Class

In a world dominated by capitalist work (labour), working for a wage is the central unavoidable reality of modern social life, and yet, the category of labour remains underdeveloped in social sciences. While waged labour in all its forms, including unemployment and mass poverty, has now invaded all aspects of social life, labour appears to have disappeared as a practice that constitutes modern society. This book revitalises labour as the fundamental constitutive principle of the social world, through a radical reinterpretation of Marx's social theory. Each chapter develops a central Marxist theme; the continuing centrality of work; class and classification; commodity fetishism and primitive accumulation; labour movements and the way in which labour moves; unemployment, subjectivity and class consciousness, and the new forms of resistance developed in Europe, Latin America and East Asia. In conclusion, the editors give an account of what they consider to be the main critical and practical problems and possibilities confronting the concept and reality of labour in the 21st century. [from book jacket]

This paper primarily aims to capture the changing patterns of consumption expenditure of three broad classes, namely, the 'upper''middle'and 'bottom'classes in the rural and urban India. In contrast to what is generally held that differences in consumption of necessaries ...

... using UML”, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill New Delhi, 2008 [2] Abraham Silberschatz, Henery F. Korth, S. Sudarshan, “Database System Concepts”, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill International Edition, 2006 [3] Elmasri, Navathe, “Fundamentals of ... [10] Amir Hassan Bahmani ...

Covid-19 has been a disrupting event in contemporary social life but is far from being a great equaliser. Preliminary studies have put in evidence how different social groups faced a differentiated risk of contagion and coped differently with the various consequences of the emergency. Evidence shows how minorities and migrants face disproportionally higher risks of contagion than the white upper and middle class, and how vulnerable communities are more exposed to deaths and the rapid spread of the virus. At the same time, societies are coping with social distancing measures and their disruptive social and economic consequences, which have a more significant impact on the most vulnerable segments of societies: women, children, low-income classes and ethnic minorities. This article argues that an intersectional framework allows an understanding of what is occurring in the current pandemic, both in terms of its social determinants and social consequences. To open the black box of inequ...

Cataloged from PDF version of article.As a writer who witnessed the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the foundation of the Republic of Turkey, Memduh Şevket Esendal (1884-1952) rose to prominence as the author of Ayaşlı ile Kiracıları (Ayaşlı and His Tenants), which is considered one of the most important novels of the Republican era in Turkish literature. The novel, after being serialized in the newspaper Vakit, was published in book form in 1934. Ayaşlı ile Kiracıları attracted the attention of many writers and critics after it won the fifth place in the Novel Competition of Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (the Republican Party) in 1942. So far, appraisals of it have been centered on its usage of plain language and its accurate reflection of societal transformation during the early Republican period. However, the position of the narrator, which is highly decisive in shaping the novel, has been scarcely explored in criticism. In this thesis, the function of the narrator as a character will be analyzed in terms of his cultural distinction, class position, and narrative practices. In the novel, a bank officer writes his memories about the people he has lived with and the events he has witnessed in the nine-room flat of an apartment building. The narrator, who writes his memories in a seemingly sincere manner, as he comes to know the other tenants more closely, starts to feel uneasy about living in this place, a kind of boarding house. As the story develops the narrator introduces and scrutinizes many new characters, but at the same time, these characters begin to reveal their serious ethical shortcomings. Throughout the novel the narrator witnesses the moral deterioration of the environment which is rampant with drug addiction, gambling, material greed, gossip, selfishness, irresponsibility, and a general lack of love and care. Characters such as unfaithful couples and neglected children present an atmosphere that is unacceptable to ordinary citizens and average readers. On the other hand, it is understood upon close examination that the narrator himself epitomizes the hard-working, honest, and respectable citizen with egalitarian values. Among the people of questionable moral standards he stands out as a high bureaucrat and intellectual. The occasion of his happy and respectable marriage towards the end of the novel once again underscores his difference from the other tenants and the values they represent. The narrator mainly employs two narrative strategies throughout the novel. Firstly, he presents his world ostensibly as a passive spectator. Secondly, he presents a critique of this world without excessively accentuating his different value system. Therefore, he gives the impression that he is not imposing any value judgments upon his fellow tenants, who are in fact characters created by him. He tries to persuade the reader that he is in fact objective and acquiescent. Thus, a close examination of the narrative construction of the novel brings to light the difference between the narrator and the other people boarding the apartment house in terms of ethical standpoint and cultural status.Gözcü, SevimM.S

This article tracks how a trope of middle-class household thrift, grounded on the autarchic Aristotelian oikos, has long fueled derogatory discourses in Britain aimed at low-income urban residents who practice quite different forms of thrift. Since the 1970s this trope has migrated across scales, proving a potent metaphor for national economic policy and planetary care alike, and morally and economically justifying both neoliberal welfare retraction compounded by austerity policies and national responses to excessive resource extraction and waste production. Both austerity and formal recycling schemes shift responsibility onto consumer citizens, regardless of capacity. Further, this model of thrift eclipses the thriftiness of low-income urban households, which emerges at the nexus of kin and waged labor, sharing, welfare, debt, conserving material resources through remaking and repair and, crucially, the fundamental need for decency expressed through kin care. Through a historicized...

Presentación crítica del trabajo periodístico de Karl Marx, especiamente de sus sus textos de la década de 1850 ( New York Tribune). En el texto se problematiza la recepción de los artículos periodísticos en el seno del marxismo, al tiempo que se incide en las líneas centrales y temas que recorren las crónicas del filósofo y periodista. Resulta importante destacar, dentro del quehacer periodístico de Marx, la vinculación de tres líneas de acción que confluyen en sus textos: una teórica, otra política y una última de carácter pedagógico. Gracias a estas distintas líneas, Marx construye lo que podríamos denominar "Mapas antagonistas", una forma de intervención en la lucha de clases a caballo entre diferentes géneros discursivos.

In this book review, the author argues that Terry Eagleton's Why Marx Was Right addresses pertinent questions in relation to the Marxist concept of social class and oppression. In doing so, he shows that Marxism ought to be conceived as a method, if it ought to have any future whatsoever. He concludes that Eagleton's book makes a valuable contribution to lift Marxism from the margins into the mainstream.

This article presents a network analysis of elite interlocks among the world’s 500 largest corporations and a purposive sample of transnational policy-planning boards. The analysis compares the situation in 1996 with 2006 and reveals a process of transnational capitalist class formation that is regionally uneven. Network analysis points to a process of structural consolidation through which policy boards have become more integrative nodes, brokering elite relations between firms from different regions, especially Europe and North America. As national corporate networks have thinned, the global corporate-policy network’s centre of gravity has shifted towards Europe, both at the level of individuals and organizations. Although this study finds a modest increase in participation of corporate elites from the Global South, a North Atlantic ruling class remains at the centre of the process of transnational capitalist class formation.