Field symbol: sāṅgaḍa 'joines animals' rebus: sāṅgaḍa 'Maritime canoe-float'; jangada 'double-canoe' Composed ofbarad, balad 'ox' Rebus: baran 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) bharata bharata 'metal alloy' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi) खोदगिरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving + singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny-horned' rebus: singin 'ornament gold' mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu 'copper' Trade cargo manifest of double-canoe from circular hamlet of Mauja, village Allograph. kōṇḍa 'circular hamlet of Mauja, village' (Marathi)

Occam's razor framework for Indus Script Cipher is simple. Each grapheme is a Meluhha expression of metal-and wood-work artifice of trade guilds of Bronze Age.

--An extraordinary example of citralekhanam of anthropomorph on tablet in bas relief h1144B—chief of guild and maritime metals merchant --śrēṣṭhin khār ‘guild-masterblacksmith’; Kalibangan seal k51

All graphemes are composed as trade glossary.

M377. Text 3120 ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy' (Rigveda) PLUS adaren ‘lid’ rebus: aduru ‘native metal’ (Kannada) mūṣā ‘cover’ rebus: muha ‘iron ingot’ ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin’ rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. śrēṣṭhin khār ‘squirrel’ rebus: śrēṣṭhin khār ‘guild-master blacksmith’+ मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end (of a stick) Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Semantic determinant) dāṭu 'cross' rebus: dhatu = mineral (Santali) Hindi. dhāṭnā 'to send out, pour out, cast (metal)' (CDIAL 6771) kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe' कर्णिक 'steersman, helmsman’

Maritime trade by seafaring Meluhha merchants is a key contributor to the wealth of Bharata nation handling distribution of the cargo of tin ingots from Ancient Far East to the Ancient Near East. This monograph posits this as an addendum to: Evidence for economic history, Indus Script Corpora, Arthaśāstra, wealth of the nation of Bharat of R̥gveda times https://tinyurl.com/y887x9y2 AFE- Ancient Far East (beyond Malaka (Straits of Malacca), Meluhha) ANE - Ancient Near East On the cylinder seal which shows a Meluhha merchant and his associate, Shu-ilishu interpreter's transaction with the Meluhha (Malaka) merchant may have invoved a boat-load of tin ingots from Ancient Far East routed through Mohenjo-daro's seafaring merchant. This is evidenced on a prism seal of Mohenjo-daro which shows a boat with cargo of 'ox-hide' type ingots and with Indus Script Hypertexts. meḍho 'helper of merchant' rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic) Face of the lady accompanying the Meluhha merchant. She carries a ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin'. The bearded man, merchant carries a mlekh 'antelope' rebus: meluhha, milakkhu, mleccha 'copper (merchant)', meluhha speaker. A crucible occupies the field; kuṭhāru 'crucible' rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer'. The Akkadian merchant is apparently an armourer who needs the tin traded by the seafaring Meluhha merchant. Shu-ilishu cylinder seal of eme-bal, interpreter. Akkadian. Cylinder seal Impression. Inscription records that it belongs to ‘S’u-ilis’u, Meluhha interpreter’, i.e., translator of the Meluhhan language (EME.BAL.ME.LUH.HA.KI) The Meluhhan being introduced carries an goat on his arm. Musee du Louvre. Ao 22 310, Collection De Clercq 3rd millennium BCE. The Meluhhan is accompanied by a lady carrying a kamaṇḍalu. The goat on the trader's hand is a phonetic determinant -- that he is Meluhha. This is decrypted based on the word for the goat: mlekh 'goat' (Brahui); mr..eka 'goat' (Telugu) Rebus: mleccha'copper' (Samskritam); milakkhu 'copper' (Pali) Thus the sea-faring merchant carrying the goat is a copper (and tin) trader from Meluhha. The jar carried by the accompanying person is a liquid measure:ranku 'liquid measure' Rebus: ranku 'tin'. A hieroglyph used to denote ranku may be seen on the two pure tin ingots found in a shipwreck in Haifa. That Pali uses the term ‘milakkhu’ is significant (cf. Uttarādhyayana Sūtra 10.16) and reinforces the concordance between ‘mleccha’ and ‘milakkhu’ (a pronunciation variant) and links the language with ‘meluhha’ as a reference to a language in Mesopotamian texts and in the cylinder seal of Shu-ilishu. [Possehl, Gregory, 2006, Shu-ilishu’s cylinder seal, Expedition, Vol. 48, No. 1http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/48-1/What%20in%20the%20World.pdf] This seal shows a sea-faring Meluhha merchant who needed a translator to translate meluhha speech into Akkadian. The translator’s name was Shu-ilishu as recorded in cuneiform script on the seal. This evidence rules out Akkadian as the Indus or Meluhha language and