Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

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Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Quantifying Health Equity Impacts and Trade-Offs

Edited by Richard Cookson, Susan Griffin, Ole F. Norheim, and Anthony J. Culyer

Handbooks in Health Economic Evaluation

Covers a suite of comprehensive, up-to-date, and flexible methods for analysing health equity impacts and trade-offs in any decision-making context
Contains practical spreadsheet training exercises in a cumulative sequence to provide hands-on practical experience in using the methods
Provides a clear introduction for decision-makers to the latest tools for tackling health inequality, written by world-renowned authorities, and drawing on multiple disciplines

Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Quantifying Health Equity Impacts and Trade-Offs

Edited by Richard Cookson, Susan Griffin, Ole F. Norheim, and Anthony J. Culyer

Handbooks in Health Economic Evaluation

Description

Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis aims to help health care and public health organisations make fairer decisions with better outcomes. Whereas standard cost-effectiveness analysis provides information about total costs and effects, distributional cost-effectiveness analysis provides additional information about fairness in the distribution of costs and effects - who gains, who loses, and by how much. It can also provide information about the trade-offs that sometimes occur between efficiency objectives, such as improving total health, and equity objectives, such as reducing unfair inequality in health.

This is a practical guide to a flexible suite of economic methods for quantifying the equity consequences of health programmes in high-, middle- and low-income countries. The methods can be tailored and combined in various ways to provide useful information to different decision-makers in different countries with different distributional equity concerns. The handbook is primarily aimed at postgraduate students and analysts specialising in cost-effectiveness analysis but is also accessible to a broader audience of health sector academics, practitioners, managers, policymakers and stakeholders.

As well as offering an overview for research commissioners, users, and producers, the book includes systematic technical guidance on how to simulate and evaluate distributions, with accompanying hands-on spreadsheet training exercises, and discussions about how to handle uncertainty about facts and disagreement about values, and the future challenges facing this young and rapidly evolving field of study.

Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Quantifying Health Equity Impacts and Trade-Offs

Edited by Richard Cookson, Susan Griffin, Ole F. Norheim, and Anthony J. Culyer

Handbooks in Health Economic Evaluation

Table of Contents

Part One: Preliminaries
1. Introduction, Richard Cookson, Susan Griffin, Ole F. Norheim, Anthony J. Culyer
2. Principles of health equity, Richard Cookson, Anthony Culyer, Ole F. Norheim
3. Designing a distributional cost-effectiveness analysis, Richard Cookson, Susan Griffin, Ole F. Norheim, Anthony J. Culyer
4. Describing equity impacts and trade-offs, Richard Cookson, Susan Griffin, Ole F. Norheim, Anthony J. Culyer
5. Introduction to the training exercises, Richard Cookson, James Love-Koh, Colin Angus, James Lomas
Part Two: Simulating Distributions
6. Health by disease categories, Kjell Arne Johansson, Matthew M. Coates, Jan-Magnus Økland, Aki Tsuchiya, Gene Bukhman, Ole F. Norheim, Øystein Haaland
7. Health by social variables, James Love-Koh and Andrew Mirelman
8. Costs and health effects, Colin Angus
9. Health opportunity costs, James Love-Koh
10. Financial protection, Andrew Mirelman and Richard Cookson
Part Three: Evaluating Distributions
11. Dominance analysis, Owen O'Donnell and Tom Van Ourti
12. Rank-dependent equity weights, Owen O'Donnell and Tom Van Ourti
13. Level-dependent equity weights, Ole F. Norheim, Miqdad Asaria, Kjell Arne Johansson, Trygve Ottersen and Aki Tsuchiya
14. Direct equity weights, Mike Paulden, James O'Mahony and Jeff Round
Part Four: Next Steps
15. Uncertainty about facts and heterogeneity of values, Susan Griffin
16. Future challenges, Richard Cookson, Alec Morton, Erik Schokkaert, Gabriela B. Gomez, Maria Merritt, Ole F. Norheim, Susan Griffin, and Anthony J. Culyer

Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Quantifying Health Equity Impacts and Trade-Offs

Edited by Richard Cookson, Susan Griffin, Ole F. Norheim, and Anthony J. Culyer

Handbooks in Health Economic Evaluation

Author Information

Richard Cookson, Professor, Centre for Health Economics, University of York, UK,Susan Griffin, Senior Research Fellow, Centre for Health Economics, University of York, UK,Ole F. Norheim, Professor, Department of Global Public Health, University of Bergen, Norway,Anthony J. Culyer, Professor Emeritus, University of York, UK

Richard Cookson is a professor at the Centre for Health Economics, University of York, England. He has helped to pioneer "equity-informative" methods of health policy analysis including methods of distributional cost-effectiveness analysis, methods of health equity monitoring for healthcare quality assurance, and methods for investigating public concern for reducing health inequality. He has co-chaired various international working groups on equity, and his UK public service includes working in the Prime Minister's Delivery Unit and serving on NICE advisory committees and the NHS Advisory Committee for Resource Allocation.

