ, kanã̄ sā ʻ from near ʼ, kã̄nī˜ ʻ towards ʼ; G. kane ʻ beside ʼ.(CDIAL 2830) Rebus; káraṇa n. ʻ act, deed ʼ RV. [√kr̥1] Pa. karaṇa -- n. ʻ doing ʼ; NiDoc. karana, kaṁraṁna ʻ work ʼ; Pk. karaṇa -- n. ʻ instrument ʼ; N. dan -- karnu ʻ toothpick ʼ, kan -- karnu ʻ ear -- pick ʼ; B. karnā, kannā ʻ work, duty ʼ; M. karṇẽ n. ʻ action, deed ʼ; Si. karaṇa ʻ occupation, trade, copulation ʼ; -- P. karnī f. ʻ mason's trowel ʼ (B. D. Jain PhonPj 116 < karaṇḍa -- ); H. karnī f. ʻ mason's trowel ʼ, M. karṇī f.karaṇīya -- ; *āvr̥ttikaraṇa -- , kaṇṭakakaraṇa -- , *nakhakaraṇa -- , nāmakaraṇa -- , bhadrākaraṇa -- , *mūtrakaraṇa -- , *vartakaraṇa -- .karaṇīya ʻ to be done ʼ MBh. [Cf. karaṇi -- f. ʻ action ʼ Bālar., Pk. karaṇi -- f.: √kr̥1]Pa. karaṇīya -- n. ʻ duty, business ʼ, Pk. karaṇīa -- , °ṇijja -- ; S. karṇī f. ʻ work, act ʼ, P. karnī f., Ku. karṇī; N. karni ʻ act, exp. the sexual act ʼ; Or. karaṇī ʻ work, authority ʼ; H. karnī f. ʻ act ʼ, G. karṇī f.; M. karṇī f. ʻ incantation ʼ.(CDIAL 2790, 2791) Modern impression of Harappa Seal h-598 Modern impression of seal L-11 Lothal The third sign is a 'fish' hieroglyph. A painted goblet with the 'three-branched fig tree' motif from Nausharo I D, transitional phase between the Early and Mature Harappan periods (c. 2600-2550 BCE) (After Samzun 1992: 250, fig.29.4 no.2) Sign 327 V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign 326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327) Zebu and nine leaves. In front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves, are the black buck antelopes. Black paint on red ware of Kulli style. Mehi. Second-half of 3rd millennium BCE. [After G.L. Possehl, 1986, Kulli: an exploration of anancient civilization in South Asia, Centers of Civilization, I, Durham, NC: 46, fig. 18 (Mehi II.4.5), based on Stein 1931: pl. 30. Semantic determinative: markhor: mẽḍhā 'markhor' rebus: medhā 'yajña, dhanam'; दु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.);med 'copper' (Slavic) mēthí m. ʻ pillar in threshing floor to which oxen are fastened, prop for supporting carriage shafts ʼ AV., °thī -- f. KātyŚr.com., mēdhī -- f. Divyāv. 2. mēṭhī -- f. PañcavBr.com., mēḍhī -- , mēṭī -- f. BhP. 1. Pa. mēdhi -- f. ʻ post to tie cattle to, pillar, part of a stūpa ʼ; Pk. mēhi -- m. ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ, N. meh(e), miho, miyo, B. mei, Or. maï -- dāṇḍi, Bi. mẽh, mẽhā ʻ the post ʼ, (SMunger) mehā ʻ the bullock next the post ʼ, Mth. meh, mehā ʻ the post ʼ, (SBhagalpur) mīhã̄ ʻ the bullock next the post ʼ, (SETirhut) mẽhi bāṭi ʻ vessel with a projecting base ʼ.2. Pk. mēḍhi -- m. ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ, mēḍhaka<-> ʻ small stick ʼ; K. mīr, mīrü f. ʻ larger hole in ground which serves as a mark in pitching walnuts ʼ (for semantic relation of ʻ post -- hole ʼ see kūpa -- 2); L. meṛhf. ʻ rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor ʼ; P. mehṛ f., mehaṛ m. ʻ oxen on threshing floor, crowd ʼ; OA meṛha, mehra ʻ a circular construction, mound ʼ; Or. meṛhī, meri ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ; Bi. mẽṛ ʻ raised bank between irrigated beds ʼ, (Camparam) mẽṛhā ʻ bullock next the post ʼ, Mth. (SETirhut) mẽṛhā ʻ id. ʼ; M. meḍ(h), meḍhī f., meḍhā m. ʻ post, forked stake ʼ.(CDIAL 10317). Several strokes at the bottom of the sign Rimless pot, signifier of portable furnace smoke/fire. baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron', bhaṭa 'furnace'.bhráṣṭra n. ʻ frying pan, gridiron ʼ MaitrS. [√bhrajj] Pk. bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron ʼ; K. büṭhü f. ʻ level surface by kitchen fireplace on which vessels are put when taken off fire ʼ; S. baṭhu m. ʻ large pot in which grain is parched, large cooking fire ʼ, baṭhī f. ʻ distilling furnace ʼ; L. bhaṭṭh m. ʻ grain -- parcher's oven ʼ, bhaṭṭhī f. ʻ kiln, distillery ʼ, awāṇ. bhaṭh; P. bhaṭṭh m., °ṭhī f. ʻ furnace ʼ, bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ; N. bhāṭi ʻ oven or vessel in which clothes are steamed for washing ʼ; A. bhaṭāʻ brick -- or lime -- kiln ʼ; B. bhāṭi ʻ kiln ʼ; Or. bhāṭi ʻ brick -- kiln, distilling pot ʼ; Mth. bhaṭhī, bhaṭṭī ʻ brick -- kiln, furnace, still ʼ; Aw.lakh. bhāṭhā ʻ kiln ʼ; H. bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ, bhaṭ f. ʻ kiln, oven, fireplace ʼ; M. bhaṭṭām. ʻ pot of fire ʼ, bhaṭṭī f. ʻ forge ʼ. -- X bhástrā -- q.v.bhrāṣṭra -- ; *bhraṣṭrapūra -- , *bhraṣṭrāgāra -- .Addenda: bhráṣṭra -- : S.kcch. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ʻ distil (spirits) *bhraṣṭrapūra ʻ gridiron -- cake ʼ. [Cf. bhrāṣṭraja -- ʻ pro- duced on a gridiron ʼ lex. -- bhráṣṭra -- , pūra -- 2] P. bhaṭhūhar, °hrā, bhaṭhūrā, °ṭhorū m. ʻ cake of leavened bread ʼ; -- or < *bhr̥ṣṭapūra -- . *bhraṣṭrāgāra ʻ grain parching house ʼ. [bhráṣṭra -- , agāra -- ] P. bhaṭhiār, °ālā m. ʻ grainparcher's shop ʼ. .ʼ.(CDIAL 9656 to 9658)

