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Key note presentation for Santa Cruz River Research Days. April 24, 2024. A series of new cultural and environmental understandings have heightened our ability to both find Coronado expedition sites and to effectively interpret them. Historically accurate considerations of river flow and vegetative characteristics provided a basis for route expectations which resulted in the discovery of 10 Coronado expedition sites. Among these is a substantial townsite on the Santa Cruz River which is the first European colony in the American Southwest. From there the route has been charted through the heart of the Sobaipuri O'odham homeland. These new data reposition the ancestors of the modern-day O'odham, plucking them from obscurity and placing them front and center in history-changing events, including two early battles. At the same time, several personalities are emerging from the data that provide a more personal look into members of the expedition, including Arizona’s first resident ecclesiastic, and the provocation of the resident Sobaipuri. https://sonoraninstitute.org/events/scrrd-24/#:~:text=April%2024%2C%202024%20%2D%20April%2026%2C%202024&text=This%20FREE%20event%20is%20a,Stories%20of%20a%20Multinational%20River.
A Vázquez de Coronado expedition site in the San Bernardino Valley, represents one of five of the first verifiable Coronado expedition sites found in the state. Paraje del Malpais (AZ FF:12:69, ASM) is adjacent to a spring and catchment pool that likely once provided reliable surface water. Earlier and later petroglyphs include water-related symbols suggesting this trail was used since time immemorial. A spatially separated boulder shows images that are consistent with sixteenth-century dress, footwear, and headgear. A related inscription seemingly reads “Tobar” -a member of the expedition who led a detachment and escorted residents of San Geronimo north to Tiguex in 1541. Clearings in the rocky terraces represent tent or sleeping circles and an iron mule shoe is diagnostic of this period. Another Coronado period artifact is present along this drainage five miles away. Both suggest this was a route taken by the Coronado expedition.
2014 •
The Colorado River region looms large in the history of the American West, vitally important in the designs and dreams of Euro-Americans since the first Spanish journey up the river in the sixteenth century. But as Natale Zappia argues in this expansive study, the Colorado River basin must be understood first as home to a complex Indigenous world. Through three-hundred years of western colonial settlement, Spaniards, Mexicans, and Americans all encountered a vast indigenous borderlands peopled by Mojaves, Quechans, Southern Paiutes, Utes, Yokuts, and others, bound together by political, economic, and social networks. Examining a vast cultural geography including southern California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico, Zappia shows how this interior world pulsated throughout the centuries before and after Spanish contact, solidifying to create an autonomous, interethnic indigenous space that expanded and adapted to an ever-encroaching global market economy. Situating the Colorado River basin firmly within our understanding of Indian country, Traders and Raiders investigates the borders and borderlands created during this period, connecting the coastlines of the Atlantic and Pacific worlds with a vast indigenous continent.
New Mexico and the Pimería Alta: The Colonial Period in the American Southwest
Comanche New Mexico: The Eighteenth Century2017 •
Hispanic American Historical Review
Review of Situational Identities along the Raiding Frontier of Colonial New Mexico. By Jun U. Sunseri.2019 •
New Mexico and the Pimería Alta: The Colonial Period in the American Southwest
The Pueblo World Transformed: Alliances, Factionalism, and Animosities in the Northern Rio Grande, 1680–17002017 •
Publications in Cultural Heritage Number 29. California Department of Parks and Recreation Archaeology, History and Museums, Sacramento
AN ISOLATED FRONTIER OUTPOST Historical and Archaeological Investigations of the Carrizo Creek (Stage) Station by Stephen R. Van Wormer, Sue Wade, Susan D. Walter and Susan Arter. Publications in Cultural Heritage Number 29. California Department of Parks and Recreation (2012) (in 4 parts).2012 •
Contained within this volume, number 29 in our series of Publications in Cultural Heritage, is the story of the Carrizo Creek Station and the once heavily traveled Southern Emigrant Trail. The Carrizo Wash is located on the far southeast boundary of Anza–Borrego Desert State Park and where a small underground current rises to the surface forming a meandering stream and spring. This desert oasis was the first reliable source of flowing water west of the Colorado River and thus became the focal point of all those who would brave the southern crossing to and from California. No doubt it was known to the indigenous prehistoric people and was a way station along the trail system used to traverse the Colorado Desert and the Cuyamaca Mountains. It was along these same ready-made paths that the late 18th century Spanish entradas of De Anza and Fages followed. The first known European penetration of the “Carrizo Corridor” was in 1772 by Fages traveling east from San Diego in pursuit of Army deserters. Following the Yuma uprising of 1781 the trail network was effectively closed until the 1820s when Mexican herders and later overland fur trappers began regularly using the southern route into California. By the 1830’s new branches of the trail were established one of which after passing through the Carrizo Wash threaded the mountains through the San José and San Felipe Valleys. This route became the preferred route by the late 1840s after American settler Jonathan Warner had established his “ranch” and it would be the same route