Cognitive Science

Until now children have not been looked upon as sufficiently reliable to be included in interview research in social science. This article focuses on the construction and working-out of a way-of-life-interview with small children. The presentation focuses on efforts made to maintain joint attention to the child’s representations of own interactions, and to facilitate the relevant report to the researcher. The conclusion is, however, that age doesn’t change the procedures in any essential way, rather pinpoints the challenges met when doing qualitative interviews.

One of the new topics that has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years is neuro-marketing. The purpose of the present study is to achieve an insight into the progress of studies on neuro-marketing through review of scientific articles in this field with methodology text-mining. A total of 394 articles were selected between 2005 and 2017 using the search for “neuro-marketing” in valid databases. By reviewing the title, abstract, and keywords at various stages of screening, the researchers selected 311 articles related to the neuro-marketing topic in order to carry out the text mining process. Then, pre-processing of data was performed and using cluster analysis, 6 optimal clusters were obtained according to Davis Bouldin index. Using the multi-attribute decision-making technique (SAW), the most important roots were ranked in each cluster. The results showed that interest in research on neuro-marketing has increased in recent years and clusters created around topics such as marketing strategies, advertising and video ads, ethical issues, advertising message components, neuroscience in marketing, economics and consumer behavior, and decision making and brand selection. The study shows that the researchers’ attention is moving from the concepts and principles of the use of neuroscience in marketing, economics and consumer behavior to design and develop marketing strategies using neuroscience.

The sleep-cycle development of infants is influenced by familial and sociocultural conditions, but there is a lack of knowledge on how parental regulation of infant sleep is related to the specific life situation of a family. This article describes a context-sensitive study of parental regulation of infant sleep that includes the whole 24-hr day, parents' intentions, and familial and sociocultural conditions. The results are based on a longitudinal qualitative study in Norway of 51 families. Parents were interviewed in the infants' first year of life and approximately 18 months later. An interpretive analysis in four steps was conducted, informed by cultural psychological perspectives on development. The parents were found to perform five types of regulatory actions: facilitating sleep, letting sleep, letting be awake, keeping awake, and waking. These actions were performed continuously throughout the 24-hr day, each to different extents and at different hours in individual families, forming a regulation cycle. We describe patterns and variations in regulation cycles, changes over time as increased social synchronization, and how the regulation cycle is embedded in familial and sociocultural conditions. Finally, implications for clinical practice are discussed.

More and more children, even the young ones from the age of one year, attend day care on a regular basis. To investigate how small children are taken care of and live their everyday life in Norway today, and how barnehage is included in their lives, a sample of families were followed from when the children were age one until

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) has a reputation for being a challenging disorder to treat due to the nature of the illness. With the development of evidence-based treatments, therapists are becoming more skilled at successfully helping this cohort of patients. A common factor associated with all validated treatments for BPD is the active involvement of therapists. For example, DBT is one treatment where therapists are expected to be available to patients for coaching outside of sessions. However, understanding the benefits and pitfalls associated with therapists' accessibility in between sessions is relevant to any treatment with intersession contact. In this article, three benefits of intersession contact are described: to generalize the use of skills, to improve understanding of the patient's needs, and to facilitate an alliance. This article also addresses the pitfalls of therapists being so accessible to patients. Both the benefits and pitfalls of intersession con...

Current theories of language recovery after stroke are limited by a reliance on small studies. Here, we aimed to test predictions of current theory and resolve inconsistencies regarding right hemispheric contributions to long-term recovery. We first defined the canonical semantic network in 43 healthy controls. Then, in a group of 43 patients with chronic post-stroke aphasia, we tested whether activity in this network predicted performance on measures of semantic comprehension, naming, and fluency while controlling for lesion volume effects. Canonical network activation accounted for 22-33% of the variance in language test scores. Whole-brain analyses corroborated these findings, and revealed a core set of regions showing positive relationships to all language measures. We next evaluated the relationship between activation magnitudes in left and right hemispheric portions of the network, and how right hemispheric activation related to the extent of left hemispheric damage. Activatio...