justifies the search for the proto-Indian speech from the region of the Sarasvati river basin which accounts for 80% (about 2000) archaeological sites of the civilization, including sites which have yielded inscribed objects such as Lothal, Dwaraka, Kanmer, Dholavira, Surkotada, Kalibangan, Farmana, Bhirrana, Kunal, Banawali, Chandigarh, Rupar, Rakhigarhi. The language-speakers in this basin are likely to have retained cultural memories of Indus language which can be gleaned from the semantic clusters of glosses of the ancient versions of their current lingua francaavailable in comparative lexicons and nighanṭu-s. The antelope, in Sanskrit mlekh, may confi rm the man as a speaker of Meluhha, in Sanskrit mleccha (Kalyanaraman, S. 2006. Bronze Age Trade and Writing System of Meluhha (Mleccha) Evidenced by Tin Ingots from the Near Vicinity of Haifa. [For Bronze Age Trade Workshop in 5ICAANE, April 5, 2006]. www.ebookuniverse.net/bronze-age-tradeand-writing-system-meluhha-(mleccha)-pdf-d218620, 30.05.2013, p.6). It is possible that the hypertext of crocodile PLU fish signified on m1429 Mohenjo-daro prism tablet, which reads aya 'fish' rebus aya 'metal alloy' PLUS karā 'crocodile' rebus: khār 'blacksmith' may also extend semantically to Akkadian kārum, seaport (merchant) to reach tin from AFE to its destination in Anatolia. It is remarkable that the hypertext of crocodile PLUS fish is also signified on a cylinder seal of Rakhigarhi. I suggest that the hypertext is a signifier of contact with Karum, seaport in Kanesh, Anatolia. The Indus Script inscription of Rakhigarhi seal has been deciphered. Prism seal of Mohenjo-daro m 1429 Three sided molded tablet. One side shows a flat bottomed boat with a central hut that has leafy fronds at the top of two poles. Two birds sit on the deck and a large double rudder extends from the rear of the boat. On the second side is a snout nosed gharial with a fish in its mouth. The third side has eight symbols of the Indus script. Material: terra cotta Dimensions: 4.6 cm length, 1.2 x 1.5 cm width Mohenjo-daro, MD 602 Islamabad Museum, NMP 1384 Dales 1965a: 147, 1968: 39 bagala ‘pleiades’ Rebus: bagalo = an Arabian merchant vessel (G.) bagala = an Arab boat of a particular description (Ka.); bagalā (M.); bagarige, bagarage = a kind of vessel (Kannada) This Mohenjo-daro prism tablet signifies on Side A a pair of palm trees flanking two oxhide ingots. It has been suggested that the hieroglyphs on all three sides of the tablet are read rebus to signify a metalwork catalogue of cargo carried on the boat (bagala?). Side A; tāḷa 'palm trees' rebus: ḍhāḷa 'large ingot (oxhide)' karaḍa 'aquatic bird' rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy' Side B: ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS karā 'crocodile' rebus: khār 'blacksmith', thus aya-kara 'metalsmith' Side C: from l.to r. Part 1: karaNika 'spread legs' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo' kanka, karṇaka 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, script, engraver' dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' muh 'ingot' khāṇḍā 'notch' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements, fire-altar' Part 2: kanka, karṇaka 'rim of jar' reebus: karṇī 'supecargo, script, engrave' ayo, aya 'fish' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint' kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy' PLUS mũhã̄ kolimi 'ingot smithy, forge'. Thus, the inscription on the three sides signifies mint, metalwork, hard alloys,metalcastings ingots, metal implements from smithy/forge. 1.. Sign 389, bun-ingot shape (oval) + 'twig', i.e. ingots produced from a smelter. This indicates that copper plates on which this hypertext occurs with high frequency are accounting ledgers of products produced from a smelter. 2. Sign 387, bun-ingot shape (oval) + 'riceplant', i.e. ingots worked on in a smithy/forge. This hypertext DOES NOT occur on copper plates. This indicates that Sign 387 signifies ingots processed in a smithy/forge, i.e. to forge ingots into metalware, tools, implements, weapons. The two distinctly orthographed Indus Script hypertexts signify 1. mũhã̄ kuṭhi 'ingot smelter', 2. mũhã̄ kolami 'ingot smithy, forge'. Hieroglyph: tamar 'palm' (Hebrew). Rebus: tamba 'copper' (Santali) tamra id .(Samskrtam)See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/07/indus-script-hieroglyphs-on-ancient.html Cylinder seal found at Rakhigarhi Fish+ crocodile: aya, ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'; karA 'crocodile'rebus:khAr 'blacksmith' dATu 'cross' rebus: dhAtu 'ore,mineral' śrētrī ʻ ladder ʼ.rebus: seṭṭhin -- m. ʻ guild -- master (Pali) sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Sign 186 *śrētrī ʻ ladder ʼ. [Cf. śrētr̥ -- ʻ one who has recourse to ʼ MBh. -- See śrití -- . -- √śri]Ash. ċeitr ʻ ladder ʼ (< *ċaitr -- dissim. from ċraitr -- ?).