This is an addendum to: https://tinyurl.com/yca5pdcu Arsh gallery, auctioneer, Islamabad presents unprovenanced Indus Script hieroglyphs, hypertexts, all related to rebus metalwork translations. Three unprovenanced seals kept in the gallery are read as Indus Script inscriptions in Meluhha rebus readings related to wealth accounting ledgers, metalwork catalogues. No automatic alt text available.No automatic alt text available.Image may contain: food Seal 1, 2, 3 I suggest that the following three 'signs' on the three Indus Script seals of Arsh gallery -- labeled as Seals 1,2,3 are orthographic variants of Sign 124 (ASI 1977 Mahadevan concordance). Sign 124 reads rebus as Meluhha hypertext: ḍhālako khāṇḍā 'ingots, metalware'. Seal 1 has the pictograph of a peacock : moraka, 'peacock' rebus: morakkaka (loha) 'calcining metal'. Thus, together with Sign 124, the inscription reads: morakaka 'calcining metal' PLUS ḍhālako khāṇḍā 'ingots, metalware'.Pictorial motifs on Seal 2 signify kundaṇa kō̃da कोँद gold furnace, phaḍa, paṭṭaḍa 'metals manufactory': Pictorial motifs on Seal 2: One-horned young bull with a cobra hood in front and perhaps a lady in a dance-step: phaḍa 'cobrahood', rebus: phaḍa, paṭṭaḍa 'metals manufactory' PLUS meḍ 'dance step' rebus: meḍ 'iron, copper' (Santali.Mu.Ho.Slavic languages). The text message on Seal 2: ḍhālako khāṇḍā 'ingots, metalware'; kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin). Seal 3 shows a man standing beside a woman with dance-step and wearing a head-gear with twigs. The man standing is a dhangar 'blacksmith' PLUS kola 'woman' rebus: kolhe 'smelter' PLUS kūdī 'twig' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' The text message is: पोलाद pōlāda, 'crucible steel cake' explained also as mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends (Santali) --पोलाद pōlāda, 'steel' = ukku 'wootz steel' PLUS ḍhālako khāṇḍā 'ingots, metalware'. Sign 124 This sign is a hypertext composed of a slanted stroke ligaturred with a slanted notch. खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. Hieroglyph: dhāḷ 'a slope'; 'inclination' ḍhāla n. ʻ shield ʼ lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- .1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl" ʻ shield ʼ, Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B. ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m.2. Sh. ḍal (pl. °le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. °lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f.Addenda: ḍhāla -- . 2. *ḍhāllā -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhāˋl f. (obl. -- a) ʻ shield ʼ (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f.(CDIAL 5583). ḍhālako a large metal ingot. Sign 293 kuṭila 'bent' CDIAL 3230 kuṭi— in cmpd. 'curve', kuṭika— 'bent' MBh. Rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) Sign 373 I submit that these oval spots signify पोलाद pōlāda, 'crucible steel cake' explained also as mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends (Santali) --पोलाद pōlāda, 'steel' = ukku 'wootz steel' Image result for zebu ingot shape bharatkalyan97 Slide 33. Early Harappan zebu figurine with incised spots from Harappa. Some of the Early Harappan zebu figurines were decorated. One example has incised oval spots. It is also stained a deep red, an extreme example of the types of stains often found on figurines that are usually found in trash and waste deposits. Approximate dimensions (W x H(L) x D): 1.8 x 4.6 x 3.5 cm. (Photograph by Richard H. Meadow) http://www.harappa.com/figurines/33.html The oval spots are shaped like the copper ingots shown on this photograh of Maysar, c. 2200 BCE: Maysar c.2200 BCE Packed copper ingots INGOTSRelated imageCrucible steel button. Steel smelted from iron sand in a graphite crucible.https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crucible_steel_button.jpg See: Indus Script hypertext पोळ pōḷa, 'zebu, bos indicus' signifies pōḷa ‘magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4', पोलाद pōlāda, 'crucible steel cake' https://tinyurl.com/y9so6ubv kod. 