used by the American military expeditions of both Kearney’s Army of the West and the Mormon Battalion during the brief Mexican/American War. It would be the Carrizo Corridor and “Warner’s Pass” that, beginning in 1848, thousands of gold seekers would travel in route to the placer mines of the Sierra foothills. The travails of this flood tide eventually led in 1855 to the establishment of a small adobe Army outpost at the Carrizo Creek Spring which by 1857 became an important link in the first overland transcontinental mail service along the San Antonio and San Diego Mail Line. In 1858 the Overland Mail Company better known as the Butterfield Line was using the Carrizo Creek Station as part of its much larger and complex string of support stations. The Civil War and intercontinental railroad effectively put an end to this mail service and the Carrizo Creek Station, although still occupied and witness to cattle drives, went into a steady decline. Historical and archaeological evidence present a picture of the Carrizo Stage Station as an isolated frontier outpost. The small adobe and jacal buildings were constructed of materials found on or near the site. Based on vernacular architectural designs common to northern Mexico, they were well-suited to life on the desert frontier but appeared as rude “backwoods” dwellings to travelers from the eastern United States. The station’s isolated location in an unsettled and dangerous frontier required an increased emphasis on weapons for personal protection as well as hunting. The situation of difficult supply lines and an increased need for fire arms is reflected in the decreased percentages of consumer and kitchen items and the high value for munitions when compared to artifact assemblages representing households on the California coast. Also reflective of its situation was evidence of the blending of multiple culinary traditions. The American Southwest at this time had recently been annexed from Mexico and remained largely unsettled. It was a land where Hispanic, Native American, and Anglo-American cultures were mixing and blending. Evidence of the combining of the dietary traditions of these cultures was seen in the faunal analysis, bottle glass assemblage, and Native American ceramics at the Carrizo Stage Station. In recognition of the importance of this isolated frontier outpost it has been included as part of the Southern Overland Trail Cultural Preserve within Anza Borrego Desert State Park.
This study sets out to answer the questions: who were the Indigenous people in the Santa Cruz region and how did they survive through the nineteenth century? Between 1770 and 1900, I argue, the linguistically and culturally diverse Ohlone and Yokuts tribes adapted to and expressed themselves politically and culturally over three distinct types of colonial encounters involving Spain, Mexico, and the U.S. They persevered through a variety of strategies developed through social, political, economic, and kinship networks that tied together Indigenous tribes, families, and individuals throughout the greater Bay Area. Survival tactics included organized attacks on the mission, the assassination of an abusive padre, flights of fugitives, poisonings, and arson. In some cases, strategies included collaboration with certain padres, tracking down of fugitives, service, labor, or musical performance. Indigenous politics informed each of these choices, as Indigenous individuals and families made decisions of vital importance within a context of immense loss and violent disruption. This project examines Indigenous survival and persistence through different colonial circumstances. The dissertation begins with a look at local Indigenous landscape and the tribes that lived in the coastal mountain range and continues to explore the establishment of Mission Santa Cruz, relocation of local Indigenous tribes, and the Quiroste led attack on the new establishment (chapter 1). Between 1798 and 1810, the mission population expanded to include Mutsun speaking tribes and families from the east, forming new social, economic, political, and kinship relations (chapter 2). In 1812, a recently arrived female Spiritual leader collaborated with a local kinship network to orchestrate the assassination of the sadistic Padre Quintana (chapter 3). Newly arrived Yokuts filled the leadership vacuum after the arrest of these conspirators, during a time of transition into Mexican political rule (chapter 4). Surviving Indigenous families expanded onto small plots of adjacent lands in the years following secularization in 1834 (chapter 5). In the American era after 1850, families struggled to survive despite genocidal policies and demographic eclipse. Throughout, Indigenous peoples relied on community and networks, drew on spiritual and cultural practices, and fought back to persevere through over a century of violent disruption.
New Mexico and the Pimería Alta: The Colonial Period in the American Southwest
Moquis, Kastiilam, and the Trauma of History: Hopi Oral Traditions of Seventeenth-Century Franciscan Missionary Abuses2017 •
Resilience, Psychological Well-being,and Emotional Regulation: A Comparative Study of Military Personnel Vs. Civilian Population
Resilience, Psychological Well-being, and Emotional Regulation: A Comparative Study of Military Personnel Vs. Civilian Population2021 •
2015 •
2022 •
Transport in Porous Media
Collagen Fiber Network Infiltration: Permeability and Capillary Infiltration2010 •
2013 •
Journal of Engineering for Industry
Closure to “Discussion of ‘Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems With Clearances—Part 2: Dynamic Response’” (1971, ASME J. Eng. Ind., 93, p. 316)1971 •
Saude E Sociedade
Placer, transformación y tratamiento: uso de las medicinas alternativas para problemas emocionales en la Ciudad de México2013 •
American Journal of Human Genetics
Human cytogenetics: A practical approach1987 •