(CDIAL 12720)*śrēṣṭrī2 ʻ line, ladder ʼ. [For mng. ʻ line ʼ conn. with √śriṣ2 cf. śrḗṇi -- ~ √śri. -- See śrití -- . -- √śriṣ2]Pk. sēḍhĭ̄ -- f. ʻ line, row ʼ (cf. pasēḍhi -- f. ʻ id. ʼ. -- < EMIA. *sēṭhī -- sanskritized as śrēḍhī -- , śrēṭī -- , śrēḍī<-> (Col.), śrēdhī -- (W.) f. ʻ a partic. progression of arithmetical figures ʼ); K. hēr, dat. °ri f. ʻ ladder ʼ.(CDIAL 12724) Rebus: śrḗṣṭha ʻ most splendid, best ʼ RV. [śrīˊ -- ]Pa. seṭṭha -- ʻ best ʼ, Aś.shah. man. sreṭha -- , gir. sesṭa -- , kāl. seṭha -- , Dhp. śeṭha -- , Pk. seṭṭha -- , siṭṭha -- ; N. seṭh ʻ great, noble, superior ʼ; Or. seṭha ʻ chief, principal ʼ; Si. seṭa, °ṭu ʻ noble, excellent ʼ. śrēṣṭhin m. ʻ distinguished man ʼ AitBr., ʻ foreman of a guild ʼ, °nī -- f. ʻ his wife ʼ Hariv. [śrḗṣṭha -- ]Pa. seṭṭhin -- m. ʻ guild -- master ʼ, Dhp. śeṭhi, Pk. seṭṭhi -- , siṭṭhi -- m., °iṇī -- f.; S. seṭhi m. ʻ wholesale merchant ʼ; P. seṭh m. ʻ head of a guild, banker ʼ, seṭhaṇ, °ṇī f.; Ku.gng. śēṭh ʻ rich man ʼ; N. seṭh ʻ banker ʼ; B. seṭh ʻ head of a guild, merchant ʼ; Or. seṭhi ʻ caste of washermen ʼ; Bhoj. Aw.lakh. sēṭhi ʻ merchant, banker ʼ, H. seṭh m., °ṭhan f.; G. śeṭh, śeṭhiyɔ m. ʻ wholesale merchant, employer, master ʼ; M. śeṭh, °ṭhī, śeṭ, °ṭī m. ʻ respectful term for banker or merchant ʼ; Si. siṭu, hi° ʻ banker, nobleman ʼ H. Smith JA 1950, 208 (or < śiṣṭá -- 2?)(CDIAL 12725, 12726)

-- Tributes, Indus Script hieroglyphs, from Musiri to Shalamaneser are gold and other wealth product imports from Meluhha -- Imports from Meluhha into Ancient Near East include wood, metals, metal equipment, weapons, precious stones, gems and jewels, all signified by Indus Script hieroglyphs read rebus in Meluhha -- Imports included सांगड sāṅgaḍa 'combined animals, hieroglyphs' rebus: सांगड sāṅgaḍa 'double-canoe, raft' (This is archaeologically validated by the shipwreck of sewn boats from Kerala at Ayn Soukhna, north of Suez Canal on the Red Sea.) See: Catamarans built in Malabar coast compare with sewn boats of 19th cent.BCE Ain Sukhna, a Red sea port http://tinyurl.com/hqbne2m The animals displayed on Shalamaneser Black Obelisk are pasaramu 'cattle' rebus: prasāra ʻtrader's shopʼ pajhar 'smithy, smelter' (products). Animal hieroglyphs are metalwork wealth classifiers. Pasaramu 'cattle' rebus: pajhar 'smelter, smithy',pahārā ʻgoldsmith's workshop' associated hypertext clusters in Indus Script https://tinyurl.com/ybby7t6m The imports and signifier Indus Script hieroglyphs are: śr̥ṅkhalaka -- ʻchained camel' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'karibha 'camel' rebus: karba 'iron'. karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' kuṭhāru कुठारु monkey; rebus: kuṭhāru, कुठारु 'an armourer, scribe' laṅgūr ʻthe langur monkey Semnopithecus schistaceusʼ Rebus: lāˊṅgala n. ʻplough' bull, scarf, ring: dhātu 'scarf' rebus: dhã̄i 'mineral ore' PLUS vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus: dhāvaḍ 'smelter' PLUS पोळ pōḷa, 'zebu, bos indicus' signifies pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4' .Thus, smelted magnetite ferrite (iron) ore. Since the list in Akkadian says 'water ox' the reading is also: ranga 'buffalo' rebus: ranga 'pewter' kunda singi 'fine gold, ornament gold' kunda singi 'horned young bull': khoṇḍa 'young bull' singi 'horned'. *śārṅgala ʻ horned ʼ. [śārṅga -- ] Paš.lauṛ. ṣaṅgala ʻ a small horn ʼ; K. hã̄gul m. ʻ the stag Cervus wallichii ʼ.(CDIAL 12410) Rebus: Combinations of parts of animals to create composite iconographs are called:सांगड sāṅgaḍa This signifies rebus a 'double-canoe, raft': Rebus: saṁghāṭa m. ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R. [√ghaṭ]Pa. nāvā -- saṅghāṭa -- , dāru -- s˚ ʻ raft ʼ; Pk. saṁghāḍa -- , ˚ḍaga -- m., ˚ḍī -- f. ʻ pair ʼ; M. sãgaḍ m.f. ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼ (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ), Si. san̆gaḷa ʻ pair ʼ, han̆guḷa, an̆g˚ ʻ double canoe, raft ʼ.(CDIAL 12859).Thus, the tributes have been carried as cargo on double-canoes, rafts. Rebus: samgraha 'collection (of materials)'. ranku 'antelope' rebus:ranku 'tin'PLUS horns, two protomes of felines. kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus,tin metal castings. susu is antelope; the translation in Meluhha: ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin' G. sãghāṛɔ m. ʻ lathe ʼ; Tu. sã̄gāḍī f. ʻ latheʼ Akkadian reading is: bazitu/uqupu 'monkey/ape'; the Meluhha translations are: śã̄gal, śã̄gaḍ ʻchainʼ Rebus: सांगड sāṅgaḍa f (संघट्ट S) 'A float composed of two canoes or boats bound together' (loaded with gems, jewels): मर्कट ( Un2. iv , 81) a monkey , ape VS. &c Rebus: marakata n. ʻ emerald ʼ R.Pk. maraada -- , maragaya -- m.n.; Si. marā ʻ emerald ʼ, adj. ʻ greenʼ(CDIAL 9868) मरकत marakata m S An emerald. (Marathi) PLUS रत्नी ratnī 'female monkey dressed as woman'Rebus: ratnin 'possessing gifts', rátna