'one horn'; kot.iyum [kot., kot.i_ neck] a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal (G.)kamarasa_la = waist-zone, waist-band, belt (Te.)kot.iyum [kot., kot.i_ neck] a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal (G.) [cf. the orthography of rings on the neck of one-horned young bull]. Te. kōḍiya, kōḍe young bull; adj. male (e.g. kōḍe dūḍa bull calf), young, youthful; kōḍekã̄ḍu a young man. Kol. (Haig) kōḍē bull. Nk. khoṛe male calf. Konḍa kōḍi cow; kōṛe young bullock. Pe. kōḍi cow. Manḍ.kūḍi id. Kui kōḍi id., ox. Kuwi (F.) kōdi cow; (S.) kajja kōḍi bull; (Su. P.) kōḍi cow.(DEDR 2199). Ka. gōnde bull, ox. Te. gōda ox. Kol. (SR.) kondā bull; (Kin.) kōnda bullock. Nk (Ch.) kōnda id. Pa. kōnda bison. Ga. (Oll.) kōnde cow; (S.) kōndē bullock. Go. (Tr.) kōnḍā, (other dialects) kōnda bullock, ox (DEDR 2216). खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. kōnda bullock (Kol.Nk.); bison (Pa.)(DEDR 2216). Te. kōḍiya, kōḍe young bull; adj. male (e.g. kōḍe dūḍa bull calf), young, youthful; kōḍekã̄ḍu a young man. Kol. (Haig) kōḍē bull. kōnde cow; (S.) kōndē bullock. Go. (Tr.) kōnḍā, (other dialects) kōnda bullock, ox (DEDR 2216). खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. kōnda bullock (Kol.Nk.); bison (Pa.)(DEDR 2216). Te. kōḍiya, kōḍe young bull; adj. male (e.g. kōḍe dūḍa bull calf), young, youthful; kōḍekã̄ḍu a young man. Kol. (Haig) kōḍē bull. Rebus: kod. = place where artisans work (Gujarati) kod. = a cow-pen; a cattlepen; a byre (G.lex.) gor.a = a cow-shed; a cattleshed; gor.a orak = byre (Santali.lex.) कोंड [ kōṇḍa ] A circular hedge or field-fence. 2 A circle described around a person under adjuration. 3 The circle at marbles. 4 A circular hamlet; a division of a मौजा or village, composed generally of the huts of one caste.कोंडडाव (p. 180) [ kōṇḍaḍāva ] m Ring taw; that form of marble-playing in which lines are drawn and divisions made:--as disting. from अगळडाव The play with holes.कोंडवाड [ kōṇḍavāḍa ] n f C (कोंडणें & वाडा) A pen or fold for cattle.कोंडाळें (p. 180) [ kōṇḍāḷēṃ] n (कुंडली S) A ring or circularly inclosed space. 2 fig. A circle made by persons sitting round. कोंडण kōṇḍaṇa, 'cattlepen' kundaṇa 'goldsmith guild'.since the Marathi word has the meaning: कोंडण kōṇḍaṇa f A fold or pen. Rebus: kunda1 m. ʻ a turner's lathe ʼ lex. [Cf. *cunda -- 1] N. kũdnu ʻ to shape smoothly, smoothe, carve, hew ʼ, kũduwā ʻ smoothly shaped ʼ; A. kund ʻ lathe ʼ, kundiba ʻ to turn and smooth in a lathe ʼ, kundowā ʻsmoothed and rounded ʼ; B. kũd ʻ lathe ʼ, kũdā, kõdā ʻ to turn in a lathe ʼ; Or. kū˘nda ʻ latheʼ, kũdibā, kū̃d° ʻ to turn ʼ (→ Drav. Kur. kū̃d ʻ lathe ʼ); Bi.kund ʻ brassfounder's lathe ʼ; H. kunnā ʻ to shape on a lathe ʼ, kuniyā m. ʻ turner ʼ, kunwā m. (CDIAL 3295). kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra -- : kunda -- 1, kará -- 1] A. kundār, B. kũdār, °ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, °rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ.(CDIAL 3297). Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold.Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725). kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 133); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल् ।कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165)(Kashmiri)

A unique evidence is found from a Rakhigarhi seal with Indus Script inscription to demonstrate the method (tantra yukti) used by Indus engravers, artisans, metalsmiths, to create hieroglyph-multiplexes (hypertexts) to signify precisely a description of the product/s of metalwork catalogue which were the supercargo of a shipment on a boat. Rakhigarhi seal with hieroglyphs: Rhinoceros, arrowhead, arrow in circumscript of Left & Right parenthesis ligatured with a ‘notch’. A brilliant insight of Gadd provides a lead to analyze orthography of Indus Script hieroglyphs to enable precise matching of orthographic components with the semantics of the message in Meluhha (Prakritam). A unique example identified by Gadd is the deployment of a split ellipse as a hieroglyph. An ellipse (also as a rhombus or parenthesis) signifies the semantics of mūhā '(metal) ingot'. An allograph also signifies the semantics: mũhe ‘face’. It is thus deduced that the split ellipse signifies the gloss: mūhā '(metal) ingot'. meḍha 'polar star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) PLUS kuṭi ‘water-carrier’ (Telugu); Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) kuṛī f. ‘fireplace’ (H.); krvṛI f. ‘granary (WPah.); kuṛī, kuṛo house, building’(Ku.)