The study by Ilardi et al. (this issue) follows a tradition of evaluating clinical Ph.D. programs by the number of graduates engaged in clinical versus research activities. The separation of outcomes into these two categories reflects difficulty in the field defining meaningful integrations of ...

This narrative review examines the possible role of microglial cells, first, in neuroinflammation and, second, in schizophrenia, depression, and suicide. Recent research on the interactions between microglia, astrocytes and neurons and their involvement in pathophysiological processes of neuropsychiatric disorders is presented. This review focuses on results from postmortem, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies, and animal models of schizophrenia and depression. Third, the effects of antipsychotic and antidepressant drug therapy, and of electroconvulsive therapy on microglial cells are explored and the upcoming development of therapeutic drugs targeting microglia is described. Finally, there is a discussion on the role of microglia in the evolutionary progression of human lineage. This view may contribute to a new understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders.

This paper is concerned with the origin of the so-called Old High German primary umlaut. Even if this question has long been discussed, debate on this subject is still open. It seems however that scholars, though not agreeing with each other, mostly accept the standard theory's assumption of the existence of two kinds of short e in Old High German, of which the one derived from an umlauted germ. */a/ is taken to be higher than the one derived directly from germ. */e/, usually denoted by 〈ë〉 in handbooks and grammars. While thinking that there is indeed no reason to doubt that German had at a certain time set up a phonological opposition between, respectively, [e] and [ε], the apparent phonetic paradox of the rise of the former and more closed vowel starting from an ancient very open [a] still remains: how could [a] develop into [e] without running across the [ε]? This paper gives a new phonetic solution to this problem, which is able to account for such enfants terribles as OHG ...

Although Mexico has a common border with the United States, on account of its enduring inequities in distribution of wealth and often rickety economy, Mexico's technological advances have been a step behind. Nevertheless, Mexico has had quite a few interesting high-end technology locations that helped stimulate the acquisition and spread of computing knowledge. This article briefly describes how Mexican computing has evolved-depending significantly on developments in the US and often hindered by the Mexican politics that have led to long periods of economic crisis. In the 1990s, an international treaty helped boost the Mexican computer industry, although this relatively recent event still left Mexico far behind its neighbor to the north. The treaty made it easy to import computers into Mexico and to produce them in Mexico, and the economy became more stable over the following decades. In time, computing developments in Mexico started catching up with the US, coinciding with cheaper consumer electronics products, a good economy, high productivity, and globalization.

Calpainopathy is mainly characterized by symmetric and progressive weakness of proximal muscles. Several reports showed that the most common LGMD subtype is LGMDR1 or calpainopathy, which had previously been defined as LGMD2A. Until now, more than 500 likely pathogenic/pathogenic variants in the CAPN3 gene have been reported. However, a clear genotype-phenotype association had not yet been established and this causes major difficulties in predicting the prognosis in asymptomatic patients and in providing genetic counseling for prenatal diagnosis. In this report, we aimed to add new data to the literature by evaluating 37 patients with likely pathogenic/pathogenic variants for the detected variants' nature, patients' phenotypes, and histopathological features. As a result, the general clinical presentation of the 23 different variants was presented, the high frequency of NM_000070.3:c.550delA mutation in Exon 4 was discussed, and some novel genotype-phenotype associations were suggested. We have underlined that calpainopathy can be misdiagnosed with inflammatory myopathies histopathologically. We have also emphasized that, in young or adult patients with mild to moderate proximal muscle weakness and elevated CK levels, calpainopathy should be the first suspected diagnosis.

The chromosome 22q11.2 region is highly susceptible to both microdeletions and microduplications that have been known to be responsible for multiple congenital anomaly disorders. We describe a patient of 22q11.2 duplication syndrome presenting with bilateral ptosis who has normal psychomotor development. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography with repetitive nerve stimulation were normal. Chromosome microarray analysis was performed, and the patient was found to have a de novo 2.8 Mb duplication at 22q11.21. To our knowledge, bilateral ptosis and normal psychomotor development with 22q11.2 duplication syndrome has not been described. The 22q11.2 duplication syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of ptosis. This case report contributes to an expanding clinical spectrum of patients with 22q11.2 duplication syndrome.