n. ʻ gift ʼ RV., ʻ treasure, jewel ʼ Mn. [√raṇ1]Pa. ratana -- n. ʻ jewel ʼ Hieroglyphs: tails: picha ʻ tail, feather' Rebus: picchalā ʻDalbergia sissoo, Bombax heptaphyllumʼ Executive sumary; the readings in Meluhha expressions, of the hypertexts and plan texts as tributes to Shalamaneser II are: karibha 'camels' rebus: karba, 'iron' ranga 'buffalo' rebus: ranga 'pewter' sakea is a composite animal hypertext in Indus Script: singi 'horned' PLUS खोंड khōṇḍa 'A young bull' rebus: kunda, 'one of कुबेर's nine treasures', kundaṇa 'fine gold'. Rebus: kunda 'fine gold' singi 'ornament gold' susu is antelope: ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin' karibha, ibha, 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' bazitu/uqupu is monkey/ape: kuṭhāru कुठारु monkey; rebus: kuṭhāru, कुठारु an armourer, scribe'. laṅgūr ʻthe langur monkey Semnopithecus schistaceusʼ Rebus: lāˊṅgala n. ʻplough' मर्कट ( Un2. iv , 81) a monkey , ape VS. &c Rebus: marakata n. ʻ emerald ʼ R.Pk. maraada -- , maragaya -- m.n.; Si. marā ʻ emerald ʼ, adj. ʻ greenʼ(CDIAL 9868) मरकत marakata m S An emerald. (Marathi) -- रत्नी ratnī + śã̄gaḍ 'female monkey + chain' rebus ratna sangar 'gems trade' saṅgaha'collection' proclamation of Indus Script hypertext display on Shalamaneser Obelisk shrang श्रंग् । शृङ्गम्, प्रधानभूतः m. a horn; the top, peak, summit of a mountain; the head man or leading person in a village or the like. -- रत्नी ratnī 'female monkey' dressed as woman' rebus ratnin 'possessing gifts' -- rátna n. ʻ gift ʼ RV., ʻ treasure, jewel ʼ Mn. [√raṇ1]Pa. ratana -- n. ʻ jewel ʼ, Pk. rayaṇa -- , ladaṇa -- m.n., Si. ruvan -- a. ratnākara m. ʻ jewel -- mine, ocean ʼ Kāv. [rátna -- , ākara -- ]Pa. ratanākara -- m. ʻ mine of jewels or precious metals ʼ, Pk. rayanāara -- m.; -- Si. ruvanāra ʻ ocean ʼ (EGS 148) prob. ← Pa.(CDIAL 10600, 10601) Other Meluhha imports signified on other Indus Script hieroglyphs Import of pearls, stones from Meluhha Image result for silpi sanchiśilpi 'architect' Indus Script Sign7, Sign 17 शिला śilā m ( A) Armour or a piece of armour. शिल्प śilpa n (S) A manual or mechanical art, any handicraft. शिल्पकर्म śilpakarma n (S) Mechanical or manual business, artisanship. शिल्पकार śilpakāra m or शिल्पी m (S) An artisan, artificer, mechanic. शिल्पविद्या śilpavidyā f (S) Handicraft or art: as disting. from science. शिल्पशाला śilpaśālā f (S) A manufactory or workshop. शिल्पशास्त्र śilpaśāstra n (S) A treatise on mechanics or any handicraft. शिल्पी śilpī a (S) Relating to a mechanical profession or art. *sippī ʻ shell ʼ. [← Drav. Tam. cippi DED 2089]Pa. sippī -- , sippikā -- f. ʻ pearl oyster ʼ, Pk. sippī -- f., S. sipa f.; L. sipp ʻ shell ʼ, sippī f. ʻ shell, spathe of date palm ʼ, (Ju.) sip m., sippī f. ʻ bivalve shell ʼ; P. sipp m., sippī f. ʻ shell, conch ʼ; Ku. sīp, sīpi ʻ shell ʼ; N. sipi ʻ shell, snail shell ʼ; B. sip ʻ libation pot ʼ, chip ʻ a kind of swift canoe ʼ S. K. Chatterji CR 1936, 290 (or < kṣiprá -- ?); Or. sipa ʻ oyster shell, mother -- of -- pearl, shells burnt for lime ʼ; Bi. sīpī ʻ mussel shells for lime ʼ; OAw. sīpa f. ʻ bivalve shell ʼ, H. sīp f.; G. sīp f. ʻ half an oyster shell ʼ, chīp f. ʻ shell ʼ; M. śīp, śĩp f. ʻ a half shell ʼ, śĩpā m. ʻ oyster shell ʼ; -- Si. sippiya ʻ oyster shell ʼ ← Tam.(CDIAL 13417)Ta. ippi pearl-oyster, shell; cippi shell, shellfish, coconut shell for measuring out curds. Ma. ippi, cippi oyster shell. Ka. cippu, sippu, cimpi, cimpe, simpi, simpu, simpe oyster shell, mussel, cockle, a portion of the shell of a coconut, skull, a pearl oyster; (Gowda) cippi coconut shell. Tu. cippi coconut shell, oyster shell, pearl; tippi, sippi coconut shell. Te. cippa a shell; (kobbari cᵒ) coconut shell; (mōkāli cᵒ) knee-pan, patella; (tala cᵒ) skull; (muttepu cᵒ) mother-of-pearl. Go. (Ma.) ipi shell, conch (Voc. 174). / Cf. Turner, CDIAL, no. 13417, *sippī-; Pali sippī- pearl oyster, Pkt. sippī- id., etc. (DEDR 2535) Import of kuddāla 'ebony wood' from Meluhha: Sign 12 kudāḷi f. ʻ hoe ʼ; Rebus: kuddāla 'ebony' kuddāla1 m.n. ʻ a kind of spade or mattock ʼ. 2. *kōddāla -- . 3. kuḍḍāla -- ʻ spade ʼ Apte. [Prob. ← Drav. EWA i 229 with lit.]1. Pa. kuddāla -- , ˚aka -- m.n. ʻ spade, hoe ʼ; Pk. kuddāla<-> m. ʻ mattock ʼ; Gaw. kundāˊl ʻ hoe ʼ; P. kudāl, ˚lā m. ʻ mattock ʼ; WPah. jaun. kudāwa ʻ pickaxe ʼ; B. kudāl, ˚li ʻ hoe, spade ʼ; Or. kudāḷi ʻ one -- sided pickaxe ʼ; Mth. kudār ʻ mattock ʼ, ˚rī ʻ do. with narrow blade ʼ (→ B. kuddār, Or. kudāra ʻ spade ʼ, ˚ri ʻ one -- sided pickaxe ʼ); Bhoj. kudār ʻ hoe ʼ; Aw. lakh. kudāri ʻ pickaxe ʼ; H. kudāl, ˚ār m. ʻ mattock ʼ, ˚lī, ˚rī f. ʻ small do. ʼ, kudrā m.; M. kudā̆ḷ m.f. ʻ hoe ʼ, kudḷā m. ʻ large hoe ʼ, ˚ḷī f. ʻ small hoe ʼ, ˚ḷẽ n. ʻ hoe ʼ; -- Si. udalu ʻ mattock ʼ prob. X uddālayati (D. E. Hettiaratchi Univ. of Ceylon Review vi 292 < cmpds. such as keṭi -- hudaluvak = Pa. kuṇṭha -- kuddālaka -- ).2. Pk. koddāla -- m., ˚liyā -- f. ʻ mattock ʼ, S. koḍ̠ari f. ʻ hoe, spade ʼ (→ Brah. kōḍāl), ˚ryo m. ʻ worker with a k˚ ʼ; L. kodā̆l m. ʻ mattock ʼ, kodali f. ʻ hoe ʼ, Ku. N. kodālo, ˚li; A. B. kodāl ʻ hoe ʼ, Or. kodāḷa, Bi. kŏdārī, Mth. kodār, ˚ri; G. kɔdāḷɔ m. ʻ spade ʼ, ˚ḷī f. ʻ hoe ʼ; -- other Ind. forms with ku -- may be < ko -- before following long syllable.3. Pk. kuḍḍāla -- , kuḍāla -- n. ʻ part of a plough ʼ; Wg. koṇḍāl, kondāl ʻ mattock, hoe ʼ.Addenda: kuddāla -- 1: WPah.poet. kudaḷe f. ʻ spade, pickaxe ʼ, J. kudāḷi f. ʻ hoe ʼ; -- Md. oḍā (oḍalek) ʻ adze ʼ < *uddāla -- 2.