(CDIAL 3232) kuṭi ‘hut made of boughs’ (Skt.) guḍi temple (Telugu) A comparable glyptic representation is provided in a Gadd seal found in an interaction area of the Persian Gulf. Gadd notes that the ‘water-carrier’ seal is is an unmistakable example of an 'hieroglyphic' seal. Seal impression, Ur (Upenn; U.16747); [After Edith Porada, 1971, Remarks on seals found in the Gulf States. Artibus Asiae 33 (4): 331-7: pl.9, fig.5]; water carrier with a skin (or pot?) hung on each end of the yoke across his shoulders and another one below the crook of his left arm; the vessel on the right end of his yoke is over a receptacle for the water; a star on either side of the head (denoting supernatural?). The whole object is enclosed by 'parenthesis' marks. The parenthesis is perhaps a way of splitting of the ellipse (Hunter, G.R., JRAS, 1932, 476). Gadd has demonstrated how an ellipse may be broken into parenthesis marks contituting hieroglyph component pair. His insight is that an ellipse split into parenthesis of two curved lines ( ) signifies hieroglyph writing. I suggest that the hieroglyph components signify the orthography which matches an 'ingot' formation -- a four-cornered ellipse a little pointed at each end. This shows that splitting an ellipse as in Sign 373 results in Left parenthesis and Right parenthesis, both of which are used as circumscript on Rakhigarhi seal to enclose a 'notch' PLUS 'circumflex or caret'. On the Rakhigarhi seal, a fine distinction is made between two orthographic options for signifying an arrow with fine pronunciation variants, to distinguish between an arrowhead and an arrow: kaNDa, kANDa. The word kANDa is used by Panini in an expression ayaskANDa to denote a quantity of iron, excellent iron (Pāṇ.gaṇ) i.e., metal (iron/copper alloy). This expression ayas+ kāṇḍa अयस्--काण्ड is signified by hieroglyphs: aya 'fish' PLUS kāṇḍa, 'arrow' as shown on Kalibangan Seal 032. An allograph for this hieroglyph 'arrowhead' is gaNDa 'four' (short strokes) as seen on Mohenjo-daro seal M1118. Rebus: ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = metal (Skt.) Thus, the arrowhead is signified by the hieroglyph which distinguishes the arrowhead as a triangle attached to a reedpost or handle of tool/weapon. As distinct from this orthographic representation of 'arrowhead' with a triangle PLUS attached linear stroke, an arrow is signified by an angle ^ (Caret; Circumflex accent; Up arrow) with a linear stroke ligatured, as in the Rakhigarhi seal. To reinforce the distinction between 'arrow' and 'arrowhead' in Indus Script orthography, a notch is added atop the tip of the circumflex accent. Both the hieroglyph-components are attested in Indian sprachbund with a variant pronunciation: khANDA. खााडा [ kāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) (Marathi) It is thus clear that the morpheme kANDa denotes an arrowhead, while the ^ circumflex accent hieroglyph is intended to signify rebus: kāṇḍā 'edge of tool or weapon' or a sharp edged implement, like a sword. In Indian sprachbund, the word which denotes a sword is khaṁḍa -- m. ʻswordʼ(Prakritam). In the hieroglyph-multiplex of Rakhigarhi seal inscription, the left and right parentheses are used as circumscript to provide phonetic determination of the gloss: khaṁḍa -- m. ʻswordʼ (Prakritam), while the ligaturing element of 'notch' is intended to signify खााडा [ kāṇḍā ] 'A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon)' Rebus: kaNDa 'implements' (Santali). Thus, the hieroglyph-multiplex is read rebus as kaNDa 'implements' PLUS khaṁḍa ʻswordʼ. The supercargo is thus catalogued on the seal as: 1. arrowheads; 2. metal implements and ingots; 3. swords. The hieroglyph 'rhinoceros is: kANDA rebus: kaNDa 'implements/weapons'. The entire inscription or metalwork catalogue message on Rakhigarhi seal can be deciphered: kaNDa 'implements/weapons' (Rhinoceros) PLUS खााडा [ kāṇḍā ] 'weapons' PLUS mūhā 'cast ingots'(Left and Right parentheses as split rhombus or ellipse). Thus, the supercargo consignment documented by this metalwork catalogue on Rakhigarhi seal is: metal (alloy) swords, metal (alloy) implements, metal cast ingots. Rakhigarhi seal Hieroglyph-multiplex on Rakhigarhi seal. M1118 Kalibangan032 See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/supercaro-ingots-1-of-cast-metal-2-for.html This monograph deciphers m1429 Prism tablet with Indus inscriptions on 3 sides. Three Sided Moulded Tablet with a boat and crocodile+fish Indus inscription Fired clay L.4.6 cm W. 1.2 cm Indus valley, Mohenjo-daro,MD 602, Harappan,ca 2600 -1900 BCE Islamabad Museum, Islamabad NMP 1384,