Susan Griffin is a Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Health Economics, University of York. Throughout her career, she has developed methods for economic evaluation and produced research that supports decision-makers investing in healthcare and health research to improve health and reduce health inequalities. Her research interests include the use of decision-analytic models in cost-effectiveness analysis and value of information analysis. Susan leads research on public health and health inequality in two policy research units for the Department of Health and Social Care in the UK. She has contributed to technology appraisals undertaken by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) as a member of one of the independent academic groups undertaking assessments and evidence reviews, as a member of the Technology Appraisal Committee, and in the development of methods used at NICE.

Ole F. Norheim is a physician and professor of medical ethics, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, the University of Bergen, and adjunct professor of global health at the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health. He directs the Bergen Centre for Ethics and Priority Setting (BCEPS) at the University of Bergen. Norheim's wide-ranging research interests include theories of distributive justice, inequality in health, priority setting in health systems, and how to achieve Universal Health Coverage and the Sustainable Development Goal for health. Norheim chaired the World Health Organization's Consultative Group on Equity and Universal Health Coverage (2012-2014) and the third Norwegian National Committee on Priority Setting in Health Care (2013-2014).

Anthony J. Culyer is emeritus professor of economics at York (England); Senior Fellow at the Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation at the University of Toronto; Visiting Professor at Imperial College London, and Chair of the International Decision Support Initiative. He was the founding Organiser of the UK Health Economists' Study Group. For 33 years he was the founding co-editor, with Joe Newhouse, of the Journal of Health Economics. He was founding Vice-Chair of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). For many years he was chair of the Department of Economics & Related Studies at York and, for six of them, was also deputy vice-chancellor. He has received many honours and has published widely, mostly in health economics. The third edition of his The Dictionary of Health Economics (Edward Elgar) came out in 2014. A collection of his non-technical essays called The Humble Economist is available on-line free of charge.

Contributors:

Colin Angus, Senior Research Fellow, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK
Miqdad Asaria, Assistant Professorial Research Fellow, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
Gene Bukhman, Assistant Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, USA
Matthew M. Coates, Research Associate, Harvard Medical School Boston, USA
Richard Cookson, Professor, Centre for Health Economics University of York, UK
Anthony J. Culyer, Professor Emeritus, University of York, UK; Adjunct Professor, University of Toronto, Canada
Gabriela B. Gomez, Honorary Associate Professor, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Susan Griffin, Senior Research Fellow, Centre for Health Economics, University of York, UK
Øystein Haaland, Associate Professor, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway
Kjell Arne Johansson, Professor, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway
James Lomas, Research Fellow, Centre for Health Economics, University of York, UK
James Love-Koh, Research Fellow, Centre for Health Economics, University of York, UK
Maria W. Merritt, Associate Professor, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
Andrew Mirelman, Research Fellow Centre for Health Economics, University of York, UK
Alec Morton, Professor and Head of Department, Management Science, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, UK
Ole F. Norheim, Professor, Department of Global Public Health, University of Bergen, Norway; Adjunct Professor, Harvard University, Boston, USA
Owen O'Donnell, Professor, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
James O'Mahony, Research Assistant Professor Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
Jan-Magnus Økland, Chief Engineer, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
Trygve Ottersen, Executive Director, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Tom van Ourti, Professor, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Mike Paulden, Associate Professor, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
Jeff Round, Director of Economics, Institute of Health Economics Edmonton, Canada
Erik Schokkaert, Professor, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Leuven, Belgium
Aki Tsuchiya, Professor, School of Health and Related Research and Department of Economics, University of Sheffield, UK

Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Quantifying Health Equity Impacts and Trade-Offs

Edited by Richard Cookson, Susan Griffin, Ole F. Norheim, and Anthony J. Culyer

Handbooks in Health Economic Evaluation

Reviews and Awards

"The definitive guide to equity methods in health economic evaluation - a landmark in the field." -- Michael Drummond, Professor of Health Economics, University of York, UK

"A thorough and accessible overview; the introductory chapters should be part of any graduate-level course on health economic evaluation." -- Milton Weinstein, Research Professor of Health Policy and Management, Harvard University, USA

"Essential reading for analysts in countries aiming at Universal Health Coverage - a major contribution to making equity count in priority-setting." -- Tessa-Tan-Torres Edejer, Coordinator, Economic Analysis and Evaluation, World Health Organization, Switzerland