(CDIAL 3286) kuddāla -- 2, ˚dala -- , kuṇḍala -- , kudāla -- , ˚āra -- m. ʻ the tree Bauhinea variegata ʼ. 2. kōvidāra -- m. Gobh. [Poss. conn. with uddāla -- 1]1. Pk. kuddāla -- m. ʻ a partic. tree ʼ; A. kurāl ʻ a kind of tree ʼ (< *kuḍḍāla -- ); Or. kudāḷa, ˚āra ʻ B. variegata ʼ.2. Pa. kōviḷāra -- m. ʻ B. variegata ʼ; Ku. kuirāl ʻ a partic. wild tree ʼ; N. koirālo ʻ B. variegata ʼ; -- Si. kaḷuvara ʻ ebony, Diospyros ebenum ʼ perh. pop. etym. from kaḷu -- hara -- ʻ black heartwood ʼ EGS 41.(CDIAL 3287)

The earliest inscription in Indus Script stratigraphically dated from an archaeological excavation by HARP team is a potsherd dated to ca. 3300 BCE. Rebus Meluhha translation: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS tagaraka 'tabernae montana' rebus: tagara 'tin'.Thus, the hypertext reds tagara kolimi 'tin smithy/forge'. [quote] The Harappa Archaeological Research Project or HARP was begun in 1986 as a long term program of investigations into the origins and character of Indus urban centers. It is the first multidisciplinary excavation of an ancient Indus urban center and involves scholars from all over the world. It was initiated at Harappa in Punjab Province, Pakistan by the late Professor George F. Dales and Dr. J. M. Kenoyer. In 1992, the original University of California-Berkeley project was transformed into the Harappa Archaeological Research Project, directed by Drs. R.H. Meadow (Harvard University), J. Mark Kenoyer (University of Wisconsin-Madison) and Rita P. Wright (New York University). Excavations by HARP are conducted in collaboration with the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan. HARP has been supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), the National Geographic Society, the American School of Prehistoric Research (Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University), Harvard University, the University of Wisconsin, New York University, the Smithsonian Institution, the Kress Foundation, the Wenner-Gren Foundation, Harappa.com and private donors. [unquote] https://www.harappa.com/content/harp [quote] Quick Facts Type Logophonetic Genealogy Unrelated Location South Asia Time 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE Direction Variable The Indus Valley Civilization was the first major urban culture of South Asia. It reached its peak from 2600 BC to 1900 BC roughly, a period called by some archaeologists "Mature Harappan" as distinguished from the earlier Neolithic "Early Harappan" regional cultures. Spatially, it is huge, comprising of about 1000 settlements of varying sizes, and geographically includes almost all of modern Pakistan, parts of India as far east as Delhi and as far south as Bombay, and parts of Afghanistan. The main corpus of writing dated from the Indus Civilization is in the form of some two thousand inscribed seals in good, legible conditions. (In case you don't know what seals are, they are used to make impressions on malleable material like clay.) Although these seals and samples of Indus writing have been floating around the scholastic world for close to 70 years, little progress has been made on deciphering this elegant script. However, we should not blame scholars for their lack of progress, for there are some major impediments to decipherment: Very short and brief texts. The average number of symbols on the seals is 5, and the longest is only 26. The language underneath is unknown. Lack of bilingual texts. For instance, consider Champollion, who deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphs with all of these 3 important clues: there were very long Egyptian texts; he knew Coptic, a descendant of Egyptian; and the Rosetta Stone, a bilingual text between Greek and two written forms of Egyptian. But the script isn't as bad as undecipherable. For one, even though scholars don't have long texts and bilingual texts, they can still theorize about the language underneath the writing system. There are several competing theories about the language that the Indus script represent: The language is completely unrelated to anything else, meaning an isolate. Well, this doesn't get us anywhere. The language is "Aryan" (some form of Indian-Iranian Indo-European). The historical languages spoken in Northern India and Pakistan all