bākh 'udder' bakkhi 'rib' rebus bakhār 'storehouse' khār 'blacksmith', hypertext vakhār 'merchant' This is an addendum to: Young bull kār-kunda 'manager' with unique orthographic ligatures elucidates metallurgical competence of 'lapidary, goldsmith, turner' in mint https://tinyurl.com/y4uh3ywq vákṣas n. ʻ breast, chest ʼ RV.Pk. vakkha -- , vaccha -- n. ʻ chest ʼ; Sh.gil. baṣ m. ʻ lung ʼ, pales. bāṣ, jij. bāṣ (with low tone), kōl. bhāṣ; K. wach m. ʻ chest, bosom ʼ; L. vakkhī f., (Ju.) vakhī f. ʻ side below the ribs ʼ, awāṇ. vakkhī ʻ sides ʼ; P. vakkh, ba˚ f. ʻ the side ʼ, vakkhī, ba˚ f. ʻ side under armpit, rib ʼ, ḍog. bakhẽ adv. ʻ on the side of ʼ; WPah.bhad. ḍḷakh, ḍhḷakh ʻ side ʼ; H. bākh, bāk m. ʻ udder ʼ. -- Ash. wāš ʻ belly ʼ (NTS ii 285) rather < ūˊbadhya -- .(CDIAL 11188) vakṣaskāra m. ʻ basket ʼ (ʻ portions of Jaina works ʼ cf. Buddh. piṭaka -- ) Jain. [Prob. sanskritization of MIA. vakkhāra -- : see also *vyāskara -- ]Pk. vakkhāra -- m. ʻ granary ʼ, ˚aya -- n. ʻ women's quarters ʼ; S. vakhāra f. ʻ warehouse ʼ; P.ludh. bakhārā m. ʻ basket, granary ʼ, bakhārī, bukh˚ f. ʻ granary ʼ; Bi. bakhār, ˚rī ʻ straw or brushwood granary in the open ʼ (semant. cf. *jabbu -- ), Mth. bakhārī; H. bakkhar, bākhar m. ʻ house ʼ, bakhār, ˚rī f. ʻ storehouse, granary ʼ, G. vakhār f. (whence vakhārī m. ʻ warehouse -- keeper, merchant ʼ), M. vakhār f. (LM 401 < avaskara -- ).(CDIAL 11189) This may explain bakshi 'treasurer' (Hindi) "Bakshi is a surname and also a honorific given name or title that was given to Administrator / Paymasters and Commander in Chief of armies by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and other rulers during their reigns." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakshi "Pendant or medallion [from Mohenjo-daro] pictures the unicorn combined with many sacred symbols of the Indus religion. The body of the figure has a womb-shaped symbol in its belly, the same motif is elaborated to form the frame for the pendant, which is also a common design for shell inlay. Two leaf shapes of the sacred pipal tree are depicted at the animals shoulders and rump. A ritual offering stand is placed in front of the image. The deeply incised frame and the symbols on the unicorn would have been set with inlay." (J.M. Kenoyer, Indus Civilization, p. 188) https://www.harappa.com/blog/unicorn-pendant m1656 Mohenjodro Pectoral. The body of the young bull has the pictograph signified on the body. Arka flipped vertically and signified on the body of the young bull on pectoral, as shown below. The young bull signifies Hieroglyph: kõda 'young bull-calf'. Rebus: kundaṇa 'fine gold'; kār-kund 'manager'. The overflowing pot atop the one-horned young bull is an Indus Script hypertext. The rebus reading in Meluhha of the overflowing pot is: lokhaṇḍa 'metal tools, pots and pans, metalware' (Marathi) The expression is composed of two words: '(pot etc.) to overflow' and 'water'. The rebus readings are: 1. (B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. @B24310. #20851. Re(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. (Munda ) Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi) . காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண்டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16). Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘metal tools, pots and pans’ (Marathi). Thus, the overflowing pot is a hypertext to signify metal tools, pots and pans of copper, made by .the young bull kār-kunda 'manager' who works as an artisan with the metallurgical competence of 'lapidary, goldsmith, turner' in mint. The monograph is organized in the following eight sections: 1. Symbol of one-horn of the bovine 2. Symbols of rings on neck-- Semantic determinative of kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. కోడెదూడ. A young bull. 3. Hieroglyph: neck, rings on neck: 4. Symbol highlights rump or thigh or hind leg 5. Pannier or double-sack symbol on the shoulder-- Semantic determinative of खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf 6. Womb symbol with sharp rays on the belly -- signifies खर 'sharp' PLUS amśu 'rays, lustre, brilliance' 7. m1656 Pectoral highlights a young bull. The young bull (so-called unicorn) with this ligature of 'womb' is read rebus: खर-अंशुः the sun.rebus: kār-kunda ' 'manager; खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi); कोंद kōnda 'young bull' 8. The shovelform sack or pannier on shoulder is a semantic determinative of खोंड khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi); कोंद kōnda 'young bull' This monograph reads rebus in Meluhha expressions, the symbols signified on the composition often referred to as 'unicorn' in front of a standard device (lathe + portable furnace). This decipherment is central to the purpose served by over 8000 Indus Script incriptions, the raison d'etre of the messaging or documentation of the work performed by artisans to create the wealth of a nation, since 75 to 80% of these inscriptions contain the pictorial motifs of 1. 'unicorn' and 2. standard device. These pictorial motifs recorded from ca. 3300 BCE, are the ātmā, the puruṣārtha of the Civilization of the Bronze Age. पुरुषा* र्थ m. any object of human pursuit; any one of the four objects or aims of existence (viz. काम , the gratification of desire ; अर्थ , acquirement of wealth ; धर्म , discharge of duty ; मोक्ष , final emancipation) (मनु-स्मृति,प्रबोध-चन्द्रोदय, कपिल) ( -त्व n. ) सांख्यकारिका &c; human effort or exertion (महाभारत, रामायण) &c (Monier-Williams)This is an addendum to: The 'unicorn' of Indus Script is کار کنده kār-kunda ' 'manager, director, adroit, clever, experienced' (Pashto) https://tinyurl.com/y3fqtu55 The 'unicorn' is the defining hypertext of Sarasvati civilization. Unique orthographic ligatures on the bovine provide leads to decipher the Indus Script Cipher. "The animal most often represented on the seals is the apparently single-horned beast . . .. There is a possibility, I think, that the artist intended to represent one horn behind the other. In other animals, however, the two horns are shown quite distinctly. In some respects the body of this beast, which is always a male, resembles that of an antelope of heavy build, such as the eland or oryx, and in others that of an ox. The long tuffed tail may belong to either class. The horn is sometimes smooth . . . sometimes it has transverse ridges. In the latter case, the possibility of the creature being an ox is ruled out. The long pointed ears are also characteristic of the antelope. Perhaps we have here a fabulous animal which is a composite of the ox and antelope. And yet to the casual eye there is nothing fantastic about it, as about some of the other animals represented on seals; nor does it in any way resemble the unicorn of heraldry, which is made up of different parts of a number of animals, though it must be noted that the traditional unicorn was supposed to have originated in India" [Marshall, John, Mohenjo-daro and The Indus Civilization, Vol. II, p.382]. Source: https://www.harappa.com/content/first-unicorn-seals "Pendant or medallion [from Mohenjo-daro] pictures the unicorn combined with many sacred symbols of the Indus religion. The body of the figure has a womb-shaped symbol in its belly, the same motif is elaborated to form the frame for the pendant, which is also a common design for shell inlay. Two leaf shapes of the sacred pipal tree are depicted at the animals shoulders and rump. A ritual offering stand is placed in front of the image. The deeply incised frame and the symbols on the unicorn would have been set with inlay." (J.M. Kenoyer, Indus Civilization, p. 188) https://www.harappa.com/blog/unicorn-pendant 1. Symbol of one-horn of the bovine kōḍu 'horn' Rebus koḍ 'workplace' 2. Symbols of rings on neck-- Semantic determinative of kōḍe. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. కోడెదూడ. A young bull. Seal m0296 vividly emphasises the rings on neckof the young bull. 3. Hieroglyph: neck, rings on neck: Two readings are suggested: Reading 1: खांद khānda m (खांदा) The shoulder, or the upper part of the back, or the back of the neck (of men or beasts); when considered with reference to carrying or to burdens. Ex. पालखीला खांद घातला- दिल्हा; खांद आला; खांद सुजला. Rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' Reading 2: koṭiyum [koṭ, koṭī neck] a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal (Gujarati) [cf. the orthography of rings on the neck of one-horned young bull]. Ka. kuttige throat, neck, throat and neck. Te. kutika, kutuka throat; kuttika, kuttuka throat, gullet, voice, tone; gontu, gontuka throat, voice, tone. Nk. kutka throat. Pa. kunda gōlu nape of the neck. Konḍa gotika throat; (Sova dial.) kutu neck. Pe. kuta, in: kuta asponḍ hiccough. Manḍ. kuta ahponḍ id. Kuwi (Ṭ.) kuta, in: kuta ve'uri id.; (F.) kūta vē'ūri aiyali to hiccough; (S.) kūtha wiuri hicock (sic); (for ve'uri, see 5383).(DEDR 1718) P. kuṇḍal m. ʻ iron ring round an ox's neck, coil, ear -- ring ʼ, ˚lī f. ʻ ring, coil, curl ʼ (CDIAL 3268). I suggest that this is a semantic determinative of the 1) one-horn; hieroglhyph; 2) the workshop in which the artisan works and 3) the bovine which is a young bull : koḍiyum 'ring on neck' rebus: koḍ 'workplace'. Semantic determinative for: kōḍu 'horn' Rebus koḍ 'workplace' koḍiyum ‘youngbull’; kōḍiya, kōḍe 'young bull' (Gujarati). Rebus: koṭ ‘workshop’ (Kuwi) koṭe = forge (Santali)Rebus: ācāri koṭṭya ‘smithy’ (Tu.)