belong to the Indic branch of Indo-European, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Punjabi, etc., so maybe the people of the Indus valley spoke a very old Indo-European language? The major problem with this model is the fact that horses played a very important role in all Indo-European cultures, being a people constantly on the move. "There is no escape from the fact that the horse played a central role in the Vedic and Iranian cultures..." (Parpola, 1986) Sidenote: "Vedic" means from the time of the Vedas, the earliest text in India, and the Vedic culture is from around 1500 to 500 BC. However, no depiction of horses on seals nor any remains of horses have been found so far before 2000 BC. They only appear after 2000 BC. Very likely there were no Aryan speakers present before 2000 BC in the Indus Valley. The language belongs to the Munda family of languages. The Munda family is spoken largely in eastern India, and related to some Southeast Asian languages. Like Aryan, the reconstructed vocabulary of early Munda does not reflect the Harappan culture. So its candidacy for being the language of the Indus Civilization is dim. The language is Dravidian. The Dravidian family of languages is spoken in Southern Indian, but Brahui is spoken in modern Pakistan. So far this is the most promising model, as in the following points: There are many Dravidian influences visible in the Vedic texts. If the Aryan language gradually replaced the Dravidian, features from Dravidian would form a "substratum" in Aryan. One of these features is the appearance of retroflex consonants in Indian languages, both Indo-European and Dravidian. In contrast, retroflex consonants do not appear in any other Indo-European language, not even Iranian ones which are closest to Indic. (For more information on retroflex consonants please visit my Phonetics page). Another possible indication of Dravidian in the Indus texts is from structural analysis of the texts which suggests that the language underneath is possibly agglutinative, from the fact that sign groups often have the same initial signs but different final signs. The number of these final signs range between 1 to 3. The final signs possibly represent grammatical suffixes that modify the word (represented by the initial signs). Each suffix would represent one specific modification, and the entire cluster of suffixes would therefore put the word through a series of modifications. This suffix system can be found in Dravidian, but not Indo-European. Indo-European tongues tend to change the final sounds to modify the meaning of a word (a process called inflection), but repeated addition of sounds to the end of word is extremely rare. Often many suffixes in an agglutinative language correspond to a single inflectional ending in an inflectional language. The Dravidian model isn't just an unapplicable theory...But first we have to know what kind of writing system is the Indus script. A count of the number of signs reveal a lot about the type of system being used. Alphabetic systems rarely have more than 40 symbols. Syllabic systems like Linear B or Cherokee typically have 40 to 100 or so symbols. The third ranges from logophonetic to logographic, running upwards of hundreds of signs (like 500 signs in Hieroglyphic Luwian, and 5000 symbols in modern Chinese). It appears that the maximum number of Indus script symbols is 400, although there are 200 basic signs (ie signs that are not combined from others). This means that the Indus script is probably logophonetic, in that it has both signs used for their meanings, and signs used for their phonetic values. ... The number of Indus Script inscriptions now total over 8000 linking Ancient Far East and Ancient Near East along an Ancient Maritime Tin Route from Hanoi (Vietnam) to Haifa (Israel), predating Silk road by two millennia -- on Himalayan rivering waterways and Indian Ocean Rim. See the hypertexts and meaning in the 3 vols. titled Epigraphia Indus Script -- Hypertexts & Meanings, by S. Kalyanaraman (Amazon, 2018) Both 1. pictorial motifs and 2. 'signs' are logographs read rebus in Meluhha spoken form of metalwork words, wealth accounting ledgers (dabooks, karaDa) by seafaring merchants of Indian sprachbund (language union). Archaeology evidence shows 3 pure tin ingots of Haifa shipwreck with Indus Script hypertexts, obtained from the largest tin belt of the globe in AFE. Indus Script hypertexts are also inscribed on Dong Son/Karen bronze drums of AFE. Scores of anthropomorphs are also Indus Script hypertexts evidence the Maritime Tin Route along eastern Himlayan nvigable waterways of Mekong, Irrawaddy, Salween, Brahmaputra, Ganga, Yamuna linked at Rakhigarhi (capital of the civilization on the water-divide, Aravalli range ridge) with Sarasvati-Sindhu-Persian gulf -- Tigris-Euphrates doab and Mediterranean Sea in ANE.

This is an addendum to: Division or reed-mat hieroglyphs on 22 Indus Script inscriptions signify metalcast equipment; thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' https://tinyurl.com/y5wxvmgu The addendum demonstrates using five Indus Script inscriptions, how brasswork cargo accounting ledgers are documented. An example of a copper plate inscribed on two sides m2045 which records a descriptive catalogue of work of a goldsmith (guild). Field symbol: feeding trough + markhor ligatured to body of a bull: pattar 'trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmiths' guild' PLUS Wkh. merg f. 'ibex' (CDIAL 9885) Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310) Rebus: meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) PLUS barad, balad 'ox' rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) Text B11: మెట్ట [ meṭṭa ] or మిట్ట meṭṭa. [Tel.] n. Rising ground, high lying land, uplands. A hill, a rock. ఉన్నతభూమి, మెరక, పర్వతము, దిబ్బ. மேடு mēṭu , n. [T. meṭṭa, M. K. mēḍu.] 1. Height; உயரம். (பிங்.) 2. Eminence, little hill, hillock, ridge, rising ground; சிறுதிடர். (பிங்.) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'.khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' muṣṭi 'fist' rebus: muṣṭika 'goldsmith' kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar' rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman' The reed-mat or division hieroglyph is:Bi. kã̄ṛā ʻ stem of muñja grass (used for thatching) ʼ; Mth. kã̄ṛ ʻ stack of stalks of large millet ʼ*kāṇḍakara ʻ worker with reeds or arrows ʼ. [kāˊṇḍa -- , kará -- 1]L. kanērā m. ʻ mat -- maker ʼ; H. kãḍerā m. ʻ a caste of bow -- and arrow -- makers ʼ.(CDIAL 3024) dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' Plus खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'. See the expression in Santali PLUS thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker'. Thus, the hieroglyph signifies equipment (made by) brassworker. Hieroglyph: Rebus: ଥଟାରି— Thaṭāriଥଟ୍ଟାରି— Thaṭṭāri [synonym(s): ঠাটারী ठठेरा] (ଥଟାରୁଣୀ—ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ) ଦେ. ବି. (ସଂ. ସ୍ଥାଳକର; କିମ୍ବା ଧ୍ବନ୍ଯର୍ଥକ)— 1। କଂସାରି—1. Brazier; brass- founder. 2। ୟେଉଁ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ପିତଳ ଓ କଂସାର ବାସନ ଓ ଗହଣାଆଦି ତିଆରି କରେ—2. One who manufactures bellmetal articles. ଥଟାରି ଘର ପାରା, (ତାକୁ) କୁଲା ତମ ତମ ଡରା—ଢଗ। (Oriya) Rebus: ṭhaṭherā ‘brass worker’ (H.Bi.): *ṭhaṭṭha1 ʻ brass ʼ. [Onom. from noise of hammering brass? -- *ṭhaṭṭh -- ]N. ṭhaṭṭar ʻ an alloy of copper and bell metal ʼ.(CDIAL 5491) *ṭhaṭṭhakāra ʻ brass worker ʼ. 2. *ṭhaṭṭhakara -- . [*ṭhaṭṭha -- 1, kāra -- 1]1. Pk. ṭhaṭṭhāra -- m., K. ṭhö̃ṭhur m., S. ṭhã̄ṭhāro m., P. ṭhaṭhiār, ˚rā m.2. P. ludh. ṭhaṭherā m., Ku. ṭhaṭhero m., N. ṭhaṭero, Bi. ṭhaṭherā, Mth. ṭhaṭheri, H. ṭhaṭherā m.(CDIAL 5493) Rebus: Ta. taṭṭumuṭṭu furniture, goods and chattels, utensils, luggage. Ma. taṭṭumuṭṭu kitchen utensils, household stuff. Tu. taṭṭimuṭṭu id. (DEDR 3041) తట్రపువాడు [Tel.] n. A goldsmith.உருக்கு² urukku , n. < உருக்கு-. [T. ukku, K. urku, M. urukku.] 1. Steel; எஃகு. (சூடா.) 2. Anything melted, product of liquefaction; உருக் கினபொருள். செப்புருக் கனைய (கம்பரா. கார்கா. 91). உருக்குத்தட்டார் urukku-t-taṭṭār , n. < id. +. Goldsmiths; பொற்கொல்லர். (சிலப். 5, 31, உரை.) தட்டார்பாட்டம் taṭṭār-pāṭṭam , n. < தட் டான்¹ +. Profession tax on goldsmiths; தட்டார் இறுக்கும் அரசிறைவகை. (S. I. I. ii, 117.)தட்டாரப்பாட்டம் taṭṭāra-p-pāṭṭam , n. < தட்டார் +. See தட்டார்பாட்டம். (S. I. I. iii, 115.)தட்டான்¹ taṭṭāṉ , n. < தட்டு-. [M. taṭṭān.] Gold or silver smith, one of 18 kuṭimakkaḷ, q. v.; பொற்கொல்லன். (திவா.) பணித்தட்டார் paṇi-t-taṭṭār , n. < id. +. Goldsmiths; பொற்கொல்லர். பணித்தட்டார் பணி பண்ணுமிடங்களில் (சிலப். 6, 135, உரை).தட்டாரநாயகன் taṭṭāra-nāyakaṉ , n. < தட்டான் +. An ancient coin; பழைய நாணய வகை. (சரவண. பணவிடு. 58.) Lothal 086 7007 Decipherment: kor̤u 'sprout' Rebus: kor̤u 'bar of metal' PLUS xolā 'fish tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', kol 'working in iron' dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS mũhe 'ingot' (Santali). खण्डिन् khaṇḍin 'divided' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'.See the expression in Santali PLUS thaṭra 'mat' rebus ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' PLUS koḍ 'one' rebus: koḍa 'workshop'. The expression of the hypertext is: ṭhaṭherā koḍa ‘brassworker workshop’ m45 1552 Field symbol: kõda ‘young bull-calf’. Rebus: kũdār ‘turner’. sangaḍa ‘lathe, furnace’. Rebus: samgara ‘living in the same house, guild’. sãgaḍa (double-canoe, catamaran) Hence, smith guild. Meaning, artha of inscription: Trade (and metalwork wealth production) of kōnda sangara 'metalwork engraver'... PLUS (wealth categories cited.).The field symbol signifies that the artisan is a lapidary: कोंद kōnda 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi); that the artisan has a सांगड or canoe-float. sanghāṭa 'raft'. Thus, he is