Thanks to Tom Van Bakel who has clustered together nine cylinder seals of Ancient Near East with hieroglyphs of one, two, three round pebbles or stones PLUS other hieroglyphs. I suggest that the cylinder seals from Number0 to Number 8 signify Indus Script Hypertexts which are Meluhha wealth accounting ledgers, metalwork catalogues Indus Script Hieroglyphs: roundish pebbles + body: gōṭā 'round pebble, stone' rebus: खोट [khōṭa] Alloyed--a metal PLUS meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) One pebble signifies: koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'; two pebbles signify: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; three pebbles signify: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. kuṭhāru 'a monkey' (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer or weapons' arye 'lion' rebus: arā 'brass' One-horned young bull is an Indus Script hypertext composed of hieroglyphs: 1. young bull; 2. horns; 3. rings on neck; 4. cowl (pannier). A hypertext composed of body parts is sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. Rebus: jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’; jāṅgaḍa f (Hindi) Goods taken from a shop, to be retained or returned. The artisan's workshop and the work of the engraver, lapidary infixing gems are signified by the hieroglyph components which are read: koḍ, 'workshop', kōnda ‘engraver', kōndaṇa, 'lapidary infixing gems', kundaṇa 'pure gold' 1, kōḍe, kōnda ‘young bull' (Telugu, Marathi) 2. kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn (Pargi) 3. kot.iyum = a wooden circle (ring) put round the neck of an animal; kot. = neck (Gujarati) 4. khōṇḍā 'cowl or hood' Rebus 1: kōnda ‘engraver', kōndaṇa 'lapidary infixing gems’ working with , kundaṇa 'pure gold' Rebus 2: koḍ 'artisan's workshop' (Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) Number 0 British Museum number89555 Description; contest scene; the design consists of three pairs of contestants: a lion and a bull (?) which looks back over its shoulder at its assailant; a hero (full-face), naked except for a triple belt, and an inverted bull; a bull (?) looking back at an attacking lion, antithetically placed in relation to the first group. In the field, three drill-holes one above the other; a scorpion; two drill-holes alternating with two cuneiform signs; a pot, a monkey, a ball-and-staff; a "bow-legged dwarf"; slightly chipped along the upper edge. Culture/period: Old Babylonian Materials: hematite Technique: drilled Dimensions: Height: 2.7 centimetres, Diameter: 1.8 centimetres: Inscription Transliteration: utu. Inscription Translation: Shamash. meḍha 'polar star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) Indus Script Hieroglyphs: roundish pebbles + body: gōṭā 'round pebble, stone' rebus: खोट [khōṭa] Alloyed--a metal PLUS meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) One pebble signifies: koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'; two pebbles signify: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; three pebbles signify: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. kuṭhāru 'a monkey' (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer or weapons' arye 'lion' rebus: arā 'brass' One-horned young bull is an Indus Script hypertext composed of hieroglyphs: 1. young bull; 2. horns; 3. rings on neck; 4. cowl (pannier). A hypertext composed of body parts is sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. Rebus: jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’; jāṅgaḍa f (Hindi) Goods taken from a shop, to be retained or returned. The artisan's workshop and the work of the engraver, lapidary infixing gems are signified by the hieroglyph components which are read: koḍ, 'workshop', kōnda ‘engraver', kōndaṇa, 'lapidary infixing gems', kundaṇa 'pure gold' 1, kōḍe, kōnda ‘young bull' (Telugu, Marathi) 2. kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn (Pargi) 3. kot.iyum = a wooden circle (ring) put round the neck of an animal; kot. = neck (Gujarati) 4. khōṇḍā 'cowl or hood' Rebus 1: kōnda ‘engraver', kōndaṇa 'lapidary infixing gems’ working with , kundaṇa 'pure gold' Rebus 2: koḍ 'artisan's workshop' (Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) Number 1 Museum number: 89681 Description: contest scene; antithetical group consisting of two crossed lions (heads seen from above) in the centre, each attacking an antelope which looks back over its shoulder at the small figure of a priest facing right, holding a "sprinkler" and standing on a three-stepped dais, with a small "bow-legged" dwarf on a base-line before him. Spaces in the design are filled by ten drill-holes arranged in pairs. Behind the priest are the signs formng the inscription. Line border around the bottom of the design. Culture/period: Old Babylonian (early) Acquired: South Iran, Fars (province),Marv Dasht, Persepolis Materials: hematite Technique: drilled Dimensions: Height: 2.3 centimetres, Diameter: 