a seafaring merchant. Text message signifies that he has ṭhaṭherā koḍa ‘brassworker workshop’. The workshop makes metalcast implements: khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' He is a metalcasting blacksmith: dula ‘two’ rebus: dul ‘metalcasting’ karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' He has a silver ingot workshop: gō̃ṭu an ornamental appendage to the border of a cloth, fringe' (Telugu) Rebus 1: gota (laterite, ferrite ore) Rebus 2: goṭā 'gold-braid' 3: khoṭa 'ingot, wedge' Rebus: गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe. PLUS sal ‘splinter’ rebus: sal ‘workshop’. His workshop makes ingots and implements in smithy/forge: खांडा khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). khaṇḍa 'implements' (lozenge) Split parenthesis: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, ingot forge. Field symbol: 1. The animal PLUS single horn, signifies a professional description of the owner of the seal; in this case, कोंद kōnda 'young bull' rebus kō̃da कोँद a kiln; konḍa, agni-kunḍa 'fire pit of live coals, sacred fire altar' PLUS singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny-horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'. Thus, the professional competence of the artisan is a lapidary working with ornament gold and sacred fire-altar. He is कोंद kōnda 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems' (Marathi) 2. The 'standard device' in front of the animal signifies a hypertext: a. kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS b. kammata 'portable gold furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, the device signifies describes the tools-of-trade and 'organization' to which the artisan belongs. The artisan works in a mint. 3. The cipher of the writing system uses a procedure called 'combining parts'. This is called सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together (Marathi) Rebus: सांगडी sāṅgaḍī f (Commonly सांगड) A float &c. सांगड्या sāṅgaḍyā a sometimes सांगडी a That works a सांगड or canoe-float. sanghāṭa 'raft'. Thus, the field symbol of the seal signifies that the artisan possesses a sewn boat to transport cargo for maritime trade. m426 2809 These clay sealings demonstrate that the brassworker's workshop has prepared cargo for shipment duly authenticated with the seal impression. The seal impression reads: ṭhaṭherā 'brassworker' PLUS khaṇḍa 'division'. rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS muka 'ladle' rebus: muh 'ingot' ranku 'liquid measure' rebus:ranku 'tin ore'. Thus, the impression on the seal tags signifies the shipment of tin ore, brass ingots and implements. m451 3235 Field symbol 1: पोळा [ pōḷā ] 'zebu, bos indicus taurus' rebus: पोळा [ pōḷā ] 'magnetite, ferrite ore: Fe3O4' Field symbol 2: śyēná m. ʻ hawk, falcon, eagle ʼ RV. Pa. sēna -- , °aka -- m. ʻ hawk ʼ, Pk. sēṇa -- m.; WPah.bhad. śeṇ ʻ kite ʼ; A. xen ʻ falcon, hawk ʼ, Or. seṇā, H. sen, sẽ m., M. śen m., śenī f. (< MIA. *senna -- ); Si. sen ʻ falcon, eagle, kite ʼ.(CDIAL 12674) seṇa 'falcon' rebus: seṇa, aśani 'thunderbolt', āhan gar 'blacksmith' PLUS kambha 'wing' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage[Metwork catalogues: ferrite ore, blacksmith mint] Alternate titles: sēnāpati m. ʻ leader of an army ʼ AitBr. [sḗnā -- , páti -- ]Pa. sēnāpati -- , °ika -- m. ʻ general ʼ, Pk. sēṇāvaï -- m.; M. śeṇvaī, °vī, śeṇai m. ʻ a class of Brahmans ʼ, Ko. śeṇvi; Si. senevi ʻgeneralʼ.(CDIAL 13589) Vikalpa:eruvai ‘eagle’ rebus: eruvai ‘copper’ Rebus: senā ʻ chisel: Ka. cāṇa, cāna, cēṇa a small chisel. Tu. cēṇů, cēnů awl, chisel. Te. sēnamu id.(DEDR 2445) chēdana ʻ cutting ʼ, n. ʻ act of cutting ʼ MBh., ʻ instru- ment for cutting ʼ lex. [√chid]Pa. chēdana -- n. ʻ cutting ʼ, °naka -- m. ʻ one who cuts ʼ; Pk. chēaṇa -- n. ʻ cutting, a tool ʼ; K. ċhyunu m. ʻ goldsmith's chisel ʼ; S. cheṇī f. ʻ smith's cold chisel ʼ; L. awāṇ. che_ṇī ʻ chisel ʼ; P. chaiṇī f. ʻ cold chisel ʼ, ludh. chainī f.; WPah. bhal. chiṇi f. ʻ iron wedge for splitting wood ʼ; Ku. chīṇo ʻ iron crowbar ʼ, gng. cheṇi ʻ a tool ʼ; N. chinu, cheni ʻ chisel ʼ; A. senā ʻ chisel, instrument for letting blood ʼ; B. cheni ʻ wedge ʼ; Or. cheṇā ʻ scraping a log with an adze, iron pick ʼ, cheṇī ʻ cold chisel, punch ʼ, Bi. Bhoj. Aw. lakh. chēnī; H. chenī f. ʻ chisel for notching millstones ʼ; G. cheṇī, chīṇī f. ʻ chisel ʼ; Si. sevana ʻ separation ʼ. -- Influenced by verbal forms from MIA. *chēā̆vaï s.v. chēdayati: S. chevaṇī f. ʻ potter's cutting string ʼ; N. chewani ʻ chisel ʼ, H. chewnī f.(CDIAL 5066) Ka. cīraṇa, cīrṇa, jīrṇa a small chisel, esp. used in cutting metals. Te. cīraṇamu a small chisel. / Cf. Mar. cirṇẽ id. (DEDR 2627)चिरणें ciraṇēṃ n A tool of carpenters, a small chisel. (Marathi) சேனன் cēaṉaṉ, n. < sēnā. An ancient title; ஒரு பழைய பட்டப்பெயர். சந்துசேனனு மிந்துசேன னுந் தருமசேனனும் (தேவா. 859, 4).சேன் cēṉ, n. See சேனன். புரவிச்சே னென் றியாவரும் புகழப்பட்டார் (சீவக. 1681).