1.25 centimetres Inscription Transliteration: utu. Inscription Translation: Shamash. koṭhāri 'crucible' Rebus: koṭhāri 'treasurer, warehouse'. Indus Script Hieroglyphs: roundish pebbles + body: gōṭā 'round pebble, stone' rebus: खोट [khōṭa] Alloyed--a metal PLUS meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) One pebble signifies: koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'; two pebbles signify: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; three pebbles signify: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. kuṭhāru 'a monkey' (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer or weapons' Number 2 A bearded god wearing a round cap, a long , decorated mantle, and bracelets and holding a small cup is seated on a richly decorated stool, his feet resting on a low footstool. He is approached by a worshiper in a long decorated mantle. Behind the worshiper appears a goddess who wears an elaborate horned crown, a kaunukes, and a bracelets and has both hands raised. Between the seated god and the worshipper appear a crescent, a comb-shaped symbol, and a libation vessel; between the worshipper and the standing goddess are three large globes. Behind the seated god appears a seated dog or jackal supporting a crook on its head. At the end of the scene are two large globes, above which is a panel with two lines of inscription. Number 49 Hematite, 19x11mm. Ancient Oriental seals in the collection of Mrs. Agnes Baldwin Brett by Hans Henning vorn der Osten koṭhāri 'crucible' Rebus: koṭhāri 'treasurer, warehouse'. Person with six curls of hair: bata 'six' rebus: bata 'furnace' PLUS dhangar 'bull' dhangar 'blacksmith' kuṭhāru 'a monkey' (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer or weapons' One-horned young bull is an Indus Script hypertext composed of hieroglyphs: 1. young bull; 2. horns; 3. rings on neck; 4. cowl (pannier). A hypertext composed of body parts is sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. Rebus: jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’; jāṅgaḍa f (Hindi) Goods taken from a shop, to be retained or returned. The artisan's workshop and the work of the engraver, lapidary infixing gems are signified by the hieroglyph components which are read: koḍ, 'workshop', kōnda ‘engraver', kōndaṇa, 'lapidary infixing gems', kundaṇa 'pure gold' 1, kōḍe, kōnda ‘young bull' (Telugu, Marathi) 2. kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn (Pargi) 3. kot.iyum = a wooden circle (ring) put round the neck of an animal; kot. = neck (Gujarati) 4. khōṇḍā 'cowl or hood' Rebus 1: kōnda ‘engraver', kōndaṇa 'lapidary infixing gems’ working with , kundaṇa 'pure gold' Rebus 2: koḍ 'artisan's workshop' (Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) Number 3: A.276. Scène d'intercession. Un personnage à la tête rasée, vêtu du châle à franges,se tient debout, la main droite sur le poignet gauche, en face du Roi. Le dieu, coiffé du turban et vêtu du châle à franges, porte la main gauche à la ceintureet tient un cornet dans la main droite; il est assis sur un tabouret recouvert de kaunakès, et ses pieds reposent sur un degré.Une déesse, coiffée de la tiare multicorneet vêtue dekaunakès, accompagne le client et fait le geste d'intercession. Dans le champ, croissant surmonté d'un disque. Époque d'Our. — Hématite. 23 X 13 mm. - Inv.: AO 2270 (Acquisen 1893.) Dans le champ, croissant surmonté d'un disque évidé, cercopithèque, trois globes, vase et bâton de mesure. Au revers du cylindre, Gilgamesh nu, le corps sanglé dans une ceinture, pose le pied sur la tête d'un taureau qu'il tient par la queue et par l'une des Époque d'Our. -Hématite.-24 X 15 mm. Inv. : NUI, 580: N.3500. Planche 77,fig 23. Translation: Scene of intercession. A shaven-headed man, wearing a fringed shawl, stands with his right hand on his left wrist in front of the King. The god, wearing a turban and wearing a fringed shawl, carries his left hand to the waist, and holds a cornet in his right hand; he is seated on a stool covered with kaunakes, and his feet rest on one degree. A goddess, wearing the multicolored tiara and dressed in dekaunakès, accompanies the client and makes the gesture of intercession. In the field, growing surmounted by a disc. -In the field, crescent surmounted by a hollow disc, cercopithecus, three globes, vase and measuring stick. On the back of the cylinder, Gilgamesh, naked, with his body strapped into a belt, places his foot on the head of a bull that he holds by the tail. koṭhāri 'crucible' Rebus: koṭhāri 'treasurer, warehouse'. Indus Script Hieroglyphs: roundish pebbles + body: gōṭā 'round pebble, stone' rebus: खोट [khōṭa] Alloyed--a metal PLUS meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) One pebble signifies: koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'; two pebbles signify: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; three pebbles signify: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.